NEWTON's APPLE 14Th Season Teacher's Guide. INSTITUTION National Science Teachers Association, Arlington, VA.; Twin Cities Public Television, St

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AUTHOR Wichmann, Sue, Ed. TITLE NEWTON'S APPLE 14th Season Teacher's Guide. INSTITUTION National Science Teachers Association, Arlington, VA.; Twin Cities Public Television, St. Paul, MN. SPONS AGENCY 3M, St. Paul, MN. PUB DATE 1996-00-00 NOTE 87p. AVAILABLE FROM Newton's Apple, 172 E. 4th Street, St. Paul, MN 55101 PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Biology; Chemistry; Elementary Secondary Education; Engineering; Geography; Hands on Science; Inquiry; *Interdisciplinary Approach; Rainforests; *Science Activities; Teaching Guides; Wetlands IDENTIFIERS Newtons Apple

ABSTRACT This guide was developed to help teachers use the 14th season of NEWTON'S APPLE in their classrooms and contains lessons formatted to follow the National Science Education Standards. The "Overview," "Main Activity," and "Try-This" sections were created with inquiry-based learning in mind. Each lesson page begins with "Getting Started," which contains a simple activity and a series of open-ended, inquiry-based questions to engage students. These activities are designed to gauge what the students know about the subject and to initiate discussion. Lessons include background information, interdisciplinary connections, resources, and hands-on activities. Also included is a Guide to Enjoying NEWTON'S APPLE at Home that encourages family participation in science education. Topics are as follows: (1) Spelunking;(2) Human Eye;(3) Tahiti Special which includes Sharks and Black Pearls;(4) Riverboats;(5) Body Fat;(6) Hypercoaster;(7) Nicotine; (8) Avalanche Rescue;(9) Prosthetic Limbs;(10) Andes Special on Inca Engineering;(11) Ski Jumping;(12) Bee Stings;(13) Rain Forest Special which includes Rain Forest Plants and Rain Forest Animals;(14) Olympic Solar Energy;(15) Soccer;(16) Malaria Tracking;(17) Clocks;(18) Post Office; (19) Gems;(20) Ethanol;(21) Bones; and (22) Water Special that includes Wetlands and Drinking Water. (JRH)

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PUBLIC TELEVISION'S FAMILY SCIENCE SHOW 2

NEWTON'S APPLEIS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA TWIN CITIES PUBLIC TELEVISION SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS AND IS MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3/1. Innovation RFRT rnrov AVAII API 1 Greetings from 3M and NEWTON'S APPLE

NEWTON'S APPLE continues to provide innovative, fun, and meaning- E) ful programming for young people. At 3M, we believe early exposure to science increases interest and appetite for learning, and helps foster appreciation for the importance of and opportunities in science. We're proud to sponsor the 14th season of NEWTON'S APPLE.

An important aspect of 3M's sponsorship is our work with KTCA-TV and the National Science Teachers Association to produce these NEWTON'S APPLE classroom materials. These materials help bring to life the wonder of science and can instill greater curiosity about science, our world, and our future.

EI LEEN GALINDO L.D. DeSimone Actress and comedienne Eileen Galindo joins the NEWTON'S APPLE Chairman and team in its I4th season. Eileen travels to Switzerland to investigate how Chief Executive Officer rescuers find people buried in avalanches. She then goes to the Andes 3M mountains in Peru to learn how the ancient Incas used special beads called quipus to communicate. In the Warehouse, Eileen learns the art of soccer from a physicist and she gets her hands on some very valuable gems.

The five-member NEVIVOKSIJIJ DAVE HUDDLESTON Dave once again dives (literally!) into sticky situations to.help answer teom trovels the world over ond your science questions. In Tahiti, he straps on scuba gear and swims with sharks to find out how they breathe. In Peru, he explores the rain forest explores our bockyords to find out to discover some of its unique animals: leaf cutter ants, snakes, and frogs. Back home, Dave takes a thrilling ride with a letter to find out how the the onswers tonuscience postal service handles so much mail!

questions. NEVIRON'S teom BRIAN HACKNEY Brian's curiosity leads him to New Orleans, where he takes the helm of a members climb into coves, swim Mississippi River boat to find out how steam power keeps it moving. In Switzerland, he teams up with championship ski jumpers to show how with shah, plunge down one of they fly through the air. Back at the Warehouse, Brian explores why nicotine is so addictive. the country's lorgest roller coosters,

leorn the secrets of the min forest DAVID HEI L After nine years with NEWTON'S APPLE, David's adventures continue ond the Andes mountoins, trock as he travels to the. Andes mountains of Peru to investigate how the ancient Incas built those huge stone structures without wheels, machines, mosquito infestotion ond molorio or iron tools. Then he catches up with some researchers in the Amazon to And out why tropical rain forests are so important to world climate incidence, follow o leiter through and health.

the postol service, ond more. SUCH IN PAK In her second season with NEWTON'S APPLE, SuChin, now a college senior, investigates science in the world around usshe goes to Tahiti to dig up the story on black pearls. Then see if she STILL wants to get that tattoo after learning more about them from the Tahitian people, famed for their ornate body art.In the Warehouse, SuChin learns how popcorn gets its pop! 3

solk P's E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IsA PRODUCTION OF KICA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BYA GRANT FROM 3M. EFLInnovation Welcome to the NEWTON'S APPLE

AFF,P,® This guide was developed to help you v use the 14th season of NEWTON'S

APPLE in your classroom.

Flew VecAuves The new NEWTON'S APPLE Teacher's Guide lessons are formatted to follow the National Science Education Standards. The "Overview," "Main Activity," and "Try-This" sections have been created with inquiry-based learning in mind. Getting Sineted Each lesson page begins with "Getting Started," which contains a simple activity and a series of open-ended, inquiry-based questions to engage your students before you conduct the lesson or show the segment. These activities are designed to gauge what your students know about the subject and to initiate discussion. Uskg IIENYVOR9' 5 APPLE in The ,30cissv@ooTm Itey Concepts NEWTON'S APPLE allows three-year, off-air record rights for The "Key Words" section, previously listed on each lesson page, educational purposes. Tape the show, or have your resource cen- has been consolidated in the center of the book, on durable card- ter tape it, directly off the air and use it in the classroom as often stock. "Key Concepts" words are highlighted on each lesson page as you like for three years. for easy reference. The 14th season of NEWTON'S APPLE will air on most PBS stations beginning in October 1996 (check your local PBS listings Ve@Nves Vcmo've 13cnime 4© Depend Cloa for exact airdates and time). If you don't find NEWTON'S An index to the 14th season lesson pages and an index to APPLE listed in your local TV guide or PBS viewer's guide, con- the past three seasons of NEWTON'S APPLE. tact your local PBS station to find out when the 14th season will be airing in your area. A science subject index that gives you a quick overview of the science concepts presented in each 14th season lesson. Public television stations depend on what they hear from viewers to help make their programming decisions, and you, as an educa- Lessons, lessons, and more lessons (including background tor, are one of public television's most important constituents. If information, interdisciplinary connections, resources, your public television station is not running NEWTON'S and hands-on activities) focused on the major APPLE, you must let them know that it is important to you and topics explored in the 14th season. your students. If your station is running the show, call them and let them know how much you depend on it in the classroom. Hands-on "Science Try It" experiments and a "Street Smart" quiz. If you have any comments or questions, please write to: A "Guide to Enjoying NEWTON'S APPLE at Home" that Director of Outreach & Promotion you can duplicate and send home with your students to NEWTON'S APPLE encourage family participation in science education. 172 4TH ST E SAINT PAUL MN 55101 Our 14th season poster, with easy-to-photocopy activities for e-mail: [email protected] the classroom on the back. NEWTON'S APPLE Teacher's Guides also are available 4, on the web at: http://ericir.syr.edu

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EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IS 0 PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation /Focusingon the Science Education Standards

The NEWTON'S APPLE educational materials were developed to help teachers approach some of the goals of the new National Science Education Standards.

The National Science Education Standards, recently published by the National Research Council, presents criteria to help state and local school personnel make decisions about every area of science education. From teaching and the quality of what students know to assessment practices and the system that supports teachers and programs, national standards bring coordination, consistency, and coherence to the improvement of every aspect of science education.

The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) applauds the release of the National Science Education Standards, and encourages science educators to put the Standards into practice in the classroom. The world's largest organization dedicated to science education, NSTA has led the way in promoting the Standards with teacher institutes, awareness kits, and a Standards discussion area via the Internet. NSTA also has developed many publications to keep educators informed about the latest issues in science education, including a variety of resources for imple- menting the Standards.

This year, NSTA presents its Pathways to the Science Standards, practical guide- books for bringing the standards to life in any school or classroom. Written by teachers for teachers, these books include examples, discussions, and demonstrations on how you can carry the vision of the Standardsfor teaching, profes- sional development, assessment, content, program, and systeminto the real world of the classroom and school. Pathways is also a tool for you to use in col- laborating with administrators, school boards, and other stakeholders in science education. Separate editions treat elementary, middle, and high school levels.

NSTA's project on Scope, Sequence, and Coordination recently updated its High School Framework for National Science Education Standards to help teachers imple- ment the Standards within the SS&C model. A Framework for High School Science Education demonstrates how the content standards can be sequenced and inte- grated over the four years of high school. Integral to this publication is a series of "micro-units" that corresponds to the elements of the Framework's learning sequence. These micro-units consist of lab activities, readings, and assessment items that will help you put the national standards to work in your classroom.

The Standards; elementary, middle level, and high school editions of Pathways; and the SSe-C High School Framework are available from NSTA. For a catalog and sales information, contact the NSTA Science Store at (800) 722-NSTA (6782) between the hours of 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. (EST).

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There are two way to locate any of the 25 lessons in this guide: check out the alphabetically arranged subject index found on the inside back cover, or look through the numerically arranged show index on this page. ApEwilyNi

Either way, once you've identified a topic you'd like to explore, look in the upper right-hand corner of each lesson page for the NEWTON'S APPLE show number (e.g., 1401, 1402) that corresponds to that topic. We've also included in the same corner the segment's approximate running time.

On the back of this page, you will find a guide to the past three seasons of NEW- TON'S APPLE. These episodes may be. rebroadcast on your local PBS station throughout the year, and we hope you will continue to use them in your classroom.

6 HOS H Spelunking Avalanche Rescue Malaria Tracking Human Eye Prosthetic Limbs Clocks

II 6 0 2 H06 16 IIII Tahiti Special Andes Special Post Office Sharks Inca Engineering Gems Black Pearls '0 6 0 7 II 6 II 2 '0 6 3 Ski Jumping Ethanol Riverboats Bee Stings Bones Body Fat 11608 bfl 3 16 0 6 Rain Forest Special H20 Special Hypercoaster Rain Forest Plants Wetlands Nicotine Rain Forest Animals Drinking Water H09 Olympic Solar Energy Soccer

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Lu EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF ETCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation Index of Past Seasons

NEWTON'S APPLE SHOW 1109 SHOW 1204 SHOW 1212 SHOW 1307 Ilth Season Firefighting Brain Mapping Printing Money Disney World Special Dairy Farm Garlic Gravity Simulator Rides SHOW 1101 Inventor's Fair Sunscreens Nature Labs Dolphin Rock Climbing Otters Tasmanian Devil Communication Taste Test SHOW 1213 Parade Technology Monty Hall SHOW 1110 SHOW 1205 Bridges Laser Show Baby Bobcats Bison Roundup Movie Dinosaurs Earthquakes Heart Attack Bread Chemistry Chromakey SHOW 1308 SHOW 1102 Dead Fingernails Scott Hamilton Grizzly Bear Hazardous Materials Emergency Rescue Chile Peppers Wallaby In-line Skating Black Holes NEWTON'S APPLE Skin Wrinkling Pizza SHOW 1111 SHOW 1206 13 t h Season Compost Reindeer The Bends Movie Sound Effects Compact Discs Sun SHOW 1301 SHOW 1309 SHOW 1103 Michael York Globetrotters Waterskiing Human Slingshot Memory Wolves Hedgehog Reflexes Ride In vitro Fertilization Escalator Bone Marrow Goose Bumps SHOW 1112 SHOW 1207 Fat-free Foods King's Singers Hummingbird Garbage Dinosaur Extinction Rotting Foods Infrared Floods SHOW 1302 SHOW 1104 Shelley Duvall Blue Seas Circus High Wire SHOW 1310 Newspaper Polar Bears Siberian Tiger Mummies Wild Lion Vet Bomb Squad Bug Spray Bicycles Echoes SHOW 1113 SHOW 1208 Armadillo Fish Breathing Mosquitoes Mt. Rushmore Internet Insect Warfare Virtual Reality Antibiotics SHOW 1303 SHOW 1105 Candles Panning for Gold Maya Bike Trek SHOW 1311 Jumbo Jets Chimpanzees Taxidermy Hearing Equator Special Meteors Parachutes Equator Knuckle Crack NE-WTON'S APPLE SHOW 1209 Owls Maasai Village Paper Recycling 12th Season Ethnobotany Coffee Hubble Telescope SHOW 1304 Baby Elephants SHOW 1201 SHOW 1106 Inventor's Fair Africa Special Windsurfing Hang Gliding Komodo Dragons Balloon Safari SHOW 1312 Karate Permafrost Grasslands Bird Songs Tumbleweeds Robin Leach SHOW 1210 Maasai Mara Ergonomics Zebras Elephant Raptor Hospital Mara Animals Inventor's Fair Photography Scorpions SHOW 1202 SHOW 1107 Skipping Stones SHOW 1305 Spotted Owls Arctic Expedition Snakes Ice Surfing SHOW 1313 Carpal Tunnel Special DNA Fingerprinting Jungle Survival Foggy Mirrors Sled Dogs SHOW 1211 Bubble Gum Liver Lizards Arctic Travel Redwoods Cold Remedies Emus Life in Camp Electricity SHOW 1108 Arctic Weather Monuments _SHOW 1306 Archaeology Red Fox Aircraft Fire Rescue SHOW 1203 Mazes Balloons Dolphins Aircraft Carrier Knives Brain Science Home Videos Carrier Life

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EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE ISA PRODUCTION OF KICA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS, MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Ea Innovation Science Subject Index

Here is an at-a-glance index of the science disciplines dealt with in the NEWTON'S APPLE lesson pages, incorporating the National Science Teachers Association'sScope, Sequence, and Coordination of Secondary School Science model. We've also listed some extended concepts. % : 44' .(1,4 0 -N- N. 44 t, 4''' 4" 0 4k ,> No Additional Segmen :'"' % ,o..t. 6 u C.P 43 AI,' <1' Applications

Avalanche Rescue ZOOLOGY

r 1 4 0 5

Bee Stings (13) ZOOLOGY r 14 0 7

Black Pearls (T:ii ZOOLOGY r 14 02 li Body Fat (: HEALTH MEDICAL SCIENCE (71.1? (Iiiiii FOOD/NUTRITION r 14 03 HEALTH MEDICAL SCIENCE Bones (:? Ili (:ti FOOD/NUTRITION r 14 1 2

Clocks HISTORY (7i0 ri-iii ) 1;iii r 14 1 0 Drinking Water (:to ECOLOGY (:-I0 :1-Ii :10 ENVIRONMENT r 14 1 3 ECOLOGY ENVIRONMENT Ethanol (:"10 (:ii) (Iii (:10 BOTANY 1 2 (' 1 4 li

Gems GEOLOGY r-1411 (:-I0 Ili (:li 14

Human Eye MEDICAL SCIENCE ( I401 ()

Hypercoaster ENGINEERING :I-10 111-10 r1404 HISTORY ENGINEERING Inca Engineering (:1-10 ARCHAEOLOGY GEOLOGY r 14 0 6 :I.? :10 GEOGRAPHY BOTANY Malaria Tracking :10 (1410 :10 Iii) COMPUTER SCIENCE

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EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF ETCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation Science Subject Index

NEWTON'S wAPRE®

go" 4' 0 % NNt. 45'- Additionci 0 k 4lt 6 k. Seg mew Qt k. 440 r" Applications Nicotine 10 MEDICAL SCIENCE r 14 04 li HEALTH SOCIAL STUDIES Olympic Solar Energy ENGINEERING r 14 0 9 :i0 4 ''',0) :0 ENVIRONMENT P ost Office ENGINEERING 110 COMPUTER SCIENCE r 14 1 1 Prosthetic Limbs 40 ENGINEERING r 14 0 5 4 110 MEDICAL SCIENCE Rain Forest Animals 4, ZOOLOGY r 14 0 8 10 40 ECOLOGY ENVIRONMENT Rain Forest Plants BOTANY 4 FOOD/NUTRITIEOCNOLOGY r1 4 0 8 to ENVIRONMENT HEALTH Riverboats ENGINEERING r 14 0 3 10 S harks 4 ZOOLOGY r 14 0 2 10 ENVIRONMENT Ski Jumping Ito ENGINEERING r 14 0 7 10 PHYSICAL EDUCATION Soccer 4 ENGINEERING PHYSICAL EDUCATION r 14 0 9 Spelunking ENGINEERING lilio 110 110 PHYSICAL EDUCATION I'. 1 4 0 1 Wetlands 4 ECOLOGY BOTANY lio ENVIRONMENTAL r 14 1 3 4

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EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. 1;P NEWTON'S APPLE ISA PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS, MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation ITGEHrM How are caves formed?

What are some characteristics of a cave environment?

http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons DAVID STRAPS ON THE How can you "see" when the lights go out? Many Over time, small caves can grow to become elabo- SAFETY HARNESS TO GET animals in caves are blind because there is norate systems of caverns containing large, needlelike THE LOWDOWN ON CAVES. light. How do they navigate? Set up your ownstructures that seem to grow down from the ceiling "touch tunnel" to see if you can navigate a room (stalactites) and up from the floor (stalagmites). SEGMENT LENGTH: 8:00 obstacle course strictly by feel. Can your otherThese structures are formed by the slow, steady senses help you find the way? accumulation of calcium carbonate precipitating 2@ocApNo from the chemical-rich water dripping off the BUSH, L. (1994, APR) Have you ever been inside a cave? How deep wasstones. Sometimes, these two "dripstones" meet, CAVING BENEATH THE it? Could you see any light? What did it look like?creating large pillars with spectacular colors. TONGASS. BIOSCIENCE, What did it smell like? What did the walls feel PP. 215-218. like? Was there any life in the cave? Very few plants can grow in a cave because of the COCH, N.g LUDMAN, A. lack of light. Instead, fungi, algae, and even some (1991) PHYSICAL GEOLOGY (2ND ED). NEW YORK: How do you think caves are formed? Do you think simple mosses dominate caves. Insects, reptiles, MACMILLAN PUBLISHING CO. all caves are the same? How many different plantsand bats also are uniquely adapted to the cave GURNEE, R.(1980) A GUIDE and animals do you think can live in caves? What environment. One of the most unusual cave TO AMERICAN CAVES. are some differences between these plants and ani- dwellers is the "cave fish." Totally blind, this col- TEANECK, NJ: ZEPHYRUS mals and those living outdoors? orless creature navigates by touch, using tactile PRESS. sensors on its body. STONE, W.C. (1995, SEPT) CAVE QUEST. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, PP. 78-93. Sometimes, so much solution takes place inside a ©u@vvill@vr cave that the caprock can no longer support the READING RAINBOW:THE MAGIC SCHOOLBusINSIDE THE Caves have long been regarded as places of mys- weight of the surface above. The roof caves in and EARTH. GPN: (800) 228- tery and intrigue. Prehistoric people used them a feature known as a sinkhole forms. Each year, 4630. there are news stories about people returning for shelter and decorated them with some of the U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY earliest-known works of art. Pirates used them to home from work to find a large hole in the 419 NATIONAL CENTER hide their ill-gotten booty. By definition, a cave is ground where their house once stood. By under- RESTON, VA 22092 simply a natural open space found underground. standing the dynamics of what's happening inside THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL Sometimes caves form when large rocks geta cave, scientists hope to minimize the risk of SOCIETY OPERATES "GROTTOES" (CLUBS)IN MANY stacked up after a landslide, but most often they're sinkholes in populated areas. AREAS WITH CAVES: the result of the chemical solution of limestone by http://www.caves.org/-nss/ subsurface water. nssabout/nssabout.html THE POTOMAC SPELEOLOGICAL In pure water, limestone is actually quite stable. GilH@Cq@NO CLUB WEB PAGE: http://www.intr.net/dskouts/ However, when water gets a little acidic, the lime- 1.Since limestone dissolves in acidic water, how psc.htm stone dissolves. When water percolates through the do you think increases in acid precipitation will soil, it picks up carbon dioxide from rotting plants. affect the rate of sinkhole occurrences around the This forms carbonic acid, the same acid found inworld? What can be done to offset this? soda pop. As this acid water flows through the soil, 2.Areas of natural cave and sinkhole develop- NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO it eats away at the underlying limestone rock and a ment are said to have karst topography. What CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER cave is formed. Some larger caves are formed byspecial zoning and building codes have to be used INFORMATION ABOUT THIS sulfuric acidthe same acid found in battery acid. in these areas to safeguard the structures? AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK Sulfuric acid is created when the percolating water OUT OUR NEB SITE AT: mixes with hydrogen sulfide fromuinderground oil http://www.mnonline. and gas and from acid rain. org/ktca/newtons 11 PBS WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEvELOPED WITH THE RATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE ISA PRODUCTION OF RICA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS, MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation NEWTON'S fl APPLE® 11Cd PgMEgiN rSHOW NUMBER SPELUNKING: Student Activity 1401 Test the behavior of three samples in three chemical solutions. SPELUNKING nn 0 http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons igA\C it\dhAn Many caves form because weakly acidic ground- 2. Examine and describe each of the rock samples water flows through cracks in limestone and in as much detail as possible. Set up a data sheet V'Mo slowly dissolves the rock. Caves form particularlyfor each sample and record your first observations well in areas where there is a resistant caprock like under the heading "time zero." Make sure to SOME OF THE BEST sandstone over the limestone below. In this activi- include things like color, texture, size, and shape. ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVI- DENCE COMES FROM ty, you will compare the solution rates of different 3. Place one piece of chalk in a cup with vinegar, CAVES. BONES, POT- minerals in liquids of differing pH to discover fora second in a cup with water, and the last in a cup TERY, AND EVEN FOOD REMAINS OFTEN ARE yourself how some caves form. Note: It may takewith ammonia. Add the word "chalk" to each FOUND IN CAVES, SOME a week or longer to complete this activity. label. Repeat the procedure with the concrete and DATING BACK MORE THAN 50,000 YEARS. quartz pebble so that each cup now has a rock WHAT ASPECTS OF A c] Devi@ s sample in it. CAVE ENVIRONMENT 4. MAKE IT SO GOOD AT 9 large disposable plastic cups (12 oz or larger) Place all nine cups in a dark corner and PRESERVING THE PAST? 3 pieces of chalk (limestone) observe them the next day. Record any changes WHY WERE ANCIENT you see for each sample under the heading "day HUNTERS AND 3 quartz pebbles GATHERERS DRAWN 3 small pieces of broken concrete 1." Continue to make obser- TO CAVES? bottle of vinegar vations for each day until bottle of clear ammonia a full week has passed. pure water VfrivVhfio 9 self-stick labels or qUeSgi@HS EROSION BY ACID masking tape 1.Based on your SOLUTIONS IS ONLY / ONE WAY THAT CAVES marking pen observations, FORM. OTHER ENVIRON- pen and paper what can you MENTS INCLUDE EMPTY LAVA TUBES NEAR VOL- say about the CANOES AND ICE CAVES 1.Fill three cups behavior of lime- IN GLACIERS, WHAT DO THESE DIFFERENT CAVE half full with vine- stone in the three TYPES HAVE IN COM- gar and label them "acid." Fill three different chemical MON? USE MATERIALS cups half full with pure water and environments? FOUND AROUND YOUR HOME TO MODEL THE label them "neutral." Fill three cups 2. Did any of the other DEVELOPMENT OF with 1 cm of ammonia and 5 cm of samples show the same DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAVES. water. Label these "base." (Note: type of behavior? How Ammonia from the bottle is too might these similarities and concentrated to use differences help to explain thy1th without dilution. Be 47 how caves are formed? WRITE A STORY ABOUT careful because 3. Based on your WHAT IT WOULD BE even diluted, observations, what material is used LIKE TO LIVE UNDER- GROUND, How COULD it can irritate to help hold concrete together? What YOU ADAPT TO LIVING skinand effect would acid rain have on structures IN A CAVE ENVIRON- eyes.) MENT? WHERE WOULD made from concrete? YOU GET YOUR FOOD? WHAT ABOUT AIR AND WATER SOURCES? IS LIGHT CRITICAL TO HUMAN LIFE? How MIGHT YOU COPE? 11 WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE IEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE 10 A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS.MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation How does the human ee see?

How does the eyeball work?

http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons SUCHIN TAKES A SNEAK You can draw your own simple stereogram. Drawin another direction. The amount of bending PEEK AT HOW OUR two identical rectangles next to each other. Draw depends on the nature of the transparent substance, EYEBALLS WORK. a small circle in (he center of the one on the left. thc angle at which the light hits the surface, and Draw an identical circle slightly to the left of cen- the color of the light. On a curved surface such as a SEGMENT LENGTH: 7:00 ter in the rectangle on the right. Hold the paperlens, parallel rays of light will hit the surface at dif- at arm's length or tape it to the wall and cross ferent angles and will be bent differently. A greater 2A3IOUTNO your eyes slightly so that the two squares exactlycurvature will lead to a greater difference in the MINNAERT, M.G.J. (1993) overlap. The circle will appear to float above theamount of bending. LIGHT AND COLOR IN THE paper. See if you can construct more complex OUTDOORS. (TRANSLATED AND. When your eye focuses on an object, all the light REVISED BY L. SEYMOUR.) three-dimensional pictures. NEW YORK: SPRINGER- rays from a single point on that object are bent VERLAG. How do your eyes work? Why do you have two oftoward a single point on your retina. In the eyeball, PARKER, S. (1989)THE EYE them and why are they placed where they are on light rays passing through the cornea are bent by its AND SEEING. IN THE HUMAN your head? curvature toward the pupil. The lens flexes to BODY SERIES. NEW YORK: change its curvature and finish the focusing FRANKLIN WATTS. Why do some people need glasses? Why do someprocess. Interestingly, the image projected on the SIMON, H. (1983) SIGHT AND retina is upside down because of the way the rays of SEEING: A WORLD OF LIGHT people need them for distance and some need AND COLOR. NEW YORK: them for reading? How do optical illusions trick light are bent by a double-convex lens. PHILOMEL BOOKS. your eyes into seeing things you're not? AMERICAN SCIENCE AND On the retina are two kinds of cells that change SURPLUS light into nerve impulses. Rod cells do not see 3605 HOWARD ST SKOKIE, IL 60076 color but are best for night viewing because they (847) 982-0870 ©u@Tukw react to very low light levels. Cone cells are for (LENSES AND OTHER OPTIC Look around. What do you see? Human beingscolor viewing. They work best in good light and EQUIPMENT) can obtain a large amount of information aboutare found mostly in the center of the retinaan FLINN SCIENTIFIC, INC. the surrounding environment through their sense area called the macula, which provides the sharpest PO Box 219 BATAVIA, IL 60510-0219 of vision. But to see, we need light and the light-vision. Within each eye is a small blind spot with (800) 452-1261 processing organs called eyeballs. no rods or cones, where the optic nerve is attached (SCIENCE EQUIPMENT FOR to the eyeball. The optic nerve collects the nerve SCHOOLS) The outside of an eyeball is white, except for the impulses and carries them to the brain, which ALL ABOUT YOUR EYES: clear, bulging cornea in front. Just behind the interprets them as an image. h tp/ /www.ush c.com / health / 31 09.ht ml cornea is the iris, a colored area with a hole in the center called the pupil. Circular muscle tissue in AN INDEX TO VISION SITES IS AVAILABLE AT "VISION the iris allows it to open and close the pupil to reg- SCIENCE": ulate the amount of light that gets inside the eye- U)IERIHH@HO http://vision.arc.nasa.gov/ ball. Just behind the iris and pupil is the lens. The 1. Many animals besides humans use vision. Are VisionScienceMsionScience. html cornea and the lens work together to focus images there any animals that do not have or use vision? on the retina, the light-sensitive layer that lines the 2. Two eyes are needed for "stereoscopic" or 3-D NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO inside of the eyeball. vision. Why do you think this is so? Do all animals CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER that see have two eyes? Why are some animals' eyes INFORMATION ABOUT THIS Light moves in straight lines. Whenever a light rayon the side of the head rather than in the front? AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK encounters a surface of a different transparent OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: medium, however, it bends (refracts) and heads off http://www.mnonline. 12 org/ktca/newtons 1,PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

4,7 EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. En NEWTON'S APPLE 15A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation M KqN cSHOWNUMBER HUMAN EYE: Student Activity 1401 Test different people to find out what makes an object look blurry in their eyes. HUMAN EYE h tep://www.rnnoni n e. org/ k tc a /n owtons HawHww bnCAR kiikH7 As an object approaches, the human eye's lens6. Have the test subject hold one end of the tape flexes to focus on it. Eventually the object gets so measure to her or his cheekbone just below the close, however, that the lens can no longer focuseye and measure the distance to the 3"x 5" card. V'Tv Edo on it. Then the object begins to blur. How close(NOTE: Having the test subjects measure the ON A DARK EVENING, can you bring an object before it looks blurry? distances helps ensure that no eyes get poked.) GO OUTSIDE INTO Does this distance vary for different people or age7.Write down the measurement. Be sure to YOUR BACKYARD AND TRY TO LOOK AT groups? Does the shape or color of the objectinclude whether or not the test subject wears FAMILIAR OBJECTS. make any difference? Does it matter how brightlyglasses or contact lenses. CAN YOU SEE THEM BETTER IF YOU LOOK the object is illuminated? 8.Repeat the test several times, using different STRAIGHT AT THEM OR test subjects and testing different variables. For IF YOU LOOK JUST TO THE SIDE OF THEM? example, try the test with both eyes uncovered, WHY DO YOU SUPPOSE Ga i?evkis with and without glasses, with different amounts THAT IS? a 2.5-cm x 5-cm (1"x 2") swatch of printedof light, and so on. Just remember to change only words from a newspaper or magazine one variable for each test and to repeat each test modeling clay or sculpting compound at least once. Average the results of repeated tests. a 3" x 5" index card Vvy 10 a cloth or soft vinyl tape measure like those CHANGE THE COLOR SCHEME ON A COLOR used in sewing (CAUTION: Do not use anyQuesitions TELEVISION. TRY sharp or pointed objects, including wooden or1. What is the average distance where the image DIFFERENT COLORS. plastic rulers, since these materials will be heldbegins to blur for all test subjects? Is the average TRY BLACK AND WHITE. CAN YOU SEE close to students' faces.) distance larger or smaller for people who wear AS MUCH DETAIL ON glasses? Is it larger or smaller for one eye or both THE BLACK-AND-WHITE SCREEN? (ASK YOUR 1.Glue or paste the newspaper or magazineeyes? Is the distance the same for both eyes of the PARENTS FOR PERMIS- selection in the center of the 3" x 5" card. same person? SION TO DO THIS.) 2. Roll the clay into a 5-cm (2") ball and mount2. Can you design another experiment that tests the 3" x 5" card in it. how wide a person's field of vision is? How 3. For the first test, have the large an arc the blind spot covers? test subject cover one eye with a hand. ONE EVENING, STAND 4.Slowly bring the IN FRONT OF THE clay ball and words MIRROR IN THE BATH- ROOM AT HOME. TURN directly toward the OFF THE LIGHT FOR test subject's uncov- SEVERAL MINUTES. WHEN YOU TURN IT ered eye. The test sub- BACK ON, OBSERVE ject should try to focus THE IRIS IN YOUR on the words. EYE. How FAST DOES IT CHANGE SHAPE TO 5.The test subject should say "stop" REACT TO THE LIGHT? when she or he can no longer focus clearly on the words. Stop moving the ball at that point.

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EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS,MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation ////////////////// nn,D0 How do sharks find their pre ? If a shark sees you, will it bite? And if it bites, will it kill you?

