(Csa) in Ghana

Ministry of Food and Agriculture of the Republic of Ghana

INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK FOR MOBILIZATION OF RESOURCES INTO CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE (CSA) IN GHANA

Published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Republic of Ghana

Recommended citation: FAO and MoFA. 2018. Investment Framework for Mobilization of Resources into Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) in Ghana. Accra. 210 pp.

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Contents

Foreword ...... ix Acknowledgements...... xi Executive Summary ...... xii Abbreviations and acronyms ...... xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Objective ...... 2 1.3 The report includes the following chapters: ...... 2 CHAPTER 2: STUDY APPROACHES AND INSTRUMENTS ...... 3 2.1 Multi-disciplinary Team Formation ...... 3 2.2 Selection of study locations ...... 3 2.3 District level co-generation of information ...... 4 2.3.1 Organization for meetings ...... 4 2.3.2 Secondary literature sources ...... 4 2.3.3 Focus Group Discussions, Data collection and Analysis ...... 4 2.3.4 District level Validation and Participatory investment planning ...... 5 2.3.5 Duration of district level data collection ...... 5 2.4 The report writing ...... 5 CHAPTER 3: District level CSA investment frameworks ...... 6 3.0 Introduction ...... 6 3.1 TAIN DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK ...... 6 3.1.1 Summary results for Tain district ...... 6 3.1.2. Tain District Profile ...... 7 3.1.3 Identified Value Chain Commodities and Percentage (%) Farmer Engagement ...... 9 3.1.4 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Sociocultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain preference ...... 10 3.1.5 Assessing Value Chain Segments and Gender Characterization ...... 11 3.1.6 Climate Smart Agriculture practices identified in the value chain segments...... 11 3.1.7 Gender Considerations in CSA Practices Utilization ...... 12 3.1.8 Matching Prioritized Crop and Livestock Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices 12 3.1.9 Participatory Investment Decisions Based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA Practices ...... 13 3.1.10 Conclusion ...... 14 3.2. BIBIANI-ANHWIASO-BEKWAI DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK ...... 16 3.2.1 Summary results for Bibiani Anhwiaso Bekwai district ...... 16 3.2.2 Brief District Profile...... 16 3.2.3 Identified Value Chain Commodities and Percentage (%) Farmer Engagement ...... 19

iii

3.2.4 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Sociocultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain preference ...... 20 3.2.5 Assessing Value Chain Segments and Gender Characterization ...... 21 3.2.6 Climate Smart Agriculture practices identified in the value chain segments...... 21 3.2.7 Gender Considerations in CSA Practices Utilization ...... 21 3.2.8 Matching Prioritized Crop and Livestock Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices 22 3.2.9 Participatory Investment Decisions Based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA Practices ...... 22 3.2.10 Suggested CSA Funding Sources ...... 22 3.2.11 Conclusion ...... 23 3.3 LAWRA DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK ...... 24 3.3.1 Summary results for Lawra district ...... 24 3.3.2 Lawra District Profile ...... 25 3.3.3 Identified Value Chain Commodities and Percentage (%) Farmer Engagement ...... 26 3.3.4 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Sociocultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain commodities preference ...... 26 3.3.5 Assessing Value Chain Segments and Gender Characterization ...... 27 3.3.6 Climate Smart Agriculture practices identified in the value chain segments...... 28 3.3.7 Gender Considerations in CSA Practices Utilization ...... 28 3.3.8 Matching Prioritized Crop and Livestock Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices 28 3.3.9 Participatory Investment Decisions Based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA Practices ...... 29 3.3.10 Conclusion ...... 30 3.4 OFFINSO NORTH DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK ...... 32 3.4.1 Summary results for Offinso North district ...... 32 3.4.2 Brief District Profile...... 33 3.4.3 Identified Value Chain Commodities and Percentage (%) Farmer Engagement ...... 35 3.4.5 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Socio-cultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain preference ...... 36 3.4.6 Assessing Value Chain Segments and Gender Characterization ...... 37 3.4.7 Climate Smart Agriculture practices identified in the value chain segments...... 37 3.4.8 Gender Considerations in CSA Practices Utilization ...... 37 3.4.9 Matching Prioritized Crop and Livestock Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices 38 3.4.10 Participatory Investment Decisions Based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA Practices ...... 38 3.4.11 Suggested CSA Funding Sources ...... 39 3.4.12 Conclusion ...... 39 3.5 WEST MAMPRUSI DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK ...... 41 3.5.1 Summary results for West Mamprusi district ...... 41

3.5.2 District Profile ...... 42 3.5.3 Identified Value Chain Commodities and Percentage Farmer Engagement ...... 44 3.5.4 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Sociocultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain commodities preference ...... 44 3.5.5 Ranking and Weighting of the Value Chain Segments ...... 45 3.5.6 Climate Smart Agricultural practices identified in the value chain segments ...... 45 3.5.7 Gender Considerations in CSA Practices Utilization ...... 46 3.5.8 Matching Prioritized Crop and livestock Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices 46 3.5.9 Participatory Investment Decisions based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA practices ...... 47 3.5.10 Conclusion ...... 47 3.6 BIRIM SOUTH DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK ...... 49 3.6.1 Summary results for Birim South district ...... 49 3.6.2 District Profile ...... 50 3.6.3 Identified Value Chain Commodities and Percentage (%) Farmer Engagement ...... 53 3.6.4 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Socio-cultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain preference ...... 54 3.6.5 Assessing Value Chain Segments and Gender Characterization ...... 55 3.6.6 Climate Smart Agriculture practices identified in the value chain segments...... 55 3.6.7 Gender Considerations in CSA Practices Utilization ...... 55 3.6.8 Matching Prioritized Crop and Livestock Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices 56 3.6.9 Participatory Investment Decisions Based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA Practices ...... 56 3.6.10 Suggested CSA Funding Sources ...... 57 3.6.11 Conclusion ...... 57 3.7 BAWKU WEST DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK...... 59 3.7.1 Summary results for Bawku West district ...... 59 3.7.2 District Profile ...... 59 3.7.3 Identified food production systems commonly practiced in the district ...... 61 3.7.4 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Sociocultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain commodities preference ...... 62 3.7.5 Assessing Value Chain Segments and Gender Characterization ...... 62 3.7.6 Climate Smart Agricultural practices identified in the value chain segments ...... 63 3.7.7 Gender Consideration in CSA Practices Utilization and Constraints ...... 63 3.7.8 Matching Prioritized Crop and Livestock Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices 63 3.7.9 Participatory Investment Decisions based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA practices ...... 64 3.7.10 Conclusion ...... 64 3.8 HO WEST DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK ...... 66

3.8.1 Summary results for Ho West district ...... 66 3.8.2 Brief District Profile...... 67 3.8.3 Identified Value Chain Commodities and Percentage (%) Farmer Engagement ...... 70 3.8.4 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Socio-cultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain preference ...... 70 3.8.5 Assessing Value Chain Segments and Gender Characterization ...... 71 3.8.6 Climate Smart Agriculture practices identified in the value chain segments...... 72 3.8.7 Gender Considerations in CSA Practices Utilization ...... 72 3.8.8 Matching Prioritized Crop and Livestock Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices 73 3.8.9 Participatory Investment Decisions Based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA Practices ...... 73 3.8.10 Suggested CSA Funding Sources ...... 74 3.8.11 Conclusion ...... 74 3.9 ADA WEST DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT RAMEWORK ...... 76 3.9.1 Summary results for Ada West district ...... 76 3.9.2 Ada West District Profile ...... 77 3.9.3 Identified Value Chain Commodities and Percentage (%) Farmer Engagement ...... 78 3.9.4 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Sociocultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain commodities preference ...... 78 3.9.5 Assessing Value Chain Segments and Gender Characterization ...... 79 3.9.6 Climate Smart Agriculture practices identified in the value chain segments...... 79 3.9.7 Gender Considerations in CSA Practices Utilization ...... 80 3.9.8 Matching Prioritized Crop Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices ...... 80 3.9.10 Participatory Investment Decisions Based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA Practices ...... 80 3.9.11 Conclusion ...... 80 CHAPTER 4 ...... 82 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 82 References ...... 85 Annexes ...... 88

Figures

FIGURE 1 MAP OF TAIN DISTRICT ...... 7 FIGURE 2 MAP OF BIBIANI-ANHWIANSO-BEKWAI DISTRICT ...... 17 FIGURE 3 MAP OF LAWRA DISTRICT ...... 25 FIGURE 4 MAP OF OFFINSO NORTH DISTRICT ...... 33 FIGURE 5 MAP OF WEST MAMPRUSI DISTRICT ...... 43 FIGURE 6 MAP OF BIRIM SOUTH DISTRICT ...... 50 FIGURE 7 MAP OF BAWKU WEST DISTRICT...... 60 FIGURE 8 MAP OF HO WEST DISTRICT ...... 67 FIGURE 9 MAP OF ADA WEST ...... 77

Tables

TABLE 1 CRITERIA FOR INITIAL SELECTION OF THE 20 DISTRICTS ...... 3 TABLE 2 CLUSTERED DISTRICTS BY AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES AND NINE SELECTED DISTRICTS FOR DATA COLLECTION ...... 4

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Foreword

The world’s population would be around 9.5 billion people by 2050 (source). This challenge call for increased global agricultural production of about 70% in order to feed the greater population and reduce rates of under nutrition. This requires agricultural transformation that provide the basis for economic growth and poverty reduction. At the same time climate change will make this task more difficult. To achieve food security and agricultural development goals while avoiding or minimizing negative climate change impacts, there is the need for (i) Adaptation to climate change and (ii) Ensuring lower emission intensities per output of production. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is an approach developed by FAO and its partners to support the transformation of the agriculture sectors into production systems that are more adapted and resilient to climate change effects with reduced emission of GHGs. FAO’s technical support to Ghana to implement the project Support Transition Towards Climate-Smart Agriculture Food Systems was under two main objectives: (i) Support the facilitation of the enabling environment for the scaling-up of CSA through capacity building across the different institutions at all levels and (ii) Assist the emergence of agricultural food systems that are more climate-smart through improved coordination and alignment of policies, strategies and investment frameworks. As part of the project implementation FAO took part in the development and launching of the national climate-smart agriculture and food security action plan (2016-2020); a document to respond to Ghana’s National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) serving as a crucial tool to guide the translation of the NCCP into concrete actionable Climate-Smart Agriculture initiatives in all agro-ecological zones in Ghana. Through the project, various CSA practises, technologies and initiatives were promoted and supported. Innovative financing mechanisms that link and blend climate and agricultural finance from public and private sectors are a key means for scaling up CSA, as are the integration and coordination of relevant policy instruments and institutional arrangements if agriculture is to meet current and future demands. In view of this the project provided support to the development of an investment framework for resource mobilisation to boost and transform agriculture production at the decentralised level using the CSA approach. In November 2017, a national validation workshop was held to bring together stakeholders from all nine districts (Tain, Lawra, Bawku West, West Mamprusi, Offinso North, Bibiani Anhwiaso Bekwai, Birim South, Ho West and Ada West) where field studies were carried out as well as Representatives of government institutions to finalise and accept the investment framework developed. To development partners and other stakeholders in the agricultural sector this document would help in the formulation and design of projects to meet the needs and demands of districts and help in directing investments to the right areas. The aim is to ensure that the multiple challenges faced by agriculture and food systems are addressed simultaneously and holistically, which help avoid counterproductive policies, legislation or financing. It would also provide an opportunity for the private sector to identify possible areas of investment in particular districts and how best to support agriculture production whiles making good returns on investments. At national level this document will compliment government’s current efforts at transforming the country’s agriculture by identifying possible converging points for the Planting for food

and jobs initiative among other policy interventions. It will also compliment the current work being undertaken by government in the development of the country’s national agricultural investment plan (NAIP). The document will also support future government efforts in organizing investment forum targeting development partners, donors and policy makers. The ultimate goal is to support and facilitate the mobilisation of funds for CSA upscaling at decentralised level.

Hon Owusu Afriyie-Akoto Minister, Food and Agriculture.

Acknowledgements

This report has been made possible thanks to the contribution of time, energy and expertise of many individuals, and the collaboration and support of District Assemblies and partner institutions. FAO and Government of Ghana would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge these contributions. The report was prepared by the climate change and environment unit, FAO Ghana. The core team was coordinated by Sebastian Brahene and included Benjamin Adjei, Albert Nikiema and Kingsley Amoako. The district reports gathered from nine representative districts were the main source of information for the Investment Framework for Mobilization of Resources into Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) in Ghana. FAO and GoG wish to thank the Districts authorities and all the individuals involved, in particular the district stakeholders, for their contributions on the collection of the data required to prepare the CSA investment framework at district and national level. The preparation of the report would not have been possible without the generous financial support provided by the Government of Norway for the implementation of the project Support Transition Towards Climate Smart Agriculture Food Systems and the in-kind contribution from the Government of Ghana. The project coordination unit established by MoFA made valuable contributions during the in- house presentation leading to finalization of the report. We are grateful to the following persons: George Prah and Samuel Archer. The development of the guidelines for field level data collection, organisation of meetings, focus group discussions and workshops at local and national level involved the following team including experts from FAO Office in Ghana , experts from the core team of the climate change agriculture and food security (CCAFS) Platform-Ghana and the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA): Albert Nikiema, Benjamin DeRidder, Benjamin Adjei, Sebastian Brahene, Stephen Frimpong, Cecilia Akita, Mathias Edetor, Naaminong Karbo, George Essegbey, Delali Kofi Nutsukpo, Kingsley Sam Odum, Vincent Botchway Ansah, Kingsley Amoako, Nathaniel Laryea, Ahmed Gibrille and Kingsley Agyemang. Data entry and analysis of information from the field was done by Kingsley Sam Odum and Vincent Botchway Ansah with assistance from Naaminong Karbo. The draft report was reviewed by Albert Nikiema and Sebastian Brahene. The final editing was carried out by Sebastian Brahene and benefitted from contributions from David Youngs, Kingsley Amoako, Radhika Gopali and Samuel Creppy. Administrative support was provided by Henrietta Appiah, Ann Frimpong and Victoria Darko. The overall supervision of the report writing was done by Albert Nikiema. Throughout the report preparation process, continuous support and encouragement were received from the FAO Representative to Ghana and Ag. Director- Crop Services Directorate, MoFA: Abebe Haile Gabriel and Seth Osei Akoto respectively. Listing every person by name is not easy and carries with it the risk that someone may be overlooked. Apologies are conveyed to anyone who may have provided assistance whose name has been inadvertently omitted.

Abbreviations and acronyms

ACDEP Association of Church Development Projects ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency AGRA Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa CBA Cost Benefit Analysis CBR Cost Benefit Ratio CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CRS Catholic Relief Services CSA Climate Smart Agriculture CSD Crop Services Directorate CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research DFID Department for International Development EPAG Environmental Protection Association of Ghana EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FGD Focus Group Discussion GASIP Ghana Agricultural Sector Investment Programme GCAP Ghana Commercial Agriculture Project GDP Gross Domestic Product GIZ German Federal Enterprise for International Cooperation GoG Government of Ghana IDA International Development Association IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IGF Internal Generated Fund IRR Internal Rate of Return JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency LI Legislative Instrument LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas METASIP Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan MoFA Ministry of Food and Agriculture NAIP National Agricultural Investment Plan NBIR Net Benefit Investment Ratio NCCP National Climate Change Policy NPV Net Present Value SADA Savannah Accelerated Development Authority SARI Savanna Agricultural Research Institute SODIA Social Development Agency UNDP United Nations Development Programme

xii

Executive summary

The development of Ghana’s economy is agriculture led and provides employment to over 60% of the population. The potential for agriculture to respond to the food needs of the population and also bring about industrialization remains huge and untapped. However, climate change and its variability pose the biggest threat to the development of the agricultural sector, which is largely smallholder-driven and rain-fed. This situation required that measures be taken to enhance the sustainable development of smallholder farmers’ livelihoods and food systems. It is instructive to note that Ghana has developed and implemented its National Agricultural Investment Plans (NAIPs) such as, the Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP), directing government’s plans and support in the area of investments, resource mobilization and budgetary allocation into agriculture. Furthermore, government came out with a national climate smart agriculture (CSA) and Food Security Action Plan (2016-2020) to respond to the national climate change policy (NCCP) document. This plan highlights how CSA can be integrated into various subsectors within agriculture to ensure that the right technologies, practices and approaches are promoted by taking into consideration the different agro-ecological zones that exist and the multi-level nature of implementing such a plan in the decentralized local government system. In furtherance to this agenda, the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) in collaboration with FAO launched a two-year project in November 2015, to initiate the transitioning of Ghana’s agriculture to climate smart agriculture (GCP/RAF/496/NOR). One of the outputs of the project was to develop investment frameworks to equip districts with concrete information and knowledge on existing CSA opportunities along the value chain that can be used to draw up projects and programmes to possibly attract funding to support agriculture directly at the district level. The objective of the study leading to the development of the investment framework was to enter nine districts namely Tain, Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai, Bawku West, Lawra, West Mamprusi, Birim South, Offinso North, Ho West and Ada West with the agro-ecological perspective to co-generate empirical data with district level stakeholders to develop CSA investment frameworks for adoption by districts in Ghana. Consideration was also to be given to gender, economic, social and cultural barriers at the district level. Quite remarkable for all the districts is the high diversity of crop and livestock value chain commodities across the various agro-ecological zones. The sustainable production of most of these commodities appear to have been supported over the years with a defined set of system of CSA practices based on certain trade-offs and synergies in the realm of productivity/economics, social/climate adaptation and environment.

xiii CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

It is generally known for a fact that the growth and development of Ghana’s economy is agriculture led. Agriculture contributes about 22% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with a growth rate of 5.7% (ISSER, 2015). Up to the 1970s, the contribution of agriculture to GDP was averaging at least 45%. It provides employment to over sixty percent of the population. Happenings in the space of climate change and its variability with erratic and unpredictable rainfall pattern poses the biggest threat to the agricultural sector which is largely smallholder-driven and rain-fed. This situation if no measures are taken presents the greatest problems to sustainable smallholder farmers’ livelihoods and food systems. However, it is instructive to note that Ghana has developed and implemented its National Agricultural Investment Policies (NAIPs) such as, the Medium Term Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP), directing government’s plans and support in the area of investments, resource mobilization and budgetary allocation into agriculture. Currently the METASIP appears to be under review. Furthermore, government came out with a national climate smart agriculture (CSA) and Food Security Action Plan (2016-2020) to respond to the national climate change policy document (NCCP). This plan highlights how CSA can be integrated into various subsectors within agriculture to ensure that the right technologies, practices and approaches are promoted by taking into consideration the different agro-ecological zones that exist and the multi- level nature of implementing such a plan in the decentralized local government system.

