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Reinforcing Ties: Enhancing Contributions from Bangladeshi Reinforcing ties Enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi diaspora members i Reinforcing ties Enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi diaspora members Reinforcing ties Enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi diaspora members ii Copyright © International Labour Organization 2014 First published 2014 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data Barkat, Abul; Osman, Asmar; Gupta, Subhash Kumar Sen Reinforcing ties : enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi Diaspora members / Abul Barkat, Asmar Osman, Subhash Kumar Sen Gupta; International Labour Organization, ILO Country Office for Bangladesh. - Dhaka: ILO, 2014 ISBN: 9789221287001; 9789221287018 (web pdf) International Labour Organization; ILO Country Office for Bangladesh international migration / labour migration / Asian / migrant worker / remittance / case study / methodology / UK 14.09.2 ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications and electronic products can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or ILO Country Office for Bangladesh, House-12, Road-12 (New), Dhanmondi R/A Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh, or by email: [email protected]. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address, or by email: [email protected] Visit our website: www.ilo.org/publns or www.ilo.org/dhaka ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Printed in Bangladesh Reinforcing ties Enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi diaspora members iii Foreword Transnational movement of labour, knowledge, and cultures have a historical trajectory. Yet discussions about such movements are usually centred only on immigration policies and numbers. While it is acknowledged that diasporas inform host countries about the priorities of their countries of origin, investigations into how they enrich host or adopted communities and countries remain scant. Often seen by their origin countries as ambassadors who bring informative analysis of on-the-ground realities and share success stories of the progress taking place and the challenges being faced, diaspora members are not necessarily seen as such by their adopted country. This study highlights contributions of the Bangladeshi diaspora to their host or adopted countries and simultaneously delves into reasons that should make Bangladesh seek diaspora engagement in critical issues impacting Bangladesh. It is often argued that growing migration is a brain drain and a damaging factor for Bangladesh. This study suggests that the “brain drain” factor is not yet a significant issue in the country. The study also points out that this small portion of professionals who have migrated from Bangladesh has also been making extraordinary contributions in the development of information communication technology in Bangladesh and are bringing some life-changing innovations to their home country. The study also presents the eagerness of Bangladeshi diaspora members to be a part of the progress that has been seen all across Bangladesh. It gives examples that show that diaspora members are returning to become entrepreneurs, scientists, health care professionals, and educators. Such experiences suggest that potential “brain-drain” is being offset by a “brain gain” and that diaspora members are helping in building an educated and skilled Bangladeshi workforce. The study confirms that Bangladeshi diaspora professionals are playing a vital role in bringing Bangladesh into a knowledge-based global economy. Reinforcing ties Enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi diaspora members iv A Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) commissioned research paper, titled “Putting policy coherence for development into perspective”, brings out the prevailing discourses on the positive and negative impacts of brain-drain on skills in countries of origin. It points to arguments that the number of skilled workers who depart from countries of origin is typically smaller than the number of people who decide to gain skills through being inspired by these skilled migrants, leading to human capital gain for the origin country. By this logic, a country like Bangladesh, where the percentage of skilled workers within the total outflow of migrating workers is on the lower side of the scale, the country stands to gain from migration. Assumedly, remittance is likely to be the incentive for higher investment in skills, leading to an increase in the supply of semi-skilled and skilled workers for the domestic economy, a supply that will be further bolstered by return migration, which brings in new and improved skills, technology, and knowledge learned overseas. The International Labour Organization and the SDC take this opportunity to note with appreciation the efforts of Zafar Ahmed Khan (PhD), who was the Secretary to the Ministry of Expatriate Welfare and Overseas Employment when this study was completed; Hazarat Ali, who is the Additional Secretary to the Ministry; and Begum Shamsun Nahar, who is the Director-General of the Bureau of Manpower Employment, and Training, all of whom have worked to step up the efforts to reach out to Bangladeshi migrant workers. Derek Mueller Nisha Srinivas B Reddy Director of Cooperation Chief Technical Advisor Country Director Swiss Agency for Development ILO Country Office for Bangladesh ILO Country Office for Bangladesh and Cooperation Dhaka Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh Reinforcing ties Enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi diaspora members v Table of contents Foreword iii Table of contents v List of tables and boxes vii Acknowledgments ix Summary xi List of acronyms and abbreviations xvii Statement from the Secretary xix Chapter 1: Introduction, study objectives, and methodology 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Study objectives 2 1.3 Methodology 2 Chapter 2: The Bangladeshi diaspora: The current scenario 5 2.1 The Bangladeshi migration scenario at a glance 5 2.2 The Bangladeshi diaspora 6 2.3 Bangladeshi diaspora members in the United Kingdom 7 Reinforcing ties Enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi diaspora members vi Chapter 3: Contributions of the Bangladeshi diaspora: Current status and feasibility 11 3.1 Contributions of the Bangladeshi diaspora members: Current status 12 3.2 Feasibility of increasing the contribution of the Bangladeshi diaspora to Bangladesh 16 Chapter 4: Initiatives for increasing contributions from the Bangladeshi diaspora 21 Chapter 5: Recommendations 25 5.1 Policy initiatives 25 5.2 Regarding the sending of remittances by Bangladeshi diaspora members 26 5.3 Regarding productive investments by Bangladeshi diaspora members 26 5.4 Regarding utilization of the Bangladeshi diaspora knowledge network 27 5.5 Others 27 Bibliography 29 Annexes: 31 Annex I: List of key informants and organizations 31 Reinforcing ties Enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi diaspora members vii List of tables and boxes List of tables Table 2.1: Top destination countries for Bangladeshi migrants 6 Table 2.2: Estimated number of long-term Bangladeshi migrants in selected industrialized countries 7 Table 3.1: Remittance sent by Bangladeshi wage earners by destination country for FY2002/03 to FY2011/12 (in US$ millions) 12 List of boxes Box 2.1: Curry houses of Bangladeshis in the United Kingdom 9 Box 3.1: Positive effects of brain drain on (developing) home countries 13 Box 3.2: China - One of the best examples of government initiative to utilize diaspora members in development 18 Box 3.3: Policy initiatives undertaken by the Government of Taiwan (China), to attract diaspora contributions 19 Box 4.1: Features of the Wage Earners’ Development Bond 21 Box 4.2: Recommendations for promoting bonds for non-resident Bangladeshis 23 Box 4.3:
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