Okin@c1 http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newrons 'DAVE SWIMS WITH THE Do vibrations travel differently through differentHumans pose a greater danger to sharks than SHARKS TO LEARN WHAT substances? Begin with a large, empty, plastic zip- sharks do to humans. People kill about 100 mil- MAKES THEM UNIQUE. lock bag. First, blow air into the bag and zip itlion sharks each year, eating shark fin soup and shut. Place your ear on one side of the bag andshark meat, using shark oil cosmetics, wearing SEGMENT LENGTH: 7:30 have a helper make a noise or say something onsharkskin boots and shark tooth jewelry, and the other side. Now fill the bag with water and using parts of the shark to make medicines. '2@5@l19TIM3 try again. Does the sound travel differently in BULLOCK, D.K. (1991)THE water than in air? How does this affect how Despite many differences, sharks have one thing in UNDERWATER NATURALIST. NEW ocean animals hear? commonno bones! Most fish have bony skele- YORK: LYNN N BURFORD. tons, but sharks have skeletons made of cartilage. CONNIFF, R. (1993, MAY) What animals do you think are dangerous to Also, throughout their lives, all sharks grow new FROM JAWS TO LAWS. humans? Why? What are these animals' primaryteeth, with one set of teeth constantly growing in SMITHSONIAN, PP. 32-43. diets? Are humans included? Why would an ani-behind another. And instead of scales, sharks have a CURTSINGER, B.(1995. JAN) mal attack a human? How are these animals rough surface covered with denticles or skin-teeth. CLOSE ENCOUNTERS WITH THE GRAY REEF SHARK, NATIONAL important to the world environment? GEOGRAPHIC, PP. 44-67. Sharks come in many sizes. Whale sharks weigh up to about 13 metric tons (14 U.S. tons) and MICHAEL. S.W. (1993) REEF How many different types of sharks can you SHARKS AND RAYS OF THE name? What do they eat? How do they Find theirgrow up to 18 meters (60 feet) long. The dwarf WORLD. MONTEREY, CA: SEA food? What do they all have in common? Whatdog shark measures less than 20 centimeters (8 CHALLENGERS. makes them different from other ocean animals? inches) long. THE OCEAN PLANET. (1995, MAR) POPULAR SCIENCE, Some sharks lay eggs from which young sharks, PP.29-49. called pups, hatch. Other species give birth to PERRINE, D.(1995) SHARKS. ©vuthw live pups. Pups fend for themselves from the STILLWATER, MN: VOYAGEUR PRESS. Unlike the ferocious star of Jaws, most sharks pose first day, growing slowly to adult size over as little danger to humans. The world's 370-plus long as 15 years. SPRINGER, V.G.U GOLD, J.P. (1989) SHARKS IN species of sharks eat a variety of foods. Whale QUESTION. WASHINGTON, DC: sharks gulp in water and filter it out through theirFossil records show that the earliest sharks lived SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. nearly 400 million years ago. Despite their long his- gills, trapping tiny plankton for food. Cookie cut- TAYLOR, L. (1993) SHARKS ter sharks fasten onto prey, then twist and pull tory on earth, many mysteries about them remain. OF HAWAII: THEIR BIOLOGY AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE. away flesh, leaving a hole like that made by a HONOLULU: UNIVERSITY OF cookie cutter. Nurse sharks use thick lips to suck HAWAII PRESS. food from rocky crevices. 1C)H11@all@E5 BEN S.POESCH'S ULTIMATE SHARK PAGE: A keen sense of smell helps sharks find food. 1.The gray reef shark makes a "threat display" http://www.ncf.cadeton.cal Through touch, hearing, and sight, they detectwith specific posture and movements. How do %7Ehz050/HomePage/ shark.html movement in the water. A special organ on the other animals (including humans) use physical snouts of sharks, called the ampullae ofposture or gestures to show that they are threat- NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO Lorenzini, allows them to detect weak electrical ened or about to attack? CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL voltages from living creatures or ocean currents. 2. What steps can be taken to minimize danger MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER to sharks from humans? INFORMATION ABOUT THIS AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL (612) 222-1717 oR CHECK OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http://www.mnonline. 14 org/ktca/newtons .PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION, cLa cl NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS, MADE POSSIBLE BY0 GRANT FROM 3m. Erk Innovation VMDMCW7

/SHOWNUMBER SHARKS: Student Activity 1402 Try your skill at setting up a classification system for items inyour room. SHARKS a:1h 8¢0r7n7 http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons Have you ever wondered how scientists classifyfy. Then decide on general categories and subcat- animals? Why, for example, are some fish that lay egories that make sense to your group. Thh eggs and some fish that give birth to live pups 2. 'Draw a chart showing the categories and sub- HOW FAST AND HOW both classified as sharks? What is the common categories that your group has chosen. List FAR DO SMELLS TRAV- link between a 6" shark and a 60 EL? SLICE AN ONION shark? objects in the classroom in each category. AT THE FRONT OF THE 3.Each group should explain its classification CLASSROOM. HOW FAR The classification of living organisms into a sys- AWAY CAN THE ONION system to the class. Display and compare the BE SMELLED? WAIT 30 tem is called taxonomy. In this activity, you willcharts. Are there ways in which they are similar? MINUTES. NOW HOW try to establish a classification system for the How are they different? FAR AWAY CAN THE ONION BE SMELLED? world of your classroom. There are many ways to WHAT HAS HAPPENED? classify things. For example, sharks might be put in AgEd QuesH©ns separate classes accord- 1. How many different 4Pv rnilo ing to size, according waysofclassifying MAKE A MODEL OF A to whether they are meat eaters things did your class list? CORAL REEF, PAINT THE INSIDE OF A and/or plant eaters, according to how they bear 2. What kinds of things were easier to classify? LARGE BOX BLUE AND young, or according to where they live. 3. Were there some things that were classified by THEN CUT AND COLOR CARDBOARD, one group but ignored by another? STYROFOAM, OR CLAY 1.Working in groups of three or four, devise a 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of TO RESEMBLE CORAL. system for classifying every object in your class- RESEARCH ACCURATE each system of classification? COLORS AND SHAPES room. First, list all the objects that you will classi- OF FISH AND MAKE THEM. TWO-DIMEN- SIONAL FISH CAN BE PAINTED OR THREE- DIMENSIONAL MODELS CAN BE MADE FROM FABRIC OR CLAY.

vpv FILL ONE CONTAINER WITH A LITER (1 OT) OF WATER AND ANOTHER CONTAINER WITH A MIXTURE OF ONE LITER OF WATER AND 30 GRAMS (1 OZ) OF SALT. DO OBJECTS FLOAT DIFFERENTLY IN THE TWO CONTAINERS?

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EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION, NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF (TEA SAINT PAUL/M1NNEAPOLIS, MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. ET_Innovation E DUI How does the oyster make a pearl? What do you know about pearls? How long do you think it takes to make one? /' Ig@inhg UCITCP@C] hetp://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons SUCHIN GOES RIGHT What do you think the difference is between "nat- aragonite and a gluelike substance called conchi- TO THE SOURCE TO ural" and "artificial"? Is a cultured pearl natural or olin, which cements the layers together. Because the FIND OUT HOW PEARLS artificial? Explain your reasoning. aragonite is translucent, light interacts with the ARE FORMED. overlapping layers to give the finished pearl its lus- SEGMENT LENGTH: 7:00 Do you have any pearls? What do they feel like? trous appearance. Pearl molluscs also coat the inside What color are they? Where do they come from? of their own shells with nacre, so some shells picked hO@EITC@O, Where are pearl molluscs found? How are pearls up at a seashore are shiny and iridescent inside. MCCLINTOCK, J.(1994. formed in nature and how are they made by MAY-JUNE) OUT OF THE humans? Is there some way humans can "help" Pearls used to be harvested by divers. However, it OYSTER. SEA FRONTIERS, nature make more beautiful pearls faster? is a dangerous occupation and natural pearls of P. 18. high quality are rare. People have now learned to MINERAL GALLERY (CHOOSE How do you think people discovered these beauti-farm pearl molluscs specifically to produce cul- ARAGONITE FROM THE LIST): http://mineral.galleries.com/ ful things? Why are they so valuable? tured pearls, small beads with layers of pearl mate- Minerals/by_name.htm rial around them. Oyster larvae (called spat) are GEMS AND GEMOLOGY allowed to settle in sheltered locations underwa- UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ter. Once they have attached themselves to ropes AUSTIN (MANY LINKS TO Mwthw or rafts, the young oysters are grown for a few OTHER GEM PAGES): http://www.lib.utexas.edu/ For centuries, humans have treasured pearls. The years. Then their shells are opened just wide Libs/GEO/GemBibl.html lustrous play of light across the surfaces of good enough to surgically insert a small pearl bead and PEARLS AND OTHER ORGANIC pearls is so attractive that people have paid for- a piece of mantle tissue from another mollusc into GEMS: tunes for them, even though they have no human the soft tissue. This nucleation process provides http://geology.wisc.edu/-jill/ use except adornment. the oyster with a spherical irritant to coat with Leciure17.html nacre, increasing the likelihood of a symmetrical, WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT Pearls actually come in many colors, sizes, and round pearl. The farmer removes the cultured CULTURED PEARLS-FROM A JEWELER'S POINT OF VIEW: shapes, and are ranked in value according topearl from the oyster one to three years later. http://www.jewelers.org/what- these qualities. Perfectly round ones with a deep Cultured pearls, produced around the world, pearl/ glowing luster, particularly in unusual colors account for about 90 percent of all pearl sales. GEMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF that also show an iridescence (or orient), have AMERICA (GIA) (800) 421-7250 always been the most prized and expensive; dull, (ASK FOR EITHER THE irregular ones the least. LIBRARY AND INFORMATION 110H5Nahrf00 CENTER OR THE BOOKSTORE. THE BOOKSTORE HAS Pearls come from a group of water organisms 1.Pearls are rated primarily for their beauty, CHILDREN'S ACTIVITY KITS called pearl molluscs, which includes oysters, based on the criteria of luster, color, shape, and AND BOOKS ON PEARLS) mussels, and clams from both freshwater and salt- size. What other objects around you do you rate water. The pearl itself actually begins as an irri-in some way? How do you do it? What criteria tant. Sand, a pebble, or a pesky parasitic organism do you use? gets inside the oyster's shell. To reduce the irrita- 2. Why do you think people pay so much tion, the oyster coats the intruder with layers of a money for something as attractive but impracti- NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL solid, slick material called nacre. cal as a pearl? MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THIS AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL The oyster's mantle tissue secretes the two main (612) 222-1717 oR CHECK components of nacre: thin layers of the Mineral OUT OUR WEB SITE AT; htrp://www.mnonline. 16 org/ktca/newtons QN.IPBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

gLI EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE is A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation 1.14. LIOVME IOU PEE1

SHOW NUMBER BLACK PEARLS: Student Activity 1402 Examine the coating in an oyster shell to test the properties of nacre. BLACK PEARLS fincifin 8¢auHv http://www.mnonline.org/ktcaInewtons Real pearls are too expensive to experiment on,make up new words to completely describe every but you can investigate their properties by study- characteristic? VTV ing oyster shells, which are coated with a layer of2. Scratch the shell using your fingernail, a sharp the same nacre, called mother-of-pearl. SOME FRESHWATER knife or chisel, a stone, or the back of your pen. CLAMS (AVAILABLE IN How hard and scratch-resistant is nacre? Which PET STORES) DO substances scratch the surface and which do not? WELL IN A SIMPLE AQUARIUM WITH A M (Aug@ s Can you pry up the layers in thin sheets and then LIGHT, FILTER, SOME oyster shells, obtained from a fresh seafoodre-layer them? GRAVEL, AND FOOD. MAKE A HOME FOR A store and scrubbed with a soft brush under3. How does light interact with nacre? Does the CLAM AND TAKE NOTES water to remove the last bits of oyster (CAU-luster change depending on the angle at which a ON ITS BEHAVIOR. How AND WHEN DOES TION: After handling raw seafood, alwaysflashlight beam strikes the surface or how far IT MOVE AROUND? wash your hands thoroughly.) away you hold the flashlight? Can you see any iri- CAN YOU DETERMINE a piece of cloth or rag descence? If you chip or dissolve off the outer HOW IT EATS AND CIRCULATES WATER? hammer layer of nacre in the shell with vinegar, sharp knife or do the inner layers show different Vuiv hflo chisel light effects? household liq- 4. Soak an oyster shell in each of PLACE A LAYER OF as SAND AT THE BOTTOM uidssuch the household liquids. What OF.A PARTIALLY FULL vinegar, lemon happens? Why do you think AQUARIUM AND BURY juice, ammonia, that happens? VARIOUS KINDS OF SHELLS, STONES, AND rubbing alcohol, 5. Share your observa- OTHER MATERIALS IN and vegetable oil tions with other IT. WITH YOUR EYES CLOSED, CAN YOU binocular dis- groups. TELL THE DIFFERENCE sectingmicro- BETWEEN THE OBJECTS JUST BY scope, or strong DIGGING AROUND IN hand magnifying lens X Ques2loRs THE SAND WITH small flashlight What other kinds YOUR HAND? safety glasses of questions do you small cups or bowls have about these VTv shells? How could PEARL IS AN EXAMPLE 1. Observe and describe the shell as thor- you investigate OF "BIOMINERALIZA- oughly as possible. (Put on the safety glasses those questions? TION," THE PROCESS BY WHICH AN ORGAN- and wrap the shell in cloth if you want to smash ISM MAKES HARD the shell with a hammer.) Put a shell chip (with MATERIALS FROM A COMBINATION OF nacre) under a magnifying lens or microscope ORGANIC AND INOR- and draw what you see. How many different GANIC COMPOUNDS. OTHER EXAMPLES characteristics can you notice? Do you need to INCLUDE THE FORMA- TION OF BONES AND TEETH. INVESTIGATE THESE AT THE LIBRARY. HOW DO BONE FORMATION AND TEETH FORMATION COMPARE WITH PEARL FORMATION? 17

P B s WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE. r+1 EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. r.$) NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS.MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation .7:13D 0 Is all fat bad? What's the best way to lose fat? What is fat? Why is it good for you? How does a fat cell function?

I@®HiNg nal-a@4 http://www.rnnonline.org/ktca/newtons DAVE INVESTIGATES WHY Br* ng food labels to school representing as many Despite the recent negative publicity about fatty EVERYONE IS CONCERNED of the five food groups as possible. Find the serv- foods, we all need some fat in our diets. It's a good ABOUT DIETARY FAT. ing size and number of servings in each container source of the calories we require to fuel our bodies or box. Since most fruits and vegetables do not and to keep us going when our energy demands SEGMENT LENGTH: 8:45 come in containers, "guestimate" their size and suddenly increase. One gram of fat provides nine check the serving size in a cookbook. Why is itcalories of energy, while one gram of protein or hO@UT)31H, important to know serving size? How does this carbohydrate offers only four. Fat also gives texture ARE YOU EATING RIGHT? information help in your daily menu planning? and flavor to foods. It helps us feel full and satis- (1992, Our) CONSUMER fied after we eat. In addition, it protects our REPORTS, PP. 644-655. Do you think you eat well? Why? Do you know organs, aids in the development of cell membranes LAMBOURNE, M.(1992) DOWN anyone who has lost weight? How did they do it? and hormones, and insulates our bodies. THE HATCH. BROOKFIELD, CT: THE MILLBROOK PRESS,INC.

Do you pay attention to the nutritional value of theHowever, we should eat fat sparinglyit should MUNOZ, W.(1992) food you eat? Do you pay attention to how much make up no more than 30 percent of our daily NUTRITION: WHAT'S IN THE FOOD WE EAT? NEW YORK: fat is in your food? How does fat in your food relate caloric intake. Excess fat in our bodies is linked to HOLIDAY HOUSE. to the fat in your body? Why is fat important to the health problems such as hardening of the arteries human body? Why is too much fat bad? and heart disease, to name just two. CHOOSE A DIET LOW IN FAT, SATURATED FAT, AND CHOLESTEROL: Throughout a day, a month, a year, and even a http://www.nalusda.gov/Inici lifetime, the body's supply of and demand for fat dgaldga95/lowfat.html ©vudwn changes. Demand increases with activity and SURGEON GENERAL'S REPORT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND To supply the calories our bodies need for energy,decreases in sedentary times. We can modify our HEALTH. FOR A COPY, CALL we must eat food. As food passes through ourcaloric intake to meet these changing conditions. (888) 232-4674, OR REQUEST digestive systems, it is mechanically and chemical- We can also manage the body's fat supply through A SUMMARY SHEET AT: http://www.cdc.gov ly broken down into nutrients (amino acids, sim- exercise, which uses fat as fuel. So, to maintain a ple sugars, fatty acids, and monoglycerides) that healthy balance in our bodies, we need to monitor UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE our bodies use for growth, maintenance, andour food intake and energy demands and add a NUTRIENT DATA LABORATORY repair. When these simplified nutrientsespecial- daily dose of exercise. 4700 RIVER RD RIVERDALE, MD 20737 ly the simple sugars and fatsreach the cells, they (301) 734-8491 are metabolized as fuel. This releases heat, which REQUEST HOME AND GARDEN is measured in calories. BULLETIN #72: NUTRIENT &DHHHHCIRO VALUE OF FOOD. With calories, the body works on a supply-and- 1.What part do calories and exercise play in COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE: FAT FACTS demand system. If the daily calorie supply from our daily lives? UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT food you've eaten meets the daily demand, all the 2. What role does fat have in our diets? Where URBANA-CHAMPAIGN: calories from fats, proteins, and carbohydrates are does it come from and go to? http://www.agen.un.edu/ -foodsaf/i1041.html converted to energy. If the daily supply exceeds the 3. Why do we gain or lose weight? NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO demand, the excess calories are stored in fat cells. 4. What would happen if we had no fat in CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL These fat cells serve as energy warehouses for fat our diets? MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THIS molecules, allowing your body to draw upon the 5. What diseases are associated with excess fat intake? AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL stored fat when your demand for calories exceeds (612) 222-1717 oR CHECK the daily supply from the food you consume. OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: httpi www.mnonhne. org/ktca/newtons 18 PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION, NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FRON 3M. Innovation I F. IMMT '17(CM ISHOWNUMBER BODY FAT: Student Activity 1403 Plan what you'd need to pack for a three-day hiking trip. BODY FA T ILkthil 8¢ithEiv http://www.mnonline.org/krcaInewtons Want to get away from it all? Go mountain hik- 4. Knowing your total calorie needs, figure how ing? Now's your opportunity. Plan a three-dayyou can meet your daily nutritional needs in backpacking trip to the Rocky Mountains ineach of the five USDA food groups. What per- nk3 Colorado. Your trip will involve climbing, carry-centage of your total daily calories should come Go TO YOUR LOCAL ing, eating, cooking, and sleeping. All these activ- from each group? GROCERY STORE AND ities will challenge your body's supply of and 5.Next, think of foods you can carry that will LOOK FOR FOUR OR FIVE PRODUCTS THAT demand for calories. Plan what you'll pack formeet both your caloric and nutritional needs for HAVE REGULAR AND your trip as if your life depended on it. three days, yet allow you to remain within your LIGHT VERSIONS. AN EXAMPLE WOULD BE food weight limit. Discuss your food list with YOGURT. READ THE Ga i)evia s your classmates and your family. LABELS OF BOTH THE 6.Gather your food choices and weigh them. REGULAR AND LIGHT scale VERSIONS. How ARE food already in plastic bags Add or subtract items as necessary, keeping in THEY THE SAME? How mind your daily food needs as well as water con- ARE THEY DIFFER- metric conversion charts ENT? WHAT INGREDI- Food Guide Pyramid and servings chart sumption needs. ENTS ARE EXCHANGED OR LESSENED TO GET A LIGHT VERSION? 1.As a class, discuss what items you should QuesHc) m] s How DO THEY COM- include in your gear. Write these on the chalkboard. 1. What effect did vigorous activity have on your PARE IN TASTE? Discuss how important each one is for a safe trip. menu? 2.For this trip your gear is limited to 40 2. Why did you choose the foods you chose? Vp liii pounds (18 kilograms), of which 15 How close were you to your weight limit? LIST ALL THE THINGS pounds (6.75 kilograms) can be food. 3. How are you planning to meet your YOU USUALLY ORDER WHEN YOU EAT A MEAL Plan for your nonfood gear to weigh 25 water needs? AT A FAST-FOOD pounds (11.25 kilograms). 4. What percentage of the calories RESTAURANT. Do SOME RESEARCH TO FIND 3.Estimate how many calories were from fat? OUT WHAT THE CALO- you'll need to consume each day. 5. What kinds of foods were RIE COUNT IS FOR Keep in mind that your activity light in weight but high in EACH ITEM. ADD THE TOTAL CALORIES. IF level will be higher than nor- nutrition and calorie needs? IT EXCEEDS 500 mal during this three-day CALORIES, WHAT COULD YOU DO TO hike so you'll burn more REDUCE THE CALO- calories than you do RIES, BUT STILL EAT THE MEAL? normally.

FAT IS IN ALMOST EVERYTHING YOU EAT, ESPECIALLY THOSE THINGS THAT ARE ON MANY PEOPLE'S "FAVORITES" LIST, LIKE PIZZA, DOUGH- NUTS, AND POTATO CHIPS. YOUR CHAL- LENGE IS TO PLAN A LUNCH OR DINNER MEAL WITH NO FAT. GOOD LUCK! 13

citk P BS WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. ;La NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS.MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. aa Innovation .) an, N How does steam power big machinery?

Where does energy come from? Can you make energy?

2,MiTl@c1 http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons BRIAN TAKES THE HELM Fil a glass with ice and water. Place it in direct sun- the liquid molecules in the hcated water, exciting TO LEARN WHAT MOVES light. Stir the mixture. Measure the temperature of them enough so they can break away from the A RIVERBOAT. the water and record it. Every five minutes, stir the liquid pool. After breaking away, they shoot into mixture and measure the temperature again. Keepthe space above the liquid. When this happens, SEGMENT LENGTH: 7:15 recording your results for 20 minutes after all of the we say that the liquid has "vaporized," or ice has melted. Graph your results. What happened? changed its state, turning into steam. How does your graph change after the ice melts? ARDLEY, N.(1990) HANDS-ON The fast-moving vapor molecules can hit objects SCIENCE: MUSCLES TO What is energy? Name things you use in everyday hard and often, causing a lot of pressure against MACHINES. NEW YORK: GLOUCESTER PRESS. life that need energy. How are these items pow- whatever they hit. This pressure can be used to do ered? How do you think this power is made?work such as pushing on the blades of a turbine, COMSTOCK,H.B.(1993) AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO STEAM What do you think is the best source of energy? or pushing on the base of a piston. The thermal LOCOMOTIVES. SYKESVILLE, energy has become mechanical energy, allowing MD: GREENBERG PUBLISHING. Do you think one form of energy can be convert-the machine to do work. Coy, P. (1993, Oct 18) A ed into another? Give some examples. Make a list STEAM ENGINE SMALLER THAN of the different kinds of energy and then whatOne type of piston drives a steamboat. Steam AN ANT'S WHISKER. BUSINESS WEEK, P. 67. each kind can be converted to. pushes the piston one way. Then that steam is released and new steam enters the other side, GARDNER, R.(1987) ENERGY PROJECTS FOR YOUNG SCIEN- What happens to energy after you've "used" it?pushing the piston in the other direction. The pis- TISTS. NEW YORK:F. WATTS. For instance, when you drive a car and then parkton pushes a long arm, called a pitman arm, PETERSON, R. (1995. JUNE) it, where does the energy go? Have you exhaustedwhich turns the paddle wheel. The paddle wheel MASTERS OF INVENTION; MEN the source? Does a parked car with a full tank ofpushes against the water, moving the boat for- OF POWER.Boys'LIFE, gas have energy? ward. The steam in the system is cooled, heated P. 20. again, and reused. RUTLAND, J.& NASH, D. (1987)THE AGE OF STEAM. NEW YORK: RANDOM HOUSE. Steam engines were the first engines. They changed mmvukw the way we work. Since their invention, people ON-LINE RENEWABLE ENERGY We think of energy in many different ways. You have discovered other ways of converting energy EDUCATION MODULE: http://solstice.crest.org need energy to go to school, play soccer, or carry and now steam engines are used less. groceries. People need energy to drive cars and cook NATIONAL RESOURCE ENERGY LABORATORY: food. But whatever you think of when you think of http://www.nrel.gov energy, it is really just the ability to do work. II@HENiA@HO INTERNATIONAL STATIONARY STEAM ENGINE SOCIETY Energy can change from one form to another. It 1.Many machines that used to be steam-pow- Box 311 can be stored (as potential energy) or it can beered now rely on other sources for energy. What NESCOPECK, PA 18635 (717) 752-2279 used in motion, heat, or electromagnetic radiation. examples can you think of? Why don't we use steam for those machines now? In a steam engine, fuel (such as oil, gas, coal, or 2.Energy consumption (along with its side NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO wood) is burned to heat water. The unburnedeffects) and dwindling supplies of some energy CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER fuel has chemical potential energy. As it burns,sources are topics of concern today. How can we INFORMATION ABOUT THIS the fuel's potential energy is released as thermal use available energy sources more efficiently? AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL energy (heat). The thermal energy is absorbed by (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http://www.mnonline. 20 org/ktca/newtons PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. 4.1 NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. aa Innovation 41sAlpEWRIS.

rSHOWNUMBER RIVERBOATS: Student Activity 1403 Design a machine that turns the crank on a manual pencil sharpener. RIVERBOATS b1hl 8¢HvHv1 http://WWW.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons One big challenge engineers face when designingfantastic machines (on paper) to do simple a machine is how to transfer one kind of motionthings. For instance, he might suggest that if you Vpig 'FMo to another. For instance, on a steamboat, the pis-stepped on a cat's tail, the cat would jump up, ton moves back and forth, but it drives a paddleknocking over a wastebasket, which would release FILL A 2-LITER PLAS- TIC SODA BOTTLE ONE- wheel around in a circular motion. a ball that would roll down a ramp, pushing QUARTER FULL OF HOT down the lever on a toaster. People have taken up (NOT BOILING) WATER. SCREW THE CAP ON First, think about what kinds of motion are neededthe challenge and actually built Rube Goldberg TIGHTLY. SUBMERGE to do different tasks. What kind of motion is need-contraptions. Your pencil sharpener is the begin- THE BOTTLE IN ICE- ed to open and close a garage door? To turn the COLD WATER. WATCH ning of a Rube Goldberg contraption. Try to THE BOTTLE. WHAT wheels on a car? To operate an elevator? expand it or build other inventions HAPPENS? WHY? Now Now, design your own that go through complicated SUBMERGE THE BOTTLE IN A BATH OF VERY machine that transfers steps to perform simple WARM WATER. WHAT one kind of motion tasks. You'll be surprised HAPPENS NOW? WHY? to another. at how much you can learn about the way Vu Mks iVocteflicflis machines work. (This is a par- FILL A SMALL BOTTLE (200 ML OR 3/4 CUP) tial listuse THREE-QUARTERS FULL whateveryou OF COOL WATER. STICK A DRINKING think will work STRAW THROUGH THE tomakethis TOP AND HOLD ITIN PLACE WITH MODELING machine.) CLAY. MAKE SURE NO 3 mechanical AIR CAN GET OUT OF THE BOTTLE EXCEPT pencil sharpeners QUOSH@OKIS THROUGH THE STRAW. meter sticks WARM UP THE BOTTLE 1. In your pencil-sharpening WITH YOUR HANDS OR tape machine, how did the type of BY PLACING ITIN A coathangers TUB OF WARM WATER. motion change from the begin- WHAT HAPPENS? WHY? chairs ning to the end? What was the most difficult challenge you faced 1. Break into three small groups. Your task is when you actually put your machine to design a machine that will operate a manualtogether? How did you overcome the problems Vpv VA5 pencil sharpener. You can power your machine by you encountered? FILL A MARGARINE tipping a chair back and forth but you can't use2. Which pencil-sharpening machine worked the TUB HALF FULL OF your hands to turn the pencil sharpener's crank. WATER. SNAP THE LID best? Why? What conclusions can you draw from FIRMLY IN PLACE. Your design also should include a way to keep the this experiment that might help you design a bet- PUT THE COVERED pencil in place while it is being sharpened. ter machine in the future? CONTAINER IN A MICROWAVE FOR ABOUT 2. Rube Goldberg was a cartoonist who invented 3 MINUTES, UNTIL THE WATER BOILS. WHAT HAPPENED? WHY? USE HOT PADS TO TAKE IT OUT AND BE CAREFUL NOT TO GET BURNED! 21 1. PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIALUSE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE ISA PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/M1NNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation NWTNNMMU How doou know a roller coaster is safe? What makes a roller coaster ride exciting?

http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons 'DAVE TAKES A RIDE Place a marble on a table and turn a round cakechallenges. Going down a 200-foot hill, a car has TO LEARN HOW pan upside down over it. Move the cake pan more time to accelerate and gains more speed. If HYPERCOASTERS ARE around so you can hear the marble rolling aroundwhile going at this fast speed the car experiences a ENGINEERED. in a circle against the inside edges of the pan.sudden change in direction or speed, the car's SEGMENT LENGTH: 8:45 When you have the marble traveling in a consis- acceleration changes. A big or sudden change in tent circle, pick up the cake pan. Does the marble speed or direction can make a bigger acceleration. hg@UPN3 keep moving in a circle? Why? Since the force acting on the car (and you) is COLT, G. 8 RENTMEESTER, C. equal to its mass times its acceleration, the bigger (1993, AUG) THE PHYSICS OF Have you ever been on a roller coaster? How did the change in direction or speed and the less time FEAR. LIFE, PP. 68-72. it make you feel? Did you wonder how the carthat change takes, the greater the acceleration and FARRELL. K. (1993, OCT 22) stayed on the track? the bigger the force you'll feel. HOLY BATMAN, THE RIDE. SCIENCE WORLD, P. 19.

What is the highest roller coaster you've ever rid- To keep these forces at safe levels, the designer has SILVERSTEIN, H.(1996) den? How big can a roller coaster be before it is to stretch out the time and the distance it takes to SCREAM MACHINES. ROLLER COASTERSPAST, PRESENT, unsafe? How do you think engineers figure out navigate the curve at the bottom of the hill. This AND FUTURE. NEW YORK: how to make a roller coaster safe? spreads the change out over time, decreasing the WALKER. force you feel. The top of the next hill has to be TIMNEY, M.C. (1996, JUNE) high enough to slow the coaster down, or UPS AND DOWNS OF COASTER stretched out to a gentler or banked curve, so the PHYSICS. BOYS' LIFE, P. 50. MY@Fithw car doesn't fly off the track. ZUBROWSKI,B.(1985) Isaac Newton never had a chance to ride a roller RACEWAYSHAVING FUN WITH BALLS AND TRACKS. NEW coaster. The first one was built 75 years after hisSpace is a problem. Coasters go forward two feet YORK: WILLIAM MORROW AND death. But the principles involved in roller coast- for every foot they climb. If the highest hill is 100 COMPANY. ers are right up Sir Isaac's alley. feet, it takes about 200 horizontal feet to get the SKYSCREAMER: car that high. If the highest hill is 200 feet, it hotp://www.rollercoaster.corn/ Newton's laws of motion describe how forcestakes 400 feet. Since land is expensive, the design- stlasky.horn1 determine the motion of objects. Designers rely On ers have to be creative about the use of space. A WORLD OF COASTERS: the acceleration caused by those forces to make atrack shaped into a curve takes up less space than http://www.rollercoaster.com/ roller coaster ride both thrilling and safe. The trick one left in a straight line. 3M LEARNING SOFTWARE: is knowing how to use the forces properly. If the WHAT'S THE SECRET? (VOL 1). forces are too great in one direction, for instance, CD-ROM FOR MACINTOSH OR WINDOWS. (800) 219-9022. they'll throw the car off the track. If an upward force is too large (giving you a feeling of heavi- 'IORE®ffi@HO, AMERICAN COASTER ENTHUSIASTS ness), your heart cannot pump enough blood to 1.Creators of amusement park rides apply their PO BOx8226 your head and you faint. On the other hand, theknowledge of physics in their designs. What rides CHICAGO,IL 60680 lack of supporting forces can create feelings ofcan you think of, and what principles of physics (AlO)385-1222 incredible lightness. This can provide an electrify- do they rely on? ing ride that delivers you safely to the end. 2. Highway engineers use many of the same prin- NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO ciples as roller coaster designers. How does road CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER Hypercoasters are about twice as tall as regular design affect the speed limit? INFORMATION ABOUT THIS roller coasters. This larger scale adds new design AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http://www.mnonline. org/ktca/newtons

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EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. 9> NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOL1S. MADE POSSIBLE BYA GRANT FROM 311. Innovation rSHOWNUMBER HYPERCOASTER: Student Activity 1404 Put physics to work by designing the ultimate in scary roller coaster rides. HYPERCOASTER RAcAR 8¢auHv http://www.rnnonline.org/ktca/newtons Roller coaster design is a balance between a wild Average speed (length of original "track" ride and safety. You try it. divided by time) Safety (Did it stay on the track?)