In furtherance to this agenda, the Ministry of food and agriculture (MoFA) in collaboration with FAO launched a two-year project in November 2015, to initiate the transitioning of Ghana’s agriculture to climate smart (GCP/RAF/496/NOR).Capacity building formed part of the process as well as knowledge generation and management consisting of reviews and alignment of all policy interventions and plans to CSA. Various CSA actors, CSA technologies and practices and the quantum of investments sums have also been profiled with the agro-ecological perspective of the country. Informed by these reviews, and guided by the CSA and Food Security Action Plan (2016-2020) field studies were conducted to develop investment frameworks to equip districts with concrete information and knowledge on existing CSA opportunities along the value chain that can be used to draw up projects and programmes to possibly attract funding to support

agriculture directly at the district level. In the decentralized District Assembly system of local governance there appears to be a void of such empirical information likely to limit the promotion and scaling up of climate smart practices for increased and sustainable production. Preliminary profiling work on CSA technologies and practices revealed financing and incoherent policy alignments as challenges to widespread adoption of CSA practices by smallholder men and women farmers.

1.2 Objective The main objective of the study was to enter nine districts with the agro-ecological perspective to co-generate empirical data with district level stakeholders to develop proposed CSA investment framework for adoption by districts in Ghana. Consideration should also be given to economic, social and cultural barriers at the district level in attaining the proposed CSA investment frameworks. The gender dimension should also be addressed.

1.3 The report includes the following chapters: Chapter 2: Study approaches and instruments

Chapter 3: District level CSA investment frameworks

Chapter 4: Conclusion and Recommendations

CHAPTER 2

STUDY APPROACHES AND INSTRUMENTS

2.1 Multi-disciplinary Team Formation

A multidisciplinary core team of five experts in the areas of policy/social science, economics/agribusiness and agriculture was employed in the field study. The list of the field study team is provided in annex 1.

2.2 Selection of study locations

A set of criteria used for the initial selection of the 20 potential districts to constitute the study area is given in Table 1

Table 1 Criteria for initial selection of the 20 Districts No. Criteria Remarks

1 Agro-ecology CSA is site specific, hence the need for a representation of the 6 agro-ecological zones in Ghana and matching these zones with the administrative regions

2 Existing CSA practices and success cases from Fast track development success factors interventions 3 Proximity to demonstration research facilities Identification of technologies 4 Regional Equity or balance Administrative region representation 5 Availability of secondary literature and Ease to mobilization of groups for participation presence of CSA platform

The six agro-ecological zones used in this study were matched with the Administrative Regions in Ghana as indicated below: 1 Guinea Savanna - Northern, Upper West, Upper East 2 Sudan Savanna - Upper East 3 Coastal Savanna - Volta, Greater Accra, Central, Western 4 Deciduous Forest - Ashanti and Eastern 5 Rain Forest - Western 6 Forest Transition - Ashanti, Volta, Brong Ahafo

The potential twenty districts likely to adapt the CSA investment framework were clustered and nine further selected for the model investment framework development (Table 2)

Table 2 Clustered districts by agro-ecological zones and nine selected districts for data collection No. Agro-Ecological Zone Cluster of Districts Selected Districts 1 Guinea Savanna 1. Lawra Lawra and West Mamprusi 2. Nandom 3. Jirapa 4. Nadowli Kaleo 5. West Mamprusi – Walewale 6. Sawla Tuna Kaba 2 Sudan Savanna 1. Bawku West Bawku West 2. Kassena Nankana 3 Coastal Savanna 1. Ada West Ada West 2. Agona Asiebu Kwaamang 3. Akatsi North 4 Deciduous Forest 1. Atwima Nwabiagya Birim South 2. Birim South 5 Rain Forest 1. Wassa Mpoho East Bibiani Anhwiaso Bekwai 2. Bibiani Anhwiaso Bekwai 6 Forest Transition 1. Ho West Tain 2. Tain Offinso North 3. Offinso North Ho West 4. Afigya Kwabre 5. Ga East – Abokobi Total 20 9

2.3 District level co-generation of information 2.3.1 Organization for meetings

Prior visit notification was sent out in writing to the selected district assemblies by the project coordination unit of MoFA, communicating the dates of entry for the study. The mobilization of participants was done by the department of agriculture of the various district assemblies guided by a predetermined list of multi-stakeholder participants consisting of producers, processors, marketers, service providers including the relevant district assembly staff. In each district the number of stakeholders that participated in the meetings was 25 on the average. The list of participants by district and gender is provided in the Annex.

2.3.2 Secondary literature sources

Secondary literature on district profiles were obtained from the district planning units of the Assemblies. The consulted literature included the District annual action plans and the analytical reports of population and housing census. Other sources of literature on CSA profiling included work done in Guinea Savannah and Forest zones (Sam et al. 2016) and that on the Coastal Savannah (Ng’ang’a et al. 2016).

2.3.3 Focus Group Discussions, Data collection and Analysis

Two days were budgeted for effective work in each district. The engagement of stakeholders in the first day employed the focus group discussion (FGD) tool to generate district wide information on the CSA practices, the diversity of value chain commodities and the proportions of farmers by gender engaged in the activity. A checklist was developed and used for the purpose. Participants were facilitated to prioritize the value chain commodities and their corresponding CSA system of practices as well as gender disaggregated information on utilization of the various

practices in the value chain segments. Challenges of economic, social, and cultural nature negating adoption of the CSA practices associated with the prioritized value chain commodities were elicited during the group discussions and also from key informant interviews.

Individual or household level data on the input and output operations of prioritized value chain commodities under the given practices was also obtained by administering a cost-benefit analysis questionnaire instrument. The data was entered into an excel sheet and analyzed in the field by the team to estimate benefit cost ratios (BCR), net present values (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), etc. to aid economic decision making for investment. The protocols on these approaches were earlier presented in a workshop and validated by an expanded core team of experts in Accra before the team set out to the field.

2.3.4 District level Validation and Participatory investment planning

The participants for second day activity was composed of some selected participants from the first day meeting and officers from the district assembly, particularly district chief executive/coordinating director, planning and budget officers. Oral presentation of the results was made to the stakeholders aided by power point projection for visualization. After the validation of the findings participants were facilitated in participatory investment planning by making decisions on prioritized commodities based on food security and socio-cultural factors against the revealed economic indicators obtained in the given environment. Participants reflected on the current status of investment engagement of actors along the value chain segments in order to determine future investment direction through debates and consensus building. Open voting by show of hand counts was used in a few cases to decide on issues. The constraints and reasons for the investment decisions were captured in writing during such discussions.

The medium of interaction at the meeting for effective communication varied from district to district and included the use of Ewe, Akan, Dagaara, Kusaal, Mampruli in association with the English language. Where appropriate interpreters were engaged for the purpose.

2.3.5 Duration of district level data collection

The selected districts for the study were grouped into three zones namely, coastal, middle and northern belts. Data collection started from the coastal zone on 12th June 2017 and lasted 25th July 2017 in the northern zone. Effectively, about thirty two days were used to collect data.

2.4 The report writing

Two project team meetings were held back in Accra first to preview the data sets generated, develop the draft report structure and share roles to write the report. The second meeting was called to review the drafts and prepare for an in-house review of the draft report involving MoFA project coordination unit and FAO project officers. This paved the way for the organization and facilitation of a two-day national validation workshop in Accra. Useful comments and suggestions were incorporated in the final report.

CHAPTER 3

DISTRICT LEVEL CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORKS

3.0 Introduction This section looks at the investment framework for each of the nine districts covered. It begins with a summary results per district which could be taken as the executive summary. The district profile is presented which captures information on the district capital, location and land area. The physical and natural environment which highlights the topography and some natural resources that the district is endowed with is mentioned. This also includes the rainfall distribution as well as temperature variations within the year. The demographic characteristics which features the estimated population according to recently held national census provides information on the socio-cultural analysis of households as well as their income sources. Information on the identified value chain commodities and the number of farmers engaged in them are presented also. In addition, the socio-cultural and financial indicators underpinning each identified crop and livestock value chain are discussed. An assessment of the various value chain segments and associated gender characterization are presented. A key aspect is the CSA practices identified and the gender consideration in the choice and use and use of various practices. Each prioritized crop and livestock value chain was matched with the system of CSA practice undertaken as well as the participatory decisions based on the prioritized value chain. The chapter ends with a conclusion on the main points.

3.1 TAIN DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK 3.1.1 Summary results for Tain district

There was a strong showing for maize, local fowl, cassava, yam, groundnuts, sheep, goats and cashew value chain commodities in the farming systems with 60-95% farmer involvement. Participants ranked cashew above maize, cassava and yam in that order. In the case of livestock it was the local fowl followed by goat, sheep and the pig. Though the economic analysis showed cassava to produce better financial indicators, maize was maintained at the second position due to food security reasons. Similarly, the pig recorded better benefit cost ratio, net present value and net benefit investment ratio but did not place high largely due to socio-cultural influences of the people. The associated CSA practices along the value chain segments have been described. Gender considerations in the utilization of the CSA practices revealed that adult women dominated in irrigation, cover cropping, mixed cropping, trees on farms, solar drying and use of LPG. The same could not be said for the prioritized livestock value chain CSA practices. The participatory investment decisions based on the various analysis and the actor engagement revealed that Cashew production as a major activity was ranked first on grounds of income security. Cashew production was noted to be dominated by adult men who utilize associated systems of CSA practices. Future investment decisions appeared to favour cashew processing to add value to the commodity for higher income and job creation. Production was the next investment portfolio to enhance commercial production of the commodity under optimum mechanization to meet processing demands.

For maize commodity, the production chain segment received much attention (50%) of investment requirements on grounds that it is a staple crop consumed by many and investments into maize production will meet their food security and income security as well. Investments into maize processing into flour and other products etc. had 20% which targets establishment of processing centres with necessary equipment. For the poultry and livestock, the production segment of the value chain also received high investment rating for the local fowl, goats, and sheep and pigs activities. Various potential investment funding sources were identified by participants.

3.1.2. Tain District Profile

The Tain District is one of the nineteen administrative districts created in 2005. It forms part of the Brong Ahafo Region of the Republic of Ghana and was carved out of the Wenchi district in 2004 with its capital town located at Nsawkaw. It is situated at the North West of Sunyani (Regional Capital). It lies within latitudes 7 ½ and 8o 45` North and longitudes 2o 52` West and 0o 28` East. In terms of land area, Tain District covers 4,125 sq kilometres. Figure 1 provides the map of Tain district.

Figure 1 Map of Tain District 3.1.2.1 Physical and Natural Environment The topography is predominantly undulating with gentle slopes of less than 1% inclination. The land generally rises from 30m above sea level to over 61m in the North West, with high elevations occurring around Banda 592.2m. Apart from the North Western High Land, the others are basins

of the tributaries of the Black Volta and therefore low lying. The fairly flat nature of the land and the fact that some land are serving as basins for tributaries of the Black Volta shows that in future the construction of small towns water systems in these areas will not be a problem.

The temperature in the Tain District is generally high averaging about 24.5oC (779oF) throughout the year. Average maximum temperature is 30.9oC and minimum of 21.2oC. The hottest months are February to April.

The rainfall is characterized by seasonality which is a limiting factor in agriculture and plant growth. The district has two main seasons i.e. rainy and dry seasons. The rainy season occurs between April and October with a short dry period in August. The average annual rainfall is about 1,140 – 1,270mm. The district experiences an average of 4 months of rain. However, rivers such as Tain and the Black Volta flow throughout the year which can be dammed to support dry season farming. There exist a double maxima pattern of rainfall and the related high rainfall has translated into the district having high water table. This high rainfall pattern the District is experiencing also helps the agriculture sector.

The Tain District spans the moist semi-deciduous forest and the Guinea Savannah woodland vegetation zones. The Guinea Savannah woodland represents an eco-climatic zone which has evolved in response to climatic and edaphic limiting factors and has been modified substantially by human activity. The cumulative effect is that secondary vegetation occurs in cultivated areas. In the semi-derived savanna areas, there is the absence of large economic trees as a result of logging, charcoal burning and mechanized farming. However, the sacred grooves present show that with protection, forest in the area can be productive because the soils in the sacred groves appear more fertile compared to soils lying a few metres away which have been laid bare by intensive cultivation and other unsustainable uses. In the grooves, wildlife like deer and antelope are found there. Other forest reserves are Sawsaw, Yaya and Bawa watershed are found in the district. The combination of the vegetation zones – guinea savannah, transitional zone and the forest permit the cultivation of a variety of crops – cereal, tubers and vegetables and even animal rearing. The forest reserves and the few groves around the water bodies in the district help to protect these water bodies like the Black Volta and the Tain.

3.1.2.2 Demographic Characteristics 3.1.2.2.1 Population Size, Growth Rate and Density

The district has a population size of 112,939 as at 2010 with males being 57,075 and females 55,864 (Source: Ghana Statistical Service –Population Estimates for the Brong Ahafo Region). The population has been increasing over the years with a growth rate of 2.6%. The population density in the district is 27.0 persons per square kilometer (22 persons/km2), which is less than the regional population density of 45.9 persons per square kilometer and the national figure of 49.3 persons/km2. This low density of the district implies that there is low concentration of people in the district and coupled with scattered nature of settlements make it extremely difficult to provide basic services to the people of the district. The district contains about 336 settlements which are dispersed. The socio-economic analysis revealed that 17,830 households are in the

district with an average household size of 5.1. The average household size of 5.1 is the same as the national average but less than the regional average of 5.3 (Tain District Field Survey, 2010). 3.1.2.2.2 Household Income Sources The people in the district are predominantly farmers. About 80.2 % of the people are farmers and the remaining 19.8% are in the other sectors. These sectors include industry, commerce/service, etc. Some of the activities under the 19.8% other sectors include: Beer bar operation 0.9%, Trading 9.2%, Driving 1.4%, Chop bar operation 0.5% and others 7.8% the other include carpentry, Store operators, Teachers, masons, Plumbing, Weaving, Tailoring , Craftsman’s, Blacksmith, Vocation, Akpeteshie distillers, etc. Apart from primary occupation, almost everybody among the working group in the district is engaged in other activities in addition. These include: Farming 47.4%, Beer bar operation 1.5%, Herbalist 1.5% and others 23.3% these are the major economic activities in the district.

3.1.3 Identified Value Chain Commodities and Percentage (%) Farmer Engagement

The major occupation, farming is seen to be depending on the rain. Annex 1.1 shows a diversity of value chain commodities in the given farming systems and the percentage of farmer involvement in the district.

Since the farming activities are controlled mostly by natural conditions, most people cultivate 0.49 hector of land on subsistence basis. Constraints associated with low yields of crop sub-sector for major livelihood crops like maize, cassava, groundnut, cowpea, pepper, yam, cocoyam and plantain were attributed to inadequate access to inputs and services such as seeds, agrochemicals, extension services, diseases and pest control, low soil facility due to high incidences of bush-fire, post-harvest management and inadequate processing, marketing and transportation facilities.

