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Abstracts of the Psychonomic Society — Volume 10 — November 2005 46Th Annual Meeting — November 10–13, 2005 — Toronto, Ontario, Canada Friday Morning Papers 1–7

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Abstracts of the Psychonomic Society — Volume 10 — November 2005 46Th Annual Meeting — November 10–13, 2005 — Toronto, Ontario, Canada Friday Morning Papers 1–7 Abstracts of the Psychonomic Society — Volume 10 — November 2005 46th Annual Meeting — November 10–13, 2005 — Toronto, Ontario, Canada Friday Morning Papers 1–7 Attention I In two experiments, participants completed both an attentional con- Grand Ballroom Centre, Friday Morning, 8:00–9:40 trol battery (Ospan, antisaccade, and Stroop tasks) and a modified se- mantic priming task. The priming task measured relatedness propor- Chaired by Eliot Hazeltine, University of Iowa tion effects (RPEs) within subjects, using the color of the prime to indicate the probability that the to-be-named target would be related. 8:00–8:15 (1) In Experiment 2, participants were also told the relatedness propor- How Does a Working Memory Load Affect Flanker Interference? tion prior to each colored prime. Two SOAs traditionally thought to ELIOT HAZELTINE, CAGLAR AKCAY, & STEVEN J. LUCK, Uni- tap automatic (267 msec) versus controlled (1,240 msec) processing versity of Iowa—The relationship between response inhibition and were used. Across experiments, exploratory factor analysis on the bat- working memory has informed theories of executive control by indi- tery revealed a general attentional control factor (AC). In Experi- cating that maintaining information in working memory may engage ment 1, the RPE was significant under long-SOA conditions and in- cognitive processes that are also recruited by response selection op- creased linearly across low, medium, and high AC. In Experiment 2, erations. We had participants perform a three-choice version of the the RPE again increased with AC and occurred for both short and long Eriksen flanker task alone or while performing a concurrent working SOAs. The relation between AC and semantic priming under high and memory task. Contrary to some recent findings, flanker interference low relatedness proportion conditions is discussed. was not larger when participants performed a concurrent working memory task. This pattern was observed when participants counted 9:20–9:35 (5) backward by three (and reaction times were elevated, as compared Focusing Auditory Attention From Broadband to Single Tones: with single-task blocks) and when participants simply maintained six Faster at Lower Frequencies. ADAM REEVES, BERTRAM SCHARF, digits in working memory (and reaction times were similar to those in JOHN SUCIU, & ZHENLAN JIN, Northeastern University—By in- single-task blocks). However, sequential effects were clearly altered dicating the signal frequency to listen for, an auditory cue lowers by the working memory task. We discuss the theoretical implication of masked threshold approximately 3 dB (Gilliom & Mills, 1976). We these findings and how they can be reconciled with demonstrations that determined how quickly a listener can take advantage of the cue. Mea- working memory tasks increase interference from irrelevant stimuli. surements were made on six trained listeners against 50-dB continu- ous broadband noise. Signals were 40-msec tone bursts presented 1dB 8:20–8:35 (2) above threshold. On each trial, a cue set 6 dB higher than the signal Conflict Monitoring Is Not Enough to Explain Sequential Effects in and at the same frequency preceded the signal whose frequency was the Flankers Task. ANA TORRALBO & JUAN BOTELLA, Autónoma chosen randomly (570–3400 Hz). Sensitivity was measured by a University of Madrid (read by Juan Botella)—The analysis of se- yes–no procedure, with cues on all trials, signals on half. The inter- quential effects in a choice reaction time task demonstrates that the val from cue to signal required for the cue to be effective is under processes involved in a given trial interact with those activated in the 30 msec at frequencies around 500 Hz and increases to over 100 msec previous trial. Specifically, the flanker compatibility effect (FCE) is at around 3000 Hz, suggesting an initial bias for listening at lower fre- modulated by the compatibility level of the previous trial. This result quencies or faster processing at lower frequencies. has been considered as support for the conflict monitoring hypothesis. Our results show that intertrial modulation is linked to target repetition, Inhibition in Memory indicating that some factors beside the conflict level are involved. We Grand Ballroom East, Friday Morning, 8:00–10:00 explored the modulating effects of such variables as response–stimulus interval and expectations. Although such factors have an effect on Chaired by Martin A. Conway, University of Leeds first-order sequential effects, they appear not to influence modulation of the FCE as a function of the