HOLD A MARBLE Number of turns and hills (include loops) AGAINST THE SIDE OF glici0ePlds (for each group) Originality A LARGE MIXING BOWL 2 or more lengths of pipe insulation 4.Test all the coaster tracks using a steel ball OR WOK,IF YOU LET IT GO, WILL IT ROLL tape instead of a marble. Compare the times of the ALL THE WAY UP THE marbles (Be sure each team has one the same runs of this ball to the times for the marbles. OTHER SIDE OF THE BOWL? WILL IT FLY size and weight.) 5. Work together as a class to design the "ulti- OUT? TRY IT. WHAT stopwatch mate coaster" on the blackboard. Use the best HAPPENED? WHAT IS steel ball AFFECTING THE WAY qualities of each group coaster. Build and test THE MARBLE BEHAVES? scissors your ultimate coaster. Decide what the best quali- TRY IT WITH DIFFER- ties for a ride are. ENT-SIZED MARBLES OR OTHER SMALL 1. Divide into groups. 6.Build a hypercoaster. Start the first hill at 2 BALLS. ARE THEY ANY 2. Cut the pipe insulation in half lengthwise to meters (6.6' ). Make each hill twice as high as on DIFFERENT? make two long chutes. Using classroom furniture your "ultimate coaster." Make the turns as tight as and materials as supports, each group should buildpossible. Compare your hypercoaster to your ulti- Vvy Vhk a roller coaster. Use tape to hold the coaster inmate coaster. Measure the radius of the turns at TIE A NUT TO THE place. Start each ride at 1 meter (3.3' ) high. Buildthe point when they work without a crash. How END OF A STRING AND A TOOTHPICK TO THE the wildest ride you can that still delivers the mar- do they compare between the two coasters? STRING ABOUT 10 CM ble to the end. Make the turnsEvaluate the hypercoaster using the list of criteria. (4") ABOVE THAT. PUT THE NUT AND THE and dips as tight as possible. Would you change the design in any way because TOOTHPICK IN A Measure the radius of the of the size? CLEAR, 2-LITER turns at the points where PLASTIC BOTTLE SO THAT THE TOOTHPICK they work without a IS HORIZONTAL AND crash. Questhns YOU CAN HOLD THE BOTTLE UP BY THE 011 3. When all coasters are 1. How does the height of the ramp affect the STRING. STAND ON A 0 finished, evaluate them.design of the coaster ride? Would you design a CHAIR AND LET GO OF THE STRING. WHERE Time five runs on hypercoaster using a different set of criteria than a IS THE NUT DURING each coaster. Ratesmaller coaster? What new problems do hyper- THE FALL? WHAT HAP- each coaster on the coasters present to the designers? PENS WHEN IT HITS? following: 2. What constraints had to be set on the hill Thu fliih heights after the initial hill drop? Why? 3. What happened to the safe turn radius as DoTHIS OUTSIDE ON A WARM DAY, PUT the ride progressed downward? Why? ABOUT 2 LITERS ('/2 4. What effect did a heavier car (steel GAL) OF WATER IN A ball) have on the ride time? BUCKET. SWING ITIN A CIRCLE VERTICALLY SO IT GOES FROM UPRIGHT TO UPSIDE DOWN AND BACK AGAIN. FIRST TRY IT AS FAST AS YOU CAN AND THEN SLOW DOWN. 1111 WHAT HAPPENS? WHY? 23 IIPBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIALUSE.

Ig®Hhug 2f)gul@c1 http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons Calculate the price of the cigarette habit. Say, for BRIAN DELVES INTO THE and want to experience it repeatedly. This depen- NATURE OF NICOTINE example, a smoker "burns up" a pack a day: dence is a sign of addiction. ADDICTION. (price per pack) x 365 days/year = per year. What could you buy or use Nicotine is both physically and psychologically SEGMENT LENGTH: 8;40 that money for that would not harm your health? addictive. Physical addiction is biochemical. A person who tries to quit smoking experiences 2@o@imino Why do you think people smoke? Do you thinkwithdrawal symptoms such as depression because they know that it's bad for them? Do you think itthe brain expects nicotine and becomes physically BARTECCHI, C.E., MACKENZIE, T.D., & would be easy to quit and that everyone should? distressed without it. Smokers also tend to associ- SCHRIER, R.W. (1995, MAY) ate cigarettes with other pleasurable activities such THE GLOBAL TOBACCO EPIDEM- IC. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, Why is smoking bad for you? Can you name as relaxing with friends or reading the newspaper PP. 44-51, other things that are unhealthy that people doat breakfast. This psychological addiction is hard BRAUTBAR. N.(1995, anyway? Name some similarities between theseto break because the smoker resists changing these JULY 1) DIRECT EFFECTS OF things and smoking. If you had a friend or familydaily routines. NICOTINE ON THE BRAIN: EVIDENCE FOR CHEMICAL member who smoked, what would you suggest to ADDICTION. ARCHIVES OF help that person quit? Ironically, tobacco-related illnesses are not directly ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, linked to nicotine itself, but result from exposure P. 263. to the several hundred other chemical substances STEPHENSON, J.(1996, APR inhaled in tobacco smoke or absorbed from chew- 24) CLUES FOUND TO TOBACCO ADDICTION. JOURNAL OF THE ©v@puhw ing tobacco or snuff. Some of these chemicals AMERICAN MEDICAL Researchers continue to release shocking statisticscome directly from the tobacco plant, while some ASSOCIATION, P.1217.

about smoking. One estimate puts the total num- are produced in chemical reactions as the cigarette SWISHER, K.L.(ED.) (1995) ber of deaths due to smoking-related illnesses burns. Because nicotine in small doses is probably AT ISSUE: SMOKING.IN THE (such as cardiovascular illness, lung cancer, and not too harmful, doctors sometimes administer OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS SERIES. SAN DIEGO: emphysema) at 400,000 in 1990 alone, almost anicotine alone, usually in the form of gum or a GREENHAVEN PRESS. quarter of the total deaths for that year. Smokersskin patch. This nicotine replacement therapy TOBIAS,A.(1991)KIDS know that cigarettes are unhealthyeven ciga- helps reduce the physical craving for nicotine, so SAY: DON'T SMOKE. NEW rette packages display dire health warningsyet the smoker can more easily quit smoking. YORK: WORKMAN PUBLISHING. (REPRODUCES DOZENS OF many still have difficulty quitting. Part of the rea- ANTISMOKING POSTERS son for that became official in 1988, when the CREATED BY CHILDREN) U.S. Surgeon General announced that nicotine, a ACTION ON SMOKING chemical found in virtually all tobacco products, ©31EIEW6E3 AND HEALTH: was an addictive drug. 1.There is a urine test that can determine if a http://ash.org/ash/links.html person has been smoking. Because smoking is ille- SMOKING: FACTS AND TIPS When someone smokes a cigarette, nicotine mole- gal for individuals under 21 years of age, someone FOR QUITTING: cules are inhaled into the lungs. From there they has proposed that anyone under 21 who fails this http://www.winternet.com/ -terrym/quitsmoke.html are absorbed into the bloodstream. About 10 sec- test should lose or be denied a driver's license. onds later, the nicotine reaches the brain, where it What do you think of this proposal? NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO locks onto specific receptor areas. When that hap- 2.Nicotine may have some medicinal value in CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL pens, a chemical called dopamine is released into addition to its addictive properties. What do you MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THIS the brain, which causes the smoker to experience think is the best way for society to handle a drug AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL pleasurable, positive feelings. People who smoke that can be both good and bad for people? (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK have difficulty quitting because they come to OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http://www.mnonline. depend on the good feeling they get from nicotine 24 org/ktca/newtons 11 PBS WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. 111 T.A NEWTON'S APPLE is A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation NEWTON'S r APPLE _3 VUN SHOW NUMBER NICOTINE: Student Activity

Interview smokers and nonsmokers to compare their points of view. 1404 ,\ /- NICOTINE bnah 8¢Vier[iT http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/nevirons Smoking is a hotly debated topic. Many peoplepare notes with the other students. Make bar express very strong views on the subject. What do graphs of some of your data. For example, you smokers and nonsmokers have to say aboutcould record the number of people on the Y-axis 41-fiv Vhh smoking? Conduct some interviews to find out. and the age they started smoking on the X-axis. THE BLOODSTREAM CARRIES ALL SORTS 1.Find two smokers and two nonsmokers to OF CHEMICALS TO VARIOUS PARTS OF interview. These might be family members, teach- gresffons THE BODY. WHAT DOES ers, or friends. 1.Can you find some common themes? For BLOOD CONSIST OF? WHY ISIT SO GOOD 2. Make a list of questions you want to ask, suchexample, do smokers seem to have started smok- AT CARRYING NICO- as: Why did you start (or not start) smoking?ing at about the same age or for the same reasons? TINE AS WELL AS When did you start smoking? Do you want to OXYGEN AND CARBON 2. When we have problems to solve in society, DIOXIDE? quit? How do you feel if you can't have a ciga-why is it important to listen to many different rette? Do you tell others they ought to quit oropinions? How might the information you refuse to associate with smokers? obtained help establish better ways to deal with 3. Take notes as you listen to the answers. the smoking debate? VM3 4. When you get back to your classroom, corn- ACTIVISTS OFTEN COMPLAIN THAT CIG- ARETTE ADVERTISING TARGETS YOUNG PEO- PLE. COLLECT SOME CIGARETTE ADS FROM MAGAZINES AND ANA- LYZE THEM. WHAT DO THE ADS SAY? WHAT DO THEY SEEM TO SUGGEST WITHOUT STATING OUTRIGHT?

MAKE A LIST OF HABITS YOU HAVE. WHICH ONES ARE GOOD FOR YOU? WHICH ONES ARE BAD FOR YOU? IF YOU HAVE A BAD HABIT LIKE CHEWING YOUR F.INGERNAILS, WHAT STRATEGY COULD YOU USE TO QUIT?

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EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KICA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS.MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. 3MInnovation ML:\MON D.NUM How do dogs find people buried in an avalanche? orb Why do some animals have a better sense of smell than others?

I@Cillihn, 2,5,aq@c] http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons EILEEN BUNDLES UP TO Put familiar substances with various odors intoScent cells, or cilia, react to odor-carrying mole- SEE HOW RESCUE DOGS containers labeled with numbers. Herbs, spices, cules that flow into noses. In dogs, these cells line FIND PEOPLE. oils, and any other nontoxic substances that givethe canine mucosa, a membrane at the rear of the off a distinctive odor will work. Smell each one.snout which is folded so many times that, if SEGMENT LENGTH: 8:00 Write down what you think the odor is and howsmoothed out, it would be larger than the dog's strong it is. Describe what each odor smells likebody. When the hairlike cilia encounter an odor- E@O@UTN3 (sweet, sour, like a flower or an old dishrag). Testcarrying molecule, they trigger nerve cells that signal the dog's brain. BULANDA, S.(1994) READY! your friends to see what smells they recognize. A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE FOR How good are you at identifying the substances? TRAINING THE SEARCH AND Does everyone describe odors the same way? It takes three to six years to teach a dog to track a RESCUE DOG. PORTLAND: DORAL PUBLISHING. human scent, for the dog must learn to pick up When an occupied building collapses, what is theand follow an individual scent it hasn't smelled MCCLUNG, D.(1993)THE AVALANCHE HANDBOOK. first thing emergency crews do? How do they dobefore, and do it in rough terrain amid distrac- SEATTLE: MOUNTAINEERS. it? What is the best way to find survivors in such a tions. The task is made more difficult when the RING, E. (1991) SEARCH AND disaster? Would you use the same method ifvictim is buried under an avalanche and has left RESCUE DOGS: EXPERT TRACK- someone was buried under several feet of snow? no scent trail. ERS AND TRAILERS. BROOK- FIELD, CT: MILLBROOK PRESS.

What kind of animal would be best for rescuing Dogs can smell a buried person because our bod- SACHS, J.S.(1996, MAR) people who are lost or buried? What makes your ies constantly shed skin cells and give off odors in THE FAKE SMELL OF DEATH: SYNTHETIC CORPSE SMELL AND choice ideal for such work? the form of gases. A person walking across the OTHER SCENTS HELP TRAIN ground leaves these cells and odors in a scent trail SEARCH DOGS. DISCOVER, the dog can follow. A person buried under snow P. 86. leaves no such trail, but dogs use air scenting to WHITTEMORE, H.(1995) SO I©vs@ nyhtu smell the human odors, or gases, rising up THAT OTHERS MAY LIVE; CAROLINE HEBARD AND HER Imagine you're skiing the deep snow of a mountain through the snow. SEARCH AND RESCUE DOGS. pass when you hear a low rumble. The snow beneath NEW YORK: BANTAM BOOKS. you suddenly gives way. In a terrifying instant youA dog searches an area until it finds the spot AVALANCHE RESCUE DOGS: realize you've been caught in an avalanche. where the odors are strongest, then alerts rescuers http://weber.u.washOgton. by barking or digging. For dogs, tracking and edu/867Edanc/avalanche.html A roaring sea of snow envelops you and you are searching is just a game. For the buried victim, it's THE SEARCH AND RESCUE buried under snow compacted as hard as concrete. a matter of life and death. SOCIETY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA: Rescue must come fast. After only 30 minutes http://www.sarbc.org/sarbc/ your chances of survival are 50 percent. If you are sar-sar.html not equipped with an avalanche rescue beacon, CALIFORNIA RESCUE DOG your next best hope is a search-and-rescue (SAR) I@EIR@IZHCIRO ASSOCIATION: team working with avalanche rescue dogs. 1. Do all dogs have the same sense of smell, or http://www.crc.ricoh.com/ people/jamey/pubhc/carda/ do dogs with bigger noses smell better than carda.html How can a dog pick up your scent through dense-those with little noses? NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO ly packed snow, recognize the scent as the impor-2. People have used dogs to find things for cen- CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL tant one, and then hone in on it? Part of theturies, but scientists still don't completely under- MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THIS answer is the dog's olfactory system, which isstand why dogs are so good at using their noses. AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL 10,000 to 10 million times more sensitive-than aWhy is this difficult to understand? (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK human's. Dogs have about 220 million s'cent cells, OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http://www.mnonline. compared to about 5 million in humans. 26 org/ktca/newtons 11 PBS WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE. r4.7 EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION.

(I) NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3K. LInnovation EYEM rSHOW NUMBER AVALANCHE RESCUE: Student Activity 1405 Smell different dilutions of vinegar to measure your odor sensitivity. AVALANCHE http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons RESCUE 1tAgfin nHaild4 Many people believe dogs are the top smellers of3. Pour 1/4 cup of that 9:1 water/vinegar solution the animal kingdom, although that has neverfrom jar #1 into a jar labeled #2. Add another been proven. Scientists do know that dogs smell 21/4 cups of water. You've just reduced the con- Vuiv Thh much better than most animals, includingcentration of vinegar by an order of magnitude, MANY SEARCH-AND- humans. Researchers have also found that some making it ten times weaker. Can you still smell RESCUE OPERATIONS dogs can smell better than others, even if they are the vinegar? DON'T INVOLVE DOGS. TALK TO LOCAL POLICE of the same breed. 4.Repeat step 3, this time pouring 1/4 cup of AND VOLUNTEER SEARCH the diluted solution from jar #2 into a jar ORGANIZATIONS ABOUT WHAT SKILLS PEOPLE How sensitive is your nose? Can you smell better labeled #3. Add 21/4 cups of water to jar #3 and MUST USE AND WHAT than some other people? And how does your nose mix. You've reduced the concentration of vine- CLUES THEY LOOK FOR stack up against a dog's? To find out, try this WHEN SEARCHING FOR gar by another order of magnitude. Can you SOMEONE. smell sensitivity test. smell the vinegar? 5. Continue the process until no one in the group can smell the vinegar. v[rg MaDeVi©ilS glass measuring cup INTERVIEW SEVERAL DOG TRAINERS OR like those used for qUeSH0US POLICE K-9 OFFICERS cooking 1. At what dilution could you AND FIND OUT WHAT BREEDS THEY THINK bottle of white no longer smell the vinegar? MAKE THE BEST vinegar Dogs can smell the vinegar down SEARCH DOGS. ARE DIFFERENT BREEDS distilled water to about 10 dilutions, six or seven BETTER AT FINDING several clean, medi- orders of magnitude weaker than CERTAIN THINGS? um-sized glass jars WHAT FACTORS OTHER humans. Why? THAN SENSE OF SMELL masking tape 2. Did anyone with a cold or DO DOG TRAINERS markers allergies have a harder time LOOK FOR? smelling the vinegar? Why? 1.Fill one glass jar with pure 3. There are some odors that water and another with some people can't smell at all, a IjIre h vinegar. Label the jars with a piece of condition called human specif- BUY A SMALL, SOLID tape and a marker. The water should ic anosmia. Is there anyone in AIR FRESHENER AND not have an odor, while the vinegar your group who can't smell vine- HIDE ITIN A ROOM. WAIT ABOUT A HALF will have its typical, distinct odor. gar at all? HOUR, THEN BRING A 2. Put1/4cup of vinegar in another jar, FEW FRIENDS IN AND 21/4 ASK THEM TO FIND IT, then add cups of water and mix the USING ONLY THEIR solution. The ratio will be 9 parts water to 1 NOSES. DOES ONE part vinegar. Label this jar #1. Can you smell PERSON HAVE A BETTER SENSE OF SMELL THAN the vinegar? THE OTHERS? DO PEOPLE BECOME LESS SENSITIVE TO THE SMELL AS TIME PASSES?

oxyPBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. rAa NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KICA SAINT PAUL/M1NNEAPOLIS.MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3N. 3MInnovation MOIMNV How does a person control a prosthetic hand? How does an artificial arm or leg work? What kinds of artificial limbs are there?

Igen nc]Tmcl http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons over the shoulders. By moving the shoulder, the DAVE CHECKS OUT HOW Try to use a clothespin to substitute for fine motor NERVES AND MUSCLES hand functions like picking up coins or countingpatient can pull on the harness, which in turn MOVE PROSTHETIC LIMBS. and moving sheets of paper. Could you unzip apulls on flexible cables to open and close the zipper or tie a shoelace? Try using chopsticks. Both hooks, allowing the person to grasp objects. There SEGMENT LENGTH: 6:45 tools can be viewed as kinds of prosthesesnot toois no sense of touch in this type of prosthesis, so different from the look of a prosthetic claw hand. the user has to watch closely what he or she is hO@IHNO doing. ARTIFICIAL LIMBS: THEY If you were born without your hands or lost them LOOK AND WORK MORE LIKE in an accident, how would you pick up things? IfDynamic prostheses, on the other hand, use THE REAL THING. (1995, you lost a foot in an accident, how would yousophisticated electronics. They can do this Nov) MAYO CLINIC HEALTH LETTER, P. 6. walk? What characteristics would the ideal artifi-because the nerve and muscle systems in the cial hand havewhat would you need to be ablehuman body are electrical. For example, an BUILDER OF HOPES. (1995, APR 17) SPORTS to do with it to live normally? What about a foot? amputee with a myoelectric arm tenses his or her ILLUSTRATED, P. 5. remaining arm muscle. Sensors detect this muscle FIELD, R. (1993.Ocr 15) What would your ideal prosthesis look like? Howelectricity (myoelectricity) and transmit the signal Two BIG STEPS FORWARD: would it work? What kinds of prostheses do youto the artificial hand, powered by batteries, which WITH NEW PROSTHESES, THE think exist right now? Is it possible that you've then opens or closes. PARALYZED WALK AND AMPUTEES WALK WITH FEEL- seen someone with a prosthetic limb and haven't ING. MEDICAL WORLD NEWS, even noticed it? Why? Signals also can go from the environment to the P. 32.

patient, allowing an approximation of the sense of KELLY,A.(1991, FEB-MAR) touch. For example, some prosthetic hands have ADVANCEMENT IN PROSTHET- sensors that can detect heat or cold and transmit ICS: NEW MATERIALS, HIGH Clv®Fwhw TECHNOLOGY, AND PERSONAL that information to electrodes on the patient's skin. SERVICE BENEFIT PROSTHETIC What would it be like to lose a hand, a foot, or PATIENTS. INDEPENDENT LIVING, P. 42. even an entire arm or leg? Scary, that's for sure. Researchers are still improving prostheses. New How can amputees pick up things or walk ormaterials allow artificial feet to press and spring MCCLELLAN,D. (1993, JULY) SOFT WEAR FOR ARTIFICIAL play soccer or write a letter? Although nothing is on the ground very much like a real foot. One LIMBS. TECHNOLOGY REVIEW, as good as the original flesh and bone, doctors type of artificial foot transmits electronic informa- P. 22. tion about pressure to amputees, allowing them to can provide artificial replacements, called pros- RIDLEY,K.(1994,Ocr) theses, for some damaged body parts. In addi- balance because they can tell whether their weight ARTIFICIAL SENSATIONS, tion to replacing lost functions, prostheses can is on the toes, heels, or sides of the feet. TECHNOLOGY REVIEW, P. 11. result in cosmetic improvements for the patient ORTHOTICS AND PROSTHETICS and build self-confidence. ONLINE: http://www.oandp.com/ 'IDERNCA@HO indcx.htin Simple prostheses like peg legs have been around for centuries. If they do not use sophisticated elec- 1. Artificial limbs are very expensive. What do you tronics, these artificial limbs are called static pros- think would be the fairest way for everyone, rich or theses. One kind of artificial arm, for example, poor, to have access to the prostheses they need? NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO ends in a pair of hooks rather than a hand. The 2. Make a list of some of the movies you have seen CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL other end is attached to the remaining portion ofrecently. Are there any amputees in them? How are MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER they portrayed? Why do you think this is? INFORMATION ABOUT THIS the patient's arm, and then to a harness that straps AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http://www.mnonline. 28 org/ktca/newtons PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

147 EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. En NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE Br A GRANT FROM 3m. Innovation 4.APEIrplarS.

fSHOWNUMBER PROSTHETIC LIMBS: Student Activity 1405 Work as a group to hnitate the cooperative movennents of your niuscles. PROSTHETIC LIMBS IbiriCAN niahnV http://www.mnonline.org/krca/newtons

Think of all the movements your hands make. 4.Pass a clock face paper to each observer, who These movements require sets of muscles that putwill write the data and results on the clock face opposing stress on the jointed bones in your fin- with lines and arrows. gers and palms. If one muscle in the set pulls 5.Figure out how much combined tension from harder, the hand opens. If another pulls harder, different directions it takes to perform more and the hand closes. The muscles must work together 'VT more complicated movements of the block. (The to give you control over your movements. Youropes are models of individual muscles and the ASK A PROSTHETIST TO COME BY AND can make a simple model of this process in your block is a model of a finger.) Try moving steadily SHOW SEVERAL classroom. in straight lines at first; then starting and stop- DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROSTHESESLOWER ping; then starting, stopping, and reversing direc- EXTREMITY, UPPER tion; then moving in a half circle, a full circle, and EXTREMITY, ETC. in@rDevic] s so on. Each participant may only pull the rope large, square block of wood with 12 toward her or him, or allow it to be hooks spaced equidistantly pulled away, in order to help around the sides make the block move in six 1.5-meter (5) a desired way. No fair lengths of light extending arms, rope or clothesline A THERMOMETER IS grabbing anyone A SENSOR. YOUR masking tape and else's rope, start- EYES AND SKIN ARE a marker ing a tug-of-war, HIGHLY SOPHISTI- CATED SENSORS, large round table orinterfering How MANY OTHER clock faces drawn with the block's SENSORS CAN YOU LIST, BOTH on paper for movement. Work NATURAL AND recording data together to make the INVENTED? block move. 1. Mark off a large circle on a table with the masking tape (1.5 meters in diameter, maximum) and mark num-Ques 8ons Vny Vhfig bers on it from 1 to 12 to make a clock face. 1. What is the fewest number of ropes required to 2.Have six students sit around the table and make the block startandstop quickly and reliably? MARIONETTES ARE RELATED TO PROSTHE- place the block in the center of the circle. 2. Can you make the block travel in a circular arc SES, SINCE YOU WORK 3. Each time you want to add the ability to pull with only two ropes attached to it? THEIR HANDS AND FEET FROM A DIS- the block from a new direction, tie another3. What is the fewest number of ropes required TANCE, CONSTRUCT A length of rope onto a hook and hand the end toto make a complete circle around the numbers SIMPLE MARIONETTE OUT OF PAPER. someone sitting around the circle. If you decide on the clock? STRING, AND PAPER to use all six lengths of rope, you will end up with 4. When moving the block in a complete cir- FASTENERS. How EASY what looks like a wheel with spokes, with the IS IT TO MAKE WORK- cle, who must pull the hardest on his or her ING ARMS AND LEGS? block at the center. rope and when?

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gia EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation How did the Incas build without mortar or wheels?

How would you move a huge stone up a mountain without animals or machines?

Ig@ifing PCITRI@C1 http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons DAVID GOES TO PERU Have you ever tried to build miniature stoneInclined planes, rope fashioncd from the four- TO DISCOVER THE buildings with the rocks in your yard? How didcroya andina plant, and gravity helped trans- ANCIENT INCAS' BUILDING SECRETS. you keep the rocks from tumbling down? Whatportation crews move the stones. They moved the characteristics were important when you chosemassive blocks across several kilometers of valley, SEGMENT LENGTH: 8:15 which rocks to use? through a shallow river, and up the mountain face to 2,400 meters (7,875 feet) above sea level, 2AZ@UPIN3 Imagine having to build a full-size building without where their buildings still stand. In his account, BAOUEDANO,E.(1993) using materials such as mortar or pre-cut stones orGarcilaso de la Vega reported that "they moved AZTEC, INCA AND MAYA. NEW any machines like cranes or saws. What if youthem, dragging them with muscle power using YORK: ALFRED A.KNOPF. couldn't move the stones on vehicles with wheels? thick ropes; nor were the roads along which they MOSELY,M.(1992)THE What would you use to move large stones? hauled them level, but very rough mountains with INCAS AND THEIR ANCESTORS. steep slopes over which they were moved up and LONDON: THAMES 8, HUDSON.

down with sheer human strength." PETERS,D. (1991)THE INCAS. NEW YORK: RANDOM Mysaftivk Excellent organization and management were HOUSE. About 90 years after Spaniards conquered therequired to accomplish this. Labor rather than PROTZEN, J.(1993) INCA Inca Empire, Shakespeare wrote that "our life ... money served to pay taxes, so a large labor force ARCHITECTURE AND CONSTRUC- TION AT OLLANTAYTAMBO. NEW finds books in the running brooks and sermons inwas seasonally available. Researchers estimate that YORK: OXFORD UNIVERSITY stones." Stone structures, road systems, agricultur- 1,800 laborers were required to drag one 100- PRESS, al terraces, and irrigation systems built in metric-ton block. This is equivalent to each labor- LEARN MORE ABOUT THE 1450-1540 A.D. by Incan engineers speak elo-er pulling approximately 54 kilograms (120 INCAS: pounds). Evidence on or near the ramps suggests http://www.webwise.com/ quently of a highly developed culture. Without incatour/learn.htm machines, metal tools, or wheels, the Incas built that the Incas may have used wet clay or gravel to structures that harmonize with natural outcrop-reduce friction, which could have decreased the LINKS TO ANTHROPOLOGICAL SITES: pings of stones found on the mountain tops. The number of laborers needed to pull each stone. http:/hwww.unrn.edu/-anthro/ precisely carved, carefully fitted stones required links.hrnfl no mortar, yet have withstood 500 years of weath-Incan engineers worked with their environment, LORDS OF THE EARTH: er and earthquakes. economy, and people to fashion "sermons in MAYA/AZTEC/INCA EXCHANGE: stones" that have withstood centuries. Today's http://www.realtime.net/ maya/ The Incas used simple, labor-intensive technology challenge is to withstand the thousands of visitors to help carve and move the stones harvested from that come to marvel at their accomplishments. MAYAQUEST HOME PAGE: http://www.mecc.com/ nearby rockfalls. Many weighed more than 100 mayaquest.html metric tons. Stonemasons shaped the blocks using NEWTON'S APPLESHOW1303 a simple, effective method called flaking and a s@HRMH@HO (MAYA BIKE TREK). neolithic tool called a hammer stone. Made of GPN: (800) 228-4630. OR CALL YOUR LOCAL PBS STA- granite, quartzite, or olivine basalt, hammer stones 1. Why would you spend several months moving TION TO FIND OUT WHEN IT have a hardness of at least 5.5 on the Mohs scale,lots of hundred-ton stones up a mountain, and WILL BE RERUN. about the same hardness as the larger stones.how would you convince several thousand friends NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO Striking at a 15- to 20-degree angle, stonemasonsto help? CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL could chip off pieces of the rock; alterations in the 2.Describe similarities and differences between MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THIS angle and force of the blow determined the size ofIncan and Egyptian structures. What can you AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK the chips. Twenty quarry workers took ab.out; . twoconclude about these cultures' concepts of sci- weeks to dress four sides of one stone measuringence and engineering? OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http:/ /www.mnonline. 4.5 by 3.2 by 1.7 meters (14.8 by 10.5 by 5.6 feet). 30 orglktca/newtons .11 PBS WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE. a. X41 EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. rha NEWTON'S APPLE is A PRODUCTION OF ETCH SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOL1S. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 311 Innovation NEWTON'S APPLE®

1SHOWNUMBER INCA ENGINEERING: Student Activity 1406 Test different methods for reducing friction, INCA ENGINEERING 011CHIE AahacIT http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons The Incas realized that by using wet clay or gravel for them. Include rows for predictions, observa- on their roads, they needed fewer people to move tions, and conclusions about what happens on huge stones. Do differences in the surface reallyeach ramp. TO NAVIGATE ACROSS reduce the friction? What effect do rollers or skids 4.Decide who will record your predictions and RIVERS AND THROUGH THE RAIN FOREST, have on friction? Predict which method will workobservations, who will move the bag or block on INCAN ENGINEERS best, then try all of them. the ramp, and who will time each run. CONSTRUCTED SEVERAL TYPES OF LEVEES AND 5. Tie a piece of twine around the bag of flour and BRIDGES. FIND PIC- attach the other end to the hook on the spring scale. TURES OF DIFFERENT m iievici s 6. LEVEES AND BRIDGES, Release the bag down the board. Record the AND DRAW CONCLU- one 10-lb bag of flour, wrapped in a plastic bag force it takes to first lower, then raise the bag at a SIONS ABOUT WHY one 4 ' -long, two-by-six board constant speed. Try replacing the flour bag with EACH IS BEST SUITED FOR ITS ENVIRON- 5 bricks the concrete block. Spread sand, gravel, or mud on MENT. WHAT MATERI- gravel the ramp, and then try using skids and dowels. ALS ARE BEST FOR fine sand EACH KIND OF Each time you change the variable, first lower, then BRIDGE? mud raise the block or bag at constant speed, carefully spring scale measuring the force necessary to do so. four 8" dowels, 1/2" in diameter vpvnk3 four 8" dowels, 1" in diameter two 4" dowels, 1/2" in diameter QuesHcms FIND PICTURES OF THE RUINS OF two 4" dowels, 1" in diameter 1. What conclusions can you draw about the best ANCIENT EMPIRES IN paper way to reduce friction? MEXICO, GUATEMALA, pencils . PERU, ENGLAND, 2. What kinds of companies or professions might EGYPT, AND GREECE. concrete block be interested in finding ways to reduce friction to Now CHOOSE YOUR FAVORITE AND WRITE 2 pieces of twine, 2 meters each (61/2 ') move things? ABOUT WHAT YOUR 3. What factors did not affect the amount of force LIFE WOULD BE LIKE 1.Make a stack of IF YOU LIVED IN necessary to move the bag or block? Why? THAT TIME. bricksabout 5 bricks tall. 2.Lean the board VTw VhN on the stack to cre- FIND YOUR OWN ate a ramp. HAMMER STONE AND TRY TO CHANGE THE 3. On paper, create SHAPE OF A ROCK. a table to keep track USE SAFETY GLASSES AND LET THE HAMMER of which variable you STONE FALL ON AND alter each time you BOUNCE OFF THE ROCK.IS THAT MORE move the bag down OR LESS EFFECTIVE the inclined plane. THAN USING FORCE TO Alter only one vari- HIT THE ROCK? WHAT KIND OF PROGRESS DO able at a time. Include a YOU MAKE IN FIVE column for each variable. If MINUTES? How LONG DO YOU PREDICT IT you try other variables, be sure to create columns WOULD TAKE TO SMOOTH THE SURFACE OF THE ROCK? 31 co PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIALUSE.