Even though access to land is not a major setback, access to capital is a big problem due to conditions or hurdles one has to go through and sometimes, misses the farming season for which the credit is sought for. This issue is one of the factors that fuel poverty among farmers.

Cash crops like cashew, oil palm and agushie have been identified with the capacity to boost economic growth and reduce poverty. There is no available statistics as to the output production in the district.

The livestock sector is not without problem in the district. Potential activities like grasscutter are having much attention as that of Rabbitary. It is seen that, inadequate staff – veterinary officers to take care of health needs of the animals is one of the problems that retards the growth of the livestock sector.

For agro-industries, much attention is given to Gari industry and cashew nut production by majority of farmers in the District. To improve their economic status, many resources need to be put in the processing sector to help in reducing poverty through employment opportunities.

Energy is one of the most important tools for growth. However, the current data on the energy situation in the district indicates that about 38.3% of the total population use electricity as the main source of energy, 44.4% also use kerosene whiles the remaining 17.3% also rely on other sources of energy. The other sources of energy identified are in the proportion 59.2% firewood, 30.4% charcoal and 10.4% others which includes fuel. For the commercial activities, it was identified that 67.1% use other sources which include fuel, 21.1% firewood and 11.8% charcoal. From the above analysis, one could see that there is the need to extend electricity and encourage the use of LP gas to discourage people from using charcoal and firewood in order to keep the environment safe. 3.1.4 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Sociocultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain preference

Despite the fact that the district can boast of many crops and livestock production potentials, some of them were highly ranked by the participants. Participants ranking decisions were influenced by the financial indicators (income security) shown in Annex 1.2, contributions of these commodities to food security as well as sociocultural underpinnings governing the use of these commodities within the district. Cashew was ranked first among the crop commodities on grounds that it had a higher benefit cost ratio (7.1), net present value (1,482.6) and net benefit investment ratio (14.1).Apart from the fact of having higher returns, Cashew was noted to be grown by many families, with many of them using maize lands for cashew production. Despite the fact that maize commodity had the lowest financial indicators compared to cassava and yam, it was ranked second and the decision was influenced by the fact that maize is a staple food and could easily be intercropped with many crops including cashew until the canopy closes up. Marketing of maize is also easy compared to marketing cassava and can also be stored for long time compared to other crops such as yam.

Financial indicators for pig were relatively high yet was ranked fourth among the livestock commodities with local poultry and goat being first and second respectively. This decision was against the background that almost all farmers have fowls, has greater contribution to food and income security, easily converted to cash to support family’s immediate and smaller needs. Goats on the other hand were noted to be in many homes (not reared in Seikwa, Kyekyewere), has faster multiplication rate and twinning compared to sheep, and eaten by many people.

Major reasons guiding the choice and ranking of the crop and livestock value chain commodities during the focus group discussions have been presented in Annex 1.3 and Annex 1.4, respectively.

As observed earlier many farmers were using cropping lands and cutting down cocoa farms for cashew plantation. Farmers were of the view that the land does no longer support cocoa production coupled with much attention it required compared to cashew plantation. As a result of the cash incentives received from cashew, many land owners now prefer giving their arable land for “abusa” a land tenure system requiring the sharing of cropped land into three parts with one part going to the land owner as his share for land leased.

The importance of the local fowl cannot be over emphasized in terms of its contribution to food security and income support for the farm families. The local fowl was highly ranked followed by goats, sheep and pigs respectively. Though it was realized that pigs can be more productive, intensive keeping makes it very expensive in terms of infrastructure and feeding.

3.1.5 Assessing Value Chain Segments and Gender Characterization

3.1.5.1 Ranking and Weighting of the Value Chain Segments Agricultural subsector value chain analysis revealed four different segments within the district namely production, processing, marketing and service provision. The situational analysis by participants showed that the agriculture value chain was currently dominated heavily by production followed by processing service provision and marketing. Annex 1.5 shows the relative rankings of the value chain segments in the Tain district.

3.1.5.2 Characterization of Value chain segments by Gender The proportion of engagement by gender in relation to the agricultural sector value chain segment was characterized by participants representing the stakeholders in the district. The study revealed that 35% of adult males were engaged in the production of crops and livestock compared to adult females (25%). It was mentioned that most of the women support their husbands and other men in production. Similarly 30% of youth males were also engaged in production while youth female had the least (5%) on grounds that they were more interested in other forms of trade than production. In terms of processing, adult females engagement dominated representing 50% while their counterpart men had 5%. The youth female followed with 30% and youth male had15%. It was mentioned that men activities were mostly livestock processing, storage and relatively few in gari processing where strength is required to squeeze water during gari processing. One would have expected marketing activity to be dominated by women in general but this was not the case in Tain district. Adult men involvement in marketing was high (50%) while adult women were 30%. This was attributed to the fact that there are more adult men in the livestock marketing as well as marketing of farm produce which require strength to lift such as bag of cassava, maize, cashew etc. In this case women were limited by the weight of these farm commodities. Women were more interested in the marketing of vegetables and yams. The youth male (10%) were keener in maize marketing but dominated (50%) service provision value chain segment attributed to strength and exuberance in providing direct agriculture services, financial institution, market information, labour and sales in agro chemical. Apart from processing, the youth female did not show much interest and had least engagement in the rest of the value chain segments in agriculture. Annex 1.6 shows the value chain segments engagement by gender.

3.1.6 Climate Smart Agriculture practices identified in the value chain segments

A number of Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices were profiled in the Tain District. These practices were categorized under the four main value chain segments in agriculture. The various farming systems associated with the practices were also profiled. Annex 1.7 contains the summary on these practices with the corresponding value chain commodities.

3.1.7 Gender Considerations in CSA Practices Utilization

In terms of CSA practices and technology utilization by gender, the study revealed that under production, adult men largely dominate in the utilization of almost all the CSA practices profiled in the Tain district apart from irrigation, intercropping/Mixed cropping, Cover cropping, Trees on farms (men in cashew production often cut down any tree to avoid shade) which adult women mostly practiced as well as CSA practices associated with processing and marketing. Annex 1.8 depicts that adult men dominated in the utilization of minimum tillage, mixed farming, mulching, brushing and slushing, bush fire controlling, staking, use of improved seed varieties and breeds, crop rotation, Integrated Nutrient Management (fertilizer, manure), Pests and disease control, Soil and Water management, planting in lines, ridging and mounding. Women in the absence of dams, irrigate their vegetable farms during the dry season so as to generate additional income to support family needs. Adult men dominance in the utilization of CSA practices were largely attributed to their recognition as the head of the family in terms of decision making, ability to spend much time on farm, control over land and financial resources and strength. These factors aforementioned on the contrary appear as constraints to women involved in agriculture and therefore push them into the production of vegetables and legumes that require less attention and time, little cash investment, less laborious and provide quick income for family support. In terms of access to weather information and extension education, they all have equal access and use. The youth (male and female) level of CSA practices and technology utilization were very low compared to adults in general since their involvement in agriculture is considerably low because majority are in school and engaged in other forms of artisanship.

Constraints that appear to limit the adoption and utilization of these CSA practices have been highlighted in Annex 1.8.

3.1.8 Matching Prioritized Crop and Livestock Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices

The prioritized crops and livestock commodities and systems of CSA practices by gender were observed. Under the crop production systems, there is cashew production in association with maize and cowpea, cashew integrated with maize only, cashew with maize and cassava as well as cashew with cassava only. The production of these cropping systems utilized sets of CSA practices and technologies. For cashew production for instance, these systems of practice as mentioned earlier make use of certain sets of CSA practices such as minimum tillage, mixed cropping, soil and water management, bush fire control. In this case one single CSA practice cannot attain or yield certain level of productivity unless it is practiced among a number of other CSA practices. Also maize cultivation under these production systems (mainly Maize-Cowpea- Cashew intercrop, Maize-Cashew, Maize-Cashew-Cassava, Maize- Cassava-Cowpea, Maize- Groundnut, Maize-yam, Maize-Pepper) utilizes certain sets CSA practices such as Minimum tillage, Mixed farming, Bush fire control, Improved seed, Mixed cropping Planting in lines, Integrated Nutrient Management, Crop rotations, Pests and disease control, Soil and Water management, Dynamic kraaling to achieve increased yields under climate variability.

For the poultry and livestock subsector, most farmers who rear local fowls for instance also practice mixed farming (keep ducks, guinea fowl, and livestock mostly small ruminants as well as cultivate food and cash crops). CSA practices utilized for the local fowl for instance include the provision of improved housing, improved breeds, provide supplementary feeds and control pests and disease as well. For the details on this, the reader is advised to refer to Annexes 1.9 and 1.10 where the results of the crop and livestock commodities that were prioritized with assigned reasons, for the given cropping systems and associated systems of CSA practices have been adequately visualized. 3.1.9 Participatory Investment Decisions Based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA Practices

Cashew production as a major activity was ranked first on grounds of income security. Its production segment has a higher percentage of actors (61%), followed by marketing value chain segment (23%). Service provision segment represented 15% and very few actors in the processing value chain (1%). Cashew production was noted to be dominated by adult men who utilize associated systems of CSA practices largely because its production to some extent involved the cutting of trees to eliminate shade on the crop, it is important that adequate sensitization be pursued to allow some of the trees on farm lands. In terms of percentage investment weighting, processing of cashew was given much prominence requiring 50% of any cash outlay for investment into the commodity. This is required for the establishment of factories to add value to the commodity to be able to have a higher income level and job creation. Production was the next investment portfolio requiring 30% of investment weight required to enhance commercial production of the commodity under optimum mechanization to meet processing demands. The production segment attracts land tenure favours and interest from the existing ‘abunu’ system. As a result land for food crops is expected to be constrained in the near future since many farmers are going into its production. It is therefore important that adequate planting distance should be recommended and farmers sensitized to ensure medium term land utilization and good practices to enable mixed cropping systems. The planting distance should aim at giving room for minimum mechanization to support integrated food systems and practices.

For maize production segment received much attention (50%) of investment requirements on grounds that it is a staple crop consumed by many and investments into maize production will meet their food security and income security as well. Investments into maize processing into flour and products, etc. had 20% which targets establishment of processing centres with necessary equipment. It was noted that for service provision which received 25% weight, investment requirements is needed for the promotion and utilization of practices that aim at ensuring high yield of the maize commodity such as investment into production inputs, establishment of mechanization centres with appropriate mechanization equipment to enhance land preparation, planting, fertilizer application, harvesting and postharvest technologies. Capacity building and support for research and technology development is targeted.

For cassava and yam commodities, investment requirements were needed for the promotion and utilization of practices that aim at ensuring that those produce are processed into many products such as starch for export, biscuit production, flour etc. Processing of cassava and yam were given

much weight (40% and 50% respectively) hence the need to invest into its processing. In terms of production, some investment in the form of inputs, appropriate mechanization equipment to enhance land preparation, harvesting is required. Capacity building and support for research and technology to produce good planting materials was also mentioned.

For the poultry and livestock production segment of the local fowl, goats, sheep and pigs received high investment weights of 50%, 70%, 50% and 70% respectively. Reasons were that, high investment is required for the production segments targeting constructing improved livestock housing, to acquire and to develop superior breeds to cross their local breeds of poultry and livestock available to enhance their productivity. The development and or importation of feed technologies, equipment and infrastructure were highly recommended. Considerable investment was also requested to provide vaccines and other medications to reduce livestock mortality. Establishment of livestock and poultry processing facility for value addition was highlighted. Annex 1.9 indicate key investment areas per prioritized crops, livestock and poultry commodities and suggested investment decisions in the Tain District. Some major funding sources and collaborating partners identified have been highlighted Annex 1.9.

3.1.10 Conclusion

The original forest vegetation has been subjected to degradation, caused mainly by the indiscriminate bush fires, slash and burn agriculture, logging and felling of trees for fuel over the years. The cumulative effect is that secondary vegetation occurs in cultivated areas. If this trend continues, with the increasing climatic change effects, agriculture and food systems of the district could be under serious threat.

Going into the future the district agriculture can boast of about thirty three (33) crop types and thirteen livestock and poultry species (13). Any investments into CSA in the district and other adjacent districts with similar agro-ecology may have to consider the following livelihood objectives and actions of the value chain actors:

 Among the crop commodities, cashew was ranked first followed by maize, cassava and lastly yam for CSA investment consideration.  For the livestock and poultry commodity, local fowl was ranked first followed by goats, sheep and lastly pigs. The participation of value chain actors will most likely be influenced by the financial indicators established from their production activities as a proxy for income security, contributions of these commodities to food security as well as sociocultural underpinnings governing the use of these commodities within the district.  Cashew is grown in association with maize and cowpea, cashew integrated with maize only, cashew with maize and cassava as well as cashew with cassava only for the short to medium term land use and may not be sustainable for the staple food crops in the long term as the canopy closes. Various guides and manuals may be needed to educate farmers on the optimum use of agricultural land to sustain food production while maintaining cashew production.

 Future investments in the crop value chain commodities under consideration will most be favoured in the district for the value addition segment for increased incomes and creation of jobs. The same cannot be said for the livestock where investments appear to favour for the production segment.  Cashew production was noted to be dominated by adult men who utilize associated systems of CSA practices. The cutting down of other economic trees to eliminate shade on the cashew crop, may not be consistent with the principles of CSA as biodiversity may be compromised.

3.2. BIBIANI-ANHWIASO-BEKWAI DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK 3.2.1 Summary results for Bibiani Anhwiaso Bekwai district

In this district it was indicated that maize, local fowl, cassava, yam, plantain and cocoa value chain commodities in the farming systems appeared with 70-90% farmer involvement. Participants ranked cocoa above plantain, maize and cassava in that order. In the case of livestock it was the local fowl followed by goat, sheep that had less than 50% farmer engagement. Though the economic analysis showed plantain to produce better financial indicators, farmers rooted for cocoa and the associated CSA practices in the top ranking. It appears having a cocoa farm in the area confers a level of socio-cultural prestige over other farmers. Similarly, though the goat recorded better benefit cost ratio, net present value and net benefit investment ratio the local fowl was ranked top largely due socio-cultural influences of the people. The associated CSA practices along the value chain segments have been described. More females than males were engaged in use or conservation of local varieties/seeds, oven smoking of meat (85%), Use of LP gas (70%) and solar drying (55%). Similarly, more males than females were engaged in Minimum tillage (80%), Irrigation (65%), Brushing/Slashing (60%), improved seed/varieties (70%), Intercropping (55%), mixed cropping (55%), Integrated Nutrient Management (80%), Weather information (90%), Soil and Water management (70%). Interestingly equal proportions of males (50%) and females (50%) were involved in mulching and supplementary feeding. The participatory investment decisions based on the various analysis and the actor engagement revealed that cocoa production as a major activity was ranked first on grounds of large and bulk income source and future security. Its production segment has a higher percentage of actors (70%), followed by service value chain segment (20%). The marketing segment represented 8% and very few actors in the processing value chain (2%) because the raw beans are taken out of the district for export. Any CSA investments in this commodity will favour the allocation of funds in the following order of production segment > > processing, >service provision > marketing. Similar allocations were advanced for the other ranked value chain commodities by district participants. A trend to develop the processing segments while promoting CSA in the plantain, maize and cassava commodities was observed. Same could also be said for the livestock except that emphasis was put on the need to develop actions to enhance the production segment. Potential funding sources were suggested by the participants.

3.2.2 Brief District Profile

The Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai District Assembly was established in 1988 by the Local Government (Establishment) Instrument, L.I 1387 under the then Local Government Law, 1988 PNDCL 207 with its capital at Bibiani. The District is located between latitude 6° N, 3° N and longitude 2° W, 3° W with total land area of 873 km square. Figure 2 shows the map of Bibiani Anhwianso Bekwai district.

Figure 2 Map of Bibiani-Anhwianso-Bekwai District

3.2.2.1 Climate and Vegetation The district is located in the equatorial climate with the annual rainfall average between 1200mm and 1500mm. The pattern is bimodal, falling between March-August and September-October and the peak periods for rainfall are June and October. The dry season is noticeable between November and January. Average temperature throughout the year is about 26°C. Vegetation is of the moist semi-deciduous (equatorial rain forest) type. There are six forest reserves in the district with the total area of about 264km2. These are namely: Anhwiaso East (87km2), Anhwiaso North (41km2), Anhwiaso South (22km2), Afao Hills (35km2), Tano Suraw Extension (75km2) and Sumtwitwi (4km2).

3.2.2.2 Population and Household Characteristics The district has a population of 123,272 made up of 60,855 males and 62,417 females and a population growth rate of 1.8% as compared to the regional and national figures of 2.0% and 2.5% respectively. The population density is 141 persons per square kilometre, which is higher than the respective regional and the national averages of 99.3 and 103 persons per square kilometre. The total household population is 120,505 with total household of 27,961 and an average household size of 4.3 persons, which is higher than that of Western regional average (4.2) but lower than the national average of 4.4. Agricultural households are 74.9 percent of the total households (PHC, 2000).