compatibility of the previous trial and 8:00–8:15 (6) target repetition. Our main conclusion is that the conflict monitoring Episodic Inhibition. MARTIN A. CONWAY, University of Leeds, & hypothesis is insufficient to explain the sequential effects observed in MIHALY RACSMANY, Hungarian Academy of Science—Six experi- the flankers task. ments examined the proposal that an item of long-term knowledge can be simultaneously inhibited and activated. In two directed-forgetting 8:40–8:55 (3) experiments, items to be forgotten were found to be inhibited in list- A Color Congruency Flanker Task Effect in Cortical Color Blind- cued recall but activated in lexical decision tasks. In three retrieval ness. GEOFF G. COLE, CHARLES HEYWOOD, & ROBERT KENT- practice experiments, unpracticed items from practiced categories (rp- RIDGE, University of Durham—The degree of interference caused by items) were found to be inhibited in category-cued recall but were distractors in a letter identification task is dependent on color con- primed in lexical decision. If, however, the primes and targets in lex- gruency of target and flankers (Baylis & Driver, 1992). When flankers ical decision were taken directly from the study list, inhibition was ob- and target are the same color, reaction time to determine the identity served. Finally, it was found that when items highly associated to a of the target is elevated, relative to when they are different colors. study list were processed in between study and test no inhibition in However, if attention is necessary for awareness, color experience recall was present. These and a broad range of other findings can be cannot provide a basis for preattentive segmentation. The color con- explained by the concept of episodic inhibition which proposes that gruency effect is likely, therefore, to be due to earlier color-processing episodic memories retain copies of patterns of activation/inhibition mechanisms. We tested this by carrying out the color congruency originally generated during encoding in conceptual/lexical knowledge flanker experiment on a cerebral achromatopsic patient. Despite the structures. patient’s having had no color experience, a color congruency effect was observed. Furthermore, this occurred only when chromatic con- 8:20–8:35 (7) trast of the stimuli was available; when such contrast was not avail- Part-List Cuing Can Be Transient and Lasting: The Role of Encod- able, the effect was abolished. These results suggest that chromatic ing. KARL-HEINZ BÄUML & ALP ASLAN, Regensburg University— contrast provides a greater role in visual segmentation than does color The presentation of a subset of learned items as retrieval cues can have as a surface property. detrimental effects on recall of the remaining items. According to strategy disruption, such part-list cuing disrupts subjects’ retrieval 9:00–9:15 (4) plan and thus causes transient forgetting of noncue items. According Attentional Control and the Relatedness Proportion Effect in Se- to retrieval inhibition, part-list cuing leads to covert retrieval of cue mantic Priming. KEITH A. HUTCHISON, Montana State University— items, which causes lasting inhibition of noncue items. For two types 1 Papers 8–14 Friday Morning of encoding conditions, we examined, in three experiments, whether ments, RI was evident, but only when the second list was studied for part-list cuing is a transient or lasting phenomenon. Across the ex- more than a single cycle, provided that the words were also recalled periments, the detrimental effect of part-list cues was consistently in conjunction with study episodes. These findings seem to suggest found to be transient with associative encoding and lasting with that inhibition does participate in RI. nonassociative encoding. These results indicate that the persistence of part-list cuing depends on encoding, thus challenging both strategy 9:40–9:55 (11) disruption and retrieval inhibition as general accounts of part-list Repression Revisited. MICHAEL S. HUMPHREYS & ANGELA M. cuing. A two-mechanism account is provided, according to which the MAGUIRE, University of Queensland, & DOUGLAS L. NELSON, two mechanisms mediate the effect in different encoding conditions. University of South Florida—It has been suggested that the think/no- think paradigm in which participants are encouraged to suppress re- 8:40–8:55 (8) sponses (Anderson & Green, 2001) may provide a model for the The Influence of Preexisting Associations on Integration Effects Freudian concept of repression. We have been able to replicate the in Directed Forgetting. LILI SAHAKYAN, University of North Car- basic results through mere exposure, without having subjects practice olina, Greensboro, & LEILANI B. GOODMON, University of South suppressing a response. We argue that our results, as well as the An- Florida—The directed-forgetting effect refers to impaired recall of derson and Green results, are better explained by associative chain- previously
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