ALI EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS.MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation OOMPILH How do ski jumpers go so far? How do jumpers use physics to get the most out of their flight?

http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons BRIAN HITS THE How do the shapes of objects affect the flow of aHalfway down the inrun, jumpers begin to re- SLOPES TO LEARN HOW fluid? Mix one quart of white Ivory dishwashing position their bodies in preparation for leaping SKI JUMPERS GO SO liquid with five drops of food coloring and place in off. Near the end, where the inrun begins to HIGH AND FAR. a shallow baking pan. Try dragging different-curve upward, they raise their hips slightly while SEGMENT LENGTH: 7:30 shaped objects through the liquid and observe the pressing the chest tight against the knees. This flow patterns they create. The more swirls, themakes their legs act like a coiled spring storing hO@UTIM3 more turbulence and the less aerodynamic theadditional energy for the takeoff. About three BOTTERILL, S.(1994, FEB) shape. Based on this experiment, why do you thinkmeters (10 feet) from the end of the inrun, V FOR VICTORY. LIFE, manufacturers don't make skis with square fronts? jumpers begin their final adjustments before P. 94, takeoff, bringing their arms perpendicular to the FINKEL, M.(1994, JAN) Have you ever skied over a large bump and becomeground and rising up slightly. LEAP OF FAITH, SKIING, airborne? Why do you think that happens? Do you P. 26. watch the ski jumpers during the WinterThe most important part of the jump occurs at FRIEDMAN, J.(1994, FEB) Olympics? How far do the jumpers go before takeoff. Within a tenth of a second, jumpers must THIS JOINT IS JUMPING. landing? Why do they hold their skis and theircombine two motions at once, leaping both for- SKIING, P. 22. bodies a certain way? ward and upward at the same time. The timing of ROESSING, W.(1995. JAN) the takeoff leap is what makes or breaks a jump. If RAMP CHAMP, BOYS' LIFE, P. 18. jumpers spring before they reach the exact end of the takeoff table, their skis will point down, caus- ROSENBERG, D.(1995, JAN ©v®Purl@w 16) HIGH-TECH SKIING. ing extra wind resistance which results in a short NEWSWEEK, P.63. There are few feats as breathtaking as a perfect ski jump. If they spring too late, their skis are pointed ULMER, K. (1996, FEB) To jump. Hurtling down a snow-covered ramp at too high, resulting in a serious loss of control. AIR IS HUMAN, SKIING, speeds in excess of 100 kilometers (60 miles) per P. 70. hour, the skier literally dives off a cliff, soars In the air, jumpers become flying projectiles, using WOLFF, A.(1994, FEB 7) through the air, and finally descends back to earth their bodies and skis like a giant airfoil. They lean FLIGHT OF THE FINNS. some 100 meters (328 feet) from takeoff. forward, producing a positive angle of attack on the SPORTS ILLUSTRATED, P.82. wind. Traditionally, jumpers always kept their skis WOLFF, A.(1994, FEB 28) To a novice, the steps in a ski jump look decep- straight in line with their bodies to lessen air resis- JENS WEISSFLOG, SKI JUMPER. SPORTS tively simple. In reality, each involves a complextance and reduce drag. In 1989, a jumper revolu- ILLUSTRATED, P.55. balance of forces where only slight changes in tionized jumping by holding his skis in a large V equipment or body position can mean the differ- with the open end pointed forward. This positioning GIVING JUMPERS A LIFT: hrtp://www.oslo.sintef.no/ ence between a gold medal and disaster. increases the surface area below the body, providing gemini/1993-dec/11.html more lift toward the end of the flight. It extends the JUMP: THE HOMEPAGE Like a roller coaster, all the energy for a jump time in the air and the distance of the jump. DEDICATED TO SKI JUMPING: comes from gravitational potential energy http://www.consporr.ca/jump/ acquired by going to the top of a hillin this case, the inrun. Coming down the inrun, jumpers ILDRH1213gl@HZ try to build up as much speed as possible while NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO maintaining control. To minimize air resistance, 1. How is a ski jump like a roller coaster ride? CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER they get in a low crouch, point their arms for-How are the same forces used in different ways? INFORMATION ABOUT THIS ward, and bend their heads slightly downward2. How do jumping skis act like the wings of an AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL like a diver entering the water. airplane? How would changing their shape affect (512) 222-1717 OR CHECK OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: the flight? http://www.mnonline. 32 org/ktca/newtons PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCAT IONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE .

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF RICA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation SHOW NUMBER SKI JUMPING: Student Activity 1407 Vary the angle of a ramp and chart your flight path. SKI JUMPING 0 IAICHR8enwhv http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons Ski jumping converts gravitational potential ener- 3. Remove the books holding the middle of the gy to kinetic energy. The objective is to launch a ramp and adjust it so that it curves down to the 'VErw VMo human projectile as far as possible. By manipulat-table and runs flat along the table for about 20 THE LIFT PRODUCED ing a track, you can discover how changing thecm (8") before it reaches the end. Make sure that BY SKI JUMPERS IS AFFECTED BY THE launch angle will change the direction and dura- the end of the ramp still lines up exactly with the ANGLE AT WHICH tion of flight. edge of the table and once again secure it with ONCOMING AIR HITS THEIR SKIS. masking tape. POSITION A FLAT 4.Using the same marble as before, test the CARDBOARD EDGE IN gA ihavIci5 FRONT OF THE FLOW ramp again. Remember to start from the same OF AIR FROM A HAIR 1 meter (3.3) of Styrofoam pipe insulation, place. Record the distance under the heading DRYER. TILT THE cut lengthwise "curved track" and again draw the flight path of CARDBOARD PROGRES- SIVELY HIGHER. marble or small steel ball the marble. WHICH ANGLE PRO- 8 to 10 thick books or bricks or a chair 5.Repeat step 4 but this time add a book to the DUCES THE MOST masking tape LIFT? CAN THE ANGLE end of the ramp so that instead of lying flat on the OF ATTACK EVER BE tape measure table, the ramp curves down and back up a bit. TOO STEEP? table Record your measurements under the heading paper and pencil "U-shaped/one book" and draw this flight path. VIrrg Ido To DECREASE FRIC- 1.Start building your "inrun" by piling several TION, SKIERS USE books on a table so that they measure about 30 cm WAXES ON THEIR Quesilhas SKIS. USING TWO (12") high. Place one end of the pipe insu- 1.What happened to the BLOCKS OF WOOD, lation right on the edge of the table, and put the distance traveled by the TEST DIFFERENT SUB- STANCES ON THEIR other end under one of the books at the top of marble each time SURFACES TO SEE the stack. Build up several books under the you changed the WHICH OFFERS THE middle of the ramp so that it doesn't sag LEAST RESISTANCE launch angle of WHEN YOU SLIDE THE or bend. Secure the insulation to the table the ramp? Why TWO BLOCKS PAST and books with masking tape, making sure did this happen? EACH OTHER. TRY OIL, WAX, AND ICE. you don't tape across the track. 2. How did the flight 2.Place your marble at the top of the path of the marble change VMo ramp. Without pushing, let it roll. each time you changed the Observe the flight path and the place shape of the track? SKI JUMPERS ARE ALWAYS CHANGING THE where it first lands on the floor. 3. What happened to the total POSITION OF THEIR Repeat this step four more times so amount of potential energy each time BODIES DURING THE that you can get a consistent read- you changed the ramp? JUMP TO MINIMIZE AIR RESISTANCE. To ing. Remember to start from the SEE HOW THIS WORKS same place each time. Measure FOR YOURSELF, GO FOR A BIKE RIDE AND and record this distance under FEEL THE WIND BLOW. the heading "flat track" and How DO YOU HAVE TO draw the shape of the mar- RIDE TO GET THE LEAST RESISTANCE? ble's flight path. WHAT SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES ARE THERE BETWEEN BIKE RIDERS AND SKI 3 3 JUMPERS?

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EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IsA PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. 3MInnovation Why do bees sting?

How are bee societies organized? What actually happens when a bee stings you?

http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons DAVID GETS A CLOSE Have you ever been stung by a bee? What weredangers posed by a mammal. This costly act of LOOK AT A BEE you doing at the time? Make a list of situations in sacrifice activates an alarm system that calls other HIVE WITHOUT which bees might sting. How can you avoid beingbees into battle and enables the colony to take GETTING STUNG. stung by a bee? What should you do if you areadvantage of strength in numbers. SEGMENT LENGTH: 8:00 stung by a bee? Do bees always die after they've stung someone? Because the success of a beehive is dependent on E@O@UT13®2, collaborative efforts, bees have developed an exten- GRAHAM, J. (Eo.) (1992) If you were the bee "in charge" of a hive, howsive communication system, including the use of THE HIVE AND THE HONEYBEE. would you organize the society? What jobs would chemical odors known as pheromones. For exam- HAMILTON, IL: DADANT & need to be done and how would you equip theple, when a bee stings, it releases one type of SONS. different bees you've assigned to those jobs? pheromone that alerts other bees to join the attack. HAINES, J.W.(1993, APR) Other pheromones are used to transmit different BEE-LIEVE IT OR NOT: You CAN TAKE THE STING OUT OF information, including membership in the colony, YOUR NEXT TRIP, ©voruk the location of a good food source or a new nesting BACKPACKER, P.26. site, or when to tend to the needs of the queen. KIRCHNER, W.H.N TOWNE, Ouch! A bee sting is a painfully memorable expe- W.F.(1994, JUNE) THE SEN- rience, but do you know what actually happens Rock paintings from 6000 B.C. provide evidence SORY BASIS OF THE HONEY- BEE'S DANCE LANGUAGE. (to the bee and to you) when a bee stings? Not all that humans have been collecting and eating SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, bees have stingersonly those whose job it is tohoney for thousands of years. Throughout the P. 74, protect the hive. But there are other kinds of beescenturies, people have developed a working rela- MORSE, R. (1995. JUNE) in a hive, whose jobs are as important as those oftionship with bees based on an understanding of INSECTS THAT STING. the stinging bees. their remarkable behaviors. This information has CONSERVATIONIST, P. 22. allowed us to design adequate protection from bee WATANABE, M.E. (1994, AUG Bees belong to an ancient species that has continu-stings and to identify what behaviors will stimu- 26) POLLINATION WORRIES RISE AS HONEY BEES ally adapted to the many challenges posed by the late an attack. Still, each year, more than 50 per- DECLINE. SCIENCE, P.1170. environment. As a result, a highly organized soci-sons in the United States die of allergic reactions ZAHRADNIK, J.(1991) BEES, ety has evolved. The development of a community to bee stings. While a bee sting is not a pleasant WASPS AND ANTS, LONDON: lifestyle to ensure survival is but one example ofoccurrence, the very survival of our agricultural HAMLYN PUBLISHING GROUP. the species' evolutionary adaptations. production is dependent on the busy bee's polli- nating activities. Therefore, it is best that we BEEKEEPING HOME PAGE: http:/hveber.u.washington. The hive of the honeybee provides a delectable accept the bee as a friend instead of a foe. edu/-Oks/bee.html prize for many predators. Insects such as ants, INTERNATIONAL BEE RESEARCH wasps, and other bees are common intruders, as ASSOCIATION: well as many mammalsbears, skunks, badgers, http://www.cardiff.ac.us/ibra/ index.html raccoons, opossums, humans, anteaters, and even &;IHR®13H@B2. mice. Through generations of evolution, the 1. What are some myths about avoiding bees and attack behavior of bees developed as a defense to treating stings? How do these myths compare certain stimuli that signal the hive is in dangerwith the information presented in the segment NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO from an intruder. The bee's stinger has a flexibleand through your discussions? CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL design. It allows bees to defend themselves against2. What are Africanized bees? Where in North MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER America are Africanized bees now? What effects INFORMATION ABOUT THIS less threatening insects and survive, but forces AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL them to forfeit their lives when facing the bigger have they had on agriculture? (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http://www.mnonline. org/ktca/newtons 3 4 E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IN A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation SHOW NUMBER BEE STINGS: Student Activity 1407 Follow scent clues to learn how bees communicate using pheromones. BEE STINGS 1WIN A¢Dilvhv http://www.mnonline.orgikrca/newtons Bees communicate with each other through 4. Students should split up into teams of three or pheromones, which are chemicals they emit in four. Each team represents a colony of bees. One 4Tv 4Mo certain situations. For instance, when a bee bee is blindfolded and goes through the maze, stings, it releases a type of pheromone that tells using only the scent "cues" to find the honey. The INVITE A BEEKEEPER FROM A LOCAL BEE the other bees there is a threat to the hive. Thisother members of the colony should guide the SOCIETY TO SHOW THE will make them sting, too. In this exercise, see ifbee so he or she doesn't get hurt in the maze, but CLASS A BEE SUIT AND SMOKER AND POS- you can find your way through the maze to theonly the scents can tell the bee where to go next. SIBLY A SAMPLE honey just by smells. Because you are a bee, you Record what happens with each bee. HIVE. OR, VISIT A LOCAL APIARY WHERE will know what to do next just by the smell. 5. Try moving the jars around and changing the YOU CAN WATCH BEES maze so that a bee following the cues would not AND BEEKEEPERS IN be able to find the honey. ACTION. GA 13 c] s blindfolds 6.Discuss the results of the honey hunt and aromatic flower petals make a chart comparing each colony's suc- 4ftiv Iiih pinecone cess (or failure) to find the honey. USE STRAIGHTENED- orange Did everyone find the honey? OUT FISHHOOKS AND Why or why not? STRAIGHT PINS TO vinegar MIMIC THE DIFFER- banana 7.Discuss some of the ENCE BETWEEN BARBED real scents that bees use AND STRAIGHT lemon STINGERS. USE A jars for each smell to help them find PIECE OF LEATHER honey samples food, sense danger, (OR SUEDE) TO REP- RESENT A MAMMALIAN and find their way PREDATOR'S FLESH 1. Make a maze in back to the hive. Discuss AND ORANGES, what these real scents APPLES, AND BANANAS yourclassroom TO REPRESENT OTHER using desks, mean to a bee. INSECTS. TRY STICK- ING THESE ITEMS chairs, and move-

WITH THE TWO able blackboards. U e (? (0 H 5 "STINGERS." HOW DO Hide the honey inside THE STRAIGHT HOOK 1. Was it easy to AND THE BARBED one of the desks. findthehoney HOOK COMPARE? 2. Discuss what each of the smells could mean to using the scent cues? a bee. For instance, one could mean "Go right." Why or why not? Vhf Another could mean "Danger, go back!" or "The2. Do humans use their sense of smell as a honey is here." Participants should take carefulcommunication tool? What do some smells MAKE A MODEL OF A notes, or they won't be successful bees. mean to you? BEE USING HOUSEHOLD OR CLASSROOM MATE- 3.Place the jars along the maze route, where RIALS. CHOOSE ANY they would lead a bee to the honey. TYPE OF BEE (DRONE, WORKER, OR QUEEN). BE SURE TO INCLUDE ALL OF THE PARTS: THE HEAD. ANTENNAE, WINGS. THORAX, LEGS, AND ABDOMEN. WHICH PARTS HAVE SPECIAL FUNCTIONS FOR THE BEE YOU CHOSE? 35

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AVALANCHE UESCUE ering the soft tissue which vitamin D defi- water and filtered out HUK1AH EYE ancient cultures air scenting finding nacre the solid, shiny ciency causes skeletal cornea the clear, curved dress to smooth or polish odors that are drifting coating that a pearl mol- deformities ETHANOL portion of the eyeball a stone or wood through the air without lusc secretes over the vitamin D a vitamin need- carbon dioxide a gas directly over the iris and flaking chipping small, having an odor trail to inside of its shell and any ed for development of with molecules made up pupil usually broad pieces from follow on the ground irritants or foreign objects healthy bones and teeth of one carbon atom and iris the colored portion of the larger core block cilia minute hairs that nucleation the process of two oxygen atoms; part the eye that opens and fourcroya andina the move when stimulated and infecting the pearl mol- CLOCKS of the air that is released closesthepupilin fibers from this plant's trier nerve impulses that lusc with an irritant to atomic clock a very whenlivingthings response to light intensity stringy leaves were used send signals to the brain initiate the production of accurate clock that keeps respire lens the flexible, clear, by the Inca for sandals, nerve cell the cell that nacre for pearl culture time by measuring the carbon monoxide a poiso- lentil-shaped object just cloth, and rope transmits electrical sig- orient aniridescent natural oscillations of a nous gas with molecules behind the pupil friction resistance to nals to the brain and sheen exhibited by some cesium atom made up of one carbon optic nerve the nerve in motion of two moving other parts of the body; of the best pearls horology the science of atom and one oxygen the back of the eyeball surfaces that are touching also called a neuron pearl mollusc any shelled measuring time atom that carries impulses each other olfactory system the sea or freshwater creature obelisk an upright, four- fossil fuel fuel derived from the retina to the gravity the force that combination of mucus, that produces a nacreous sided pillar that tapers to from fossil matter of a brain for interpretation tends to pull all bodies cilia, nerve cells, and coating on objects a pyramid at its top previous geologic age, pupil the hole in the cen- within the earth's atmos- other structures thatspat newborn oyster oscillate to swing back such as petroleum, natur- ter of the iris phere toward the center allow animals, including larvae, which eventually and forth; with electrici- al gas, and coal retina the light-sensitive of the earth humans, to smell odors attach themselves to an ty, to switch between a gasohol gasoline mixed layer of the eye that regis- hammer stones small SARthe "search and res- object high and a low charge with a smaller amount of ters the image entering ,neolithic pounding tools cue" acronym commonly quartz crystal when ethanol, such as a mixture through the pupil; the made of granite, quartzite, used by rescue groups BON FAY placed in an electric field, of 90 percent gasoline sharpest vision comes or olivine basalt and a good search word calipers a tool that can be a quartz crystal vibrates and 10 percent ethanol from the macula portion joint the content surface on the Internet used to measure body fat and generates a regular methanol often called of the retina between two bodies carbohydrates a food electric signal that is a wood alcohol; formed rods and cones vision Mohs scale used to indi- BEE OHS group that includes sug- good resonator for run- from synthesis gas and by cells; rods see only black cate relative hardness of apiary a group of human- ars, starches, and cellulose ning clocks and watches distillation of wood, coal, and white and are most minerals, ranging from 1 made beehives placed fat adipose tissue; a spring-driven clocks a or farm wastes useful for night vision; (talc) to 10 (diamond) together to make bee- group of storage cells that tightly wound spring photosynthesis process by cones see only color and stonemason person who keeping easier store fat molecules provides the energy for which plants turn carbon do best in good light cuts and shapes stones defensive zone the area enzymes substances that these clocks, but they dioxide and water into glu- sclera the white, outer around the hive help speed up chemical slow down as the spring cose, using the sun's energy part of the eyeball AIALAUIA MACKIN defensive behavior an changes; in digestive unwinds to drive the reaction Anopheles the genus of aggressive action taken processes, these are called weight-driven docks old volatile organic com- HYPEUCOASYM mosquito that includes against any disturbance organic catalysts and are mechanical clocks that pounds (VOC) hydrocar- acceleration the rate species which transmit in the defensive zone usually proteins used the pull of a heavy bon compounds released of change in speed or the parasite that causes drones male bees, few in metabolic rate the rate at weight to provide energy by the incomplete com- direction malaria in humans number, that mate with which our bodies use up to run the clock bustion of gasoline and gravitation the force of Geographic Information the queen bee energy, or "burn" calories other fuels, which con- attraction that every Systems (GIS) a computer pheromone a chemical muscle a group of cells HOEING IWAYEtt tribute to air pollution object in the universe has informationalsystem odor used for communi- that work together to alum a colorless alu- on every other object designedforstoring, cation enable movement; they minum salt used as a GEM hypercoaster a giant roller updating, analyzing, dis- queen the only female in weigh more than an flocculating agent in cabochon a gemstone coaster twice as high as playing, and manipulating the hive who can repro- equal amount of fat cells water treatment that has been polished and 40 percent Faster than spatial data in various ways duce by laying eggs protein a nutrient used filtration mechanically into a dome shape most roller coasters infrared a form of heat worker bees female bees for growth and repair of separating out particles carat a unit of measure- inertia the tendency of an radiation similar to light who perform most of the our muscles and organs from a liquid such as ment for weighing gem- object to resist changes in malaria a mosquito- tasks; the majority of the water stones; 5,000 carats (cts) its motionthat is, to borne disease caused by bees in a colony BONES flocculant a chemical equal 1 kilogram stay still or keep moving any one of four different calcium a mineral that is which causes tiny sus- crystal a mineral that has a with constant speed unless blood parasites BLACK PEAEILS vital to bone development pended particles to clump regular geometric internal some force acts on it parasite an organism that aragonite one mineral growth plate a disk of car- together into loosely structure, which is reflect- mass the amount of mate- grows, feeds, and is shel- form of calcium carbon tilage along which bones packed flakes ed in its external shape rial an object contains tered on or in a different ate, laid down in overlap- extend their length or size ion a charged atom gemstone a mineral that momentum mass of an organism while con- ping layers as the princi- lacunae a small space, cav- microbe a microscopic has a high market value object times its velocity tributing nothing to the pal constituent of a pearl ity or depression; a hollow organism such as a bac- because of itsrarity, Isaac Newton the English survival of its host conchiolin the organic, mineral an essential ele- terium or a protozoan beauty, hardness, and mathematician and scien- rain forest a dense, ever- gluelike substance that ment that helps keep our osmosistheprocess durability tist who published three green forest occupying a cements the layers of arag- organs working smoothly where a solvent moves indusion a small amount laws of motion in 1687 tropical region with an onite together in a pearl osteoblast a cell that across a semipermeable of gas, liquid, or mineral roller coaster a high- annual rainfall of at least epithelial cells the outer builds or produces bone membrane to an area of matter trapped in a gem- speed, elevated railway 2.5 meters (100 inches) layer of mantle cells in a osteoclastacellthat higher concentration stone when it was forming thathassteepand remote sensing tech- pearl mollusc; they pro- absorbs bone under certain protozoan a microscopic lapidary a person who sharply curving sections niques for acquiring duce the aragonite and conditions such as fractures organism such as an cuts, polishes, and sets information about an conchiolin necessary to osteoporosis a thinning amoeba which is made of gemstones INCA ENGINEEUING object without being in make nacre of bone that occurs with a single cell refraction the bending of archaeologist scientist direct contact with that mantle the outer mem- aging or inactivity sediment sand, silt, clay, light as it passes from one who studies artifacts, object, as through aerial brane of a mollusc, just rickets a bone disease of and organic material that medium to another buildings, and other cameras and satellites inside the shell and cov- infants or juveniles in can be suspended in relics to learn about satellite imaging tech- PBS ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON:COMMERCIAL USE. EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION.40 NEWTON'S APPLE Is A PRODUCTION OF ATEA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation Key Concepts 4ANtErS AVALANCHE KESCUE ering the soft tissue which vitamin D defi- water and filtered out HUMAN EYE ancient cultures air scenting finding nacre the solid, shiny ciency causes skeletal cornea the clear, curved dress to smooth orpolish. odors that are drifting coating that a pearl mol- deformities ETHANOL portion of the eyeball a stone or wood through the air without lusc secretes over the vitamin D a vitamin need- carbon dioxide a gas directly over the iris and flaking chipping small, having an odor trail to inside of its shell and any ed for development of with molecules made up pupil usually broad pieces from follow on the ground irritants or foreign objects healthy bones and teeth of one carbon atom and iris the colored portion of the larger core block cilia minute hairs that nucleation the process of two oxygen atoms; part the eye that opens and fourcroya andina the move when stimulated and infecting the pearl mol- CLOCKS of the air that is released closesthepupilin fibers from this plant's trigger nerve impulses that lusc with an irritant to atomic clock a very whenlivingthings response to light intensity stringy leaves were used send signals to the brain initiate the production of accurate clock that keeps respire lens the flexible, clear, by the Inca for sandals, nerve cell the cell that nacre for pearl culture time by measuring the carbon monoxide a poiso- lentil-shaped object just cloth, and rope transmits electrical sig- orient aniridescent natural oscillations of a nous gas with molecules behind the pupil friction resistance to nals to the brain and sheen exhibited by some cesium atom made up of one carbon optic nerve the nerve in motion of two moving other parts of the body; of the best pearls horology the science of atom and one oxygen the back of the eyeball surfaces that are touching also called a neuron pearl mollusc any shelled measuring time atom that carries impulses each other olfactory system the sea or freshwater creature obelisk an upright, four- fossil fuel fuel derived from the retina to the gravity the force that combination of mucus, that produces a nacreous sided pillar that tapers to from fossil matter of a brain for interpretation tends to pull all bodies cilia, nerve cells, and coating on objects a pyramid at its top previous geologic age, pupil the hole in the cen- within the earth's atmos- other structures that spat newborn oyster oscillate to swing back such as petroleum, natur- ter of the iris phere toward the center allow animals, including larvae, which eventually and forth; with electrici- al gas, and coal retina the light-sensitive of the earth humans, to smell odors attach themselves to an ty, to switch between a gasohol gasoline mixed layer of the eye that regis- hammer stones small SARthe "search and res- object high and a low charge with a smaller amount of ters the image entering ,neolithic pounding tools cue" acronym commonly quartz crystal when ethanol, such as a mixture through the pupil; the made of granite, quartzite, used by rescue groups KOH FAT placed in an electric field, of 90 percent gasoline sharpest vision comes or olivine basalt and a good search word calipers a tool that can be a quartz crystal vibrates and 10 percent ethanol from the macula portion joint the content surface on the Internet used to measure body fat and generates a regular methanol often called of the retina between two bodies carbohydrates a food electric signal that is a wood alcohol; formed rods and cones vision Mohs scale used to indi- KEE STINGS group that includes sug- good resonator for run- from synthesis gas and by cells; rods see only black cate relative hardness of apiary a group of human- ars, starches, and cellulose ning clocks and watches distillation of wood, coal, and white and are most minerals, ranging from 1 made beehives placed fat adipose tissue;a spring-driven clocks a or farm wastes useful for night vision; (talc) to 10 (diamond) together to make bee- group of storage cells that tightly wound spring photosynthesis process by cones see only color and stonemason person who keeping easier store fat molecules provides the energy for which plants turn carbon do best in good light cuts and shapes stones defensive zone .the area enzymes substances that these clocks, but they dioxide and water into glu- sclera the white, outer around the hive help speed up chemical slow down as the spring cose, using the sun's energy part of the eyeball ITIALAIIIA MACKIN defensive behavior an changes; in digestive unwinds to drive the reaction Anophelesthe genus o aggressive action taken processes, these are called weight-driven clocks old volatile organic com- HITEDCOASTEEI mosquito that includes against any disturbance organic catalysts and are mechanical clocks that pounds (VOC) hydrocar- acceleration the rate species which transmit in the defensive zone usually proteins used the pull of a heavy bon compounds released of change in speed or the parasite that causes drones male bees, few in metabolic rate the rate at weight to provide energy by the incomplete com- direction malaria in humans number, that mate with which our bodies use up to run the clock bustion of gasoline and gravitation the force of Geographic Information the queen bee energy, or "burn" calories other fuels, which con- attraction that every Systems (GIS) a computer pheromone a chemical muscle a group of cells [MINING VIATEK tribute to air pollution object in the universe has informationalsystem odor used for communi- that work together to alum a colorless alu- on every other object designedforstoring, cation enable movement; they minum salt used as a GEMS hypercoaster a giant roller updating, analyzing, dis- queen the only female in weigh more than an flocculating agent in cabochon a gemstone coaster twice as high as playing, and manipulating the hive who can repro- equal amount of fat cells water treatment that has been polished and 40 percent faster than spatial data in various ways duce by laying eggs protein a nutrient used filtration mechanically into a dome shape most roller coasters infrared a form of heat worker bees female bees for growth and repair of separating out particles carat a unit of measure- inertia the tendency of an radiation similar to light who perform most of the our muscles and organs from a liquid such as ment for weighing gem- object to resist changes in malaria a mosquito- tasks; the majority of the water stones; 5,000 carats (cts) its motionthat is, to borne disease caused by bees in a colony BONES flocculant a chemical equal 1 kilogram stay still or keep moving any one of four different calcium a mineral that is which causes tiny sus- crystal a mineral that has a with constant speed unless blood parasites BLACK PEAKLS vital to bone development pended particles to clump regular geometric internal some force acts on it parasite an organism that aragonite one mineral growth plate a disk of car- together into loosely structure, which is reflect- mass the amount of mate- grows, feeds, and is shel- form of calcium carbon- tilage along which bones packed flakes ed in its external shape rial an object contains tered on or in a different ate, laid down in overlap- extend their length or size ion a charged atom gemstone a mineral that momentum mass of an organism while con- ping layers as the princi- lacunae a small space, cav- microbe a microscopic has a high market value object times its velocity tributing nothing to the pal constituent of a pearl ity, or depression; a hollow organism such as a bac- because of itsrarity, Isaac Newton the English survival of its host conchiolin the organic, mineral an essential ele- terium or a protozoan beauty, hardness, and mathematician and scien- rain forest a dense, ever- gluelike substance that ment that helps keep our osmosistheprocess durability tist who published three green forest occupying a cements the layers of arag- organs working smoothly where a solvent moves inclusion a small amount laws of motion in 1687 tropical region with an onite together in a pearl osteoblast a cell that across a semipermeable of gas, liquid, or mineral roller coaster a high- annual rainfall of at least epithelial cells the outer builds or produces bone membrane to an area of matter trapped in a gem- speed, elevated railway 2.5 meters (100 inches) layer of mantle cells in a osteoclast acellthat higher concentration stone when it was forming thathassteepand remote sensing tech- pearl mollusc; they pro- absorbs bone under certain protozoan a microscopic lapidary a person who sharply curving sections niques for acquiring duce the aragonite and conditions such as fractures organism such as an cuts, polishes, and sets information about an conchiolin necessary to osteoporosis a thinning amoeba which is made of gemstones INCA ENGINEEKING object without being in make nacre of bone that occurs with a single cell refraction the bending of archaeologist scientist direct contact with that mantle the outer mem- aging or inactivity sediment sand, silt, clay, light as it passes from one who studies artifacts, object, as through aerial/II brane of a mollusc, just rickets a bone disease of and organic material that medium to another buildings, and other cameras and satellites inside the shell and cov- infants or juveniles in can be suspended in relics to learn about satellite imaging tech- 14,PBs E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL U S E

Ui UI EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED NITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. In NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS.MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FRO . Innovation M[Ar LUZN What's unique about plant life in the rain forest? What are rain forests? Why are tropical forests important to everyone?

ig®HIRg 2Mul@c1 http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons Openings called stomata on plant leaves allow the No species can exist without the help of others. DAVID CLIMBS TO NEW leaves to receive carbon dioxide and give off oxy- Orchids and bromeliads can grow as epiphytes HEIGHTS TO TALK TO RAIN FOREST EXPERTS. gen. Where are stomata located? Coat the bottomplants that grow with their roots anchored to sur- of two leaves on a healthy plant with a heavy layerfaces of other plants. Bromeliads use other plants SEGMENT LENGTH: 9:15 of petroleum jelly. Coat the tops of two otherfor support while they collect rain and water run leaves. Let the rest of the leaves remain uncoated. off from the foliage above. The pool in a bromeli- .2H@O@UTE®0 Observe the leaves daily for a week. Is there anyad's center can hold a host of life, from insect lar- difference between them? Explain. vae to tadpoles, lizards, and more. AMAZON CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH FOUNDATION What makes a rain forest tropical? Why do more Indigenous people have always found many uses TEN ENVIRONS PARK HELENA, AL 35080 than half the world's plant and animal species livefor the chemical substances that rain forest plants (800) 255-8206 in rain forests? How do rain forest organisms make to repel predators and diseases or to attract (BILINGUAL TEACHER MATERIALS depend on one another? AND "ADOPT A SCHOOL" animals for pollination and seed dispersal. INFORMATION) Chemists use these compounds as the basis of insect repellents, insecticides, flavorings, dyes, AMAZON ADVENTURE: SEVENTH- GRADERS IN THE AMAZON. other industrial raw materials, and medicines. (1993, JAN 15) SCHOLASTIC ©vuthw (The use of plants to help people is called ethno- SCOPE, PP. 12-16.

From the oxygen we breathe to the food we eat, botany.) Although some compounds are now LOFTY LESSONS OF THE RAIN we owe our lives to plants. Plant variety is essen- reproduced synthetically, many others can be FOREST: A TREETOP CLASS- obtained only from the plants themselves. ROOM IN THE AMAZON. (1993, tial to life, and rain forests shelter more than half MAR 23) USA TODAY,P.1. of all plant and animal species on earth. Rain forests straddle the equator in a belt called theAt least one-fourth of all prescription drugs have A.C.E.E.R.: AMAZON RAIN FOREST FLORA AND FAUNA, tropics. The tropics receive more direct sun than their origin in the rain forest. No one knows how SLIDE SET. the rest of the earth. That means more solar ener- many plants with powerful uses are still hidden (800) 255-8206.

gy for photosynthesisthe process plants use to away among vast numbers of unknown species. A WALK IN THE RAINFOREST make food. This supports more plants, which inThe most valuable thing about rain forests may WITH DR. JIM DUKE. VIDEOTAPE (1994) TRADI- turn support more animals in the food chain. not be what we know about them, but what we TIONAL USES OF MEDICINAL don't yet know. PLANTS. (800) 255-8206. Rain forest plants compete with one another for NATIONAL GARDENING scarce nutrients and for light and space to grow. ASSOCIATION Trees reach heights of 76 meters (250 feet). Many 180 FLYNN AVE TUMR@E[A@HO BURLINGTON, VT 05401 develop buttressesroots that grow above (800) 538-7476 ground from the trunk to create a wide, stable 1. How are rain forests different from the forests [email protected] (REsoURCE BOOKS FOR base for the tree. These are necessary due to the in the area where you live? CREATING MINI-ECOSYSTEMS) shallow depth of the roots. Shallow roots are pre-2. How have plants in your area adapted to their sent because there is fierce competition for nutri- surroundings? ents among species at the surface of the soil. Leaves the size of dinner plates and high-climbing vines help some plants compete for light. NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THIS 42 AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: OUR FEATURED CONTRIBUTOR IS INTERNATIONAL EXPEDITIONS,INC., SPONSOR OF RAINFOREST WORKSHOPS FOR EDUCATORS AND http://www.mnonline. STUDENTS. FOR MORE INFORMATION CALL (800)633-4734OR E-MAIL [email protected] org/ktca/newtons N. PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE. rAl EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED' WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. cri NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation I . liVn[3HM ED MD. ETIN (SHOWNUMBER RAIN FOREST PLANTS: Student Activity 1408 Find out how tall rain forest trees manage to stand up in thin soils and high winds. RAIN FOREST PLANTS Mah 8¢iRh1q7 http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons

Imagine life as an emergent rain forest tree. These 1.Place the branches upright in the sand to rep- trees grow very tall and often have many species resent an emergent rain forest tree. What happens IjjI Vru 1do living on them and in them. They need to stand when your "tree" is subjected to winds and rains? SLIP A PLASTIC BAG up against high winds and soaking rains, yet they Make predictions and put them to a test. OVER THE LEAFY END OF A BRANCH. PICK are anchored in a foundation of soil that's shallow 2. What adaptations can you create with available ONE THAT IS NOT and thin. How do they do it? Many grow but-materials to help your tree withstand wind and EXPOSED TO FULL SUNLIGHT OR WAIT tressed roots. Buttresses come in different shapes, rain in the shallow soil? Test out your designs. FOR A PARTLY CLOUDY sizes, and thickness. Some are thin and flat. 3. Which adaptations were most successful? Why? DAY. SEAL THE OPEN Others are twisted and branching. One scientist END OF THE BAG TIGHTLY SHUT WITH A described a tree with such enormous buttresses C)Rliesiiki s TWIST TIE. AFTER and surface roots that it took a full five minutes to THREE HOURS, CHECK 1. How have buttresses in nature been "adopted" IT BEFORE REMOVING walk around it. Work in small groups to investi- in humanmade structures you have seen? IT FROM THE BRANCH. gate how buttresses work. 2. How do climate and physical environments in WHERE DID THE MOISTURE INSIDE THE different parts of the country affect the structure BAG COME FROM? hi © ihavkDs (pep gpeup ) of plants? several sections, 15 to 30 cm (6" to 12") long, cut from ends of tree branches Vu Edo shallow container such as a pie tin or deep OBSERVE A VARIETY OF paper plate, filled with 2.5 cm (1" ) of sand LEAVES FOR CHARAC- TERISTICS THAT MAY cardboard, clay, small sticks, and other items to HELP THE PLANTS make buttresses SURVIVE IN PARTICU- LAR ENVIRONMENTS. tape FOR EXAMPLE, HOW fan or hair dryer to simulate MIGHT LEAF THICK- wind NESS, TEXTURE, SHAPE, COATING, OR water can to deliver SIZE HELP A PLANT rain SURVIVE?

thiv TAKE AN UP-CLOSE LOOK AT TWO DIFFER- ENT MINI-ECOSYSTEMS OR HABITATS NEAR 011.1"/ YOUR SCHOOL. A EXAMPLES ARE A ROTTEN LOG,A TREE, A WOODLAND PARK, OR A SQUARE FOOT OF YARD, IDENTIFY AND COMPARE THE LIVING THINGS AND THEIR INTERACTIONS. MEASURE, DESCRIBE, AND COMPARE PHYSI- CAL FACTORS SUCH AS MOISTURE, LIGHT, AND SOIL TYPE. OUR FEATURED CONTRIBUTOR IS INTERNATIONAL EXPEDITIONS, INC. ,SPONSOR OF RAINFOREST WORKSHOPS FOR EDUCATORS AND STUDENTS. FOR MORE INFORMATION CALL( 8 0 0 ) 6 3 3 - 4 7 3 4 OR GO TO, http://www.infamedia.net/intlexp/ieworks.html PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION, NEWTON'S APPLE ISA PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M.4 Innovation How are animals in the rain forest unique?