3.2.2.3 Labour Force and Occupation The Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai District is predominately an agrarian economy with minimal activities of secondary and tertiary sectors. The skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers form the majority (62.8%), service and sales workers (12.2%) and related trades workers (9.5%), plant and machine operators and assemblers (5.4%). However, managers, professionals, technicians and associate professionals, clerical support workers, Elementary occupations and other occupations form proportions below 5.0 percent.

3.2.2.4 Major Economic Activities The major economic activity in the district is farming. In the local economy, agriculture employs about 76% of the working population with 55.3% female participation. Next is the service sector followed by the industrial sector where small-scale industries dominate. The economy of the district is essentially agriculture and the four main types of agricultural activities identified are crop farming, tree growing, livestock rearing and fish farming. Sixty two (62) percent of the total land area arable of which only 45.5percent is currently under cultivation (District Assembly, 2015).

3.2.2.5 Socio-Cultural Environment The entire Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai District falls under the overall jurisdiction of three paramouncies namely Anhwiaso, Sefwi Bekwai and Chirano Traditional Areas with their overlords (Amanhene) residing at Anhwiaso, Sefwi Bekwai and Chirano respectively. The ethnic groups in the district include the Sefwis who are the indigenes and others such as Brongs,

Ashantis, Northerners and Ewes as settlers. These ethnic groups present the district with varied labour and tenants which support the food systems in the district.

Land ownership in the district is in the hands of the traditional rulers, family heads and other landowners. The land is mainly used for the cultivation of both cash and food crops but parts are used as forest reserves and for the development of settlement. Gender and power relation in the district has been described in the district assembly medium term development plan 2015.

3.2.2.6 Financial Institutions There are three commercial banks and three rural banks operating in the district; namely SG Bank Limited at Bibiani, Merchant Bank at Bibiani, HFC Bank Limited at Sefwi Bekwai, Upper Amenfi Rural Bank Ltd at Sefwi Bekwai, Sefwiman Rural Bank Limited at Bibiani and Amanano Rural Bank Ltd at Bibiani. Other financial institutions like Susu and Co-operative Credit Unions operate in big towns.

3.2.3 Identified Value Chain Commodities and Percentage (%) Farmer Engagement

In the recent study participants were carefully and strategically selected from the following communities: Bibiani, Anhwiaso, Bekwai, Asawinso, Kwakumekrom, Bassengele, Homejibre, Nkwanta-Tanoso Pataboso, Donkokrom and Afame.

The food production systems were grouped mainly into the following classifications:  Cultivating staple crops (cereals, legumes)  Cultivating permanent crops (i.e. crops that stays for 3 or more years)  Cultivating Plantain and Banana  Cultivating vegetables  Roots and Tubers  Raising of livestock  Raising of poultry  Orchards  Fish farming (aquaculture)  Spices and Others

The findings in Annex 2.1 shows the food production systems identified, their value chain commodities and the proportion of farmers involved in the production of each commodity. Maize and Local fowl had the highest proportions of farmers (90%) engaged in each. These were followed by plantain (85%), cocoa (80%) and yam (80%) and cassava (70%). Sheep, banana and cocoyam/Tharow had equal levels of farmers’ engagement (50%) at the time of the study. It was deduced based on the farmers’ involvement that the production system practiced in the Bibiani- Anhwiaso-Bekwai district is “Cereals (maize)-Plantain-cocoa-roots and tubers (cassava)-poultry (local fowl)-small ruminants (sheep)”.

As a peculiar case, participants explained that:

 AGRA has recently introduced a rice program in the district so people are now enrolled into rice cultivation.

 Mango cultivation is not doing well in the district because of flies attack, hence mango is available as ornamental.  Government has been promoting coffee in the district since the year 2016 and the production is expected to pick up.  Plantain is intercropped with maize, cocoyam, cassava, cocoa and vegetables (pepper, okro). The plantain is used as shade to nurture cocoa and the cocoa begins to take over after 3years when the canopies start to close up.  Banana is intercrop with cocoa but the banana is able to stand longer than plantain. Also some banana is deliberately planted in order to use the leaves for the fermentation of the cocoa when cocoa is harvested.  Cultivating vegetables (tomatoes) is very difficult due to water shortage, nematode and unavailability of the preferred Navrongo tomatoes variety. In view of this the indigenous type locally called “Adwoba” is preferred but it is seasonal.  The wild cocoyam that used to germinate on its own has virtually been wiped out due mainly to improper application of agrochemicals  The pineapples have been destroyed mostly by improper use of weedicide. 3.2.4 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Sociocultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain preference

Based on their contributions to income and food security, and other socio-cultural consideration, the participants ranked the most important and preferred agricultural value chain commodities out of the lot. Annexes 2.2 and 2.3 illustrate the rankings for the crops and livestock/poultry value chain commodities respectively. Cocoa was ranked first in the crop commodities and local fowl as first for livestock/poultry commodities. Initially cassava was ranked 3rd and maize ranked 4th but they exchange positions after the CBA.

In the CBA computation, the system of CSA practices considered are those that participants confirmed they apply to a particular agricultural value chain commodity. The cost components comprised the expenses incurred by farmers in implementing the CSA practices (installation, maintenance and operation) and the cost of other inputs in an acre of land for one year. These values were derived from the data collected from households who had implemented the CSA practices with the targeted agricultural value chain commodities. The NPV calculated for each targeted agricultural value chain commodity is estimated as the value of the enhanced yield and less input costs and cost of implementing system of CSA practices.

The results showed that all the most preferred value chain commodities in the district are profitable (Annex 2.3). This is because each of the selected commodities has benefit-cost ratio greater than one, positive net present value and net benefit investment ratio, and low payback period. It therefore implies that any investment in the system of CSA practices that apply to each of the selected value chain commodities will produce the needed outputs and outcomes. However, the internal rates of returns are less than the discount rates used indicating that farmers involved in these agricultural value chain commodities should not go in for loan or credit facilities, which have interest rates greater than the calculated internal rates of returns. Any

interest rate above the calculated internal rates will imply that the farmer will encounter challenges in the loan/credit repayment.

The internal rate of return for the crop value chain commodities is 28%, whereas that for the livestock/poultry value chain commodities is 26%. Among the most preferred value chain commodities, Plantain had the greatest benefit-cost ratio (4.1), greatest net benefit investment ratio (10.4) and lowest payback period (0.1) but with net present value (1,368.70) less than that of cocoa (1,624.10) as shown in Annex 2.4.

3.2.5 Assessing Value Chain Segments and Gender Characterization

3.2.5.1 Ranking and Weighting of the Agricultural Value Chain Segments In an attempt to quantify actors’ engagement in the various agricultural value chain segments in the district, participants were made to describe the proportions of actors involved in the segments and the findings are illustrated in Annex 2.5. It was discovered that majority of the actors are involved in the production (70%) activities and few actors are involved in the processing (5%).

3.2.5.2 Characterization of Agricultural Value Chain Segments by Gender Gender analysis was performed on actors’ engagement in the various agricultural value chain segments with results shown in Annex 2.6. In general, more females were involved in processing (55%) and marketing (80%) than males, whereas more males were involved in production (55%) and service provision (60%). The male adults, female adults, youth males and youth females were dominant in the production (30%), marketing (50%), service provision (40%) and marketing (30%) respectively. It is also deductive that adults are more involved in the production (70%), processing (60%) and marketing (60%) activities than the youth, whereas the youth are more involved in service provision (60%).

Few male adults (10%) and few youth male (10%) were in marketing. This is so because marketing of agricultural commodities is generally by the females in the district. On the other hand, very few youth female (5%) were involved in production.

3.2.6 Climate Smart Agriculture practices identified in the value chain segments

The CSA practices carried out by the value chain actors were identified and are listed in Annex 2.7. It came out that the production segment of the agricultural value chain has more of the CSA practices.

3.2.7 Gender Considerations in CSA Practices Utilization

Like the actors’ engagement in the various agricultural value chain segments, a gender analysis was also performed on the use of CSA practices and the results are shown in Annex 2.8. In general, more females than males were engaged in use or conservation of local varieties/seeds, Oven Smoking of meat (85%), Use of LP gas (70%) and solar drying (55%) at the time of the study. Similarly, more males than females were engaged in Minimum tillage (80%), Irrigation (65%), Brushing/Slashing (60%), Improved seed/varieties (70%), Intercropping (55%), Mixed cropping (55%), Integrated Nutrient Management (80%), Weather information (90%), Soil and

Water management (70%), Pests and disease control (65%), Improved housing (65%), Erection of stand or platform in the pen to prevent foot rot (70%), Reduced fermentation period during rainy season (80%), Storage on barns (85%), Storage using hermitic bag or actelic or airtight bags (80%) at the time of the study. Interestingly equal proportions of males (50%) and females (50%) were involved in Mulching and Supplementary feeding (Annex 2.9).

The male adults, female adults, youth males and youth females were respectively dominant in the Integrated Nutrient Management (60%)=Weather information (60%)= Reduced fermentation period during rainy season (60%) = Storage using hermitic bag or actelic or airtight bags (60%), Use or conservation of local varieties/seeds (60%), Storage on barns (35%) and Oven Smoking of meat (25%). In general, the adults dominated in the use of the all the CSA practices in the district. For instance, adults’ involvement was highest in irrigation (80%). However, the highest that youth involvement reached was in intercropping (45%) and mixed cropping (45%).

3.2.8 Matching Prioritized Crop and Livestock Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices

Sets of CSA practices are used by actors for the prioritized value chain commodities they operate in the district. A reference to Annex 2.10 will reveal the prioritized value chain commodities, the rational for the preferences, the various production systems, associated system of CSA practices and the proportions of CSA utilization by gender in the Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai district

3.2.9 Participatory Investment Decisions Based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA Practices

Cocoa production as a major activity was ranked first on grounds of income security as it provides bulk sum when sold. Though plantain had an edge in financial returns participants still rooted for cocoa from the socio-cultural point of view. It is a social norm that one must own a cocoa farm to earn recognition in the society. Its production segment has a higher percentage of actors (70%) next to plantain (80%). Annex 2.11 presents the decisions arrived at by participants on CSA investment options along the value chain segments of the prioritized commodities.

3.2.10 Suggested CSA Funding Sources

After the decision to promote some value chain commodities and/or livestock/poultry, funds are needed to implement the system of CSA practices that apply to the prioritized value chain commodities. Prudent funding arrangements ought to be established to ensure successful CSA implementation. Some of the reliable and trusted funding sources considered by the district towards the investment in the CSA are the following:

1. Bank Loan 2. Farmers 3. Assembly IGF 4. Common Fund 5. Agricultural Department Cost Centre

6. Donor Partners (EU, CIDA, CARE, ARAP-ACCOUNTABILITY, RULE OF LAW AND ANTI-CORRUPTION PROGRAMME, WORLD UNIV SERVICES OF CANADA, CHIRANO GOLD MINES, MENSIN GOLD MINE, GHANA BAUXITE COMPANY) 7. Climate Funds 8. Global Environmental Fund

Some of the donor partners were some time in the past or are currently supporting projects in the district. In any case a clustering of the suggested funding sources will reveal three major sources namely, domestic, donor development partners and Global climate finance. The last two sources may be characteristic of the north-south south collaboration. However, it may also be rewarding to consider the south-south collaboration investment funding for CSA.

3.2.11 Conclusion

The district is representative of a forest agro-ecology with key forest reserves including the Anhwianso south forest and Tano-Subin forest reserves. This investment framework may also serve as a guide for other districts within the forest agro-ecology. It is further concluded that:

 Agriculture is the main stay of the local economy though timber logging and mining including ‘Galamsey’ are important  Cocoa crop is identified with majority of the people in the district for its social and cash security attributes as well as its use as co-lateral for loans and credit facilities  The crop is amenable to a diversity of systems of CSA practices and is grown in association with several other food crops good for CSA promotion in the given zone  Though cocoa crop has minimum guaranteed price, district level actors will want to see increased investments favouring the production and processing segments of the cocoa value chain to address issues of good roads, complex equipment and facilities with skilled labour are required for its development into the future for value addition.  Cocoa is grown in association with plantain as a CSA practice and any future investments likely to benefit plantain should target the processing and marketing segments of the plantain value chain in order to improve the livelihoods of the people in the district  Investments in livestock and poultry CSA practices likely to benefit the local fowl and small ruminants, particularly sheep will be supported by local people as the most preferred species.

3.3 LAWRA DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK 3.3.1 Summary results for Lawra district

Value chain commodities of greater importance in the district according to the participants included: groundnuts, maize, okro, goat and fowl rearing. Activities under these enterprises engaged 60-95% farmers in the district. Though sheep, cowpea and sorghum engaged less than 50% farmers they were considered important from the socio-cultural point view and included in the ranking determination. Maize activity was ranked first for food security reasons before groundnuts, sorghum and cowpea. Though the economic analysis showed groundnuts to produce better financial indicators, farmers rooted for maize and the associated CSA practices in the top ranking. Similarly, though the sheep recorded better benefit cost ratio, net present value and net benefit investment ratio the goat and local fowl were ranked top largely due socio-cultural influences of the people. The associated CSA practices along the value chain segments have been described. The study showed that CSA practices and technology utilization by gender under production activities segment, men and women almost equally utilize CSA practices profiled in the Lawra district. Men in general dominated in the utilization of minimum tillage, mixed farming, bunding, stone lining, irrigation, bush fire controlling, compost application, Integrated Nutrient Management (fertilizer, manure), Pests and disease control, improved seed and Soil and Water management. Women in general also dominated in the utilization of mulching, cover cropping, intercropping or mixed cropping, access to weather information and extension education, livestock tethering and supplementary feeding. Adult men dominance in the utilization of those CSA practices were largely attributed to their recognition as the head of the family in terms of decision making, ability to spend much time on farm, control over land and financial resources.

The participatory investment decisions based on the various analysis and the actor engagement revealed that maize production as a major activity was ranked first on food security grounds. Its production segment has a higher percentage of actors (80%), and the service value chain segment (5%). The marketing segment represented 10% and in the processing value chain (5%). Adult women dominated in the production of many commodities and in the value chain segments hence investment in any value chain should target CSA practices identified which appear to limit women participation in particular.

Since the production level of maize, sorghum and cowpea are generally low, participants mentioned that there is the need for investments to target the production segment for maize, sorghum and cowpea and also through improvement of the service delivery support systems. For the maize, future investments targeted service provision > production. For sorghum and cowpea investments favoured production > service provision. Investment weighting decisions assigned to processing segment for groundnut, sorghum and cowpea were 50%, 35% and 40% correspondingly and was high. This is required for the establishment of factories to add value to these commodities to be able to have a higher income levels and job creation. A trend to develop the processing segments while promoting CSA in the maize, sorghum and groundnut commodities was observed. For the poultry and livestock activities, the production segments for goats, local fowl and sheep received high investment weights of 60%, 75% and 60% respectively. Considerable investment was also required to provide vaccines and other medications to reduce

livestock mortality. Establishment of livestock and poultry processing facility for value addition was highlighted. Potential funding sources were suggested by the participants.

3.3.2 Lawra District Profile

The population of Lawra District, according to the 2010 Population and Housing Census, is 54,889 representing 7.8 percent of the region’s total population. Males constitute 48.0 percent and females represent 52.0 percent. About 88.2 percent of the population lives in rural localities. The district has a sex ratio of 92.3. The population of the district is youthful (under 15 years) (41.0%) depicting a broad base population pyramid which tapers off with a small number of elderly persons 60 years and above (10.1%).

The land area of the Lawra district can be seen from the map provided in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Map of Lawra District

The district has a household population of 53,753 with a total number of 9,200 households. The average household size in the district is 6.0 persons per household. Children constitute the largest proportion of the household members accounting for 44.0 percent. Spouses form about 10.5

percent while other relatives constitute 8.8 percent. Extended households (head, spouse(s), children and heads relative) constitute 47.4 percent of the total number of households in the district and this is followed by nuclear households (head, spouse(s) and children) (21.1%).

About 79.0 percent of the population aged 15 years and older are economically active while 21.0 per cent are economically not active. Of the economically active population, 98.4 percent are employed while 1.6 percent are unemployed. For those who are economically not active, a larger percentage of them are students (37.9%) and 24.1 percent perform household duties and 24.3 percent are too old or young. Again, about 41.5 percent of the unemployed are seeking work for the first time and available for work. Of the employed population, about 82.4 percent are engaged as skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers, 7.8 percent in craft and related trade and 3.6 percent in service and sales. About 3.1 percent are engaged as managers, professionals, and technicians. Of the employed population 15 years and older 42.1 percent are self-employed without employees, while 49.4 percent are contributing family workers. About 1.2 percent is self- employed with employees. The private informal sector is the largest employer in the district, employing 94.9 percent of the population followed by the public sector with 3.8 percent. The three main sources of lighting in dwelling units in the district are kerosene lamp (30.0%), flashlight/torch (36.8%) and electricity (29.6%). The main source of fuel for cooking for most households in the district is wood (77.6%). The proportion for rural is higher (88.0%) than that of urban (22.2%). The four main sources of water in the district are borehole, pipe borne water and protected well. About two third of households (66.4%) drink water from bore holes.

