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Coastal Environment Geoscience of Cape York Peninsula

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Coastal Environment Geoscience of Cape York Peninsula NATURAL RESOURCES ANALYSIS PROGRAM m) COASTAL ENVIRONMENT GEOSCIENCE OF CAPE YORK PENINSULA R.V. Burne and T.L. Graham Australian Geological Survey Organisation 1995 With contributions by: J.F. Marshall P. Michaelsen and B.G. Lees AGSO CYPLUS is a ioi iative of the Queensland and Commonwealth Governments i.: ,I1 I I I' CAPE YORK PENINSULA LAND USE STRATEGY (CYPLUS) Natural Resources Analysis Program COASTAL ENVIRONMENT GEOSCIENCE OF CAPE YORK PENINSULA R.V. Burne and T.L. Graham Australian Geological Survey Organisation 1995 With contributions by: J.F. Marshall, P. Michaelsen and B.G. Lees CYPLUS is a joint initiative of the Queensland and Commonwealth Governments Final report on project: 8h~lUa &p NR14 - COASTAL ENVIRONMENT GEOSCIENCE SURVEY --m-mL+T;)J h-h* m.%d ?Ww&-! 3!w*w ~ecommendedcitation: Burne, R.V. and Graham, T.L. (1995). 'Coastal Environment Geoscience of Cape York Peninsula'. (Cape York Peninsula Land Use Strategy, Office of the Co-ordinator General of Queensland, Brisbane, Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, Canberra, and Australian Geological Survey Organisation, Canberra.) Notes: Due to the timing of publication, reports on other CYPLUS projecl may not be fully cited in the REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY section. However, they should be able to be located by author, agency or subject. Contributors: J.F. Marshall - . Australian Geological Survey Organisation P. Michaelsen - Geology Department, James Cook University of North Queensland B.G. Lees - Department of Geography, Australian National University ISBN 0 7242 6228 8 @ The State of Queensland and Commonwealth of Australia 1995. Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any means without the prior written permission of the Office of the Co-ordinator General of Queensland and the Australian Government Publishing Service. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to: Office of the Co-ordinator General, Government of Queensland PO Box 185 BRISBANE ALBERT STREET Q 4002 The Manager, Commonwealth Information Services GPO Box 84 CANBERRA ACT 2601 CAPE YORK PENINSULA LAND USE STRAmY -r/ .k& STAGE I PREFACE TO PROJECTREPORTS Cape York Peninsula Land Use Strategy (CYPLUS) is an initiative to provide a basis for public participation in planning for the ecologically sustainable development of Cape York Peninsula. It is jointly funded by the Queensland and Commonwealth Governments and is being carried out in three stages: Stage I - information gathering; Stage I1 - development of principles, policies and processes; and Stage III - implementation and review. The project dealt with in this report is a part of Stage I of CYPLUS. The main components of Stage I of CYPLUS consist of two data collection programs, the development of a Geographic Information System (GIs) and the establishment of processes for public participation. The data collection and collation work was conducted within two broad programs, the Natural Resources Analysis Program (NRAP) and the Land Use Program (LUP). The project reported on here forms part of one of these programs. The objectives of NRAP were to collect and interpret base data on the natural resources of Cape York Peninsula to provide input to: evaluation of the potential of those resources for a range of activities related to the use and management of land in line with economic, environmental and social values; and formulation of the land use policies, principles and processes of CYPLUS. Projects examining both physical and biological resources were included in NRAP together with Geographic Information System (GIs) projects. NRAP projects are listed in the following Table. Bedrock geological data - digitising and Vegetation mapping (NRO1) integration (NR05) Airborne geophysical survey (NR15) Marine plant (seagrasslmangrove) distribution (NRo6) Coastal environment geoscience survey Insect fauna survey (NR17) (NR14) Mineral resource inventory (NRM) Fish fauna survey (NR10) Water resource investigation (groundwater) Terrestrial vertebrate fauna survey (NR03) (NR16) Regolith terrain mapping (NR12) Wetland fauna survey (NR09) Physical ResourceIGIS Projects Biological Resource Projects I Land resource inventory (NR02) Flora data and modelling (NR18) Environmental region analysis (NR11) Fauna distribution modelling (NR19) CYPLUS data into NRIC database FINDAR Golden-shouldered parrot conservation (NR20) management (NR21) Queensland GIs dev%lopmentand maintenance (NR08) * These projects are accumulating and storing all Stage I data that is submitted in GIS compatible formats. Research priorities for the LUP were set through the public participation process with the objectives of: collecting information on a wide range of social, cultural, economic