In what ways are rain forests important to your survival?

ig®Hhig http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons DAVID AND DAVE SEARCH Create a book about animal species found only in that can't digest cellulose. To survive, they collect THE RAIN FOREST FOR the Amazon rain forest. Find one species to repre- plant leaves, cut or chew them, and "feed them" UNUSUAL ANIMALS. sent each letter of the alphabet, and write eachto the fungus in their enormous subterranean gar- name on a different piece of paper. Illustrate with dens. Fecal fluid from worker ants contains amino SEGMENT LENGTH: 14:00 your original drawings or cut out pictures of each acids and enzymes that fertilize the fungus and species. Use the book to speak to classmates, break down the leaf proteins into smaller protein [2,23®IguiNo friends, or other groups about why it's importantmolecules that ants can digest. INTERNATIONAL EXPEDITIONS to protect animals' habitat and what is happening ONE ENVIRONS PARK to the rain forest animals and plants. Adaptation is another key factor in survival. Pink HELENA, AL 35080 (800) 633-4734 dolphins, about twice as large as the other species of (RAIN FOREST WORKSHOPS AND Why do you think rain forests exist where they do river dolphins that inhabit the Amazon, are adapted EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS) in the world? How do they affect the environment to their environment in some interesting ways. The ADVENTURE IN THE AMAZON where you live? Why are they so important? murky water has diminished their eyesight but RAINFOREST. (JUNE 1993) sharpened their echolocation abilities, while the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC WORLD, PP. 19-21. water's warmth has eliminated the need for body fat. ECOTOUR, HOLD THE ECO. (1995, MAY 29) U.S. NEWS AND Superstition has also contributed to the pink dol- WORLD REPORT, PP. 61-63. Imagine a vast, unexplored kingdom, inhabited by phins' survival. Their unusual color (caused by blood GOODMAN, S. (1995) BUGS, more than 30 million different species ranging in flowing through capillaries beneath their translucent BATS, AND BIDDIVERSITY. size from microscopic to gigantic. A land where skin) has prompted locals to spin tales about them. NEW YORK: ATHENEUM BOOKS cooperation is just as vital to survival as competition. Local lore has it that anyone who hunts or harms FOR YOUNG READERS, AN IMPRINT OF SIMON F. A land untamed by humans. This is a rain forest. them can become ill or die, so everyone leaves them SCHUSTER CHILDREN'S alone. PUBLISHiNG DIVISION.

Now travel along the 6,275 kilometers (3,900 PINK DOLPHIN PAGE: miles) of the Amazon River. Two-thirds of the What external factors threaten survival? The num- http://www.arrakis.corn.au/ world's fresh water is found in the river and its ber of people living in or near the rain forests is -zan/pinkdolphin.httni 1,000 tributaries. Investigate territory coveringincreasing. This puts many additional pressures on SOUNDS OF LEAF CUTTING ANTS: http://www.efn.org/ more than 6 million square kilometers (2.3 mil- the ecosystem. Changes such as highway and dam -dhartnika/ lion square miles) in Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, construction, urbanization, commercial exploita- WORKSHOPS, BOOKS, SLIDES, Bolivia, and Venezuela. You'll meet up to three- tion of animals, pollution, diseases, parasites, and VIDEOS: AMAZON CENTER FOR fourths of all known species of plants and ani- the introduction of predators can all result in the ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION malsand thousands of unnamed species as well. destruction of habitat. Many experts believe that if AND RESEARCH: http://www.infomedia.nea current practices continue, the rain forests will intexpheworks.html Survival here depends on a highly complex systemsoon be gone. And with them will go the millions of interdependence and adaptation. In the equator-of species that call the rain forest home. ial ecosystem, birds eat insects and plants. Snakes eat birds and frogs. Frogs eat insects and each other. Plants provide homes for insects and animals and a)HCAMilkE3 NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO depend on those animals to disperse their seeds. CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL 1. Who and what is at risk if humans don't learn to MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THIS Leaf cutter ants provide an excellent example of a protect rather than destroy rain forests? Why? AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL symbiotic relationship. Leaf cutters are herbivores2. What can you do to help the rain forests survive? (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: OUR FEATURED CONTRIBUTOR IS INTERNATIONAL EXPEDITIONS, INC. SPONSOR OF RAINFOREST WORKSHOPS http://www.mnonline. FOR EDUCATORS AND STUDENTS. FOR MORE INFORMATION CALL (800) 633-4734 ORE-MAIL [email protected] org/ktca/newtons citxPBS E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. 4 4 NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF RICA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation NEWTON'S APPLE L:\ MLA ISHOWNUMBER RAIN FOREST ANIMALS: Student Activity 1408 Turn your classroorn into a tropical rain forest. RAIN FOREST htCp://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons ANIMALS Ihigh 81ahdiliv The best way to learn about the Amazon rain for- 4. Think about how to best represent the differ- est is to go there. (See "Resources" for more infor- ent layers of the rain forest. VPV nfiO mation.) You can also create a corner of the rain 5. Do research to learn more about the plants IMAGINE YOU LIVE forest in your classroom. This and animals found in each layer. Collect pictures IN THE AMAZON RAIN could be a project for a group of of these organisms, or make your own pictures or FOREST. WRITE A students in one class, or each three-dimensional models of them. DIARY DESCRIBING ONE WEEK OF YOUR classroom could design a dif- 6.Find or record sounds of rain forest LIFE, INCLUDING ferent rain forest (Asian, animals to play in the room. WHERE YOU LIVE, WHAT YOU EAT, WHAT African, etc.) as part of a 7. Make and post signs that describe the YOU WEAR, WHAT whole school project. different plants and ani- SOUNDS YOU HEAR AS mals in your rain forest. YOU WAKE UP AND FALL ASLEEP, AND 8.Create an area or WHO YOUR FRIENDS Cifievici Ds poster that describes ARE. How DOES IT FEEL TO KNOW THAT lots of imagination and threats to the sur- MILLIONS OF ACRES creativity vival of the species OF YOUR HOME (THE RAIN FOREST) ARE books and software about the rain that live in your DESTROYED EVERY forest A/ rain forest. YEAR? magazines that you can cut 9.Write to or invite 'ilju Vhk up with pictures of the (speakers from conservation ABOUT 10 YEARS AGO, rain forest organizations to talk to your BRAZIL BEGAN TO butcher paper class or school about how we RESTRICT EFFORTS TO DEVELOP THE AMAZON construction paper can help save the rain forest. IN ORDER TO PROTECT paint, markers, colored pencils 10.Invite other classes in your THEIR FOREST RESOURCES. FIND OUT recycled materials (egg cartons, school to visit your rain forest. WHAT YOUR LOCAL cereal boxes, etc.) to create Serve snacks that might be CITY OR COUNTY GOV- animals and plants found in the rain forest. ERNMENT HAS DONE TO PROTECT THE NATURAL RESOURCES WHERE YOU 1.Decide how much of your room LIVE.IF PROTECTIVE LAWS WERE PASSED, or school you will use for the project. ARE THEY BEING 2.Determine what role each member of ENFORCED? WHY OR WHY NOT? your group will have in the project. 3. Decide whether you will recreate one area of thy Edo the Amazon rain forest, or parts of different rain forests to compare and contrast the plant DESIGN AN ANIMAL AND AN ENVIRONMENT and animal life. IN WHICH IT CAN LIVE. FIGURE OUT HOW EACH WILL SUP- PORT THE OTHER. ADD PLANTS AND INSECTS THAT CAN COEXIST. WHAT DOES EACH CREATURE EAT? How DOES EACH CREATURE 45 OBTAIN ITS FOOD? How DO THE LIVING OUP FEATURED CONTRIBUTOR IS INTERNATIONAL EXPEDITIONS, INC.,SPONSOR OF RAINFOREST WORKSHOPS THINGS INTERACT? FOR EDUCATORS AND STUDENTS.FOP MOREINFORMATION CALL (800)633-4734OR GO TO: http://www.infomedia.net/intexp/ieworks.html ist.PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE. tia EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. cn NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF ETCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS,MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation ® :NO K1,L:\E UEIM How is the sun used for power? How does the sun's heat get to the earth through millions of miles of cold space? /- ig®HoRg http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/nevitons SUCHIN CATCHES SOME Build a small "greenhouse" out of a plastic, card-When photons (the tiny, individual packets of RAYS TO FIND OUT board, or wood box that has a clear cover on thelight energy that come from the sun) strike a cell, ABOUT SOLAR POWER. top (glass or clear plastic). Put the tip of a ther-some are absorbed and transfer their energy to an mometer in a container of black dirt inside theelectron in an atom. The electron, gaining energy SEGMENT LENGTH: 8:00 greenhouse, then place the house in the sun or from the photon, breaks free of its atom. The cells under a floodlight. Check the temperature everyare made so that one layer of each cell is more .2h@O@UTNO 15 minutes to see how much hotter it is inside thehighly charged than the other layer. The negative BROOKE,B. (1992) SOLAR greenhouse. Open the top or sides of the box andcharges move toward the positive ones. The mov- ENERGY. NEW YORK: CHELSEA see what effect that has. Why does heat build uping charges are an electric current, or electricity. HOUSE. inside of a greenhouse? Can you maintain a con-This type of current production is called the pho- HUFBAUER, K. (1991) stant temperature below the maximum tempera- tovoltaic effect. EXPLORING THE SUN: SOLAR ture by opening and closing holes, or vents, in SCIENCE SINCE GALILEO. BALTIMORE: JOHNS HOPKINS your greenhouse? At the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, 2,856 photo- UNIVERSITY PRESS. voltaic cells covering 40,000 square feet provided SPENCE, M.(1993) SOLAR 340 kilowatts of electricity to power the lights in POWER. NEW YORK: the swimming complex. The water in the swim- GLOUCESTER PRESS. ming poolone million gallons of itwas heated GENERAL SOLAR INFORMATION: Olympic officials stand with a magnifying lens in by a solar thermal heating system. Such systems http://www.eren.doe.gov/ the ancient temple of Zeus in Olympia, Greece, work by aiming large, black metal solar collectors RE/solor.html the site of the first Olympic Games 2,772 yearsat the sun. Black and other dark colors absorb ago. They focus rays of the sun on dry grass. The more sunlight than light colors. Solar energy OLYMPIC SWIMMING POOL SOLAR SITE: grass catches Fire, and from that "Mother Flame"makes the collectors very hot, much like the sur- http://www.heliocol.com/ the Olympic torch is lit, just as it was by the origi- face of a blacktop road on a bright, sunny day. olym.html nal Olympians. Water pumped through the collectors is heated naturally and then can be pumped back into the THE CENTER FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY AND SUSTAINABLE As the lighting of the Olympic flame shows, the pool. Temperature sensors automatically turn on TECHNOLOGY:THE SUN'S solar energy that strikes the earth is tremendous,pumps to use the solar-heated water when the JOULES. CD-ROM MULTIMEDIA ENCYCLOPEDIA ABOUT SOLAR despite traveling 93 million miles across space to pool becomes too cool. ENERGY. ORDERING INFORMA- get here. The total annual energy consumption in TION: (800) 842-5505. the United States is only about two-hundredths ofSolar thermal heaters for swimming pools typical- U S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY: a percent of the solar energy falling on this coun- ly reduce water heating costs by about 50 percent. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND try each year. Many big pools with solar heat also use natural RENEWABLE ENERGY CLEARINGHOUSE gas heating as a backup for cloudy days when the P.O. BOX 3048 People harness solar energy in many different sun isn't shining. MERRIFIELD, VA 22116 (800) DOE-EREC ways, but the most common methods use solar (ASSORTED BOOKLETS ON collectors to heat water and photovoltaic cells to RENEWABLE ENERGY) convert sunlight directly into electricity. 1©OHENH@R3 NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO Photovoltaic cells, thin wafers usually made of sil- 1.What are the advantages of producing energy CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL icon crystals, were First used in 1958 to powerdirectly from the sun instead of burning coal or MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER satellites in space. Now the cells are used for natural gas? INFORMATION ABOUT THIS AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL everything from running lighting systems to pow-2. Photovoltaic cells, solar thermal heaters, and (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK ering water pumps. other solar systems have been around for a couple OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http://www.mnonline. of decades. Why weren't they more widely used? org/ktca/newtons ,z1.PBS E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION, 46 cn NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KICA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation 10110ECAV

SHOW NUMBER OLYMPIC SOLAR ENERGY: Student Activity 1409 Harness the energy from the sun to power a parabolic oven. OLYMPIC SOLAR ENERGY IfincAn 81zatd4 http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons Solar thermal collectors work because they not 3.Curve the poster board around the two end only gather solar energy, but concentrate it in apieces, with the aluminum foil facing in, and tape small space. In this activity, you'll build a solarit in place. VTv Vidio oven that, by concentrating sunlight, will gather 4.Cut the top and front side off of your card- USE A MAGNIFYING so much heat you can cook a hot dog. board box and slide the back of your trough a GLASS TO FOCUS SUN- couple of inches into the box. Secure the trough LIGHT ON A PIECE OF BLACK CONSTRUCTION to the box by putting a bolt through each side of PAPER. HOW LONG Materials the trough and the sides of the box. Make sure DOES IT TAKE BEFORE aluminum foil THE PAPER STARTS TO the bolts are toward the rear of the trough. Fasten SMOKE? REPEAT THE poster board the two bolts with the nuts. The trough should be PROCEDURE USING unpainted coat hanger able to tilt up and down. WHITE CONSTRUCTION PAPER, DOES IT TAKE a cardboard box, about 10 1/2" on one side 5.Straighten out the coat hanger and push it MORE OR LESS TIME a medium-sized piece of cardboard through the trough, from one side to the other, so TO START SMOKING? WHY? glue it sits like a spit for cooking. It should sit about two scissors inches back from the open front of the trough. VITT 'Edo marker 6.Put a hot dog lengthwise on the coat hanger tape and point the trough at the sun. How long does PURCHASE A PHOTO- two nuts and bolts it take the hot dog to get warm? Does it cook VOLTAIC CELL AND AN ELECTRIC ANALOG hot dogs faster if you move the coat hanger a little deeper CLOCK. WIRE THE into the trough? CELLS TO THE CLOCK, SET THE CLOCK AT 1. Cut two sections out of the piece of cardboard 12, AND THEN PUT to form the ends of a parabolic cooking THE WHOLE APPARATUS OUTSIDE. AT THE END trough. Cut each piece so it has a Questions OF THE DAY YOU WILL straight edge that is 10" long. At 1. What other machines KNOW EXACTLY HOW the middle of this edge (5" could you build that would MUCH TIME THE SUN WAS SHINING AND HOW from each end), mea- use the sun's energy? MUCH TIME IT SPENT sure a point 4 1/2" 2. What can the BEHIND THE CLOUDS. backontothe sun's energy cardboard and doaround u fi make a mark. Draw your house? FILL SOME ICE CUBE an arc from one Draw plans TRAYS WITH WATER TO corner THE SAME DEPTH. ADD ofyour that would DIFFERENT COLORS straight edge, maximize AND CONCENTRATIONS through the point, sunlight energy in OF FOOD COLORING TO DIFFERENT CUBES. then down to the your house without STIR WELL. WHEN THE other corner. Cut using photovoltaic cells. ICE CUBES FREEZE, YOU SHOULD HAVE A along the arc and you COLLECTION OF CUBES should end up with two IN A VARIETY OF pieces of cardboard that look COLORS. SET THEM OUT IN THE SUN AND roughly like half circles. SEE WHICH ONES MELT 2. Cut a piece of poster board so that it is 11 1/2" THE FASTEST. WHY DON'T THEY ALL MELT by 14". Cut a piece of aluminum foil the same AT THE SAME RATE? size and glue it, shiny side up, to the poster board. 4 7 .t. PBS E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

I@Can nc-jull,®cl http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons EILEEN GETS HER KICKS What science is involved in learning to playto have more control, use the laces of your shoe LEARNING THE PHYSICS sports? Think about specific games and how your rather than your toes to get a bit more surface area. BEHIND SOCCER. knowledge of science can help you play them. It won't do much good to get the ball down the field if it doesn't go where it's supposed to! SEGMENT LENGTH: 8:00 When you play soccer, what must you do to make the ball move? What can you do with your foot toHow big you are and how fast you're moving ho©urmo change the path, speed, and rotation of the ball?when you make contact with the ball is an impor- With what other parts of the body do soccer play- DITCHFIELD, M.& BAHR, W. tant factor, too. Why? Your momentum (1988) COACHING SOCCER THE ers hit the ball? How is the contact different fromwhether you're running toward the ball when you PROGRESSIVE WAY. ENGLEWOOD contact with the foot? kick it or toward the goal when someone passes it CLIFFS, NJ: PRENTICE-HALL.

to youcan move that ball down the field at very GONICK, L. g HUFFMAN, A. high speeds. Your mass (which is related to your (1991) THE CARTOON GUIDE TO PHYSICS. NEW YORK: body weight) multiplied by your velocity, or HARPER COLLINS. ©vuukw motion in a particular direction, equals a lot of The score is tied, with only three minutes left in YEAGLEY, J.(1994) WINNING momentum. When your body collides with the SOCCER. INDIANAPOLIS: the game. To win, you need to think and moveball, you share your momentum with it. The MASTERS PRESS. fast to control the ball, get it down the field, and more momentum the ball gets from you, the THE CENTER OF EXCELLENCE shoot it past the goalie. Can science help? faster and farther it will move. The bigger you are FOR SCIENCE AND and the faster you're moving, the greater your MATHEMATICS EDUCATION: Soccer (or football, as the game is known outsidemomentum will be, and the more momentum httpd/192.239.146.18 the United States) requires lots of training and you will have to share with the ball. SOCCERCITY: 2000+ LINKS TO practice. But while training books may not men- SOCCER SITES: httpd/nettvik.no/ tion anything about momentum, collisions, orOf course, this all looks very different to the sportsholmen/soccerciu/ Newton's third law of motion, every move a soc-defending goalie. The goalie must be ready to SOCCERTHE INTERNATIONAL cer player makes involves physics. absorb all the momentum of the ball you just SOCCER CYBERTOUR: kicked when it collides with her or his body. But http://www.cybergoal. How? When your foot, thigh, knee, chest, or fore- if you do your job right, that person won't feel a comdsoccer head acts on the soccer ball, the ball reacts.thingthe net will. 3M LEARNING SOFTWARE: WHAT'S THE SECRET? (VOL Players need to know when to best use heading, 3). CD-ROM FOR MACINTOSH dribbling, passing or power kicking, feinting, OR WINDOWS. (800) 219- trapping, swerving, or shooting. 9022. 111Miq@l12. AMERICAN YOUTH SOCCER For example, a passing kick uses the inside of the 1. How do you think a baseball player uses ORGANIZATION (AYSO) 5403 WEST 138TH ST foot and provides the largest surface area to con-physics to hit a home run? What about golf, ten- HAWTHORNE, CA 90250 tact the ball. This gives you better control of where nis, or basketball? Think about the science you use (800)USA-AYSO the ball goes, but with your leg turned out, you in your favorite sport. http://www.ayso.org can't swing it with maximum force. The ball won't2. How do you think sports have changed in the go as far as it would with a power kick, where yourpast 100 years? Think about the effects of NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO knee points in the same direction the ball goes.changes in shoes and equipment, rules, playing CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL That's why you need the force of a power kick tofields, teams, and even advertising. Has the sci- MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER drive the ball down the field. And remember thatence of sports changed? INFORMATION ABOUT THIS AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http:/hxww.mnonline. 4S org/ktca/newtons PBs E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

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SHOW NUMBER SOCCER: Student Activity 1409 Conduct a kkking contest to figure out what makes the ball travel the farthest. SOCCER /VAR 8¢i1h7Hv http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons What factors determine how high or how far a ball 5. A member of Group B should write down goes when kicked? To find out, gather some friendshow far the ball traveled in the air (that is, where to kick a soccer ball and take measurements. it landed, not where it stopped rolling). Members of Group B can also estimate the angle at which USE A BILLIARD BALL the ball was kicked and note that in the table. AND CUE STICK TO EXPLORE WHAT HAP- al © 4ey8 © s 6. Switch group roles and repeat steps 4-5. PENS WHEN YOU APPLY school athletic field or park 7.Average the running kick distances and the FORCE TO DIFFERENT paper HORIZONTAL (LEFT, standing kick distances for all the kickers. RIGHT, CENTER) AND pencils or pens VERTICAL (TOP, BOT- masking tape TOM, CENTER) POSI- TIONS ON THE BALL, soccer ball MileSgi@giS WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU tape measure 1. What effect does the condition of the playing TAPE A COTTON BALL TO THE END OF THE field (dry, muddy, natural, or plastic) have on the CUE STICK? 1. Divide into two groups. Group A will kick themomentum of the kickers and the ball? What ball; Group B will observe the kicks and measure effect do cleats have on the kickers' momentum? 4ftiv nh the distance the ball travels. 2. How does a kicker's weight affect the results? ACCORDING TO THE 2. Create a table to record your observations and 3.Based on the SOCCER INDUSTRY conclusions. results recorded in COUNCIL OF AMERICA, DURING THE MID-1990S 3. Use masking tape to mark the line where each your table, can you ABOUT 12 MILLION kick will take place and to mark off the field at 5- determine the kick AMERICANS UNDER THE meter ( 16 ) increments. AGE OF 19 WERE angle that produces PLAYING ORGANIZED 4. Each member of Group A will kick the ball six the longest distances? SOCCER. FOR PEOPLE timesthree times with a running kick and three UNDER 13. SOCCER PARTICIPATION RANKED times with a standing kick. SECOND AFTER BASKET- BALL. CREATE A SUR- VEY TO FIND OUT WHAT SPORTS THE BOYS AND GIRLS IN YOUR SCHOOL PLAY. SHOW YOUR RESULTS IN A TABLE OR CHART.

VTv IjJ MILLIONS OF PEOPLE IN AT LEAST 140 COUNTRIES PLAY SOC- CER. FIND OUT WHICH COUNTRIES THEY ARE BY USING THE INTERNET OR LIBRARY. MAKE A WORLD MAP AND INDI- CATE WHICH COUN- TRIES PLAY, WHICH SEND TEAMS TO THE 49 OLYMPIC GAMES, AND WHICH COMPETE FOR THE WORLD CUP.

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Igethici Okincl http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons DAVID DISCOVERS HOW Why do mosquitoes bite? Do all mosquitoesThings on the ground, such as vegetation cover, SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY bite? How can mosquitoes spread disease? Whatstanding pools of water, or human settlements, HELPS PREVENT diseases can mosquitoes carry? emit electromagnetic radiation. This radiation DISEASE. shows up as certain colors when picked up by SEGMENT LENGTH: 7:30 How can we prevent mosquito-borne diseases? How infrared cameras aboard satellites. When fed into can we use technology to control mosquitoes? a computerized information base called a hO(ATNO Geographic Information System (GIS), these AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL remotely sensed images can be useful in interpret- ASSOCIATION, INC. ing what is happening on the ground. Infrared 2200 EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD © u@nikui cameras are used because they reveal more infor- LAKE CHARLES, LA 70601 (318) 474-2723 Mosquitoes aren't just irritating. They can carry mation than can be obtained from images taken diseases like malaria, a huge problem for peoplewith visible light. Heat characteristics of objects CAROLINA BIOLOGICAL SUPPLY COMPANY who live in the tropics where mosquitoes breedcan be observed during night and day with 2700 YORK ROAD year-round. Malaria endangers the lives of mil- infrared cameras. BURLINGTON, NC 27215 (800) 334-5551 lions worldwide, and the numbers are increasing. (MOSQUITO LIFE-CYCLE KIT A GIS uses the power of the computer to help OR MOSQUITO LARVAE) Malaria is caused by a parasite that infects mos- answer geographic questions by arranging and dis- ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS quitoes in the genus Anopheles. Both male and playing useful information about places in maps, RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC. female mosquitoes feed on plant nectar, but charts, or tables. When ground events or situations 380 YORK ST REDLANDS, CA 92373-8100 females of most kinds of mosquitoes need a blood can be correlated with data sent from remote satel- (909) 793-2849 meal for protein so their bodies can make eggs. lites, experts will be able to predict ground condi- METROPOLITAN MOSQUITO Anyone bitten by an infected female anophelestions from satellite data. This correlation is done CONTROL DISTRICT can also be infected with the malaria parasite. though a process called ground truthing, or find- 2099 UNIVERSITY AVE W. ing out through field studies how satellite images ST. PAUL, MN 55104-3431 (612) 645-9149 One way to stop malaria and other diseases carried correspond to what is actually happening on the by mosquitoes is to eliminate the mosquitoes them- ground. When experts know the kind of vegeta- NATIONAL CENTER FOR GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION AND selves. But many kinds of mosquitoes have become tion anopheles mosquitoes prefer to feed on, and if ANALYSIS (NCGIA) resistant to chemicals that have been used to get rid they can see from satellite images where it is grow- U.C. AT SANTA BARBARA SANTA BARBARA, CA 93106- of them. New techniques are needed. For example, ing, they can plan and monitor long-term cam- '4060 scientists have stocked mosquito fish in storm waterpaigns for the control of malaria. (806) 893-4305 ponds along highways as a biological control. This NASA CLASSROOM OF THE small, minnow-type fish consumes hundreds of FUTURE: mosquito larvae per day. http://www.cotEedu/ETE/ &DER@EMDEZ seen/rainforest/ RemoteSensing.html Eliminating the places where mosquitoes breed1. What are some ways public health, industry, works well when it is possible. But it's tough forgovernment, city planners, or business planners REMOTE SENSING: http://www.rsgis.do.usbr.gov/ people to locate anopheles mosquito breedingmight use GISmaps merged with other data? rsgis.html sites in deep, dense rain forests. That's where2. What are some benefits of remote sensing? NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO using satellites can help. Satellites that gather Some challenges? CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL information through a technique called remote3. Why is it difficult to stop malaria and other MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER sensing help track the breeding sites of anophe- diseases carried by mosquitoes? INFORMATION ABOUT THIS AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL les mosquitoes. (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http://www.mnonline. 50 org/ktca/newtons IIPBs E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS.MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. 31VIInnovation FON,S. VC,\M® ( SHOW NUMBER MALARIA TRACKING: Student Activity 1410 Devise a plan to help prevent mosquito-borne diseases. MALARIA TRACKING 1giafirffi 80hiplv 1http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons Malaria is not the problem it once was in theNote: This activity is best suited for spring, sum- United States, but container-type mosquitoesmer, or early fall. those that lay eggs anyplace they find still or slow-moving waterare a national problem. For 1.Brainstorm a list of places where mosquitoes ORDER DISEASE-FREE example, the tree hole mosquito carries LaCrosse breed. MOSQUITO LARVAE encephalitis, a viral disease that can affect chil-2. Go on a mosquito patrol at home and school (SEE RESOURCES) AND WATCH THE LIFE dren under age 18. Tree hole mosquitoes breedto identify and eliminate possible mosquito CYCLE OF THE MOS- and develop in water-holding tree holes and arti-breeding sites. Report what you did to eliminate QUITO UNFOLD IN YOUR CLASSROOM. HOW ficial containers such as old tires, cans, buckets, the site for breeding. DOES KNOWING THE and children's toys. This differs from the pest3. Create a leaflet to distribute in your neighbor- LIFE CYCLE HELP IN mosquitoes that use temporary pools of waterhood or community and spread the word: "Don't EFFORTS TO CONTROL THE MOSQUITO AND (marshes and land depressions) for a breeding raise mosquitoes!" THE DISEASES IT habitat. Very few tree hole mosquitoes in any area CARRIES TO PEOPLE AND PETS? actually carry the virus, but children can become ill if they are bitten by one that does. If tree hole N105i) (DUS mosquito breeding sites are modified or removed1. What did you learn about how mosquitoes Vuiv Vhh from an area, then no adult tree hole mosquitoes develop? What other questions do you have? IMAGINE YOU ARE are produced, and the LaCrosse virus cannot be2. How can knowing their breeding habits and PREPARING TO TRAVEL TO A TROPICAL COUN- transmitted to children. life cycle help efforts to control mosquitoes? TRY. THE CENTERS 3. What are some ways you can prevent mosqui- FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION PRO- toes from breeding where you live? VIDE UP-TO-DATE INFORMATION ABOUT HEALTH CONCERNS IN OTHER NATIONS. LIST YOUR QUESTIONS AND CALL (404) 332-4559 OR (404) 332-4555 FOR ANSWERS.

Vvv Vhh FIND OUT WHAT ATTRACTS MOSQUITOES TO PEOPLE. COMBINE THOSE FACTS WITH WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT MOSQUITO BREEDING SITES TO DESIGN AN IMAGINARY PRODUCT TO REPEL MOSQUI- TOES. PREPARE AN "INFOMERCIAL" TO PROMOTE YOUR PROD- UCT AND TO HELP PEOPLE AVOID MOS- QUITO BITES. PERFORM YOUR INFOMERCIAL COM- PLETE WITH SOUND EFFECTS. N. PBS WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE. r44 EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION, NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS.MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. aa Innovation nCoigN How do clocks keep time?

What was the world like without clocks? How did people keep appointments? @CHhil ncin@cfri1http://www.rnnonline.org/ktca/newrons EILEEN GOES TO W'thout looking at the clock or your watch, look Most clocks and watches today keep time by SWITZERLAND TO FIND out the window and guess what time it is. Howapplying electric energy to a quartz crystal, a sys- OUT WHAT MAKES close were you to the "correct" time? What cluestem developed in the 1930s. The energy makes CLOCKS TICK. did you use to tell what time it was? Are therethe crystal vibrate or oscillate at a constant fre- SEGMENT LENGTH: 6:45 other things you could use? How do you know it's quency and produce regular electric pulses that lunchtime without looking at a clock? regulate a motor. The motor advances the watch 12125@wimo hands or, in a digital watch, the number display, DOHRN-VAN Rossum, G. How does a clock measure time? What would by one-second increments. (1996) HISTORY OF THE happen if a minute were 100 seconds and an hour HOUR: CLOCKS AND MODERN TEMPORAL ORDERS. CHICAGO: were 100 minutes? How would that change theMechanical watches use a coiled mainspring for UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO way you schedule your day? How long would this power. The mainspring drives gears that cause a hair- PRESS. class last? What about your school day? spring to oscillate, rocking a lever to and fro. The MACAULAY, D. (1988)THE lever drives other gears that move the clock hands. WAY THINGS WORK. BOSTON: HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY.