The district is served by the Ghana Commercial Bank, GN Bank and the Lawra Area Rural Bank

3.3.3 Identified Value Chain Commodities and Percentage (%) Farmer Engagement

In the district, 83.5 percent of households are engage in agriculture. In the rural localities, 90.3 percent of households are agricultural households while in the urban localities, 46.9 percent of households are into agriculture. Most households in the district (96.4%) are involved in crop farming with goat as the dominant animal reared in the district according to the Lawra District Report (2010). The major occupation, farming is rain fed. Annex 3.1 shows major food production systems commonly practiced in the Lawra district and the percentage of farmers involved.

3.3.4 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Sociocultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain commodities preference

The order of ranking made by participants for livestock and poultry commodities is presented in Annex 3.3.

Annex 3.4 shows the crop and livestock commodity financial considerations. Participants ranking decisions appeared influenced by the financial indicators (income security). Maize was ranked first among the crop commodities on grounds that it is grown and consumed by the majority and also contributes to income of the family. It had a benefit cost ratio of 1.27, net present value of 52.3 exceeding only sorghum and net benefit investment ratio of 2.96. These relatively low financial indicators show that, it is usually not grown on commercial basis but rather for household consumption and only sell the surpluses.

The maize indicators appeared highest because of the fact that it is the major staple food grown and eaten by the majority of the people. Farmers were of the view that when fertilizer was applied to maize in combination with recommended CSA practices such as planting on ridges, it performed relatively well and some level of income is realized. It was also mentioned that maize could be intercropped with cowpea.

Apart from the fact that groundnut has higher returns (316.0) and benefits (2.1), it was noted to be grown by very few families hence able to attract higher prices. However, the ranking was largely influenced by socio-cultural purposes. Groundnut could easily pass for income security commodity but was ranked only after maize. Financial indicators revealed that cowpea production is more profitable compared to sorghum but sorghum was much preferred because of its socio-cultural importance. For instance apart from domestic use as foodstuff and for pito preparation, it also plays sociocultural role during funerals as well. During funerals it is required and used as ‘wuokyi’ which makes it valuable traditionally. It is believed that the use of sorghum as food during funerals serves to prevent the occurrence of the disease that kill the person in the community. The internal rate of return for the crop and livestock commodities is observed to be 28% and 26% respectively, indicating the minimum acceptable rate for loans if farmers are to succeed with the investment.

Financially, sheep appeared better compared to goat and local fowl with relative benefit cost ratio of 3.14 as against 1.46 and 1.97 for local fowl and goat respectively. Goat was ranked first with the reasons that it is reared by the majority, and it is resistant to stresses such as harsh weather and diseases. Goat was noted to bring in cash income to supplement cash needs of rural households as well as money to buy production inputs and meet other farm costs. Goat is also used for cultural purposes such as sacrifices. The local fowl was ranked second after goat before sheep and cattle respectively. The relative importance of the local fowl was emphasized in terms of its contribution to food security and income support for the farm families. Though it was realized that sheep and cattle can be more productive in terms of cash income, but they are capital intensive and riskier because of high theft cases as a result, only few people are rearing them within the district.

3.3.5 Assessing Value Chain Segments and Gender Characterization

3.3.5.1 Ranking and Weighting of the Agricultural Value Chain Segments Agricultural subsector value chain analysis revealed four different segments within the Lawra district namely production, processing, marketing and service provision. In terms of weightings (level of engagement), about 75% of the populations were into production segment, followed by

marketing (15%), processing (6%) and lastly service provision (4%). Annex 3.5 shows the relative rankings by weightings of the value chain segments in the Lawra district.

3.3.5.2 Characterization of Value chain segments by Gender The proportion of engagement by gender in relation to the agricultural sector value chain segment was characterized in the district. The study revealed that 35% of youth male dominated in the production of crops and livestock compared to male adult (10%) which was the least (Table 5.4.2). This was followed closely by adult female (30%) reason being that most of the women apart from having their own farms also support their husbands and other men in production. Similarly about 25% of youth females were also found to be engaged in production. In terms of processing, youth female engagement dominated representing 35% while their counterpart youth male had 30%. Adult males recorded least percentages in all the value chain segments as revealed in Annex 3.6 below.

3.3.6 Climate Smart Agriculture practices identified in the value chain segments

A number of Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices were profiled in the Lawra district. These practices were categorized under the four main value chain segments in agriculture. Their various farming systems associated with the practices were also profiled. Annex 3.7 presents the profiled value segments and the corresponding CSA practices.

3.3.7 Gender Considerations in CSA Practices Utilization

In terms of CSA practices and technology utilization by gender, the study revealed that under production activities, men and women almost equally utilize CSA practices profiled in the Lawra district. Annex 3.8 depicts that men in general dominated in the utilization of minimum tillage, mixed farming, bunding, stone lining, irrigation, bush fire control, compost application, Integrated Nutrient Management (fertilizer, manure) Pests and disease control, improved seed and Soil and Water management. Women in general also dominated in the utilization of mulching, cover cropping, intercropping or mixed cropping, access to weather information and extension education, livestock tethering and supplementary feeding. Adult men dominance in the utilization of those CSA practices were largely attributed to their recognition as the head of the family in terms of decision making, ability to spend much time on farm, control over land and financial resources and strength. These factors aforementioned on the contrary were constraints to women in the utilization of those practices in agriculture and therefore push them into the production of vegetables and legumes that require less attention and time, little cash investment, less laborious and quick income for family support. Those women who practice CSA practices dominated by men hire the services of men. Some constraints to the adoption and utilization of these CSA practices have been also highlighted in Annex 3.8.

3.3.8 Matching Prioritized Crop and Livestock Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices

The prioritized crops and livestock commodities and systems of CSA practices by gender in the focus group sessions provided clearly observed differentiation. In crop production systems, many of the farmers practiced mixed cropping with maize as the most important commodity. Maize is

combined with crops such as sorghum, millet, cowpea, rice, groundnut, yam and vegetables among others.

However, it is important to note that under the existing practices by farmers, each cropping systems utilized a set or combination of CSA practices and technologies. It is therefore posited that one single CSA practice cannot attain or yield the desired level of productivity unless it is practiced among a number of other CSA practices. For instance while maize production systems of practice could adopt certain sets of CSA practices such as minimum tillage, bunding, integrated nutrient management, that of groundnut cultivation in the district thrives without the utilization of integrated nutrient management involving fertilizer and manure application. Neither do farmers employ minimum tillage and earth bunding in groundnut cultivation.

For the poultry and livestock subsector, most farmers practiced mixed farming by growing a number of crops and also keeping a combination of local fowls, ducks, and guinea fowl and livestock mostly small ruminants as well. CSA practices utilized for the rearing of poultry and livestock in the district include the provision of improved housing, improved breeds, supplementary feeding and control of pests and diseases. In Annexes 3.9 and 3.10 the details of results of crops, livestock and poultry commodities respectively that were prioritized by participants with given rational, the production systems and the associated system of CSA practices are provided for reference.

3.3.9 Participatory Investment Decisions Based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA Practices

Maize production as a major activity was ranked first on grounds that it is eaten by majority of the people and serves as food security source since it could be stored for relatively long time and has many uses locally. Its production segment has a higher percentage of actors (80%), followed by marketing value chain segment (10%). Processing and service provision segments represented 5% each. Adult women dominated in the production of many commodities and segments hence investment in any value chain should target CSA practices identified which constraints women in particular. Since the production level of maize, sorghum and cowpea are generally low, participants mentioned that there is the need for investment to target production segment for maize, sorghum and cowpea and also through improvement of the service delivery support systems for maize, sorghum and cowpea. So in terms of percentage investment weighting for maize, production and service provision were 35% and 40% respectively, while sorghum for similar segments were also 40% and 5% (Annex 3.11). Cowpea received investment weights of 45% and 10% for production and service provision respectively. Investment weighting assigned to processing segments for groundnut, sorghum and cowpea were 50%, 35% and 40% correspondingly. This is required for the establishment of factories to add value to these commodities to be able to have higher income levels and job creation. Investment requirements is needed for the promotion and utilization of practices that aim at ensuring high yield of the maize commodity such as investment into production inputs, establishment of mechanization centres with appropriate mechanization equipment to enhance land preparation, planting,

fertilizer application, harvesting and postharvest technologies. Capacity building and support for research and technology development is targeted.

For the poultry and livestock production segments, goats, local fowl and sheep received high investment weights of 60%, 75% and 60% respectively. Reasons were that, investment is required for the production segments targeting the construction of improved livestock housing, acquisition and development of superior breeds to cross their local breeds to enhance their productivity. The development and or importation of feed technologies, equipment and infrastructure were highly recommended. Considerable investment was also required to provide vaccines and other medications to reduce livestock mortality. Establishment of livestock and poultry processing facility for value addition was highlighted. The subsequent tables on crop and livestock commodities indicate key investment areas per prioritized crops, livestock and poultry commodities and suggested investment decisions in the Lawra district. Some major funding sources and collaborating partners identified have been highlighted in Annex 3.11.

3.3.10 Conclusion

The results of the study in Lawra district reveals that, maize production appeared highest in preference ranking because of the fact that it is the major staple food grown and eaten by the majority of the people. Farmers were of the view that with fertilizer application and use of recommended CSA practices such as planting on ridges, maize and sorghum do relatively well and some level of income is realized though income is not a major objective. It is additionally concluded that:

 The choices of cultivation of certain crops and rearing of poultry and livestock in the district were largely influenced by food and income security needs as well as socio- cultural use of these commodities.  Investments to target the production segment for maize, groundnuts, sorghum and cowpea through the promotion of CSA services provision segment (extension education, production input, adequately equipped district mechanization center, technology, etc.) was perceived most likely to improve yields and bring about increased production in the district.  This investment activity had the potential to benefit from the ‘one district one factory’ policy of the day because local participants similarly called for increased investment weighting to be assigned to the processing segment for groundnut, sorghum and cowpea value chains to promote value addition for higher incomes and job creation for the youth and women.  Capacity building and support for research and technology development should also be targeted and the investments directed towards promoting CSA engineered local agro- industrial development.  Investments in the poultry and livestock production segments for goats, local fowl and sheep appeared favourable in the promotion of the existing crop-livestock systems crucial for sustainable agricultural development in the zone  The need to invest in the processing segment of the livestock and poultry industry was not lost out as local people saw the establishment of processing facilities in the district

for value addition important to minimize any heavy biogeochemical movement of matter out of the zone through export of live animals.  For all this to happen successfully the budgetary implications bordering on capacity building of actors and the co-generation of CSA innovations and knowledge sharing at that level may have to be given adequate investment attention.

3.4 OFFINSO NORTH DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK 3.4.1 Summary results for Offinso North district

In this district farmer engagement in the value chain activities was 60-90% for maize, local fowl, cassava, groundnut, cashew, tomatoes, sheep and pepper commodities in the farming systems. Participants ranked maize first followed by cassava, tomatoes and groundnuts in that order. In the case of livestock it was the local fowl followed by sheep, goat and pig. Though the economic analysis showed tomatoes and cassava activity to produce better financial indicators, farmers rooted for maize and the associated CSA practices in the top rank due to food security attributes. Similarly, though the pig and sheep recorded better benefit cost ratio, net present value and net benefit investment ratio the local fowl was ranked top largely due to socio-cultural influences of the people apart from the ease with which fowl is converted into small petty cash. The associated CSA practices along the value chain segments have been described. In general, more females were involved in processing (85%) and marketing (85%) than males, whereas more males were involved in production (52%) and service provision (70%). Very few male adults (5%) and youth males (5%) were involved in marketing and processing respectively because activities in these value chain segments are generally carried out by the females in the Offinso district.

More females than males were engaged in Cover cropping (75%), Intercropping (75%), Mixed cropping (75%), Supplementary feeding (60%), Solar drying (65%), Oven Smoking of meat/Use of LP gas (70%) and Use of airtight bags to store gari (90%). Interestingly equal proportions of males (50%) and females (50%) were involved in Mulching, the use of Integrated Nutrient Management (fertilizer, manure), Weather information, and Soil and Water management. In the investment decision weightings for the crop value chain commodities, participants weighted the processing highest for Cassava (50%) and Tomatoes (50%). This indicates that in the processing of cassava and tomatoes the needed investment is to promote CSA practices that ensure value addition to increase shelf life and generate more income. Similarly, production segment was weighted highest for Groundnut (50%) with the explanation that there is ready market for groundnut. Participants weighted the investment in Maize value chain activities equal for both the production (30%) and processing (30%) segments as well as for service provision (30%) segment. Maize is a staple crop with ready market. As a major crop, more is produced but need to be processed into several products for value addition and income in sustainable manner. Investment into CSA practices such as input subsidies, appropriate mechanization equipment or centers, capacity building and support for research and technology into improved varieties as well as management of pest and disease are critical to enhance production, processing and service provision simultaneously.

With regards to the livestock/poultry value chain commodities, production of Local fowl, Sheep, Goat and Pigs received the highest investment weightings in the order of 50%, 60%, 60% and 40% respectively. Goat for instance, it was said that it is a stubborn animal and therefore has to be reared under intensive system. Local fowl and sheep are also reared for socio-cultural reasons. Potential funding sources were suggested by the participants.

3.4.2 Brief District Profile

The Offinso North District Assembly was inaugurated on 29th February, 2008 and established by LI 1856. It was carved out of the former Offinso District Assembly, now Offinso Municipal Assembly. It is one of the 30 District Assemblies in the Ashanti Region and has its capital as Akomadan. The district lies between longitudes 10 60 W and 10 45 E and latitudes 70 20 N and 60 50 S with a total land area of about 741 kilometres square. Figure 4 presents the map of the Offinso North district.

Figure 4 Map of Offinso North District 3.4.2.1 Climate and Vegetation The Offinso North District Assembly lies in the semi-equatorial climatic zone and experiences a double maxima rainfall regime. The first rainfall season starts from April to June, whilst the second period starts from September and ends in October. The dry season is quite pronounced and occurs between the months of November and March. A maximum temperature of 30oC is experienced between March and April. The district lies in the moist semi-deciduous forest zone, which is interspersed with thick vegetation cover. However, there is the vast emergence of guinea savannah most prevalent in areas such as Afrancho, Akomadan, Nkenkaasu and Nsenoa. There are four (4) forest reserves in the district, namely; Afram Headwaters (189.90km2), Afrensu- Brohoma (89.06km2), Mankrang (92.49km2) and Opro River (103.60km2)

3.4.2.2 Population and Household Characteristics The population of the Offinso North District, according to the 2010 Population and Housing Census stood at 56,881 and by the annual growth rate of 0.24% it is projected to be 57,291 at the end of 2013. The concentration is in the principal towns of Akomadan, Nkenkaasu and Afrancho, which are urban settlements. The high population numbers are due to the presence of a significant

migrant population mostly from Northern Ghana who are farmers. The population density is 76.7 people per square kilometer, lower than the national figure of 103.3 in 2010 indicating less or no pressure on land in the near future.

The total number of households in the district is 11,164. The average household size is 5.0. Heads of households are mainly males. However, there are female household heads too, who are either single or single parent households. Children constitute about 37.3 per cent of the average household.

3.4.2.3 Labour Force In terms of the labour force, government employees constitute about 6%, self-employed 87%, unpaid family workers 4%, apprentices 2%, domestic employees 0 and others 1%.

3.4.2.4 Major Economic Activities The structure of the district economy is made up of agriculture (64.7%), commerce (17.2%), service (14.8%) and industry (3.3%). About 62.3 % of the population is engaged in agriculture. Commerce employs about 19.4%; service, 14.5% and industry, 3.8%. Agriculture is thus the main economic activity in the district. Over 80% of the active population in the district is farmers. Out of this figure, the youth constitute about 25%.

In terms of agriculture, the major crops cultivated are maize, plantain, cassava, yam and vegetables. Cocoa and cashew production in the district is low. The Akomadan irrigation scheme has about 1000 ha of irrigable land however only 76 ha is said to be under cultivation. Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Pigs and Poultry (local and Commercial) are the livestock commodities in the district. Livestock production in the district is mainly free range especially, with the small ruminants. Cattle production however could be said to be semi-intensive. Poultry farming is also on a limited scale. Farmers receive veterinary services from the District Directorate. Fish farming is not common in the district.

3.4.2.5 Agro-Based Industries Agro-processing in the district is the areas of gari –processing, palm oil and palm kennel extraction. Gari-processing is carried out in communities such Dwenedabi, Mantukwa and Brohoma and Tanokwaem.