and environmental issues relevant to Cape York Peninsula; and highlighting interactions between people, land (resource use) and nature sectors. Projects were undertaken within these sector areas and are listed in the following Table. People Projects Land Projects Nature Projects Population Current land use Surface water resources Transport services and Land tenure Fire infrastructure Values, needs and aspirations Indigenous management of land Feral and pest animals and sea Services and infrastructure Pastoral industry weeds Economic assessment Primary industries (non-pastoral, Land degradation and soil non-forestry) erosion Secondary and tertiary industries Forest resources Conservation and natural heritage assessment Traditional activities Commercial and non commercial Conservation and National Park fisheries management Current administrative structures Mineral resource potential and mining industry Tourism industry TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................... METHODOLOGY .......................................... NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC CONSIDERATIONS RELEVANT TO .. THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS . n.. CoastalErosion .......................................... Population centres, tourist and recreational resources . iv Grazing and agriculture . vii Extractive industries . vii... Navigation ........................................... 1. INTRODUCTION ...*,...................................I 1.1 Coastal geoscience . .1 1.2 Project objective . .2 2. METHODOLOGY ......................................... 3. DESCRIPTION OF GIs DATASETS . , . .9 4. LATE QUATERNAY SEA LEVEL VARIATION AND COASTAL DEVELOPMENT ....................................,..lO 5. CATEGORISATION OF THE COAST OF CAPE YORK PENINSULA . 13 5.1 Introduction . 13 5.2 Onshore . , . 13 5.2.1 Southeastern Gulf of Carpentaria expansive plain coasts . 13 5.2.2 Northwestern river-dissected, linearly-barriered coast . 19 5.2.3 Major estuaries of Cape York Peninsula . 28 5.2.4 The Jardine River coastal plain . 32 5.2.5 Dune coasts . 34 5.2.6 Princess Charlotte Bay . 36 5.2.7 Bedrock and regolith dominated cliffed and embayed coasts . 48 5.3 Offshore . 50 5.3.1 The eastern coastal seas of the Gulf of Carpentaria . 50 5.3.2 The Northern Great Barrier Reef . 53 5.3.3 Endeavour Strait and Southern Torres Strait . 56 6. NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC CONSIDERATIONS RELEVANT TO THE SUSTAINABLE USE OF COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS . , . 57 6.1 Coastal erosion . 57 6.2 Population centres, tourist and recreational resources . 58 6.2.1 Waste water ................................ 58 6.2.2 Coastal structures ............................. 59 6.2.3 Touristimpact ............................... 60 6.3 Grazing and agriculture ................................61 6.3.1 Grazing ................................... 61 6.3.2 Agriculture ................................. 61 6.4 Extractive industries ..................................62 6.5 Navigation .......................................62 7 . GLOSSARYOFSELECTEDTERMS ...........................64 8 . REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................... 70 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Morphological categorisation of coastal and shelfal environs .........4-5 Figure 2 Weipa Area. Cape York Peninsula. Qld .......................6 Figure 3 Cape Flattery. Cape York Peninsula. Qld ......................7 Figure 4 Generalised model for coastal development in response to sea level rise and stablisation .................................. 11 Figure 5 Model for the Quaternary development of coastal plain between Nassau River and Mitchell River .......................... 14 Figure 6 Drill sites : Survey AC-1 .Rutland Plains .................... 16 Figure 7 Stratigraphic sections from drilling transects on Rutland Plains. Cape York Peninsula .................................17 Figure 8 Mechanical auger and hand auger sites near Pennefather River ........ 22 Figure 9 Mechanical auger sites near Skardon River .................... 23 Figure 10 Surface morphology and stratigraphic detail of Holocene section . Pennefather River transect ..............................25 Figure 11 Surface morphology and stratigraphic detail of the Holocene barrier . Skardon River transect ................................27 Figure 12 Evolutionary classification of coastal environments ............... 29 Figure 13 Distribution of energy types. morphological components in plan view. and sedimentary facies in longitudinal section within an idealised wave-dominated estuary ...............................31 Figure 14 Holocene progradation in Princess Charlotte Bay ................ 38 Figure 15 Log of drillhole PCB #001 in the Holocene sequence southwestern Princess Charlotte Bay ................................41
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