Atomic clocks, the world's most accurate time- SUPLEE, C.(1994, Nov 16) j©v@nn17 keepers, use the natural vibration, or oscillation, A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME- KEEPING: How THE MECHANI- The alarm clock rings in the morning and, evenof the cesium atom as their resonator. Cesium CAL CLOCK SET A NEW TEMPO in your drowsy fog, you look to see what time itatoms vibrate exactly 9,192,631,770 times a sec- FOR SOCIETY. THE WASHINGTON POST HORIZONS is. As you get dressed, you check the clock againond, driving a clock that is accurate to within a LEARNING SECTION, P.H1. and again to make sure you're not late for school. millionth of a second per year. TAIT, H. (1983) CLOCKS AND WATCHESAN ILLUSTRATED We look at clocks all the time because these In ancient times, people used the rising and set- HISTORY oF CLOCKS SINCE devices help us regulate our lives, telling us not ting sun to keep track of time. The first devices to THE MIDDLE AGES. CAMBRIDGE: BRITISH MUSEUM only when to get up, but when to eat, sleep, play, measure time, invented in about 3500 B.C., were PUBLICATIONS/HARVARD and work. They are so much a part of our livessmall towers called obelisks. The changing length UNIVERSITY PRESS, that we rarely think about what clocks really do. and position of their shadows divided the day into INDEX OF HOROLOGY: morning and afternoon. Then came sundials, http://www.horology.corn/ Whether they are highly accurate atomic clocks orwhich split the day into hours; water clocks, horology slightly less accurate quartz watches, electric alarmwhich measured even smaller units of time; NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF clocks or grandfather clocks with slowly swingingweight-driven mechanical clocks that were much STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY: http://physics.nist.gov/ pendulums, all clocks have one thing in com- more accurate; and finally, in about 1510, spring- lab.html monthey consistently count precise units ofdriven clocks that led the way to clocks and (CLICK ON GENERAL INTEREST IN MAIN MENU, THEN CLICK time. Those units could be anything we wantwatches accurate to within a minute or two a day. ON A WALK THROUGH TIME) them to be, but for the world to function in harmony, we have a timekeeping standard based upon three units of timeseconds, minutes, and hours. 1C)1111ENH@RO, To measure these units, all clocks must have two 1. How would your day be different if nobody NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO things: a regular, repetitive resonator, or oscillator,had clocks or watches? What other ways could CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL to mark off equal units of time; and a way of dis- you tell time? MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER playing those units in an understandable form. 2. Why is it that time seems to pass quickly when INFORMATION ABOUT THIS AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL you're doing something interesting or fun, and (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK slowly when you're bored? OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http://www.mnonline. 52 org/ktca/newtons eoNy PBs E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IsA PRODUCTION OF ATEA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE By A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation WYE SHOW NUMBER CLOCKS: Student Activity 1410 Build a clock that uses dripping vtater to measure how much film has passed. CLOCKS Nak 8¢thnv http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons For many centuries, the best technology availabletwo rubber bands. Make sure the cork at the bot- Vpv 4Mo for keeping time was the water clock. While these tom of the thin stick doesn't rub against the inside clocks weren't very reliable, they worked indoors, of the can. LOOK AT THE SWEEP HAND OF A CLOCK AND at night, and on cloudy days, so they were much 4. Glue a small paper or cardboard pointer to the NOTE EXACTLY WHEN A more useful than the sundial, the only other clock thin stick so that it points at, but doesn't touch, MINUTE BEGINS. WITHOUT LOOKING AT in use at the time. Over time, many styles ofthe large stick. THE CLOCK AGAIN, water clocks were invented. Here's an activity that5. Use the can opener to make a tiny hole in the TRY TO SILENTLY lets you find out just how accurate an "inflow" side of your second can as close to the bottom as COUNT OFF 60 SEC- ONDS IN YOUR HEAD. water clock is. possible. You want the hole small enough so the HOW CLOSE DID YOU water only drips out. COME? TRY AGAIN, BUT THIS TIME HAVE 6.Fill the second can with water and set it on a SOMEONE TALK TO YOU gl ihavicis platform so water drips from it into the first can. AND INTERRUPT YOUR 2 big eye screws As the water slowly fills the first can, the cork will CONCENTRATION. a sturdy, wooden stick, 30 cm (12") long and rise and push the thin stick and the pointer Vrry Vhlio 2.5 to 5 cm (1" to 2") square upward. Mark the starting level for the pointer on a thin, round stick or dowel, 20 to 25 cm the large stick. Then every five minutes, as the BUILD YOUR OWN SUNDIAL WITH A (8" to 10") long, that fits water drips in, make another mark across from MEDIUM-SIZED FLOW- through the eye screws the rising pointer. At the end of the class period, ERPOT FILLED WITH SAND. PUT A 30-CM 2 rubber bands you will have calibrated your clock. (12") STICK IN THE a marker CENTER OF THE POT glue and a small piece AND SET ITIN THE Now, try it again and see if it remains SUN. EVERY HOUR, of sturdy paper or accurate as it counts off the five-minute MARK WHERE THE cardboard segments. There are many different SHADOW OF THE STICK FALLS ON THE EDGE a cork designs for water clocks. Look for OF THE POT WITH A 2 empty cansmedium ideas on building other types of water PIECE OF MASKING TAPE.IF YOU DON'T sized, about 28 oz clocks or come up with your own MOVE THE POT, YOU can opener design. Compare the accuracy of dif- CAN KEEP TRACK OF TIME ON SUNNY DAYS. ferent designs. 1.Screw the eye screws into the 30-cm stick, the

GALILEO REALIZED first an inch or so above the Ques.H©ns THAT A PENDULUM level of the cans, the other 1. Does the clock run OSCILLATES, OR an inch or so below the top slower or faster if you use SWINGS, BACK AND FORTH FOR THE SAME of the stick. very cold water? Why? UNIT OF TIME, EVEN 2.Run the thin, round 2. Can you build two AS THE ARC OF EACH SWING DECREASES. stick through the openings water clocks that measure TIE A WEIGHT TO ONE in the eye screws and insert time at the same rate? If END OF A STRING AND TIE THE OTHER END the lower end of the stick not, why not? TO A STICK. LAY THE into a cork. 3. What disadvantages are STICK DOWN ON A 3.Fasten the large stick to the there to using this type of TABLE SO THE STRING IS HANGING FREE. outside of one of the cans with the clock? THEN SWING THE STRING LIKE A PENDULUM. WAS 53 GALILEO RIGHT?

t,1,11,13s WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. clS NEWTON'S APPLE IAA PRODUCTION OF ATEA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation C)NEN What happens to a letter dropped in a mailbox?

Why does some mail have a bar code on it? What happens to undeliverable mail? @@nhilc, Oilmacj1http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons DAVE RIDES ALONG How many pieces of mail (letters and packages) address. Then the OCR's printer sprays on a bar WITH A LETTER TO SEE do you think actually go through the postal sys- code for that address or reads the bar code applied HOW THE POST tem every day? How do you think the postal ser- by a business customer before the envelope was OFFICE WORKS. vice keeps track of all that mail? If you look at amailed. The bar code can represent a five-digit zip SEGMENT LENGTH: 8:15 map of zip codes, can you see trends in the num-code, a nine-digit zip+4 code, or an eleven-digit bers? Why do you think we now use nine-digitdelivery point bar code. Next, the piece of mail E@S@UTIN3 zip codes? zooms to one of the OCR's sorting channels BAHRO, R. (1991, JUNE) How reserved for its proper delivery area. From there, THE MAIL GETS TO US. BOYS' Name all the ways (kinds of vehicles, people, etc.) bar-coded mail is fed to BCSs for fast and final LIFE, P. 22. the postal service gets mail from the mailbox to its separationsand with the delivery point bar BOLICK, N.O.(1994) NAIL destination. How do you think someone living on code, it is placed in the order in which the letter CALL! THE HISTORY OF THE an island would get his or her mail? How about carrier delivers the mail on the route. U.S. POSTAL SERVICE. NEW someone living in the tundra near the North Pole? YORK: FRANKLIN WATTS. The postal service is currently perfecting automat- INGRAM, L. (1994. MAY) ed equipment for reading handwriting. But for DEAD MAIL. BOYS' LIFE, P. 40, now, an address not neatly printed or readable by @v@inlv27 the machine has to be handled by a human. Mail PAVLIDIS, T., SCHWARTZ, J.,& WANG, Y.P. (1990, The U.S. Postal Service handles half a billion let-that can neither be delivered nor returned to the APRIL). FUNDAMENTALS OF ters a day. How big is half a billion? If you startedsender usually winds up in a mail recovery center BAR CODE INFORMATION THEO- counting right now and did nothing else, it wouldin Atlanta, New York, Philadelphia, St. Paul, or RY. COMPUTER, PP. 74-86. take you 16 years to reach half a billion. How does San Francisco. This includes letters and packages ANNUAL REPORT OF THE the postal service get so much mail to us so fast? POSTMASTER GENERAL that don't have an address, mail with illegible U.S. POSTAL SERVICE addresses, or items from packages that have fallen CORPORATE RELATIONS The answer is the bar codes you see on your mailapart, separating the contents from the address. 475 L'ENFANT PLAZA SW Room 10431 and computerized mail processing machinesAll undeliverable mail is recorded on a computer WASHINGTON, DC 20260-3100 called optical character readers (OCRs) and barso people can call to see if a lost item has been ELECTRONIC VERSION: code sorters (BCSs). These machines, located inrecovered. Every tliree months, the postal service http://www.usps.gov post offices across the country, are programmed to holds an auction to sell any unclaimed items. STAMP UNIVERSE: "read" and sort up to 36,000 pieces of mail per http://www.stampworld.com hour. The size and the shape of the envelope and U.S. POSTAL SERVICE: the way it's addressed are important. http://www.usps.gov/fyi/ I@HR,@¢inIcHEo fyi.html Machinable mail needs to be the right size and 1.Electronic technology is making communica- YOUR POST OFFICE: shape to pass easily through the equipment.tions faster, easier, and cheaper than ever. People http://www.usps.gov/postofc/ pstoffc.html Readable mail must be quickly and accuratelyare now paying bills and banking online and read, coded, and sorted by the equipment. Thatusing the Internet to send messages and docu- means the address should be typed, computer ments, read newspapers and magazines, and order generated, or neatly printed in the recommendedmerchandise. How will this affect the postal ser- NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO format with a minimum of three lines, aligned atvice? Can you see any ways this technology will CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL the left. The OCR best reads plain-style, capital increase mail volume? MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER letters on white envelopes. INFORMATION ABOUT THIS 2. How can you help your mail get delivered AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL quickly and accurately? (612) 222-1717oRCHECK Speedy conveyor belts move each piece of mail by OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http://www.mnonline. the OCR's scanner, which reads the delivery org/ktca/newtons .t1 PBS E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE. s, Eq EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF RICA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation rSHOW NUMBER POST OFFICE Student Activity 1411 Conduct an experiment to see how the address format affects a letter's delivery. POST OFFICE 1MAE A¢thHv http://www.rnnonline.org/ktca/newtons What kind of writing can postal automation Group B should prepare envelopes addressed to machines read? Design an experiment to find out. the school using variations on Group A's address VITT Vhfig format. Try varying the handwriting. Mail the SET UP YOUR SCHOOL envelopes from different boxes with similar pickup JUST LIKE A TOWN. NAME THE TOWN, NAME M @Devi@ s times. Keep a list of where everything was mailed. EACH HALLWAY AND envelopes of readable size for machinable mail 3. Decide how you will keep track of the results EACH LARGE ROOM. AND stamps so you can draw some conclusions. GIVE EACH CLASSROOM AN ADDRESS. WRITE LETTERS TO STUDENTS 1. What is the best way to address a piece of mail IN OTHER CLASSROOMS. FIGURE OUT THE MOST to have it delivered on time? What might happen QuesHons HELPFUL WAY TO with different address formats? What if the1. What do you think affects how quickly mail ADDRESS THE ENVELOPES SO THEY address isn't perfect? List some ways in which you gets delivered? Which is the most important factor? CAN BE QUICKLY could write the address. 2. What did you learn to ensure that the letters DELIVERED. 2. Divide into groups. you send receive the best Group A should prepare possible service from the envelopes addressed to U.S. Postal Service's APPROXIMATELY the school in exactly new automated 232,000 CITY CARRIERS AND 43,000 the same way with technology? RURAL CARRIERS block typeneatly 3.Get a copy of COVER ROUTES THAT STRETCH 2.6 MILLION printed. Mail the the postal service's MILES (4.2 MILLION envelopes at different recommended for- KM). HOW MANY MILES boxes with similar mat and see who DOES EACH CARRIER COVER ON AVERAGE? pickup times. came closest. THESE WORKERS EACH DELIVER AN AVERAGE OF 550 PIECES OF MAIL EACH DAY. How MUCH MAIL IS THAT?

'ff'Tv Edo THE POSTAL SERVICE PRINTS OVER 40 BIL- LION POSTAGE STAMPS A YEAR. STAMPS ARE PRODUCED ON A HUGE VARIETY OF TOPICS GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, TECHNOLOGY, ART, AND DOZENS MORE. DIVIDE CHART PAPER INTO VERTICAL COLUMNS AND LABEL EACH COLUMN WITH ONE OF THE TOP- ICS. BRING IN STAMPS YOU RECEIVE ON MAIL AT HOME AND PLACE STAMPS IN THE VARI- OUS COLUMNS. LOOK INTO COLLECTING STAMPS AS A HOBBY. 55

PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE. r.4 EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/M1NNEAPOLIS.MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation riN How do gemstones get their colors? What different factors control how a gemstone is colored?

ig®EARg 2MPMcl hetp://www.rnnonline.org/ktca/newtons EILEEN FINDS OUT WHAT How do the natural shapes of gemstone crystals Most raw gems (including diamonds) have a GIVES FINE GEMSTONES control what the final cut gem will look like? Visit rough shape and a dull color. Only after they have THEIR BRILLIANCE. a local jewelry store or gem shop and see what been cut and polished do they take on that special you can find out from the experts on how gem- glow that people have come to expect. A person SEGMENT LENGTH: 7:00 stones are cut. who cuts gems is called a lapidary, but actually that person does very little cutting. Instead, a lap- ho@umoo Where do gemstones come from? Do you own any idary uses a variety of grinding wheels and grits to FEDERMAN, D. (1990) MODERN jewelry with gems in it? What makes the gems shape and polish the colored gems or stones. JEWELER'S CONSUMER GUIDE sparkle? What shape are they? What color are they? TO COLORED GEMSTONES. NEW What do you think affects the color of a gemstone? Gems are usually cut to highlight their internal YORK: VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD. color or natural crystal shape. The two main cutting techniques produce either cabochons or HALL, C.(1994) GEMSTONES. NEW YORK: DORLING faceted gemstones. Cabochons are stones that KINDERSLEY. @vuukw have been cut, ground into the shape of a dome, KUNZ, G. (1989)THE CURI- There's nothing as eye-catching as a piece of fine and then polished on the outer surface. This tech- OUS LORE OF PRECIOUS jewelry covered with beautifully colored gem-nique is used primarily for opaque stones like STONES. NEW YORK: BELL stones. Natural gemstones, however, are simply opals that don't let the light shine through. PUBLISHING. mineral crystals whose chemistry and structure MATLINS, A.(1984)THE make them look special. Of the 2,000 mineralsFaceting is generally used with gems that are COMPLETE GUIDE TO BUYING GEMS. NEW YORK: CROWN identified in the world, only about 16 yield transparent. By grinding regular, flat surfaces in a PUBLISHERS. important gemstones. To be a gemstone, a miner- predetermined geometric pattern on the outside MERCER, I. (1987) al has to be beautifully colored, hard, quiteof the gem, a lapidary turns a rough diamond GEMSTONES. NEW YORK: durable, and, most of all, rare! stone into a brilliantly-sparkling gem. GLOUCESTER PRESS.

EARTH MAGAZINE. PUBLISHED Color is the most obvious and attractive feature ofWhen light enters a faceted gemstone, it is bent to BIMONTHLY BY KALMBACH gemstones. The color of any material is due to the a different angle. This is called refraction. The PUBLISHING CO. LISTS REGIONAL MINERAL AND GEM nature of light itself. Sunlight, often called whitefacets on the outside of the gemstone are posi- SHOWS:(800) 533-6644. light, is actually a mixture of different colors oftioned so that the light enters the stone from the LAPIDARY JOURNAL. light. When light passes through a material, some top, is bent, and eventually is reflected back to the PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY of the light may be absorbed, while the rest passesviewer, displaying the brilliance within the gem. LAPIDARY JOURNAL, 60 through. The part that isn't absorbed reaches ourNature provides the gemstones, but it's human CHESTNUT AVE, SUITE 201, DEVON, PA 19333-1312. eyes as white light minus the absorbed colors. Aingenuity that turns them into dazzling jewels. ruby appears red because it absorbs all the other 3-2-1 CLASSROOM CONTACT: CRYSTALSTHEY'RE HABIT- colors of white lightblue, yellow, green, etc. FORMING. AVAILABLE FROM and reflects the red light to the viewer. A colorless HGMiA@RO, GPN: (800) 228-4630. stone absorbs none of the light, and so it allows the white light to emerge unchanged. 1. Gemstones have been collected and traded for thousands of years. Has the process of mining and NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO Some minerals are idiochromatic, or "self-colored." polishing changed much over time? CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL Their colors are part of the chemical and physical 2. What industries depend on natural gemstones MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER makeup of the minerals themselves. Other mineralsfor high-tech applications? How have synthetic INFORMATION ABOUT THIS AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL are allochromatic, or have some color added due to substitutes helped them expand and grow? (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK contamination by other chemicals., OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http://www.mnonline. org/ktcalnewtons a sz,IAPBS E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IS 0 PRODUCTION OF KOCH SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation ENT:J f SHOW NUMBER GEMS: Student Activity 1411 Try growing your own "synthetic gemstones" to see the shapes they form. GEMS nn 0 1AICHR8ffidcliV http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons One of the things that makes gemstones look so the third cup, stir in the alum powder and label spectacular is the way the light bends and bounces it KAl(SO4)2. inside them. This light show is mainly due to the 2. Tie a paper clip on the end of each string. Wet u internal arrangement of atoms within the crystal'sone string with water and rub some salt crystals GEMSTONES ARE NOT structure. As the chemistry of the mineral on it. Take a piece of aluminum foil and poke a FOUND EVERYWHERE ON changes, so does the crystal shape, or "habit" In small hole in the middle of it. Thread the free EARTH. RESEARCH THE CONNECTION BETWEEN this activity, you'll see for yourself how differentend of the salted string through the hole in the GEOGRAPHY AND GEM- chemical compounds produce different-shaped foil, and then cover the cup marked NaCI with STONES AND SEE IF YOU CAN FIND OUT crystals when you cook up your own "gems." the foil. Pull up on the string so that the paper THE GEOLOGICAL clip is just touching the bottom of the cup and REASONS SOME AREAS then secure the free end of the string to the top of ARE NATURAL TREASURE CHESTS. @ ihavki s the cup with a piece of tape. 200 grams (7 oz) alum 3. Repeat step 2 first with the Epsom powder (available in a local salt and then the alum powder. VErg VIdo pharmacy) When all three solutions have 200 grams table salt been set up, place them in a CHECK WITH A LOCAL ROCK CLUB OR LOOK 200 grams Epsom salt safe location away from any IN A LAPIDARY JOUR- (available in a local direct heat or sunlight. In NAL TO FIND OUT IF THERE ARE PLACES pharmacy) about one week, visible crys- NEAR YOUR HOME TO 3 pieces of string, each tals should start to develop DO MINERAL COLLECT- about 15 cm (6") on the end of each string. ING. WHILE THEY MAY NOT BE GEM QUALITY, long 4.Using a magnifier, YOU CAN PERHAPS 3 paper clips ror observe each crystal and FIND YOUR OWN GEMS IN THE ROUGH AS washers draw a picture of its habit YOU BUILD YOUR 3 sheets of aluminum foil, (shape). Compare the crystals COLLECTION. approximately 30 cm (12") you are growing to the three square materials you started with and 3 large plastic cups, at least record your observations. 12 oz each 5. Allow the crystals to grow for anoth- SINCE DIAMOND IS THE HARDEST SUB- hot tap water er two to three weeks and use a millimeter STANCE KNOWN ON 3 plastic teaspoons ruler to keep track of their growth rate. EARTH,IT OCCUPIES THE TOP SPOT (#10) roll of masking tape Make sure that you note any changes in ON THE MOHS SCALE. marking pen their appearance over time. ON THE OTHER END OF pocket magnifier THE SCALE IS THE MINERAL TALC (#1), WHICH IS SO SOFT 1.Fill each plastic cup about half full of hot QUOS2115RIS IT'S USED FOR BABY POWDER. RESEARCH tap water. In the first cup, begin stirring in 1. What similarities and differences did you THE MOHS SCALE AND spoonfuls of table salt until you can dissolve nonotice among the three crystals? How might their SEE WHERE OTHER GEMSTONES RANK. more (usually about 68 spoons). Use a piece .of chemical formulas help to explain this? ALSO, SEE WHERE masking tape and the marking pen to label this2. Why was it important to cover each of the MATERIALS LIKE A first cup NaCI. With a clean spoon repeat the glasses and keep them out of the sunlight? PENNY, GLASS, AND YOUR FINGERNAIL procedure with the second cup, only this time 3. What might you do to reduce the amount of FIT IN. use the Epsom salt. Label this cup MgSO4. In time needed to grow the crystals?

cst.PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. 4.1 crl NEWTON'S APPLE is A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS.MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. aurInnovation NVNar0 What is ethanol and how does it make a car run?

What are renewable resources and why are they important?

6@nkg Mcirdod http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons DAVID EXPLORES HOW Research fuel consumption figures for city orbon and hydrogen. When it burns, some, but not WE CAN FUEL CARS school buses. Compare the bus efficiency to aall, of the carbon atoms combine with oxygen to WITH CORN. Ford Taurus with a 31 mile-per-gallon rating. Ifmake carbon dioxide (CO2). Hydrogen in the the Ford Taurus carries four passengers, then itgasoline combines with more of the air's oxygen SEGMENT LENGTH: 7:15 gets 124 passenger-miles per gallon. If it carriesto make water (H20). There isn't enough oxygen just one passenger, it gets only 31 passenger-miles left to combine with the remaining carbon atoms. 2®Z@UTIM per gallon. How many passengers does a bus haveDeadly carbon monoxide gas (CO) is the result. GAY, K. (1991) AIR to carry to become more efficient than using indi-Like gasoline, ethanol is made of carbon and POLLUTION. NEW YORK: vidual cars for transportation? hydrogen, but in addition it contains its own sup- FRANKLIN WATTS. ply of oxygen. When ethanol burns with gasoline, GRONER, C.(1993, APR) What kind of gasoline does your family put in its "extra" oxygen atoms combine with the "extra" FLEX-FUEL DODGE SPIRIT. your car? Does it contains any additives? Do youcarbon atoms to reduce or even eliminate CO in POPULAR MECHANICS, P. 176. think the additives make a difference in how the the exhaust gases. HOMEWOOD, B.(1993, JAN 9) car runs? Do they make a difference in the WILL BRAZIL'S CARS GO ON THE WAGON? NEW SCIENTIST, amount of pollution cars produce? In some parts of the U.S., ethanol is mixed with PP. 22-23. gasoline at 1 part ethanol to 9 parts gasoline to help reduce air pollution. No adjustment is needed MORRIS, D.& LORENZ, D. How MUCH ENERGY DOES IT for a car's engine to burn this mixture. Some new TAKE TO MAKE A GALLON OF ChwuNw cars are designed to burn fuel blends of up to 80 ETHANOL? (REV 1995) MINNEAPOLIS: INSTITUTE FOR As the number of people in the world keeps grow-percent ethanol. LOCAL SELF RELIANCE ing, so does our need for energy. Some energy WEB SITE: http://www.ilsr.org sources, specifically fossil fuels like coal and oil,Ethanol costs more to make than gasoline. New are in limited supply. Once we use up what's in theproduction technologies may bring the price of ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES: http://www.energy.ca.gov/ ground, they will be gone forever. Other energyethanol down in the coming years. energy/cectext/ sources, such as wind, water power, and solar ener- AIterVehicIe.htnd gy, are called renewable energy, because they willAnother disadvantage is that a gallon of ethanol BIOFUELS INFORMATION regenerate over and over again as we use them. doesn't hold as much chemical energy as a gallon NETWORK: of gasoline. So even though ethanol burns more http://www.esd.ornl.gov/ BFDP/BFDPMOSAIC/ Ethanol is one form of renewable energy that is cleanly than gasoline, a car won't go as many binmenu.htrnI becoming widely used. Ethanol is a form of alco- miles per gallon. BIOMASS: hol that can be burned in engines just like gaso- http://www.nrel.gov/research/ line. But unlike gasoline, which is made by distill- industrial_tech/biomass.htmI ing crude oil, ethanol is made from the starchy BIOMASS ENERGY ALLIANCE: parts of plants. Most ethanol in this country is UIRR@afi@HO, http://www2.biomass.org/ createdthroughfermentationof corn. 1.Half the oil we use in the U.S. comes from Microscopic yeast cells break down the starch andforeign countries. The plants we use to make water, creating ethanol and carbon dioxide gas. ethanol are all grown inside this country. How would producing more ethanol affect the U.S. NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO In addition to being a renewable fuel, ethanol economy? CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL helps to reduce air pollution. When anything2. Much of the corn grown here is used to feed MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER cattle. What might happen to meat and milk INFORMATION ABOUT THIS burns in air, molecules of that substance combine AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL with oxygen. Gasoline is a substance made of car- prices if more corn is used to make ethanol? (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http://www.mnonline. 58 org/ktca/newtons 1.1PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF RICA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Eki Innovation DE IN UflRL:\ nNIA SHOW NUMBER ETHANOL: Student Activity 1412 Discover the best food to ferment. ETHANOL WAR81ah7HT http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons What kinds of foods are easiest to ferment for vations related to fermentation? fuel? Ethanol is made from a variety of plant2. Can you draw any conclusions about which of substancescorn, sugar cane, even some kindsthe substances tested was most helpful to yeast Vvv 1u) of wood. In this activity, you will test different fermentation? LIST ALL OF THE substances to see what you can learn about fer- OBJECTS IN YOUR HOME (OR SCHOOL) mentation. Part TwoChanging Temperatures THAT USE PURCHASED 1.In this part of the activity, you will observe the ENERGY INPUTS. REMEMBER APPLIANCES effect of different temperatures of water on fermen- THAT YOU MAY NOT GA @ s tation. The teacher will prepare boiling water for SEE, SUCH AS WATER 8 (or more) packets of yeast HEATERS. How IS the first beaker. Fill the second beaker with warm EACH OBJECT POW- 4 clear glass, half-liter containers waterjust a little warmer than skin temperature. ERED? WHAT FUEL IS stirrers Fill the third beaker with cold tap water. Fill the BURNED TO PRODUCE THE POWER? measuring spoons fourth beaker with ice water. flour, salt, sugar, vinegar 2. Empty one packet of Inf heating element yeast into each beaker. Stir to dissolve. Add 10 COLLECT NEW CAR BROCHURES. COMPARE Part OneFermenting Foods ml of flour and 5 EPA MILEAGE FIGURES 1.Empty one packet of yeast into each of four ml of sugar to each AND PRICES FOR EACH. USE THE PRICE half-liter (one pint) beakers of warm water. Stir jar. Stir again. OF GASOLINE TO FIG- for one minute. 3.Wait 5 min- URE OUT WHICH CAR 2. Add 10 ml (2 tsp) of flour to each beaker. Stir WILL COST MORE OVER utes. What do you A FIVE-YEAR PERIOD, again. observe? Record your BASED ONLY ON THE 3. Add 5 ml (1 tsp) of salt to the first beaker, 5 observations. PURCHASE PRICE OF THE CAR AND COST OF ml of sugar to the second beaker, 5 ml 4.Wait 15 minutes. GASOLINE TO DRIVE of vinegar to the third, and leave What do you observe? IT 15,000 MILES the fourth alone. Stir again. PER YEAR. Record your obser- 4. Wait 5 minutes. What do you vations. observe? Record your observations. ASSUME THAT A 1995 5. Wait 15 min- quesiHons FORD TAURUS GETS utes. What do 1. Were there any 30.9 MILES PER GAL- LON ON A MIXTURE OF you observe? conditions under 10 PERCENT ETHANOL Record your which the fermentation didn't seem to AND 90 PERCENT GASOLINE, AND ONLY observations. proceed or went only very slowly? What 23.1 MILES PER GAL- 6.Let the were they? Can you think of explanations LON WITH A MIX OF solutions sit for these results? 85 PERCENT ETHANOL TO 15 PERCENT GASO- overnight. What do you observe? 2.Can you draw any conclusions about what LINE. IF PURE GASO- Record your observations. temperature is best for yeast-flour-sugar fermen- LINE COSTS $1.25 PER GALLON, HOW tation? Try many different combinations of yeast CHEAP MUST ETHANOL and food and temperatures. What is the optimum BE TO MAKE THE COST PER MILE THE SAME qUeSHORS mixture for fermentation? FOR BOTH MIXTURES? 1. What is the evidence that reactions are going on in any of the containers? How are these obser- 55)

IIPBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE. rat EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS.MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation (3 N How do bones get so strong? How are the human body and a house alike? What does our skeletal system do?

(6@cirdiAg ORNitcmj1http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons EILEEN REVEALS HOW What keeps us from flopping to the floor like a raghard. Bone marrow, located in the center of our AND WHY OUR BODIES doll? What functions do our bones perform besides long bones, makes blood cells. MAKE OUR BONES. protecting our organs. Why are some of our bones big while others are very small and delicate? To develop properly and grow strong, our bones SEGMENT LENGTH:10:15 need calcium, vitamin D, and regular exercise. Do you know how many bones we have? NameSources of calcium such as milk, yogurt, ice @O@EITNO some functions of these different bones. What is cream, and broccoli provide the nutrients for con- our largest bone and what is our smallest? What tinuous bone building and remodeling. Vitamin BALDWIN, D.& LISTER, C. (1984)YouAND YOUR BODY: do you think is the most important bone weD helps our bodies absorb this calcium through THE STRUCTURE OF YOUR have? Why? the gut. Vitamin D comes either from a chemical BODY. NEW YORK: BOOKWRIGHT PRESS. action of sunlight on our skin or from fortified milk. Finally, regular exercise makes bones DINEEN, J.(1988) HOW OUR BODIES WORK: THE SKELETON stronger by stressing them. When bones are AND MOVEMENT. ENGLEWOOD :9UUIT'UOGg7 stressed, they respond by fortifying themselves. ULIFFs, Nj: SLHOOLHOUSE Like a house, the human body has a framework.This cycle of stress and response to stress pro- PRESS, INC. But instead of wood, the body's framework ismotes strengthening. GETTING CALCIUM WITHOUT made of all the bones in our skeletal system. THE FAT.(1998, MAY) CONSUMER REPORTS, There are long bones (arms and legs), short bonesWhen we don't get enough calcium, vitamin D, PP 48-49. (fingers and toes), flat bones (skull and sternum), and exercise, our bones deteriorate. For exam- PARKER, S. (1994)HowTHE and even tiny bones (in the middle ear). Some ple, young children who are deprived of calcium BODY WORKS. PLEASANTVILLE, bones, like the ribs, permit respiration and protectand vitamin D may develop a type of bone NY: THE READER'S DIGEST vital organs such as the heart from harm. Others,weakness called rickets. Older people, particu- ASSOCIATION, INC. like the spinal vertebrae, form the framework to larly women, may develop a form of weak bones OPTIMAL CALCIUM INTAKE: keep us upright as well as surround and protect called osteoporosis. http://isis.nlm.nih.gov/nih/ cdc/www/97txt.html the spinal cord. Prevention of bone weakness is crucialonce NATION DAIRY COUNCIL 10255 WEST HIGGINS RD Unlike a house's framework, however, the body'sweakness occurs, it may not be reversible. So to SUITE 900 framework is alivebones are living tissue. From have healthy bones and keep our body's living ROSEMONT,IL 60018-5616 birth until mid- to late-adolescence, bones growframework strong and supple, we must eat (800) 426-8271 as we do. They reshape themselves throughout foods containing calcium every day, exercise on our lives. Some of the bone cells that carry on this a regular basis, and get either a moderate growth and "remodeling" work are calledamount of exposure to sunlight or drink milk osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Bones grow at special fortified with vitamin D. areas called growth plates.

The outer layer of hard "compact" bone (the cor- U)HRedfl@HO tex) consists of a system of tunnels that looks like a miniature collection of hollow pipes. These tun- 1. What contributes to making and keeping NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO nels keep bones lightweight, yet provide the bones strong? CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL strength necessary to support the body. The tun- 2. What would happen if bones didn't grow or MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER nels also allow for the exchange of nutrients and stopped growing too soon? What are some ways INFORMATION ABOUT THIS AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL waste products. Collagen, a protein, gives bones to help with this problem? (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK their elasticity while calcium salts ,make them OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: 60 http://www.mnonline. org/ktca/newtons

c1,11PBS E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE is A PRODUCTION OF ETCH SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY 0 GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation AllT11 1)Dfl MIDI? ( [MN SHOW NUMBER BONES: Student Activity

Make an articulated skeleton using yourself as a model.