The people of Dwenedabi have been assisted by the UNDP/A2000N to procure a gari-processing plant. This would enable them stepped up production to raise their income levels as well as create employment. Pito brewing also occurs at Akomadan, Afrancho, Nkenkaasu and the Nsenoa area. Distilling of akpeteshie (a locally distilled hard liquor) is carried out around Afrancho, Tanokwaem and Nkenkaasu. These are owned by individuals. They meet the demand in and outside the district.

3.4.2.6 Socio-Cultural Environment The indigenes are Asantes. The Asante Culture is therefore, the dominant culture in the district. There are, however, other sub cultures, which are practised by the migrant settlers mostly from the North. The culture also promotes participation and this is depicted in household, families and

communities. Women are given place in decision-making. The Asante ethnic group constitutes about 80 per cent of the population in the district. The remaining 20 per cent consists of other ethnic groups of northern origin (Dagartis, Dagombas, Mamprusis, Walas, Moshies) and Ewes from the Volta Region. The district has sub-chiefs and ‘odikros’. They all owe allegiance and pay homage to the Offinsohene who is the Paramount Chief. There are also lineage and family heads who are the fulcrum around whom the unity, cohesion and stability of lineages, families and communities revolve.

The only notable festival in the district is the “Mmoanninko” which is celebrated annually.

3.4.2.7 Financial Institutions The district has a number of banking institutions. These include Ghana Commercial Bank; 3 Rural Banks (Fiagya, Otuasekan and Offinso Rural Banks) and LOC Micro-Finance Institution.

3.4.3 Identified Value Chain Commodities and Percentage (%) Farmer Engagement

In the recent study participants were carefully and strategically selected from the following communities: Akomadan, Nkenkaasu, Afrancho, Darso, Mentukwa, Dwendabi, Tanokwaem, Asuoso and Amponsahkrom, Nsenoa.

The food production systems were grouped mainly into the following classifications:

 Cultivating staple crops (cereals, legumes, roots and tubers)  Cultivating permanent crops (i.e., crops that stays for 3 or more years)  Cultivating Plantain and Banana  Cultivating vegetables  Roots and Tubers  Raising of livestock  Raising of poultry  Cultivating Fruits  Spices and Others The findings in Annex 4.1 shows the food production systems identified, their value chain commodities and the proportion of farmers involved in the production of each commodity. Maize, Cassava, Sheep and Local fowl had the highest proportions of farmers (90%) engaged in each. These were followed by Groundnuts and Tomatoes with 80% of farmers engaged in each. Others were Cashew taking 70% of farmers, Pepper (both hot and green pepper) taking 60%, Yam taking 50% with Goats and Pigs taking 40% of the farmers engaged in each of them. It was deduced based on the farmers involvement that the production system practiced in the Offinso North district is “Cereals (maize)-roots and tubers (cassava)-vegetables (tomatoes)-legume (groundnut)-small ruminants (sheep)-poultry (local fowl)”.

As a peculiar case participants explained that

 Cashew is intercrop with maize. The planting sequence is such that maize is planted first then cashew. After harvesting, maize can be planted in the second season or even any time the weather is favourable till the cashew canopies close up. Planting distance for the cashew can be 10 x 10 metres

 Plantain is cultivated in pure stand and also intercropped with maize, cocoyam and cocoa  Banana is cultivated in pure stand and also intercropped with cocoa for at least 3 years 3.4.5 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Socio-cultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain preference

Based on their contributions to income and food security, and other socio-cultural consideration, the participants ranked most important and preferred agricultural value chain commodities out of the lot. Annexes 4.2 and 4.3 illustrate the rankings for the crops and livestock/poultry value chain commodities respectively. Maize was ranked first in the crop commodities and local fowl as first livestock/poultry commodities.

In the CBA computation, the system of CSA practices considered are those that participants confirmed they apply to a particular agricultural value chain commodity. The cost components comprised the expenses incurred by farmers in implementing the CSA practices (installation, maintenance and operation) and the cost of other inputs in an acre of land for one year. These values were derived from the data collected from households who had implemented the system CSA practices with the targeted agricultural value chain commodities. The BCR and NPV calculated for each targeted agricultural value chain commodity are estimated from the value of the enhanced yield, the input costs and cost of implementing system of CSA practices. Recall that the yield obtained from a particular value chain commodity is as a result of the use of system of CSA practices and cannot be attributed to single CSA practice.

The results showed that all the most preferred value chain commodities in the district are profitable (Annex 4.4). This is because each of the selected commodities has benefit-cost ratio greater than one, positive net present value and net benefit investment ratio, and low payback period. It therefore implies that any investment in the system of CSA practices that apply to each of the selected value chain commodities will produce the needed outputs and outcomes. However, the internal rates of returns are less than the discount rates used indicating that farmers involved in these agricultural value chain commodities should not go in for loan or credit facilities, which have interest rates greater than the calculated internal rates of returns.

The internal rate of return for the crop value chain commodities is 27%, whereas that for the livestock/poultry value chain commodities is 26%. Among the most preferred value chain commodities, Tomatoes had the greatest benefit-cost ratio (8.5), greatest net present value (2,101.60), greatest net benefit investment ratio (14.2) and lowest payback period (0.07) as shown in Annex 4.4.

Comments from the participants at the district level validation

 The Consumer Protection Agency has been advocating against uniform bank interest rate for all  The need to build the capacity of agriculture officers to generate such economic data on a monthly basis to update stakeholders on the relevant information to be given to farmers to support decision their making at that level  Low interest rate for farmers should be a policy from the government  Farmers were given IFAD loans but could not pay back

 The district assembly should be able to influence decision in the district.  The assemblies are the policy implementers but the formulation is done at the national level.  The banks should be sensitized on this information about investments and interest rates by ecological zones. The Members of Parliament can use this information for the policy to influence the banks in their lending rates.  The politician wants to see the edifices but not the improvement in agriculture

3.4.6 Assessing Value Chain Segments and Gender Characterization

3.4.6.1 Ranking and Weighting of the Agricultural Value Chain Segments In an attempt to quantify actors’ engagement in the various agricultural value chain segments in the district, participants were made to describe the proportions of actors involved in these segments and the findings are illustrated in Annex 4.5.1 It was discovered that majority of the actors were involved in the production (70%) activities and few actors are involved in the service provision (5%).

3.4.6.2 Characterization of Agricultural Value Chain Segments by Gender Gender analysis was performed on actors’ engagement in the various agricultural value chain segments with results shown in Annex 4.6. In general, more females were involved in processing (85%) and marketing (85%) than males, whereas more males were involved in production (52%) and service provision (70%). The male adults, female adults, youth males and youth females were dominant in the production (40%), processing (70%), service provision (50%) and marketing (60%) respectively. It is also deductive that adults are more involved in the production (70%) and processing (80%) activities than the youth, whereas the youth are more involved in marketing (70%) and service provision (70%).

Very few male adult (5%) and youth male (5%) were involved in marketing and processing respectively because activities in these value chain segments are generally carried out by the females in the Offinso district.

3.4.7 Climate Smart Agriculture practices identified in the value chain segments

The climate smart agriculture practices carried out by the value chain actors were identified and are therefore listed in Annex 4.7. It came out that the production segment of the agricultural value chain has more of the CSA practices.

3.4.8 Gender Considerations in CSA Practices Utilization

Like the actors’ engagement in the various agricultural value chain segments, a gender analysis was also performed on the use of CSA practices and the results are shown in Annex 4.8. In general, more females than males were engaged in Cover cropping (75%), Intercropping (75%), Mixed cropping (75%), Supplementary feeding (60%), Solar drying (65%), Oven Smoking of meat/Use of LP gas (70%) and Use of airtight bags to store gari (90%) at the time of the study.

Similarly, more males than females were engaged in Minimum tillage (60%), Irrigation (80%), Brushing/Slashing (65%), Improved seed (60%), Pests and disease control (60%), Improved

housing (70%), Erection of stand or platform in the pen to prevent foot rot (80%), Improved breeds or hybrids (70%) and Storage of commodities (maize) using hermitic bag or actelic (80%) at the time of the study. Interestingly equal proportions of males (50%) and females (50%) were involved in Mulching, the use of Integrated Nutrient Management (fertilizer, manure), Weather information, and Soil and Water management.

The male adults, female adults, youth males and youth females were respectively dominant in the Storage of maize using hermitic bag or actelic (50%), Cover cropping (45%) = Intercropping (45%) = Mixed cropping (45%) = Use of airtight bags to store gari (45%), Irrigation (50%) and Use of airtight bags to store gari (45%). Additionally, adult’s involvement was dominant in Soil and Water management (80%), whereas youth involvement was dominant in Integrated Nutrient Management (fertilizer, manure) and Irrigation (60%).

3.4.9 Matching Prioritized Crop and Livestock Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices

It was observed that more CSA practices were applied in the crops value chains than the livestock/poultry value chains. The number of CSA practices within a system of CSA practices was more for Maize (14) followed by Tomatoes (13), then Cassava (11) and Groundnut (10). However, all the prioritized livestock/poultry value chain commodities had the same number of system of CSA practices. Appears livestock is now gaining more importance this rapidly changing ecological zone. A large part of this zone use to forest. The prioritized crops and livestock/poultry value chain commodities, the rational for the preferences, the various production systems, associated system of CSA practices and the levels of CSA utilization by gender in Offinso North district is organized and visualized in Annex 4.9.

3.4.10 Participatory Investment Decisions Based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA Practices

The findings in Annex 4.10 show the CSA investment options available for the prioritized agricultural value chains in the district. An initial assessment of people involvement in the prioritized value chain commodities revealed that more people were involved in the production segments of all the crops and livestock/poultry value chains. Specifically, the proportions of people involved in the production of crop value chain commodities are Maize (50%) = Cassava (50%) = Tomatoes (50%) and Groundnut (60%). Also, the proportions of people involved in the production of livestock/poultry value chain commodities are Local fowl (70%) = Sheep (70%), Goat (60%) and Pigs (50%).

In the investment decision weightings for the crop value chains commodities, participants weighted the processing highest for Cassava (50%) = Tomatoes (50%). This indicate that the processing of cassava and tomatoes needed investment to promote CSA practices that ensure value addition to increase shelf life and generate more income. Similarly, production was weighted highest for Groundnut (50%) with the explanation that there is ready market for groundnut. According to the participants, it is easier to access land for groundnut cultivation and release back to the owner. This is due to the fact that groundnut has short production cycle and

tend to replenish the soil due to nitrogen fixation. Landowners are therefore more willing to release for this purpose. Participants weighted the investment in Maize value chain equal for both production (30%) = processing (30%) = service provision (30%) segments. Maize is a staple crop with ready market. As a major crop, more is produced but need to be processed into several products for value addition and income in a sustainable manner. Investment into CSA practices such as input subsidies, appropriate mechanization equipment or centers, capacity building and support for research and technology into improved varieties as well as management of pest and disease are critical to enhance production, processing and service provision simultaneously.

With regards to the livestock/poultry value chain commodities, production of Local fowl, Sheep and Goat and Pigs received the highest investment weightings in the order of 50%, 60%, 60% and 40% respectively. The reasons assigned include the fact that high investment is required to promote the use of CSA practices with the production segments of these livestock/poultry commodities. These may include constructing improved housing, use of superior breeds, development and/or importation of feed technologies, equipment and infrastructure as well as provision of vaccines and other medications to support management of diseases.

Goat for instance, it was said that it is a stubborn animal and therefore has to be reared under intensive system. Local fowl and sheep are also reared for socio-cultural reasons. Muslims used sheep during festive occasions and Muslims are many in the area. Sheep walk together and are easily reared and shepherded but not so in the case of goats. Local fowls are often in the free- range system. 3.4.11 Suggested CSA Funding Sources

After the decision to promote some value chain commodities crop and/or livestock/poultry, funds are needed to implement the system of CSA practices that apply to the prioritized value chain commodities. Prudent funding arrangements ought to be established to ensure successful CSA implementation.

Some of the reliable and trusted funding sources considered by the district towards the investment in the CSA are the following: Bank Loans, Farmers, Common Fund, Agric Department Cost Centre, Donor Partners (IFAD, IDA, ECO, ADRA, EPAG, GIC), Climate Funds and Global Environmental Fund.

3.4.12 Conclusion

The Offinso North District appears to have lost much of the tree system in the forest ecological zone and now has large part of the land area mimicking the interior guinea savannah with shrubs and tall grasses. Cocoa as a forest crop has correspondingly dwindled in production as well as timber logging. However the district still experiences a double maxima rainfall regime and maximum temperature of 30oC. Agriculture is thus the main economic activity in the district over 80% of the active population in the district being farmers. Based on the local level interactions it may be added in concluding that:

 With such shifts in vegetation cover, no doubt value chain commodities found in the district include Maize, Cassava, Tomatoes, and Groundnuts, Cashew, Local fowl and Sheep. Most farmers currently find it beneficial engaging in Maize, Cassava, Sheep and Local fowl activities resulting in a “Cereals (maize)-roots and tubers (cassava)-vegetables (tomatoes)-legume (groundnut)-small ruminants (sheep)-poultry (local fowl)”production system.  Future investments in these value chains will likely be addressing the income security, food security and other socio-cultural concerns of the majority of the local people.  Even though CBA computations showed that all the most preferred value chain commodities in the district are profitable as each commodity had benefit-cost ratio greater than one, positive net present value and net benefit investment ratio, and low payback period, stakeholders maintained their stand and did not change the earlier rankings of the value chain commodities.  The internal rate of returns of 27% for crops and 26% for livestock/poultry value chain commodities were less than the discount rates used indicating that farmers should not go for loan or credit facilities that have interest rates greater than the calculated internal rates of returns. There appear a likely potential for the district to shift from its original high engagement in production activities towards a value addition regime for job creation based the on higher weightings indicated for processing of these value chain commodities.  Maize as a major staple crop also has ready market and more is produced. Investment into various systems of CSA practices are critical to enhance production, processing and service provision simultaneously.  The integration of livestock into the farming systems is practically gaining grounds with the opening up of the forest; this appears reflected in the investment weighting suggesting higher weights in the production segment for fowl, sheep, goat and pig.  It may further be concluded that the promotion of the systems of CSA practices that enhance production, processing, service provision and marketing of the prioritised crop and livestock/poultry value chains in the district appears a sustainable pathway for investments.

3.5 WEST MAMPRUSI DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK 3.5.1 Summary results for West Mamprusi district

The district appeared to produce limited value chain commodities with farmer engagement more than 60%. The study showed that only maize, millet, shea, local fowl and goat activities had over 60-100% farmer engagement in the district. Though cattle, sheep, rice and groundnuts engaged less than 50% farmers they were considered important from the socio-cultural point of view and included in the ranking. Maize activity was ranked first for food security reasons followed by millet, groundnuts and rice. Though the economic analysis showed groundnuts to produce better financial indicators, farmers rooted for maize and the associated CSA practices in the top ranking. Similarly, though the cattle, sheep and goat activities recorded better benefit cost ratio, net present value and net benefit investment ratio the local fowl was ranked top largely due to socio- cultural influences of the people. The associated CSA practices along the value chain segments have been described.

In the production activities, the youth male dominated in the use of minimum tillage, irrigation, planting in lines, brushing and slashing, control of bush fires, access to weather information and extension education. For the production of livestock, the youth male also dominated in the provision of supplementary feeding. Adult men also lead in the utilization of mixed farming, bunding, compost application, mixed cropping, crop rotation, integrated nutrient management (fertilizer, manure), ridging, dynamic kraaling, pests and diseases control as well as the use of improved breeds of poultry and livestock. These were attributed to their strength, access and control of resources including the money power to purchase. Adult men also dominated in crop rotation because they are seen as bread winners and take decisions regarding land usage. Adult women also showed dominance in the use of cover cropping, mulching, allowing trees on farms and livestock tethering.

Maize production as a major activity was ranked first on grounds that it is eaten by majority of the people and serves as food security commodity. In terms of percentage investment weighting for maize, the production activity received 50% of investment weighting while service provision segment had 35%, processing and marketing had 15% and 10% respectively. Investment weightings were also relatively higher for the production segments of millet, groundnut and rice each crop receiving equally 40% weights of investment. While service provision segment followed after production segment with investment weighting of 30% compared to 20% for processing in the case for millet. That of groundnut was the reverse where much weight consideration was given to processing segment (30%) and service provision (10%). This suggests that the participants were not satisfied with the current level of millet production as compared to groundnut and wished to step up production before considering processing. The production and processing segments for all these crop commodities require that the investment in production should target productivity increment through the promotion and utilization of CSA practices such as investment into production inputs, establishment of mechanization centre, etc. The processing segment investment on the other hand is required for the establishment of mini processing centers to add value to these commodities towards a higher income level and job creation.

For the poultry and livestock commodities, investment weighting on the production segments for local fowls, sheep, goats and cattle were 50%, 60%, 55% and 40% correspondingly. The main reasons were that, investment is required for the construction of improved livestock housing, acquisition and development of superior breeds to enhance their productivity. Investment weightings on processing and marketing were relatively closer for poultry and the smaller ruminant. However, in the case of cattle investment into processing dominated marketing of the livestock because of its bulkiness and handling challenges associated to live cattle marketing. The investment into processing is targeted towards the establishment of livestock and poultry processing facilities to add value to the meat products.

3.5.2 District Profile

3.5.2.1 Location and Population The West Mamprusi District is one of the 26 administrative assemblies in the Northern Region of Ghana with Walewale as its capital. It has a total land size area of 2610.44 sq km and shares boundaries with East Mamprusi and Gushiegu Districts to the east; North Gonja, Savelugu and Kumbungu Districts to the south; Builsa, Kassena-Nankana East Districts and Bolgatanga municipal (Upper East Region) to the north and; to the west, Mamprusi Moagduri District (Fig. 7.1). The population of West Mamprusi District, according to the 2010 Population and Housing Census, is 121,117 and accounts for 4.9 percent of the region’s total population. Males constitute 49.2 percent and females represent 50.8 percent. More than six in every ten (63.2%) of the population of the district lives in rural areas, while the remaining 36.8 percent lives in the urban areas. There are 86 communities in the District including some fishing and farm camps. The population density of West Mamprusi District is 46.4 per sq km and the sex ratio of 96.8. The district has a household population of 119,595 with a total number of 14,432 households. The average household size in the district is 8.4 persons per household. Children constitute the largest proportion of the household structure accounting for 49.5 percent. Heads of households form 12.1 percent. The West Mamprusi District is largely inhabited by the Mamprusi who constitute about 75 percent of the total population of the district. This dominant ethnic group coexists harmoniously with minor groups such as the Builsa (4.7%), Frafra (2.7%), Kasena (2.2%), the Dagomba (1.8%), and some other ethnic groups in Ghana (2010 PHC, GSS).

3.5.2.2 Climate and Physical features

The district is characterized by a single rainy season, which starts in late April with little rainfall, rising to its peak in July-August and declining sharply and coming to a complete halt in October- November. Annual rainfall ranges between 950mm - 1,200mm. Maximum day temperatures are recorded between March-April, while minimum night temperatures are recorded in December- January. The humidity levels between April and October is generally high in the night and falls during the day. The principal sources of water supply in the district are small town water supply systems in Walewale, Wulugu and Guabuliga. Figure 5 shows the map of the district.

Figure 5 Map of West Mamprusi District Source: Ghana Statistical Service, GIS 30

The natural vegetation is classified as guinea savannah woodland, composed of short trees of varying sizes and density, growing over a dispersed cover of perennial grasses and shrubs. The climatic conditions, relief features and soil texture which foster water logged conditions (especially in the area west of the White Volta) in the rainy season and draughty soils in the dry season tend to develop a characteristically hardy tree vegetation adapted to long periods of dry spells.

3.5.2.3 Landownership and Occupation of the People Land in Walewale is owned by individual families whose control rest in the family head as the sole custodian. These lands belong to the Mamprugu skin (traditional authority) and the

divisional chief of Walewale acts as the resident trustee on behalf of the ‘Nayiri’. About 80.7 percent of the employed population are engaged as skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers, 6.8 percent in service and sales work and 5.8 percent as craft and related trades workers. Relatively high proportions of males (86.1%) than females (75.1%) are engaged as skilled agricultural. On the contrary, more females (10.8%) than males (3.0%) are engaged as service and sales workers. The private informal sector is the largest employer in the district, employing 95.8 of the working population followed by the public sector with 3.1 percent. Whereas males (4.3%) are more likely than females (1.8%) to be employed by the public sector, females (97.1%) are likelier than males (94.5%) to be employed by the private informal sector. 3.5.3 Identified Value Chain Commodities and Percentage Farmer Engagement

In terms of sector of employment, 77.8 percent are engaged by the Agricultural sector, 16.8 percent by the Service sector and 5.4 percent by the Industry sector.

Crop production in the district is on a subsistence basis where smallholder farmers produce for family upkeep and occasional sale. There are, however, some forms of commercial farming. The major crops grown in the district are maize, millet, rice, groundnuts, beans, sorghum, bambara beans and yam. These crops are grown during the rainy season. Dry season farming is done along the banks of the White Volta during which crops such as tomatoes, onions, soybeans, pepper and tobacco are cultivated. Animals such as local fowl, cattle, goats and sheep are the most reared in the district. Annex 5.1 shows major food production systems commonly practiced in the West Mamprusi district and the percentage of farmers involved. 3.5.4 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Sociocultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain commodities preference

Many crops and livestock are produced in the district and some of them were highly ranked by the participants in terms of their contribution to food and income security as well as sociocultural underpinnings governing their usage within the district. Participants ranking decisions influenced by the financial indicators (income security) is shown in Annex 5.2. Annexes 5.3 and 5.4 show the crop and livestock commodity rankings in the Mamprusi West district. The tables revealed that maize was ranked first among the crop commodities on grounds that it is grown and consumed by the majority and also contribute to income of the family. It had a benefit cost ratio of 1.2, which was at par with rice but lower than groundnut but higher than millet. In terms of net present value, maize was relatively lower (39.6) than all the crop commodities. One would have considered maize to have a lower ranking among the commodities. The ranking of maize therefore justifies its relative importance in the district and has a relatively higher net benefit investment ratio of 5.6 and a shorter payback period.

The Annex 5.3 reveals that, maize production appeared highest, followed by millet because of the fact that they are common food crops cultivated by many people and are largely consumed by the majority of the people, Market also exists for these two crops without struggling. Farmers were of the view that groundnut production was purposely to supplement income.

The financial indicators pointed out that in terms of returns, the choice should have been cattle, but this was not the case. Participants rather chose local fowl, followed by sheep, goat and lastly cattle indicating that their choices of ranking of these commodities were largely influenced by socio-cultural underpinnings rather than cash income. It was justified that the local fowl for instance is largely used to perform rites, to welcome visitors, used during funerals, sacrifices and that one cannot be said to be a successful farmer without a fowl. The cattle though brings much income but its marketing are quite difficult compared to fowl and small ruminant. The decision to sell a cow comes only when big problems involving huge sums of money are required. Annex 5.4 highlights the reasons guiding the choice and ranking of these livestock commodities.

3.5.5 Ranking and Weighting of the Value Chain Segments

3.5.5.1 Ranking and Weighting Agricultural subsector value chain analysis revealed four different segments within the Mamprusi West district namely production, processing, marketing and service provision. In terms of weightings (level of engagement), higher percentage of the populations were into production segment > processing > marketing > service provision. Annex 5.5 shows the relative rankings by weightings of the value chain segments in the district.

3.5.5.2 Characterization of Value chain segments by Gender

The proportion of engagement by gender in relation to the agricultural sector value chain segment was characterized in the district. The study reveals that youth male dominated in the production segment >> female adult > youth female> adult male in that order. It was ascertained that the youth belonging to the age group 17-30years form the majority. Adults perform more supervision in terms of the farming. The youth male use more weedicide instead of the hoe weeding so are encouraged into production. The youth female who travel down south to work normally come back home to help their husbands in crop production during the rainy season. Those who stay at home also engage in service provision such as banking, selling chemicals and susu collection. The female adults dominated in both the processing and marketing segments of crops and livestock commodities in the district compared to their male adults, youth male and youth female respectively. The male adult only showed dominance in the provision of services (40%) followed closely by youth female (30%). Traditionally, adult men into processing are recognized as doing inferior work, hence they prefer buying for the youth to process instead. Most men also have an average of two (2) wives; hence there is always competition among the women which compelled them to do something extra and better for their children. A good number of livestock also belong to the women. The percentages of engagement by gender the value chain segments are provided in Annex 5.6.

3.5.6 Climate Smart Agricultural practices identified in the value chain segments

Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices identified and profiled in the Mamprusi West district have been categorized under the four main value chain segments in agriculture. Their various farming systems associated with the practices were also profiled. Annex 5.7 presents the summary on these practices per value chain.

3.5.7 Gender Considerations in CSA Practices Utilization

In terms of CSA practices and technology utilization by gender in the Mamprusi west district, the study revealed that under the production activities, the youth male dominated (in terms of percentage in the level of CSA practices usage) in the use of minimum tillage, irrigation, planting in lines, brushing or slashing, control of bush fires, access to weather information and extension education. For the production of livestock, the youth male also dominated in the provision of supplementary feeding. It was mentioned that the youth and the adult women prefer one time spraying to control of weeds and as such do not show much interest in mixed cropping and since adult men also have a lot of responsibility they wish to avoid total crop failure hence practice mixed cropping and do not care so much about the number of weeding times and spend longer time on the field. Adult men also lead in the utilization of mixed farming, bunding, compost application, mixed cropping, crop rotation, integrated nutrient management (fertilizer, manure), ridging, dynamic kraaling, pests and diseases control as well as the use of improved breeds of poultry and livestock. These were attributed to their strength, access and control of resources including the money power to purchase. Adult men also dominated in crop rotation because they are seen as breadwinners and take decisions regarding land usage. There is the possibility of relocating men to other land by land owners when they see that their crop does well. Adult women also showed dominance in the use of cover cropping, mulching, allowing trees on farms and livestock tethering.

Gender CSA utilization indicators in the West Mamprusi district and some constraints to the adoption and utilization of these CSA practices have been highlighted in Annex 5.8.

3.5.8 Matching Prioritized Crop and livestock Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices

The prioritized crops and livestock commodities and systems of CSA practices by gender were observed. Under the crop production systems, many of the farmers practice mixed cereal cropping involving maize as the most important commodity. Maize is cultivated with crops such as sorghum, millet, cowpea, rice among others. It is important to note that each cropping system utilizes some sets of CSA practices and technologies, as such the systems employed a number of practices to achieve optimum yield level. For the poultry and livestock subsector, most farmers practiced mixed farming by growing a number of crops and also keeping a combination of poultry and livestock. CSA practices utilized for the rearing of poultry and livestock in the Mamprusi West district include the provision of improved housing, improved breeds, supplementary feeding and control pests and disease as well as use of weather information and extension services. Detail results of crop and livestock commodities that were prioritized with their reasons, for given production and the associated CSA systems of practices can be found in Annexes 5.9 and 5.10.

3.5.9 Participatory Investment Decisions based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA practices

Maize production as a major activity was ranked first on grounds that it is eaten by majority of the people and serves as food security crop. Current engagement of the actors in the value chain segments for maize appear in the order of production > processing > marketing segment>service provision. The order in percentage investment weighting for maize was however different. While production received 50% of investment weighting, service provision segment had 35%, processing and marketing had 15% and 10% respectively. The level of engagement of farmers for millet and groundnut for the production segments were 40% and 55% respectively but only 30% of the farmers were engaged in rice cultivation. Investment weightings were also relatively higher for the production segments of millet, groundnut and rice each crop receiving equally 40% weights of investment. While service provision segment followed after production segment with investment weighting of 30% compared to 20% for processing in the case for millet. That of groundnut was the reverse where much weight consideration was given to processing segment (30%), followed by service provision. This suggests that the participants were not satisfied with the current level of millet production as compared to groundnut and wished to step up production before considering processing. The production and processing segments for all these crop commodities require that the investment in production should target productivity increment through the promotion and utilization of CSA practices such as investment into production inputs, establishment of mechanization centre etc., the processing segment investment on the other hand is required for the establishment of mini processing centers to add value to these commodities towards higher income levels and job creation.

For the poultry and livestock commodities investment weighting on the production segments for local fowls, sheep, goats and cattle were 50%, 60%, 55% and 40% correspondingly. The main reasons were that, investment is required for the construction of improved livestock housing, acquisition and development of superior breeds to enhance their productivity. Investment weightings on processing and marketing were relatively closer for poultry and the smaller ruminant however in the case of cattle investment into processing dominated marketing of the livestock because of its bulkiness and handling challenges associated to live cattle marketing. The investment into processing is targeted towards the establishment of livestock and poultry processing facility to add value to the meat products. Annex 5.11 shows investment weightings on ranked crop and livestock commodities in the Mamprusi West district. Some major funding sources and collaborating partners identified have also been highlighted in the table.

3.5.10 Conclusion

The study in Mamprusi West district revealed that for the crop value chain commodities priority needs to be given to maize, followed by millet, groundnut and rice. For the poultry and livestock commodities, the local fowl was first prioritized, followed by sheep, goats and cattle. Maize was considered as a major staple food grown and eaten by the majority of the people. It was observed that maize could also be intercropped with other cereals and legumes with trees on farms, particularly sheanut trees and dawadawa. These are practices that favour climate smart practices in agriculture and needs to be promoted.

 The mixed cropping and poultry and livestock rearing operations in the district is not devoid of the pillars of food and income security as well as socio-cultural use of these commodities which should not be missed out in investment decision making.  Since most of the CSA practices involved in land preparation were laborious, investment is required to promote and utilize CSA practices aimed at increasing yield through investment on production inputs, establishment of mechanization centres with appropriate equipment to enhance land preparation, planting, fertilizer application, harvesting and postharvest technologies that constrain women.  Capacity building and support for research and technology development should also be targeted. Investment in the service delivery support systems for maize, millet, groundnut and rice is essential.  Investment weighting assigned to processing segments for the crop commodities were relatively high hence the call for establishment of factories to add value to these commodities to be able to have higher income levels and job creation.  For the poultry and livestock production segments, local fowl, sheep, goats and cattle received high investment weights respectively. Reasons were that, investment is required for the production segments targeting the construction of improved livestock housing, acquisition and development of superior breeds to enhance their productivity.  The development and or importation of feed technologies, equipment and infrastructure, were highly recommended. Considerable investment was also required to provide vaccines and drugs to reduce livestock mortality. Establishment of livestock and poultry processing facility for value addition was highlighted.

3.6 BIRIM SOUTH DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK 3.6.1 Summary results for Birim South district

In this district it was indicated that maize, local fowl, cassava, plantain, pear, tomatoes, pepper, yam, and cocoa value chain commodities in the farming systems engaged 60-95% of farmers. Farmer engagement in the other livestock activities was found to be low. Using the socio-cultural lenses participants ranked the major commodity activities in the order of maize, cassava, plantain and cocoa for preference. For the livestock activity the local fowl was ranked first before goat, sheep and pig. Though the economic analysis showed plantain, followed by cocoa and cassava to produce better financial indicators, farmers rooted for maize and the associated CSA practices in the top ranking. Similarly, though the goat and sheep recorded better benefit cost ratio, net present value and net benefit investment ratio the local fowl was ranked top largely due to socio- cultural influences of the people and the little and quick cash returns to meet household needs. The associated CSA practices along the value chain segments have been described.

In general, more males than females were engaged in Irrigation (96%), Mulching (75%), Cover cropping (75%), Intercropping (75%), Inorganic fertilizer (70%), Minimum tillage (70%) and Crop rotation (70%). Interestingly equal proportions of males (50%) and females (50%) were involved in the use of improved planting materials. Male adults dominated in the use of all the afore-stated CSA practices in the district. This may be attributed to the fact that the male adults are in good financial standing and are able to afford use of these CSA practices. More so, the laborious nature of the use of some of the CSA practices may restrict usage by the youth and females in general. In the investment decision weightings for the crop value chain commodities, participants weighted the processing highest for Cassava (60%) and Plantain (50%). This indicates that in the processing of cassava and plantain investment is needed to promote CSA practices that ensure value addition to increase shelf life and generate more income. Similarly, production was weighted highest for Cocoa (50%) and Maize (45%) with the explanation that there is ready market for these commodities. Also, maize is a staple food and cocoa gives accumulated income and also for prestige. Participants weighted the investment in Maize, Cassava and Plantain value chains least and equal for both marketing (10%) and service provision (10%) segments. These crops are staple food and investment into CSA practices such as input subsidies, appropriate mechanization equipment or centers, capacity building and support for research and technology into improved varieties as well as management of pest and disease are critical to enhance production, processing and service provision simultaneously. With regards to the livestock/poultry value chain commodities, production of Local fowl, Goat and Sheep received the highest investment weightings in the order of 60%, 45% and 45% respectively. The reasons assigned include the fact that high investment is required to promote the use of CSA practices with the production segments of these livestock/poultry commodities. These may include constructing improved housing, use of superior breeds, development and/or importation of feed technologies, equipment and infrastructure as well as provision of vaccines and other medications to support management of diseases. Potential funding sources were suggested by the participants.

3.6.2 District Profile

Birim South District forms part of the twenty-six (26) Municipalities and Districts in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The District was carved out of the former Birim South District now Birim Central Municipal as part of the government’s decentralization programme in 2008 by L.I 1850 with Akim Swedru is the District Administrative capital. The District covers an estimated land area of 725.99 sqkm. The District shares boundaries with Birim Central to the north, to the south with Asikuma-Odoben-Brakwa, to the east with West Akim and to the west with Assin North Municipal. Figure 6 shows the map of Birim South district.