BONES NCIINAlaluHv Ihttp://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons Scary. Creepy. Weird. Cool. That's what you may 3. Either working in a small group or individual say about skeletons on Halloween. Now you canly, start drawing your bone pieces on your poster easily make one in your classroom. Close your 'iliTv board, using your measurements. Label all your Vith eyes and think of yourself as a skeleton. Imagine pieces so you will know which are which. Then, BRING CLEAN, DRY all your bones from the top of your head down to CHICKEN BONES TO cut out the pieces. Finally, connect the various CLASS. PLACE HALF your toes. Did you know that when fully grown, bones using brads or glue. THE BONES IN A BOWL you will have 206 bones in your body? 4. When you have completed your skeleton, WITH A LID AND COVER THEM WITH insert a string near the top of its head and hang VINEGAR, PLACE THE Moterkls your masterpiece in the classroom. REMAINING BONES IN A SIMILAR BOWL AND poster board COVER THEM WITH brads, medium and small 0 ghe 5 q M) 5 WATER, COVER THE glue BOWLS. CHECK THE 1. What things did you notice BONES DAILY FOR TEN scissors about your skeleton that are differ- DAYS. WHAT EFFECT tape measures DID THE DIFFERENT ent from the real you? How could SOLUTIONS HAVE ON metric conversion charts this skeleton move? THE BONES? WHY? anatomy book illustration of 2. What did you notice about skeletal system the bone sizes? Where are big 'Vrrg chalkboard and chalk bones? Little ones? Why? ASK A RADIOLOGIST string 3. What do the brad connec- OR ORTHOPEDIC SUR- tors and your joints have in GEON FROM A LOCAL 1. On the chalkboard, HOSPITAL TO BRING common? Why is it necessary to IN SOME BONES OR list the names of all the use brads for joining some bone PORTIONS OF A bones you want to include SKELETON AS WELL AS but not others? SOME X-RAYS USED TO when you make your EXAMINE BONES. skeleton. Copy the list X-RAYS OF BROKEN BONES WOULD BE on paper. ESPECIALLY 2.Next, take measure- INTERESTING. ments of all the bones on

II your list, using yourself VTv as a model. Write measure- DISCUSS THE DAILY ments next to the appropriate CALCIUM NEEDS OF A bone on the list. 16-YEAR-OLD ATHLETE IN TRAINING. DESIGN A ONE-DAY DIET THAT WOULD MEET HER OR HIS DAILY CALCIUM REQUIREMENTS AS WELL AS ALL OTHER NUTRITIONAL NEEDS. WHAT ARE ALL THE THINGS YOU HAVE TO CONSIDER IN PLAN- NING THIS DIET? WHAT PERCENTAGE OF CALCIUM IS NEEDED IN IT? WHAT TYPES OF FOODS PROVIDE CALCIUM? 61

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NEWTON'S APPLE is A PRODUCTION OF RICA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS.MADE POSSIBLE BY A *GRANT FROM 3M. MVUZ What are wetlands and why are they so important?

What type of wildlife lives in wetlands? Why do people drain or fill them in? ig@inkg nci7f4c1 http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons SUCHIN SLOSHES Collect about 1/4 liter (1 cup) each of several dif- Wetlands are important for many reasons. They THROUGH WETLANDS TO ferent soil types. Try sand, clay soil, forest soil,support a large volume of plants, which in turn DISCOVER THEIR and any others you can find. Air-dry them. Putsupply cover and food for animals. Wetlands ECOLOGICAL ROLE. each soil sample in its own coffee filter and fit the retain water like a giant spongeflowing water is SEGMENT LENGTH: 7: 00 filter into the neck of a jar. Tape it in place. Pourslowed as it passes through and is absorbed by 1/2 liter (2 cups) of water into each jar, very slowly. plants and soils. By soaking up the water, wet- ho©IHno The water that goes into the jar is water that thelands not only prevent floods but make water LEVANTINES, L. (1995, soil couldn't hold. How do they differ? available during a drought. They also help reduce JULY-AUG) SCIENCE GETS the threat of low salinities in coastal waters. SWAMPED. AUDUBON, P. 112. Do you live near a wetland? How isit unique LEWIS, W.M JR.(1996. from other areas? What kinds of wildlife live inWetlands can also clean up contaminated water. JULY) WETLANDS ON THE the wetland? How does the wetland change from Organisms and soils in a wetland act as a filter for LINE. GEOTIMES, P. 5. (THIS ISSUE INCLUDES OTHER season to season? Which soil do you think wouldfertilizers and other pollutants. Algae and bacteria ARTICLES ON WETLANDS) be best in a wetland? Why? break down mineral nn,-1 organicmarter; which HANKS. M. (1996, JUNE- can then be used as food for plant life. Some JULY) THE BEAUTY OF WET- municipalities use wetlands as the final stage in LANDS. NATIONAL WILDLIFE, ©v®Tukw treating waste from sewage treatment plants. P. 20. Other communities are actually constructing NIERING, W.A. (1985) Heated controversy has surrounded attempts towetlands for this purpose. However, wetlands WETLANDS: THE AUDUBON SOCIETY GUIDES. NEW YORK: preserve wetlands. For decades, many thoughtcan't perform miracles. They can be ruined by too ALFRED A.KNOPF, INC. wetlands were mucky, mosquito-infested places much waste. ROOD, R. (1994) WETLANDS. and drained them to use as farmland, industrial NEW YORK: HARPER COLLINS. sites, or residential areas. Fewer than half as manyBecause the economic and health benefits of wet- acres of wetlands remain in the continentallands are now well known, Congress has passed RYBOLT, T.R.a MEBANE, R.C. (1993) ENVIRONMENTAL United States compared with when the firstseveral laws protecting them. However, in many EXPERIMENTS ABOUT LIFE. European settlers arrived about 500 years ago.areas developers want to build on the land, farm- HILLSIDE, NJ: ENSLOW PUBLISHERS, INC. Now, wetlands are recognized as important ers want to cultivate it, and oil companies want to wildlife refuges and water purification systems. remove the oil under the ground. As long as our U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICENATIONAL WETLANDS population keeps growing, the struggle over what INVENTORY: Wetlands are areas that have standing water for atwill become of the wetlands will continue. http://www.nwi.fws.gov/ least part of the year. Marshes, swamps, tidal flats and associated pools, bayous, and bogs are the WETNET (INCLUDES VIRTUAL most common. Marshes are water-saturated, BIRD TOUR): poorly drained areas with both aquatic and &MH®dfl@HO http://www.wetlands.ca// grasslike plants. Swamps, unlike marshes, have 1. Flooding has always been a problem in many DUCKS UNLIMITED 1 WATERFOWL WAY trees and bushes. Water flows into swamps andparts of the world, but it appears to be a growing MEMPHIS, TN 38120 marshes from streams, or even an ocean. Bogs are problem. Why? What can we do to prevent it? (901) 758-3825 waterlogged, spongy ground in former lakes now2. Imagine that you own property designated as a NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO filled with living and dead mosses, which eventu-wetland. Should you be able to do whatever you CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL ally become peat. want with that land? MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT THIS AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http://www.mnonline. 62 org/ktca/newtons 6tIPBs E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-CVO sa wcg § QOO

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE Is A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOL1S. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3(1. Innovation MNrMYCID,17 SHOW NUMBER WETLANDS: Student Activity 1413 Examine the insects that live in a nearby pond or stream. WETLANDS VACIIN adlIVHT http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons (Note: This activity should be done before theliwog, chances are it's an insect. Put any insects first frost of fall or after spring thaw.) you catch in a jar with some water. Thh 6.Draw or write about the insects you caught. RESEARCH A WETLANDS Wetlands are important habitats for animals. OneWere there any you could see that you couldn't CONTROVERSY IN YOUR COUNTY OR STATE. kind of animal that you might not think to lookcatch? Look them up in your field guide. Can FIND A SITUATION for there is insects. Yet there are more species ofyou identify them? WHERE SOMEONE WANT- insects than of all the other animal species com- 7. Chances are that many of the insects you see in ED TO DEVELOP A WETLAND SOMEHOW. bined, and they live in almost all known habitats the water are larval stages of WERE THERE PEOPLE on earth. You can find insects in any body of the insects you WHO WERE AGAINST THAT? WHO WERE water, unless it's very polluted. see on land and THEY? WHAT WERE THE in theair. ARGUMENTS FOR EACH SIDE? HOW WAS IT Many insects RESOLVED? WHAT DO An ci thavho s start their lives YOU THINK? kitchen strainer inwater and jars then move out of VTv IjjI Ill insect net (optional) thewateras.they

GoTO A WETLAND AND magnifying glass mature. Can you figure MEASURE AN AREA 1 field guide to insects out which of the insects you METER X1 METER notebook caught in the water are an (3.3'x 3.3' ) . COUNT HOW MANY DIF- pencil earlier stage of the same FERENT SPECIES OF insects you saw on land? PLANTS YOU FIND IN THAT AREA. SEE IF 1. Go to a nearby body of water. 8. Take the insects YOU CAN IDENTIFY Before you do any collecting, you caught back to the ANY OF THEM. THEN MEASURE THE SAME look around. What wildlife do classroom and try to iden- AREA IN A FIELD OR you see? Do you notice any tify them more clearly. See FOREST. HOW MANY DIFFERENT SPECIES insects? what else you can learn about them. OF PLANTS DO YOU 2.Draw or write about any insects that FIND THERE? you see. Look them up in your field guide. Can you identify them? C)uesiNons 'VITT Vhilo 3. See if you can catch any insects. Put them in a 1. How would the food chain change if many jar to take back to the classroom. insects didn't have aquatic life-history stages? PREDICT PUDDLES. BEFORE A RAIN. LOOK 4. Now look in the water. What wildlife do you 2. What roles do insects have in nature? AT YOUR YARD OR THE see? Do you notice any insects? SCHOOL GROUNDS. WHERE DO YOU THINK 5.Pull your strainer through the water and look PUDDLES WILL FORM? at what animals you catch. If it isn't a fish or pol- PUT MARKERS WHERE YOU THINK WATER WILL GATHER. DO YOU THINK IT WILL STAY LONGER IN ONE PLACE THAN ANOTHER? WHY? AFTER THE RAIN, GO CHECK OUT YOUR HYPOTHESES. WERE YOU RIGHT? ARE ANY ANIMALS USING THE PUDDLES? 63 PBs WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATI.ON FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. ;LI NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/M1NNEAPOLIS.MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation IDL M'VD How do we get the impurities out of drinking water?

Where does drinking water come from?

@CHhg ?®l http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons Water has been called the universal solvent because DAVID DIVES IN TO centrations are low enough that often you can't SEE HOW WE MAKE it can dissolve just about anything over time. Howeven taste it. WATER SAFE TO DRINK. does the solubility of water change with temperature? See how much salt you can dissolve in equalThe final stage in most municipal treatments is SEGMENT LENGTH: 6:30 volumes of water at different temperatures. Howfiltration and aeration. Water is pumped through can you use your test results to make predictionslarge tanks filled with fine sand, called rapid sand @Z@IBTINO about water solubility around the world? filters. As the water flows through the spaces between the sand grains, suspended particles and HUGGLER, T.E. (1994, APR) AND NOT A DROP TO DRINK: dead microbes get trapped. Sometimes, crushed WATER TREATMENT ON A anthracite coal is used in addition to sand. WILDERNESS TRIP. OUTDOOR LIFE, P. 48. ©uogiuil@w Because the coal grains carry a charge on their Each day, millions of Americans use billions of gal- surface, they act like tiny magnets attracting other KoTz, D. (1995, Nov) How SAFE IS YOUR DRINKING lons of water without knowing where it comes fromcharged contaminants. Aeration is exactly what it WATER? GOOD HOUSEKEEPING, or what might be in it. As populations grow, the sounds likcadding air to watcr. When spr,,,,,,1 P. 128. combination of increased demand and increasedthrough large, fountainlike devices, water not POWLEDGE, F. (1982) WATER. pollution means many of us are using sources ofonly gains a great deal of oxygen, but any volatile NEW YORK: FARRAR STRAUS water that are less than pristine. Contaminationcompounds that may have been in the water GIROUX PUBLISHING. from sediment, bacteria, protozoans, heavy metals, escape into the atmosphere. SODA BOTTLE HYDROLOGY. and synthetic organic compounds shows up with U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PUBLICATION DOE/EM-0215. alarming frequency. As a result, many municipalities In the end, all the water we use doesn't just go down (301) 903-4000. are having to pre-treat drinking water. the drain and disappear. It gets recycled by the evap- orative power of the sun. When water evaporates, STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEETS FOR DRINKING WATER The first step in most municipal treatment sys- most of the contaminants stay behind, which in the- PROJECTS. (1992, Jon') tems involves gravity. If you've ever let a glass ofory means it rains pure water back on the land. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY chocolate milk stand for any length of time, Unfortunately, because of gases in the air, much of PUBLICATION 810/F-92-003. you've probably noticed that much of the choco- the water that falls from the sky is coming down pre- (202) 260-2090.

late settles to the bottom of the glass. The same is polluted, so municipalities are going to have to work 3-2-1 CONTACT EXTRA: DOWN true of sediment in water. When the water is even harder in the future to treat the water we drink. THE DRAIN. AVAILABLE allowed to stand in large pools, many of these sus- THROUGH WINGS FOR LEARNING, (800) 321-7511. pended particles simply settle to the bottom where they are collected and disposed of. HYDROLOGIC INFORMATION 'n)HIMH@IEZ UNIT U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Next comes flocculation. Here, a chemical is 1.Before municipal water treatment became 419 NATIONAL CENTER added to the water that causes tiny suspended common, wetlands, streams, and grasslands pro- RESTON, VA 22092 particles to clump together. Usually, these flocsvided much of the same cleansing action. How do SOIL AND WATER settle out just like large-sized sediment. But ifthese "natural" systems compare with municipal CONSERVATION SOCIETY 7515 NE ANKENY RD they escape, they are caught by filters farthertreatment methods? Would it be worth going ANKENY,IA 50021-9764 down the line. "back to nature" to help get the job done? NEWTON'S APPLE VIDEO 2.Many municipalities are looking for solutions CASSETTES AND EDUCATIONAL To kill unwanted microbes, protozoans, andto water shortage problems. How do processes MATERIALS PROVIDE FURTHER other living organisms, many municipalitieslike ocean water distillation, water recycling, and INFORMATION ABOUT THIS AND OTHER TOPICS. CALL chlorinate the water. Chlorine is a chemical thatdeep aquifer recharge measure up? (612) 222-1717 OR CHECK. kills microorganisms. In drinking water, the con- OUT OUR WEB SITE AT: http://www.mnonline. 64 org/ktca/newtons 111,Bs E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IsA PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS, MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM PI. aa Innovation YVM SHOW NUMBER DRINKING WATER: Student Activity 1413 Calculate how much energy it takes to distill drinking water. DRINKING WATER Ib@Jh lA¢thnV http://www.mnonline.org/ktcaInewtons Since new sources of freshwater are hard to comeplate to its highest setting for 15 minutes. The by, some people have suggested using distilledwater will begin to heat up and boil. After 15 seawater as a source of drinking water. In thisminutes, turn off the hot plate. Allow the system 4TvVlido activity, you will build a still and discover some ofto cool down for 10 minutes and then record MANY PEOPLE ARE the costs associated with how much water has collected in the beaker by SERVICED BY producing freshwater pouring it into the graduated cylinder. Be care- MUNICIPAL SYSTEMS THAT GET WATER FROM from the sea. ful! This water will still be hot. Use an insu- EITHER SURFACE OR lated glove! UNDERGROUND SOURCES. MANY RURAL 5.Check the bottom of the hot plate to HOME OWNERS HAVE Ga .Revic] s see how many watts of electricity it uses. THEIR OWN WELLS. 1 liter clean tap water (If there is no power indication, use 1000 DISCOVER THE SOURCE OF YOUR DRINKING 25 ml table salt watts, which is average.) Calculate the WATER AND MAKE A clean 1000-ml beaker total amount of energy used to distill MAP OF ITS PATH TO YOUR TAP. clean 1000-ml flask your sample by multiplying the wattage clean 500-ml beaker by .25 hours (15 minutes). Convert this Vhflo clean glass funnel with narrow number to kilowatt hours by dividing 02"O.D.) opening it by 1000. Example: 1000 watts x DESIGN YOUR OWN clean 1-meter length ofi/2"I.D. high .25/1000 = .25 kW hrs. SOLAR STILL. REMEMBER, THE WATER temperature plastic tubing that will 6. Based on your experiment, cal- CYCLE WORKS BECAUSE fit snugly on the funnel culate how much electricity would FRESHWATER IS EVAP- ORATED FROM THE electric hot plate be required to distill one full liter of LAND AND SEA graduated cylinder seawater. To do this, take 1000 ml SURFACE BY THE SUN'S HEAT. SEE IF ring stand with test-tube clamp and divide it by the volume you col- YOU CAN DESIGN AND watch with second hand lected, then multiply by the amount of BUILD YOUR OWN SOLAR SYSTEM TO pot holder or oven mitt power you used in kW hrs. Example: If TRANSFORM SALTWATER stirring rod you collected 100 ml of fresh water: TO FRESH. paper and pencil 1000 m1/100 ml = 10 x .25 kW hrs = goggles 2.5 kW hrs of electricity/liter. Then use I I Thk3 your electric company's current rate per WHY IS THE OCEAN 1.Pour 25 ml table salt into 1 liter of kilowatt hour to discover the cost. SALTY IF ITIS FED clean tap water in the larger beaker to BY RIVERS CARRYING FRESHWATER? WITH THE make your simulated seawater. EXCEPTION OF DIS- Pour the seawater into the flask. C)Roesg. ©ns TILLED WATER. ALL 2. Place one end of the plastic tubing 1.Based on your observations, FRESHWATER HAS SOME Nbrr-- DISSOLVED MINERALS over the narrow end of the funnel. It what can you conclude about (SALTS) IN IT. To should fit snugly. If not, secure with a hose clamp making "freshwater" from seawater? SEE HOW SALTY YOUR WATER IS,PUT ONE or rubber bands. 2. Using the average billing rate for electricity in LITER OF WATER IN A 3. Place the flask on the hot plate and invert the your community, how much would it cost you to CLEAN SAUCEPAN AND ALLOW THE ENTIRE funnel so that the wide end sits over the top ofmake one liter of freshwater from seawater? VOLUME TO EVAPORATE. the flask. Use a test-tube clamp on the ring stand 3. Are there any changes that you could make in THE MATERIALS LEFT BEHIND ARE THE FOR- to hold the funnel in place and run the other endthe design of your still that would make this MER MINERALS THAT of the tubing into the empty 500-ml beaker. more efficient? WERE IN SOLUTION. 4.Record your start time and turn on the hot 6 5 WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOL1S.MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. E'd Innovation Science Try-Its

1-1

0VEy oo 1T©u 2¢@Fe? Take an empty, 2-liter soda bottle and lay it on its side. Ball up a small piece of paper so that it will fit through the mouth of the bottle. Hold a hair dryer so it blows directly on the mouth of the bottle. Try to push the paper into the bottle using the 0, my 04[01 PeppeR'Di? Upg air stream from the hair dryer. What do you think will happen to the paper? You'll Fill a dish with water. Sprinkle pepper all have to try it! the t.-7, of the ter Pnr several drops of dish detergent into the center of the dish. What happens to the pepper? Is the same thing happening over the whole surface of the water, or just in the middle? You'll have to try it!

VElir[I51 ©ono Mglifil EDE1V D Eciffing iJu Place a penny on a white piece of paper. Take two identical clear-glass jars, leave one Put a clear glass filled with water on top empty, and fill one with water. Put the lids on of the penny. Can you see the penny? both jars and tighten. Place a large, three-ring Where is the best place to see it? Now binder on a level floor, and start the jars from place a saucer on top of the water glass. the top of the "ramp" the binder forms. Release Try to find the penny without looking them and watch what happens. Which one gets straight down through the water glass. to the bottom of the ramp first? Which one Can you do it? You'll have to try it! rolls the farthest? You'll have to try it! 66 PBS WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE Is A PRODUCTION OF KICA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Uri Innovation Science Try-Its

C) VET FMA 5u¢lov's I®t 12 IT D o11 ID 13 2 ID CU GU CI 5Ifl 2 OD DD OD0 Fill a small jar with water. Poke a hole in Put a quarter at the edge of a table. Put the edge of a ruler the lid big enough for a straw. Put a straw behind the quarter, with the rest of the ruler extending out into the water through the hole in the lid over the table edge at an angle. Put another quarter on the and seal up the space around the straw end of the ruler that extends beyond the table edge. Take a with modelling clay. Now try to suck water second ruler and hit the first ruler (on the edge sticking out through the straw. Be sure there are no beyond the table edge) so that the first quarter is thrown off leaks. What happens? You'll have to try it! the edge of the table and the second drops off the ruler. You have to listen for the results so you want to do this over a hard floor. Listen carefully: Which quarter hits the ground first? You'll have to try it! The science behind Science Try-Its

1. Why won't the paper go into the bottle? 2. How did the penny disappear? 3. Why did the pepper "run away"? In trying to push the paper into the bottle, you We see objects because light rays reflect off The pepper sprinkled on the water stays in place are aiming the air stream at the mouth of the them and into our eyes. But light bends each because the water is pulling on the pepper evenly soda bottle. The hair dryer pushes air into the time it hits a substance of a different density. in all directions. When the detergent comes into bottle, filling it with air. In fact, the bottle is so The light reflecting off the penny must pass contact with the water in the center, it reduces full of air that there is room for nothing else through air, glass, and water (all with different the water's pulling action on the pepper and the not even a little ball of paper. If you turn off densities) to get to your eye but the light bends pepper appears to run away from the detergent. the hair dryer or aim it away, the air can escape so many times that by the time it gets to your But the water around the edges (untouched by the bottle and there is room for the paper. eye, it looks like it's someplace it's not! the detergent) still has its pulling strength.

4. Why did the empty jar win? 5. Why couldn't I get any water from the jar? 6. Why did the quarters land at the sarne time? Initially, the water-filled jar moves down the When you drink from an open glass of water, The quarters start from the same height off the ramp faster than the empty one. This happens air pressure allows the water to travel up the ground and are the same mass and shape, so because its weight is evenly distributed straw. When you reduce the pressure inside gravity and air resistance worked on them in throughout its volume, thanks to the water your mouth (by sucking on the straw), the sur- exactly the same way. Even if an object is thrown inside it. The empty jar's weight is all in the rounding air pressure pushes down on the straight out, it will fall to the ground in exactly glass perimeter so it doesn't roll quite as fast. water and forces the liquid up the straw. But the same amount of time as an identical object But as the jars begin rolling on the flat surface, when air pressure on the water is blocked that is droppedthe acceleration toward the the greater weight of the full jar causes friction (when you seal the jar lid), there is no air pres- ground that the objects experience as a result of between the jar and the floor as well as friction sure to help push the water up your straw. The gravity causes them to hit at the same time. between the water and the inside of the jar. The air can't get to the water to push on it, so it full jar slows down, allowing the lighter, empty doesn't go up the straw. Regardless of how hard jar to take the lead! you suck, the water stays where it is! 67

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1.tic32 s© g1c3c1 11ee2 yeQ21 63.131ggev 2 ha 21 11 Going outside without a coat can make you more sus- Just when you thought it was safe to go back in the ceptible to colds, but the easiest way to catch a cold is water, beware; the largest reptile is the carnivorous salt- by shaking hands with someone. A cold is a virus and water crocodile, found in the coastal waters of India, your body causes you to sneeze and cough in an southern China, and Malaysia. It can grow up to 26 immune response to the virusyour immune system is feet, which, by the way, is longer than a great white trying to destroy the virus. All that sneezing and cough- shark. Like all members of the crocodile family, which ing causes some of the viral cells to be expelled in the evolved 200 million years ago, this amphibious creature mucous that comes from your nose and mouth. And differs from a lizard in two ways: it has bony plates on some of that can get on your hands. The virus can its back that make a kind of body armor and it has its remain infectious on your hands for up to three hours. teeth set into its jaw (like people do). It also can either And if you meet someone and shake hands, you've given walk upright or on all fours. them an unwelcome gift! 5. ©pen youv eyes 2© 2121s.kal 2. tinv 212132's 2(3H 2c1111 If you add up all those flickers, your eyes are closed for an The animal with the longest tail also has a pretty long average 30 minutes a day. Blinking is like a quick shower neckGirea camelopardalis, also called the camel-leop- for your eyes. By bathing them with tears, blinking keeps ard by the ancient Romans. It's the male giraffe. This your eyes from drying out and washes away dust that gets skinny guy's tail can grow up to eight feet. The female in your eyes. But how do your eyelids stay healthy? On giraffe's tail may not be as long, but like the male, she the edges of the eyelids are a number of small glands that has blunt, skin-covered horns on her head. And no won- produce a fatty secretion that lubricates your eyelids and der the Romans called them camelsgiraffes can go up the eyelashes to keep them in tip-top shape! to one month without a drink of water! (5. flew llthi©' © eiOl1Dj be@i21 Let's hear it for the soybean! It's loaded with lots of pro- 3. Ihnzull Ng 2111s beclithae s2m1 tein, vitamins, potassium, magnesium, and iron. The sleepiest animal in the world is the European Soybeans have ten times the calcium of meat and twice hedgehog. This prickly animal couldn't work a nine to that of eggs, and soybeans are low in fat. Soybeans were fiveit sleeps 18 hours a day in the summer, and all first grown in eastern China and brought to the United winter through. And it still has time for a familyin States in the 1800s. Today, it's the third leading crop, July or August, female European hedgehogs give birth to behind corn and wheat, in this country. Soybean prod- four to eight young. Because the European hedgehog has ucts are protein meal, which is used as a dietary supple- a coat of long pointed spines, it looks like a porcupine. ment in livestock feed, and oil, which is used in mar- But it's really closely related to the mole and the shrew. garine, mayonnaise, salad oil, and other edibles. But this will surprise you: that same edible soy oil is used in industrial products such as paint, varnish, linoleum, and rubber fabrics. Versatile, wouldn't you say?

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NEWTON'S APPLE is pleased that many of our viewers watch

our show at school in their classes and at home as a family.

Regardless of whom you are watching with, we encourage

NEWTON'S you to talk about the adventures you see on NEWTON'S APPLE yur)pir E.and think about how science is all @round you.

NEWTON'S APPLE'S "Science Try-Its," "Street Smarts," "Most Scientific Home Videos," and regular demonstrations on the show allow home viewers to be part of the science action. Fun and easy to try at home, these activities help everyone learn together!

C4 NEWTON'S APPLE 14th Season This special guide to our 14th season will let you know what topics are coming up in each new show. Check with your local PBS station for the exact dates and times that NEWTON'S APPLE airs in your area.

.P.:

1605 1609 Spelunking Avalanche Rescue Olympic Solar Energy Human Eye Prosthetic Limbs Soccer Betty White Football Scientist Trumpets Elks Popcorn - Earthquake Scientist

1602 1606 1610 Tahiti Special Andes Special Malaria Tracking Sharks Inca Engineering Clocks Tattoos Quipus Inventor's Fair Black Pearls Potatoes Deformed Frogs mLA Coconuts Alpacas 1611 1603 1609 Post Office Riverboats Ski Jumping Gems ter Body Fat Bee Stings Science Home Videos Do you have a science question about the world Motorcycle Scientists Fear 1612 around you? Write us at: Parrots Ruminants Ethanol NEWTON'S APPLE 1806 1608 Bones Box 1500 Hypercoaster Rain Forest Special Coyotes Nicotine Rain Forest Researchers 172 4TH ST E 1813 SAINT PAUL MN 55101 Erasers Snakes Dance Scientists Frogs I-120 Special We myCHIMPvow question BB the shovi Leaf Cutter Ants Wetlands Eco-Filtration Pond Drinking Water Water Towers

PBS WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

WI" EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE Is A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE ay A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation f3M Science Encouragement Programs (K-12)

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Questioning, probing, and problem solving happen 3M Visiting Wizards every day in 3M laboratories and result in innovative 3M volunteer scientists become "wizards" to elementary and solutions like Post-it® Notes. However, 3M recognizes middle school students as they present exciting science princi- that innovation doesn't happen by accident, and sci- ples in hands-on classroom demonstrations. Since 1985, 3M Visiting Wizards have spread enthusiasm for learning science ence doesn't begin in our labs. At 3M, we believe that to more than a quarter of a million children. On Super the wonder of discovery is a universal experience that Science Saturday, more than 500 Wizards host a day-long sci- makes science come alive for students of all ages. ence fair for their families, the 3M community, and other local community groups. Over the past 40 years, this philosophy has evolved Elementary Teacher Workshop into a series of Science Encouragement Programs that Elementary school teachers gain ideas on how to incorporate embody our endeavors to spread enthusiasm for sci- fun in science lessons at this 3M-sponsored resource fair. ence. 3M engages in a wide variety of activities, both About 600 teachers annually participate in the hands-on activ- on a local and national level, that are designed to raise ities of this regional event. the level of student learning. Our efforts are maxi- TWIST (Teachers Working in Science and Technology) mized through employee and retiree volunteers, who serve as tutors, mentors, and hosts, helping us support Twenty-five science and math teachers learn real-world research applications while working alongside 3M scientists in science education around the globe for kindergartners this summer program. The six-week internship gives teachers on up to high school students. practical understanding of science and math concepts through firsthand technical experience in an industrial laboratory. As NEWTON'S APPLE demonstrates in its weekly, TECH (Technical Teams Encouraging Career Horizons) award-winning programs, the power of science is limit- Enlightening middle and junior high school students about ed only by the imagination. And as many 3M Science careers in science is the focus of this mentoring program. Encouragement students will attest, the wonders of Teams of women and men scientists visit classrooms to discuss science once unveiled can take the imagination by real-world opportunities in science and engineering, as well as storm and create a lifelong passion for discovery. how they apply their technical backgrounds in their current professions. The volunteer 3M scientists encourage students to maximize their career options by staying in challenging math 7' and science classes. PBS WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

14/ 111 EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. 1;* NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOL1S,MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M, Innovation STEP (Science Training Encouragement Program) Academic mentoring and technical experience are cornerstones of this program, which lets minority and at-risk students explore their interests in scientific careers. High school students from St. Paul, MN develop relationships with "modern-day heroes" and culturally diverse 3M technical mentors, while holding full-time summer jobs in 3M laboratories.

Richard Drew Creativity Award Program Honoring students for their creative instincts in science and math is the emphasis of this award program. The program cap- tures.the spirit of 3M scientist Richard Drew, who is remem- bered for his creative nature and for encouraging creativity in others. High school juniors from more than 200 Minnesota and Wisconsin schools are invited to 3M Center to celebrate the joy of creativity in science. The event includes tours of 3M laboratories, a careers-in-science panel discussion, and an evening program with parent participation.

Science Student Recognition Day (SSRD) The iirsi ajid iongest-ru-"sg 3M Science En,,,uraaprnpnr program, SSRD invites 100 Upper Midwest highscriool seniors and their teachers to spend a day in our laboratories with 3M scientists and engineers. The program helps students see the link between academic training and real-world science careers. Educational Outreach 3M supports local and national organizations that promote sci- Hillside Elementary Internet Project ence and technology education and awareness. 3M shows its A collaborative effort between Hillside Elementary School, the commitment through grants, educational materials, and volun- University of Minnesota College of Education, and 3M is teerism. Currently, 3M supports events and organizations bringing the world into classrooms via the Internet. Through including: MATHCOUNTS, National Engineers Week, this project, a seven-year-old student researched a report by National Science and Technology Week, WIZKIDS, National contacting a science museum in Philadelphia and exchanging Action Council for Minorities in Engineering (NACME), the information with an eight-year-old in New Zealand. This National Science Teachers Association (NSTA), and the dynamic program represents a benchmark for education in Minnesota Science Teachers Association (MSTA). adopting the Internet as a learning tool. NEWTON'S APPLE 3M began full sponsorship of this Emmy Award-winning family science show in 1991. Currently, 3M volunteers serve as consul- tants on programming and related educational materials. When it comes to science education, 3M and NEWTON'S APPLE staff often find themselves working together. For example, 3M employees and their families volunteered to demonstrate the science activities on the NEWTON'S APPLE poster in this packet.

If you would like additional information on any of 3M's Science Encouragement Programs, please write to:

Technical Liaison Department 3M Center Bldg. 225-3N-09 St. Paul, MN 55144-1000

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Lw a EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. qk NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS, MADE POSSIBLE BY 0 GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation Credits NEWTON'S APPLE EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS PRODUCTION TEAM Yvonne Cadwallader Tammy Chalmers Jennifer Caliandro, Director of Promotion & Outreach Mary Chilinski Linda Zespy, Promotions Specialist Kerry Field Richard Hudson, Executive Editor John Huizinga Sue Wichmann, Editor Mary Hurlocker WRITING TEAM Bob Pranis Marlyce Paulson Sue Ballou, Ft. Collins, CO Denise Rutherford Jim Dawson, Minneapolis, MN Richard Rossiter Jane Duden, Minneapolis, MN Carol Smorch Cheryl Lani Juarez, South Miami, FL David Weil Gail B.C. Marsella, Allentown, PA Janelle Wong Steve Tomecek, Science Plus Inc., New Hyde Park, NY Patrick Zimmerman Mary Turck, St. Paul, MN Rachel Westermeyer, St. Paul, MN NEWTON'S APPLE STAFF NATIONAL SCIENCE Eileen Galindo, Host TEACHERS ASSOCIATION Brian Hackney, Host Gerald Wheeler, Executive Director David Heil, Host Karen Baker, Project Coordinator Dave Huddleston, Host Brian Aldridge, Program Manager SuChin Pak, Host Jennifer Laughlin, Program Assistant Nancy Gibson, Naturalist Gerald Richman, Vice President, National Production CONTENT REVIEW PANEL Richard Hudson, Director of Science Programs Dale Atkins, Colorado Avalanche Information Center, Denver, CO Doug Bolin, Executive/Series Producer Alan R. Baker, M.D., Rockville, MD Lee Carey, Executive/Series Producer Jerry A. Bell, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC Norbert Een, Production Manager Clinton H. Brown, Thomas S. Wootton High School, Rockville, MD Steve Flynn, Director of Videography and Post Production Ginny Brown, Winston Churchill High School, Potomac, MD DJ Hanson, Production Manager William L. Brown, U.S. Postal Service, Dulles, VA Amy Kenefick, Series Production Designer Diane F. Cowan, Ph.D., The Lobster Conservancy, Orrs Island, ME Albert Lee, Associate Post Production Coordinator Al Devito, Creative Ventures, Inc., West Lafayette, IN Meighan Maloney, Series Manager Robert S. Donaldson, Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, MD Kristian Berg, Producer Gregg M. Gochnour, Rockville High School, Rockville, MD Lisa Blackstone, Producer Mario lona, Professor Emeritus, University of Denver, Denver, CO Kim MacDonald, Producer Sheila Marshall, National Science Teachers Association, Arlington, VA Erin Rasmussen, Producer Joan Braunagel McShane, Jefferson Elementary School, Davenport, IA Kevin Williams, Producer Melinda B. Mills, Space Center Intermediate School, Houston, TX Tom Adair, Freelance Producer Raymond Rye, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC Sue Ballou, Freelance Producer Kismet E. Talaat, Rockville High School, Rockville, MD Bob Beverage, Freelance Producer Frank Weisel, Montgomery County Public Schools, Rockville, MD Diane Dresser, Freelance Associate Producer Michael L. Weiss, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD Darren Howelton, Freelance Producer Russell G. Wright, Ed.D., Montgomery County Public Schools, Rockville, MD Leslie Kratz, Freelance Producer Tom Lieberman, Freelance Producer ADVISORY PANEL Carrie Maloney, Freelance Producer Harold Banks, Smithsonian Institution Jeff Nielsen, Freelance Producer Jerry Bell, American Association for the Advancement of Science Ericka Cotton, Production Assistant Jinny Goldstein, Public Broadcasting Service Linda Flynn, Research Marilyn Hala, National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Lesley Goldman, Production Assistant Johnnie Hamilton, Fairfax County Public Schools Danika Hanson, Production Assistant Phyllis Marcuccio, National Science Teachers Association Keith Lieseth, Science Advisor Norwood Powell, Chesterfield County Public Schools Carol Kusnierek, Office Coordinator Raymond Rye, Smithsonian Institution Andrew Njaa, Science Advisor Kate Santhuff, Public Broadcasting Service Cori Paulet, Production Assistant Winnie Wooley, Prince George's County Public Schools Sheldon Erickson, Director Russell Wright, Montgomery County Public Schools DESIGN GROUP Jay Miller, Lead Designer 3M/NEWTON'S APPLE Ian Davies, Project Designer EDUCATION COMMITTEE Popular Front Studio, NEWTON'S APPLE 14th Season poster Richard Hanson J. Michael Gatlin, Illustrator, Lesson Pages Barbara Kaufmann, Chair Larry Marcus, Photographer Robert W. Barton Additional photography provided by 3M and Patti Brunjes the National Science Teachers Association.

SPECIAL THANKS TO THE AsKERIC PROJECTFOR THEIR ASSISTANCE IN DEVELOPING THE NEWTON'S APPLE TEACHER'S GUIDES ONTHE WORLD WIDE WEB(http://ericir.syr.edu ) vx PBS E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE Is A PRODUCTION OF SOCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS,MADE POSSIBLE Ty A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation Key Concepts 4APERY AVALANCHE aESCUE ering the soft tissue which vitamin D defi- water and filtered out HUMAN EYE ancient cultures air scenting finding nacre the solid, shiny ciency causes skeletal cornea the clear, curved dress to smooth or polish odors that are drifting coating that a pearl mol- deformities ETHANOL portion of the eyeball a stone or wood through the air without lusc secretes over the vitamin D a vitamin need- carbon dioxide a gas directly over the iris and flaking chipping small, having an odor trail to inside of its shell and any ed for development of with molecules made up pupil usually broad pieces from follow on the ground irritants or foreign objects healthy bones and teeth of one carbon atom and iris the colored portion of the larger core block cilia 'minute hairs that nucleation the process of two oxygen atoms; part the eye that opens and fourcroya andina the move when stimulated and infecting the pearl mol- CLOCKS of the air that is released closesthepupilin fibers from this plant's trigger nerve impulses that lusc with an irritant to atomic clock a very when livingthings response to light intensity stringy leaves were used send signals to the brain initiate the production of accurate clock that keeps respire lens the flexible, clear, by the Inca for sandals, nerve cell the cell that nacre for pearl culture time by measuring the carbon monoxide a poiso- lentil-shaped object just cloth, and rope transmits electrical sig- orient aniridescent natural oscillations of a nous gas with molecules behind the pupil friction resistance to nals to the brain and sheen exhibited by some cesium atom made up of one carbon optic nerve the nerve in motion of two moving other parts of the body; of the best pearls horology the science of atom and one oxygen the back of the eyeball surfaces that are touching also called a neuron pearl mollusc any shelled measuring time atom that carries impulses each other olfactory system the sea or freshwater creature obelisk an upright, four- fossil fuel fuel derived from the retina to the gravity the force that combination of mucus, that produces a nacreous sided pillar that tapers to from fossil matter of a brain for interpretation tends to pull all bodies cilia, nerve cells, and coating on objects a pyramid at its top previous geologic age, pupil the hole in the cen- within the earth's atmos- other structures that spat newborn oyster oscillate to swing back such as petroleum, natur- ter of the iris phere toward the center allow animals, including larvae, which eventually and forth; with electrici- al gas, and coal retina the light-sensitive of the earth humans, to smell odors attach themselves to an ty, to switch between a gasohol gasoline mixed layer of the eye that regis- hammer stones small SARthe "search and res- object high and a low charge with a smaller amount of ters the image entering ,neolithic pounding tools cue" acronym commonly quartz crystal when ethanol, such as a mixture through the pupil; the made of granite, quartzite, used by rescue groups BOOT FAT placed in an electric field, of 90 percent gasoline sharpest vision comes or olivine basalt and a good search word calipers a tool that can be a quartz crystal vibrates and 10 percent ethanol from the macula portion joint the content surface on the Internet used to measure body fat and generates a regular methanol often called of the retina between two bodies carbohydrates a food electric signal that is a wood alcohol; formed rods and cones vision Mohs scale used to indi- BEE STINGS group that includes sug- good resonator for run- from synthesis gas and by cells; rods see only black cate relative hardness of apiary a group of human- ars, starches, and cellulose ning clocks and watches distillation of wood, coal, and white and are most minerals, ranging from 1 plared far adipose tissue; a spring-driven clocks a or farm wastes useful for night vision; (talc) to 10 (diamond) together to make bee- group of storage cells that tightly wound spring photosynthesis process by cones see oniy coior and stonemason pcsovn WhO keeping easier store far molecules provides the energy for which plants turn carbon do best in good light cuts and shapes stones defensive zone the area enzymes substances that these clocks, but they dioxide and water into glu- sclera the white, outer around the hive help speed up chemical slow down as the spring cose, using the sun's energy part of the eyeball gIALAHIA MCKIM defensive behavior an changes; in digestive unwinds to drive the reaction Anophelesthe genus of aggressive action taken processes, these are called weight-driven clocks old volatile organic com- HYPECICOASTER mosquito that includes against any disturbance organic catalysts and are mechanical clocks that pounds (VOC) hydrocar- acceleration the rate species which transmit in the defensive zone usually proteins used the pull of a heavy bon compounds released of change in speed or the parasite that causes drones male bees, few in metabolic rate the rate at weight to provide energy by the incomplete com- direction malaria in humans number, that mate with which our bodies use up to run the clock bustion of gasoline and gravitation the force of Geographic Information the queen bee energy, or "burn" calories other fuels, which con- attraction that every Systems (GIS) a computer pheromone a chemical muscle a group of cells IMBUING WATER tribute to air pollution object in the universe has informationalsystem odor used for communi- that work together to alum a colorless alu- on every other object designed forstoring, cation enable movement; they minum salt used as a GEMS hypercoaster a giant roller updating, analyzing, dis- queen the only female in weigh more than an flocculating agent in cabochon a gemstone coaster twice as high as playing, and manipulating the hive who can repro- equal amount of fat cells water treatment that has been polished and 40 percent faster than spatial data in various ways duce by laying eggs protein a nutrient used filtration mechanically into a dome shape most roller coasters infrared a form of heat worker bees female bees for growth and repair of separating out particles carat a unit of measure- inertia the tendency of an radiation similar to light who perform most of the our muscles and organs from a liquid such as ment for weighing gem- object to resist changes in malaria a mosquito- tasks; the majority of the water stones; 5,000 carats (cts) its motionthat is, to borne disease caused by bees in a colony HONES flocculant a chemical equal 1 kilogram stay still or keep moving any one of four different calcium a mineral that is which causes tiny sus- crystal a mineral that has a with constant speed unless blood parasites GLACIS PEARLS vital to bone development pended particles to clump regular geometric internal some force acts on it parasite an organism that aragonite one mineral growth plate a disk of car- together into loosely structure, which is reflect- mass the amount of mate- grows, feeds, and is shel- form of calcium carbon- tilage along which bones packed flakes ed in its external shape rial an object contains tered on or in a different ate, laid down in overlap- extend their length or size ion a charged atom gemstone a mineral that momentum mass of an organism while con- ping layers as the princi- lacunae a small space, cav- microbe a microscopic has a high market value object times its velocity tributing nothing to the pal constituent of a pearl ity, or depression; a hollow organism such as a bac- because of itsrarity, Isaac Newton the English survival of its host conchiolin the organic, mineral an essential ele- terium or a protozoan beauty, hardness, and mathematician and scien- rain forest a dense, ever- gluelike substance that ment that helps keep our osmosistheprocess durability tist who published three green forest occupying a cements the layers of arag- organs working smoothly where a solvent moves indusion a small amount laws of motion in 1687 tropical region with an onite together in a pearl osteoblast a cell that across a semipermeable of gas, liquid, or mineral roller coaster a high- annual rainfall of at least epithelial cells the outer builds or produces bone membrane to an area of matter trapped in a gem- speed, elevated railway 2.5 meters (100 inches) layer of mantle cells in a osteoclast acellthat higher concentration stone when it was forming thathassteepand remote sensing tech- pearl mollusc; they pro- absorbs bone under certain protozoan a microscopic lapidary a person who sharply curving sections niques for acquiring duce the aragonite and conditions such as fractures organism such as an cuts, polishes, and sets information about an conchiolin necessary to osteoporosis a thinning amoeba which is made of gemstones INCA ENGINEER% object without being in make nacre of bone that occurs with a single cell refraction the bending of archaeologist scientist direct contact with that mantle the outer mem- aging or inactivity sediment sand, silt, clay, light as it passes from one who studies artifacts, object, as through aerial brane of a mollusc, just rickets a bone disease of and organic material that medium to another buildings, and other cameras and satellites inside the shell and cov- infants or juveniles in can be suspended in relics to learn about satellite imaging tech- Fes WE ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

ILl EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. NEWTON'S APPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/MINNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3N. Innovation rKey Concepts apply. nique of gathering geo- temperature or pressure produced by human mus- area; "indigenous people" upper surface deals with the properties, graphic images using solar collector a device cle movements are native people pectoral near the breast changes, and interactions infrared cameras aboard that gathers solar radia- prosthesis an artificial understory the forest or chest of matter and energy satellites tion to produce heat body part, usually a re- layer beneath the canopy plankton microscopic swerving rolling the ball vector an organism that placement for a damaged that includes small trees, organisms that float or across your body to make carries disease-causing POST OFFICE or amputated body part young canopy trees, drift in water it spin microorganisms from bar code patterns of shrubs, and herbs ventral situated on or trapping using your one host to another black lines that can be RAIN FOREST ANIMALS close to the lower surface chest, head, foot, or read by machine adaptation various func- RIVERBOATS or abdomen thigh to stop the ball NICOTINE bar code sorter (BCS) a tions or structures of a change of state what velocity the speed and addiction the physical or computer-controlled plant or animal that happens when matter SKI JUMPING direction of an object psychological depen- machine that sorts letters provide the organism changes from a solid, liq- airfoil an elongated dence on a chemical with imprinted bar codes with a better chance of uid, or gas to another teardrop shape with one SPELUNKING (such as cocaine) orat speeds of 32,000 surviving in a particular phase side flattened that expe- acid a solution having a action (such as gambling) pieces an hour environment energy the ability to do riences a net lifting force pH lower than 7 with an dopamine brain chemical delivery bar code sorter cellulose a carbohydrate work when moving through excess of hydrogen cations that appears to produce (DBCS) a small, high- that forms the cell walls piston a cylinder or disk air or a liquid caprock ceiling of a near- feelings of reward or speed bar code sorter that of plants that fits tightly into a larger angle of attack the tilt at surface cave pleasure finalizes letter sorting echolocation bouncing cylinder and moves under which an airfoil or wing cave a natural under- nicotine an addictivedown to the carrier's sound off objects to pro- pressure from a liquid or hits the onrushing air ground cavity drug found in tobacco sequence of mail delivery vide information about gas; the piston takes the drag the resistance of a cavern a large cave system products; when pure, it delivery point bar code size, location, and move- energy from the liquid or fluid (air, water, etc.) karst topography ground looks like a clear, liquid (DPBC) a zip+4 bar ment of those objects gas and turns it into a against a moving object that is characterized by oil, but exposed to air, it code containing two ecosystem the complex back-and-forth motion gravitational potential limestone, numerous turns brown additional digits that des- interactions among liv- pitman arm a connecting energy the energy or ability sinkholes, and under- receptor in the brain, an ignate a specific delivery ing and nonliving things rod that links one mov- to do work that an object ground drainage area that binds to a par- point and their physical envi- ing part to another, such has because of its position pillar a column formed ticular kind of molecule; machinable mail the ronments as the piston to the pad- above ground level when a stalactite and sta- after a receptor "receives" right size and shape to myrmecologist an ento- dle wheel in a steamboat inrun the ramp or hill a lagmite join the molecule, some other passeasilythrough mologist who specializes potential energy stored ski jumper travels down sinkhole a hole in the land physiological change usu- automation equipment in the study of ants energy; an object that can lift the upward push of surface formed in a lime- ally happens optical character reader symbiosis two species that fall has potential energy air against a surface like a stone cavity by the collapse replacement therapy the (OCR) a computer-con- live together in harmony, and fossil fuels (oil, gas, wing or airfoil of the top of a cave process of trying to quit trolled automated machine each contributing to the and coal) have potential outrun the hill or land- solution the process by smoking by ingesting that interprets address survival of the other energy that they stored ing that a ski jumper which a material is dis- small amounts of nico- information on a piece of when they were formed of lands on solved by water tine to reduce the craving mail, sprays a bar code on RAIN FOREST PLANTS decaying organic matter takeoff table the actual stalactite a rock needle for cigarettes it, and then sorts it bromeliads tropical plants millions of years ago point at which a ski that hangs from the roof tar the mixture of chemi- remote bar coding sys- in the pineapple family that pressure the amount of jumper lifts off the bot- of a cave; formed by the cals formed when tobac- tem (RBCS) a system often grow on the trunks push, or force, on a surface tom of the ramp precipitation of calcium co is burned that uses image data of and branches of trees turbine machine that is transition curve the carbonate tolerance the increasing handwritten and other buttresses woody, finlike turned by a gas or liquid point at the end of the stalagmite a geological need for larger doses of machinable mail that can- supports that radiate with the use of vanes inrun where the ski jump feature formed on the an addictive substance not be read by an OCR from the bases of some or blades ramp curves back up to floor of a cave by the pre- withdrawal symptoms an zip code a five-digit tall tropical forest trees vapor a state of matter in the takeoff table cipitation of calcium car- addicted person experi- numeric code that iden- canopy the layer of a for- which the molecules of a bonate solutions drip- ences when the supply of tifies areas within the est formed by the crowns substance are completely SOCCER ping from the ceiling an addictive substance is United States and its ter- of trees that are oftenseparated from each dribbling advancing the removed ritories about 23 to 76 meters other and are energetic ball by giving it a series WETLANDS zip+4 a nine-digit numer- (75 to 250 feet) tall. enough to spread into all of short kicks algae aquatic plants with OLVMPIC SOLAR ENEMY ic code incorporating the Most rain forest life is available space feinting moving your no true roots or leaves electromagnetic radia- original five-digit zip concentrated here, where body ina way that fertilizer a natural or syn- tion the form of energy code, a hyphen, and four 90 percent of the rain SHARKS deceives your opponent thetic material used to that comes from the sun, additional digits; the four- forest's photosynthesis ampullae of Lorenzini about your intended path increase plant growth most of it as visible light digit add-on identifies a Occurs. jelly-filled canals connect- heading hitting the ball flood overflowing of water electron a subatomic par- specific delivery segment emergent a tree that ed to pores in the shark's with your forehead onto land normally dry ticle with a negative charge such as a floor of a build- grows taller than the snout, which detect low- momentum when an ob- organic substance con- that orbits the positively ing or a group of post canopy trees around it voltage electrical charges ject is moving, its tenden- taining carbon, hydro- charged atomic nucleus office boxes epiphyte plants that grow atoll a coral reef or island cy to continue to move; gen, and other elements; photon a packet of elec- on other plants and send around a lagoon an object's momentum is all living things are made tromagnetic energy that PROSTHETICS no roots to the ground cartilage tough connective the product of its mass of organic molecules behaves both as a particle amputee a person who has ethnobotany the study of tissue found in parts of the and its velocity sewage treatment plant a and a wave lost part or all of a limb how people use plants human body such as the Newton's third law of place where wastewater is photovoltaic cells devices dynamic able to move evapotranspiration the nose, joints, or outer ear motion every action (or broken down and filtered, designed to convert sun- and respond to certain process by which water coral reef ridge of coral force) exerted by one body the water returning to its light into electricity environmental influences from inside a plant evap- rising to or near the sur- on a second body gives rise natural, uncontaminated sensors any of a variety myoelectric muscle elec- orates over the forest, face of a body of water to a reaction (or opposing condition of devices, usually electricity; a myoelectric pros- providing vapor that can denticle hard, tooth-like force) of equal strength but wetland a low area on tronic, that detect, mea- thesis has sensors that form clouds pointscoveringthe opposite direction by the land that is saturated sure, or record physical respond to the minute indigenous occurring shark's skin second body on the first with moisture for most phenomenon such as quantities of electricity naturally in a certain dorsal near the back or physics the science that of the year

OVk PBS E ENCOURAGE DUPLICATION FOR EDUCATIONAL NON-COMMERCIAL USE.

ILl EDUCATION-AL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. 7 07 cf> NEWTON'S APPLE is A PRODUCTION OF KTCA SAINT PAUL/M1NNEAPOLIS. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. Innovation THE 14TH SEASON SUBJECTINDEX SEGMENT TITLE SHOW*

Avalanche Rescue 1405 Bee Stinis1407 Black Pearls 1402 Body Fat 1403 Bones 1412 Clocks 1410 Drinking Water 1413 Ethanol 1412 Gems 1411 Human Eye 1401 I It er toaster I Inca Engineering 1406 Malaria Tracking 1410 Nicotine1404- Olympic Solar Energi1409 Post Office 1411 Prosthetic Limbs 1405 Rain Forest Animals 1408 Rain Forest Plants 1408 Riverboats 1403 Sharks 1402 Ski Jumping1407 Soccer 1409 Spelunking 1401 Wetlands 1413

aid Innovation

7 A PIOGRAM NU1MBER

ALL_ You can build your own solar powered cars and race NEWTON'S them just like in the GM Solar Car Sunrayce! P.

Build a.cuscomjdesigned vehicle propelled by photovoltaic cells.

Materials Questions four small solar cells 1. What would happen if you used more cells? Does placement small I 1/2 volt motor of the cells affect the power of the motor? propeller toy car or parts 2. Does the arrangement of the cells affect the design of your car? How could you arrange the cells to make the car more efficient? 1. Place the solar cells side by side. 3. Do you have any solar-powered items at home? Where else 2. Connect them in a series by twisting the negative and the pos- could solar cells be used at home? At school? itive wire of one cell to the next cell.

3. Attach the motor to the remaining positive and negative wires. *Adapted with the permission from materials of the Science Weekly

4. Attach thepropeller io ille iiütOi.Placc th, ccll in bright light. Observe how fast the propeller turns. Move the light and the cells and note in your journal how the speed of the propeller changes.

5. Design a custom body for the car that can hold the propeller and the cells. Compare yours with your classmates.

6. Try a few time trials to see whose car is the fastest. How can you modify your car to make it go faster?

34.. PERMJSSIOI:IS GRPITELI TOR4 EPRODUCE T.HIS MASTER

NEWTON'SAPPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED FOR MORE INFO AAAAA ON ABOUT NEWTON'S APPLE's KTCA TWIN CITIES PUBLIC TELEVISION. WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES. CALL 612-222.1717. CHECK OUT THE NEWTON'S APPLE WES SITE AT... MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3M. TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. 3M Innovation http://www.mnonline.org/ktcalnewtons EILEEN GALINDO

SUCHIN PAK

BRIAN HACKNEY

DAVE HUDDLESTON

DAVID HEIL 7R ,- PROGRAM NUMBER

41:

Examine why anatomy helps determinethe NEWTON'S sounds we make. -P .

When you talk, you use your voice box. A bird makes sounds with 3. Show the transparency of a person's vocal cords and anatomy. a vocal organ called the syrinx. The vibrationof thin muscles in Have each student then draw an outline of the person. Explain the the syrinx creates its song. Investigate and compare the vocal organ different parts of the body that a person uses to speak. As a part is of a bird with that of a human. discussed, have each student draw the additional part in its normal location on the outline, labeling cach part. Materials sheets of standard paper (8 1/2" x 11"), two per student 4. Place the two outlines beside one another. Discuss differences pencils and similarities that exist between a bird and a person. What effect overhead transparency of a drawing of a bird's anatomy, showing would these differences have in determining the sounds a person trachea, lungs, air sacs, and syrinx makes compared to a bird's sound? overhead transparency of the head, throat and chest regions of a person's anatomy, showing trachea, bronchus, lungs, and larynx Questions 1. Besides sound, in what other ways do birds and humans Note: Make an overhead transparency by photocopying the art- communicate? work on this page, cutting out the illustrations, and transferring them to a transparency. Make sure the names of die parts do nut 2. unw ickirri I,ehavinrdifferent or similar to that of people appear on the transparency. (hair vs. feathers, gestures vs. wing positions)? Why does your voice become scratchy and deep when you have a sore throat? 1. Give each student two sheets of paper.

2. Show the transparency with ari overhead projector. Have everyone draw an outline of the bird's chest, neck, and head. As you explain the different parts of a bird's anatomy that help make its songs, have each student add those parts and label them.

Trachea

Cervical air sac Syrinx lnterclavicular air sac .1

Anterior thoracic air sac Lung Rib Bronchus

Posterior' Lung thoracic air sac

\ Abdominal air sac

79 1

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NEWTON'SAPPLE IS A PRODUCTION Of EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED Fo, MORE INFORMATION ABOUT NEWTON'S APPLE'S . ATEA TWIN CITIES PUBLIC TELEVISION. wIT THE NATIONAL SCIENCE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES. CALL 612222.1717. CHECI, OUT THE NEWTON'S APPLE WEB SITE AT... MADE pOSSIBLE BYA GRANT FROM 300. TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. 3M Innovation htlp://www.mnonlinc.org/ktca/newtons WHAT IS NEWTON'S APPLE? NEWTON'S APPLE, public television's family science show, is a fast-paced magazine format television program designed to excite viewers' curiosity.It is now in its 14th season on PBS and is carried on more than 250 public television stations nationwide. Starting from a viewer question, each program segmentinvolves viewers in fascinating discoveries about science in the world around us.

Asking questions of NEWTON'S APPLE is a great classroom activity. Send your questions to: NEWTON'S APPLE, 172 4th Street E, Saint Paul MN 55101, or e-mail to .

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NEWTON'S

80 1PinE. AnEDUCATIONAL extensive Teacher's Guide, RESOURCES developed with the National * NEWTON'S APPLE...Live: A live in-school theatre pro- andpaniesScience multiple the Teachers series classroom and Association includes activities background,for usefor eachin the majorkeywords, classroom, segment. resources, accom- weatherductionof thunder. thatthrough explores a fanciful and demonstrates drama about aira young pressure girl's and fear the throughNEWTON'S partnerships APPLE with offers educational many materials developers other educational resources Sciences)two* NEWTON'S videodisc that packagesoffer APPLE easy (PhysicalMultimedia access to Sciences NEWTON'S Interactive Collection:APPLE seg- and Life and* Hands-ondistributors: science kits: a series of laboratory activity kits, science*ments NEWTON'S and charts teaching using APPLE the Science real-life Charts: questioning 10 inquiry-based approach of materials to help build curriculum. NewtonincludingEarth (Solaron Newton's Slime, System (Colloidal Greatest and Geology Hits Chemistry (Newton's kit) andkit), Laws Oh,Newton Mr.of Physics Newtonon the kit), onthe thetelevision back. show that include four reproducible activities *the(Science ,What's equipment Overviewthe Secret? for experimenting kit). CD-ROMs: Each includes interactive at home complete or science school. guides discovery and all ForGuide,resources information call or 612-222-1717 to aboutobtain any a of or the write many to: science education free NEWTON'S API'LE leacher's wideprogramscoasters range forto of glue, bothscience flightMacintosh subjects, to skeletons. from the heart to bees, roller and Windows that explore a NEWTON'SSaint172 Paul4th Street MN APPLE 55101 E NEWTON'S APPLE iswouild made likepossible to see on the PBS show by 3M. continue If you appreciate81 please Write us and we'll forward your thoughts to 3M. bringing Science discovery to piopie of all ages, NEWTON'S APPLE and 8 2 WORLD WIDE WEB NEWTON'S APPLE's award-winning World Wide Web site is chock full of useful information for teachers, students, parents, and viewers of all ages. Teacher's Guides are available online, as well as NEWTON'S APPLE show information; an interactive forum for viewer suggestions and questions; a CD- ROM demo from What's the Secret? ; more information about the growing array of educational resources; and biographical informationon the show's hosts. The NEWTON'S APPLE World Wide Web address is: http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons

PBS 01 iat--4-41-km trq

83 Innovation 'PROGRAM NUMBER

I S'A'41 Eta- Builda model wing andfind out what happens NEWTON'S when you move it through the air. P .

The lift on the sail of a.sailboard is similar to that on a wing of 7. Pass the other end of the fishing line through the 15-cm straw an airplane. What forces and pressures generatelift? Construct a which is attached to the paper. model to demonstrate the force of lift. 8. Pull the fishing line through and tie this end to the other 7.5r Materials cm straw. The Z.5-cm straws will be yourhandles. two 8 1/2" x 11" sheets of paper ruler 9. On the other piece of paper, trace two copies of the airfoil transparent tape shape below and cut out the shapes. Tape the shapes to the open sharpened pencil ends of the "wing." The flat edge of the shapes should be on the 60-cm (24") piece of monofilament fishing line bottom of the wing (see illustration). one 15-cm (6"). straw two 7.5-cm (3") straws 10. Taking the 7.5-cm straw handles, one in each hand, draw the fishing line tight and position 1. Fold one.sheet,of paper in half, but do not it so the line is perpendicular to the floor. crease the fold. Make sure the flatter surface of the wing faces down. 2. Tape the long opened edge of paper with three small pieces of tape to keep it closed. This taped side 11. With your arms out in front of will be known as your "trailing edge," while the folded you, make a quick sweeping motion side will be known as the "leading edge." through the air. Be certain that the leading edge of the wing is in front. 3. With the pencil, mark an "X" on the center line of the paper about one inch from the Questions leading edge. 1. What did your piece of paper do?

4. Punch a hole through both the top and bottom of the paper 2. What caused the wing to move upward? at the "X." (Be careful not to crease the paper at the fold.) 3. Explain how this demonstration relates to a sail. 5. Place the 15-cm straw through the hole you just punched. Use tape, if necessary, to hold the straw in place. 4. Explain the forces that move the paper upward.

6. Tie one end of the fishing line to the middle of a 7.5-cm straw.

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FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT NEWTON'S APPLE's NEWTON'S APPLEIS A PRODUCTION OF EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED WITH THE NATIONAL SCIENCE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES. CALL 612-222-1717. ETCA TWIN CITIES PUBLIC TELEVISION. CHECK OUT THE NEWTON'S APPLE NEB SITE AT.. MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 3A. TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. 31111 Innmation http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/newtons NEWTON'S APPLE premieres inOctober on public television stationsnationwide. Contact your localPBS station to find out the exactair date and time of NEWTON'S APPLEand other public tdevision.programs. If youfind out that your PBS station isn't planning to air - NEWTON'S APPLE, call or write themand explain how you plan to use the programand" how valuable it is to you and your students.If they are. akin& NEWTON'S APPLE, let them know you appreciate it!

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,Build a tightrope setup and go for a walk! NEWION'S I P .

Make your dreams of running away to join the circus come 4. Try walking your tightrope with your longer pole. Move your trueat least for a little while. In this activity, you construct a hands together until they touch in the middle of the pole and tightrope setup, learn the basics of tightrope walking, and under- walk the tightrope holding the pole horizontally. Now spread stand a little more about the physics behind balancing! Get an your hands as far apart as possible on the pole andwalk the adult to help you buikl the setup, as well as to double-check tightrope again..Does your hand position affect your ability to -ushioning and spot you as-you learn. balance? How? Why? Try the two hand positions again with a broom. Is there any difference? Why? Vfaterials one 8'-long two-by-four board 5. Using the hand position you found to be the best for balancing, two 4'-long two-by-four boards try walking your tightrope first with your short pole, then with two smooth poles, one about 3' long, the other about 6' (The your long pole. Which length helps you balance better? Why? ength doesn't have to be exact, so long as the two sticks have tbout 3' difference between them.) 6. Tie the filled plastic milk jugs to the sandpaper ends of your long pole and walk hammer the tightrope again. Do the 3" nails weights affect your balanc- soft, grassy area or cushioned mats - _ ing ahili ty? How? Why? two half-gallon plastic jugs filled with water broom 7. Using the-short pole, 50 cm (20") of string or cord cut into two equal lengths walk across your tightrope. What hap- I. Place the two-by-fours on their thinner edges, forming an H pens to the pole when see illustration). Center and nail the shorter boards onto the you start to lose your bal- ends of the longest two-by-four. Sand down the entire sur- ance? What happens to face, making sure there are no rough edges or slivers. your body? Can you use the pole to deliberately make yourself 2. Place your "tightrope" on the soft, grassy area. If . lose your balance? you put it on cushioned mats, make sure there is enough padded area to protect your 8. Add some tricks to your repertoire. Try walking entire body if you fall. backwards from end to end, balancing on one foot, or turning, around on one foot. Can you think of other 3.1 First,try walking tricks you can add with practice? (Here are a couple from end to end very ideastry stepping over your balancing pole, or play- slowly. Where do you ing with a hula hoop.) findyourselfholding your hands and arms? Try Question holding them stillfirst straight out 1. What combination of factors gave you the best balance? Why? from your body, then overhead, then stiff by your sides. How do these different positions affect your balance? Why? Try these same positions holding a filled plastic milk jug in each hand. Does the added weight make balancing easier or harder? Why?

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NEWTON'SAPPLE IS A PRODUCTION OF EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT NEWTON'S APPLE'S KTCA EwIN CITIES PUBLIC TELEVISION. KITH TNE NATIONAL SCIENCE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES. CALL 612-2221717. CHECK OUT THE NEWTON'S APPLE NEB SITE AT... MADE POSSIBLE BY A GRANT FROM 311. TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. 31111 Innovation http://www.mnonline.org/ktca/neviCons TWIN CITIES NONPROFIT ORG. PUBLIC TELEVISION U.S. POSTAGE NEWTON'S APPLE PAID 172 4TH ST E Saint Paul, MN SAINT PAUL MN 55101 PERMIT NO.3826

Look inside for information about the newest season of

NEWTON'S APPLE. NEWTON'S APPLE is taking you around

the worldand into your own backyardto bring you

and your students more science fun and discoveries!

In addition to this free teacher's guide, NEWTON'S APPLE has lots of new science education products that help put

kids, teachers, and parents in the driver's seat, including:

WHAT'S THE SECRET? CD-ROMs NEWTON'S APPLE SCIENCE KITS FOR HOME AND SCHOOL NEWTON'S APPLE EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS ON-LINE NEWTON'S APPLE CLASSROOM SCIENCE CHARTS NEWTON'S APPLE LIVE! TRAVELING THEATER SHOW NEWTON'S APPLE MULTIMEDIA COLLECTION VIDEODISCS AND SOFTWARE

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