Figure 6 Map of Birim South District 3.6.2.1 Physical Features

The natural features of land in the District are generally undulating and hilly. The District is endowed with streams and rivers serving as source of drinking water for most deprived communities. The streams and rivers could also serve as opportunities for small-scale irrigation farming. It can be harnessed to serve as a source of pipe borne water supply to serve most of the communities near-by and for agricultural purposes especially in the dry season.

3.6.2.2 Climate and Vegetation The District falls within the wet semi-equatorial climatic zone which experiences substantial amount of precipitation/rainfall. Annual rainfall is between 150cm and 200cm reaching its maximum during the two peak periods of May-June and September-October. This promotes serious farming activities within these two periods (May-June and September-October). There is relative humidity of about 56% (dry season) and 70% of (raining season). The temperature ranges

between 25.2°C and 27.5°C which tends to create a relatively good atmosphere for socio- economic activities like trade and farming in dry season and rainy season respectively. The vegetation is mainly characterized by tall trees with evergreen undergrowth endowed with economic trees. Human activities such as poor farming practices, lumbering (especially chain saw and firewood operations), mining, construction works have had negative impact on the vegetation over the years resulting in scattered parcels of secondary forest.

3.6.2.3 Population and Household Characteristics The total population of the District is 119,767 representing 4.5 percent of the population of the Eastern Region (2,633,154). Sex disaggregation of the population in the district follows both the national and regional trends where females out number males. Females represent 51.6% of the population against 48.4% males. The district has a total household population of 117,985 with 55,940 in urban and 62,045 in rural areas. In addition, there are 28,800 households in the District comprising of 14,288 urban households and the remaining 14,512 are rural households. The average household size in the District (4 persons) is almost the same for both urban and rural areas. Out of a total of 28,800 households in the District, 78.2% of the households are engaged in agriculture as an economic activity. The high proportion of agricultural households in rural areas is basically due to the fact that agriculture is essentially a rural activity.

3.6.2.4 Labour Force The economically active population is made up of persons who are employed (95.0%) and unemployed (5.0%). Out of a total of 2,649 of unemployed persons who are available and seeking work, majority of 1,898 persons constituting 71.6 percent of the unemployed population are seeking job for the first time while the remaining 28.4 percent are persons who have worked before, seeking work and available.

3.6.2.5 Major Economic Activities Agriculture like most Districts in the Country is the mainstay of the District Economy employing about 70% of the active labour force. Other economic activities that support the agricultural sector are; trade and commerce, industry and services (hotels, banking etc). Several activities take place in the district that goes a long way to contribute to its economic development. Agriculture, food processing, commerce, especially trading, lumbering, and small-scale mining are the major economic activities in the district. Achiase and Swedru are the main commercial centers in the District with Achiase being the busiest town. Residents in Swedru, the District Capital mostly carry out their commercial activities in Oda the capital of Birim Central Municipality because of the short distance compared to Achiase. Agriculture is however a rural based sector of the District economy.

3.6.2.6 Agricultural Sector Major activities in Agricultural sector are crop farming and livestock production employing about 70% of the active working population. Four types of agricultural activities were defined namely crop farming, tree growing, livestock rearing and fish farming. The highest proportion of

farming households are engaged in crop farming (98.1%), while the least proportion of households are into fish farming (0.1%).

3.6.2.7 Crop Farming

Majority of the farmers in the district are involved in crop farming and the main crops cultivated are:  Starchy staples like cassava, cocoyam, and plantain,  Legumes like beans; vegetables like tomatoes, okro, garden eggs, pepper, cabbage.  Tree crops like oil palm, cocoa, citrus, bamboo;  Cereals like maize and rice. Maize is planted twice during the year, i.e during the major and minor seasons. The predominant farm practice is mixed cropping. The crops grow in mixed stands normally inter-cropped with vegetable and cultivated for both home consumption and/or sale.

3.6.2.7 Types of livestock and other animals reared

Animal rearing is the second most important agricultural activity after crop farming. Most of the farmers engaged in crop farming also keep livestock. The number of animal species kept in the District is approximately 161,770. Out of this number, there are 10,770 keepers and an average of 15 animals per keeper. The average animal per keeper for goat and sheep are 9 and 10 respectively. The types of animals reared are sheep, goats, pigs, cattle and poultry. These are reared as supplementary activities to meet part of the protein requirements and to earn additional income. There are only a few known viable fishponds in the District. The main difficulty lies with the cost of construction of ponds.

3.6.2.8 Land tenure system

In the District land is acquired in several ways. These include the following: (i) Individual ownership or inheritance from family; (ii) Rent or hiring from landowners and (iii) Mortgage. The land tenure arrangements include: a. Owner occupancy, where the farmer is the owner of the land on which he/she works and provides all the necessary inputs for production. b. Share tenancy – This is the “abunu” or the “abusa” share cropping system, where the owners lease the land to the farmer, and the farm produce shared equally (abunu) or a third goes to the landlord, while two-thirds goes to the tenant (abusa).

3.6.2.9 Marketing system

Urban-based middlemen within and outside the district undertake marketing of farm produce. Most of the farmers sell their produce at the nearest local market to these middlemen who in turn send them to other marketing centres especially the Oda market for sale. The pricing of agricultural produce, which is determined by supply and demand but negotiated by the middlemen, is unfavourable to the farmers. Prices of farm produce are therefore, very low especially during harvest time when there is a glut and serve as disincentive to the farmers. The

poor roads to farming areas have also created for the farmers limited access to the bigger markets, which can offer better price for their crops. The district has 15 daily markets and 8 periodic markets that are geographically distributed in the district. Greater volume of trade takes place at the Akim Swedru, Akim Aperade and Akim Achiase markets. The main items of trade are agricultural and industrial produce.

3.6.2.10 Effects of human activity on farmlands and population

Mining activities over the year has wrecked considerable havoc on farmlands by stripping the land of the topsoil and also leaving gaping holes most times filled with water and serving as death traps to unsuspecting people. Agriculture production by itself has also rendered some cultivated areas grassland instead of the usual forest cover. Practices such as inappropriate land preparation and irregular use of fertilizers to sustain growth of cultivated crops have led to a reduction of soil fertility.

3.6.2.11 Agro-Based Industries Value addition is being pursued with the widespread processing of oil palm and kernel oil in the District. Cassava is also being processed into gari in some communities. There are also rice milling and corn milling.

3.6.2.12 Socio-Cultural Environment About 90% of the people are Akans mainly Akyem. Tribes like the Ewes, Krobos, Hausa and other tribes from the northern parts of the country constitute minor ethnic groups (about 10%) in the District. The District is heterogeneous in terms of ethnicity and the greater proportion of the migrant tribes have lived in peaceful co-existence, a pre-requisite for development. There are three Traditional Councils in the District namely Bosome, Abuakwa and Kotoku. All of these councils celebrate different festivals each year at different times. The people of Achiase, which is under the Abuakwa traditional council, celebrate Ahintan and Norma festival, while Bosome traditional council celebrates the Odwira festival.

3.6.2.13 Financial Institutions Financial sector is operated by two main rural banks namely South Birim and Akyem Bosome Rural Banks. The South Birim rural bank has its headquarters in Achiase with branches in Oda, Aperade while the Akyem Bosome rural bank headquarters is in Swedru with a branch also in Oda. There are also insurance services but on a small scale. 3.6.3 Identified Value Chain Commodities and Percentage (%) Farmer Engagement

In the recent study participants were carefully and strategically selected from the following communities: AKyem Awisa, Akyem Swedru, Akyem Achiase and others.

The food production systems were grouped mainly into the following classifications:

 Cultivating staple crops (cereals, legumes, roots and tubers)  Cultivating permanent crops (i.e., crops that stays for 3 or more years)  Cultivating Plantain and Banana

 Cultivating vegetables  Raising of livestock  Raising of poultry  Cultivating Fruits  Spices and Others

The findings in Annex 6.1 shows the food production systems identified, their value chain commodities and the proportion of farmers involved in the production of each commodity. The proportion of people involved in the cultivation of crop was found to be in the order of Plantain (99%) > Cassava (95%) > Maize (90%) = Cocoa (90%) > Pear (80%) = Tomatoes (80%) > Yam (70%) > Pepper (60%) > Rice (55%) >Oil Palm (50%) = Cocoyam (50%). Similarly, the proportion of people involved in the rearing of livestock and poultry was in the order of Local fowl (80%) > Goats (50%) > Sheep (25%) > Exotic fowl (20%) > Pigs (10%) = Rabbit and grasscutter (10%). It was deduced based on the farmers’ involvement that the production system practiced in the Birim South district is “Cereals (maize)-Plantain-roots and tubers (cassava)- cocoa-livestock (sheep) and poultry (local fowl).

3.6.4 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Socio-cultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain preference

Based on their contributions to income and food security, and other socio-cultural consideration, the participants ranked most important and preferred agricultural value chain commodities out of the lot. Annexes 6.2 and 6.3 illustrate the rankings for the crops and livestock/poultry value chain commodities respectively. Maize was ranked first in the crop commodities and local fowl as first livestock/poultry commodities.

In the CBA computation, the system of CSA practices considered are those that participants confirmed they apply to a particular agricultural value chain commodity. The cost components comprised the expenses incurred by farmers in implementing the CSA practices (installation, maintenance and operation) and the cost of other inputs in an acre of land for one year. These values were derived from the data collected from households who had implemented the system of CSA practices with the targeted agricultural value chain commodities. The BCR and NPV calculated for each targeted agricultural value chain commodity are the estimated from the value of the enhanced yield, the input costs and cost of implementing system of CSA practices. Recall that the yield obtained from a particular value chain commodity is as a result of the use of system of CSA practices and cannot be attributed to single CSA practice.

The results showed that all the most preferred value chain commodities in the district are profitable (Annex 6.4). This is because each of the selected commodities has benefit-cost ratio greater than one, positive net present value and net benefit investment ratio, and low payback period. It therefore implies that any investment in the system of CSA practices that apply to each of the selected value chain commodities will produce the needed outputs and outcomes. However, the internal rates of returns are less than the discount rates used indicating that farmers involved in these agricultural value chain commodities should not go in for loan or credit facilities, which have interest rates greater than the calculated internal rates of returns.

The internal rate of return for the crop value chain commodities is 28%, whereas that for the livestock/poultry value chain commodities is 26%. Among the most preferred value chain commodities, sheep had the highest BCR (9.2) and maize with the lowest BCR (2.3). Cocoa had the highest NPV (1,763.90) and maize with the lowest NPV (215.10). Cassava had the highest NBIR (24.10) and goat with the lowest NBIR (2.2). Lastly, cassava had the shortest pay-back- period and goat had the longest pay-back-period (Annex 6.4). These findings imply that sheep has less cost of production, cocoa has more future value, cassava has highest returns on initial investment and short period for paying back any investment.

3.6.5 Assessing Value Chain Segments and Gender Characterization

3.6.5.1 Ranking and Weighting of the Agricultural Value Chain Segments In an attempt to quantify actors’ engagement in the various agricultural value chain segments in the district, participants were made to describe the proportions of actors involved in these segments and the findings are illustrated in Annex 6.5. It was discovered that majority of the actors are involved in the production (70%) activities and few actors are involved in the service provision (5%).

3.6.5.2 Characterization of Agricultural Value Chain Segments by Gender Gender analysis was performed on actors’ engagement in the various agricultural value chain segments with results shown in Annex 6.6. In general, more females were involved in processing (75%) and marketing (70%) than males, whereas more males were involved in production (60%) and service provision (80%). The male adults, female adults, youth males and youth females were dominant in the production (40%), Processing (40%), service provision (50%) and processing (35%) = marketing (35%) respectively. It is also deductive that adults are more involved in the production (70%) and processing (60%) activities than the youth, whereas the youth are more involved in service provision (60%). Equal proportions of adults and youth were involved in agricultural marketing activities (50%) in the district.

Few female adults (10%) and few youth female (10%) were involved in service provision. Also very few youth male (5%) were involved in processing at the time of the study.

3.6.6 Climate Smart Agriculture practices identified in the value chain segments

The CSA practices carried out by the value chain actors were identified and are listed in Annex 6.7.1. It came out that the production segment of the agricultural value chain has more of the CSA practices as compared the processing and marketing segments.

3.6.7 Gender Considerations in CSA Practices Utilization

Like the actors’ engagement in the various agricultural value chain segments, a gender analysis was also performed on the use of CSA practices and the results are shown in Annex 6.8. In general, more males than females were engaged in Irrigation (96%), Mulching (75%), Cover cropping (75%), Intercropping (75%), Inorganic fertilizer (70%), Minimum tillage (70%) and Crop rotation (70%). Interestingly equal proportions of males (50%) and females (50%) were involved in the use of Improved planting materials.

Additionally, the adults were dominant in the use of Improved planting materials (100%), Irrigation (97%), Minimum tillage (85%), Cover cropping (85%), Intercropping (85%), Inorganic fertilizer (85%), Crop rotation (85%) and Mulching (80%). Male adults dominated in the use of all the afore-stated CSA practices in the district. This may be attributed to the fact that the male adults are in good financial standing and are in a position to afford the use of these CSA practices. More so, the laborious nature of the use of some of the CSA practices may restrict usage by the youth and females in general.

3.6.8 Matching Prioritized Crop and Livestock Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices

The prioritized crops and livestock/poultry value chain commodities, the rational for the preferences, the various production systems, associated system of CSA practices and the levels of CSA utilization by gender in Birim South district can be located in Annex 6.9. It was observed that more CSA practices were applied in the crops value chains than the livestock/poultry value chains. For the crops value chain commodities, the number of CSA practices within a system of CSA practices was more for Maize (17) followed by Cocoa (16), then Plantain (14) and Cassava (12). However, all the prioritized livestock/poultry value chain commodities had the same number of system of CSA practices. Female gender involvement in the utilization of the system of CSA practices was low due to some constraints observed earlier.

3.6.9 Participatory Investment Decisions Based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA Practices

The findings in Annex 6.10 show the CSA investment options available for the prioritized agricultural value chains in the district. An initial assessment of people involvement in the prioritized value chain commodities revealed that more people were involved in the production segments of all the crops and livestock/poultry value chains. Specifically, the proportions of people involved in the production of crop value chain commodities are Maize (65%), Cassava (70%), Plantain (75%) and Cocoa (60%). Also, the proportions of people involved in the production of livestock/poultry value chain commodities are Local fowl (80%) and Goat (70%) same as for Sheep (70%).

In the investment decision weightings for the crop value chain commodities, participants weighted the processing highest for Cassava (60%) and Plantain (50%). This indicates that in the processing of cassava and plantain investment is needed to promote CSA practices that ensure value addition to increase shelf life and generate more income. Similarly, production was weighted highest for Cocoa (50%) and Maize (45%) with the explanation that there is ready market for these commodities. Also, maize is a staple food and cocoa gives accumulated income and also for prestige. Participants weighted the investment in Maize, Cassava and Plantain value chains least and equal for both marketing (10%) and service provision (10%) segments. These crops are staple food and investment into CSA practices such as input subsidies, appropriate mechanization equipment or centers, capacity building and support for research and technology into improved varieties as well as management of pest and disease are critical to enhance production, processing and service provision simultaneously.

With regards to the livestock/poultry value chain commodities, production of Local fowl, Goat and Sheep received the highest investment weightings in the order of 60%, 45% and 45% respectively. The reasons assigned include the fact that high investment is required to promote the use of CSA practices with the production segments of these livestock/poultry commodities. These may include constructing improved housing, use of superior breeds, development and/or importation of feed technologies, equipment and infrastructure as well as provision of vaccines and other medications to support management of diseases.

Goat for instance, it was said that it is a stubborn animal and therefore has to be reared under intensive system. Local fowl and sheep are also reared for socio-cultural reasons. Muslims used sheep during festive occasions and Muslims are many in the area. Sheep is easily reared and shepherd and they walk together but not in case of goats. Local fowls are often in the free-range system. 3.6.10 Suggested CSA Funding Sources

Some of the reliable and trusted funding sources considered by the district towards the investment in the CSA are the following: Bank Loans, Farmers, Assembly IGF, Common Fund, Agric Department Cost Centre, Donor Partners (IFAD, IDA, ECO, JICA), Climate Funds and Global Environmental Fund.

3.6.11 Conclusion

Brim South district falls within the wet semi-equatorial climatic zone, which experiences substantial amount of precipitation/rainfall and favours tree forest-food crop integrated systems with small animal species production while preserving the environment.

 The major agricultural value chain commodities found in the district include Maize, Cassava, Plantain, Cocoa, Local fowl, Sheep and Goat. The production system practiced in the district is “Cereals (maize)-Plantain-roots and tubers (cassava)-cocoa-livestock (sheep) and poultry (local fowl). This system of production appears to support income security, food security and other socio-cultural wellbeing considerations of the people  The economics of production of most of the preferred value chain commodities proved positive and beneficial. Maize was ranked first in the crop commodities and Local fowl as first in the livestock/poultry commodities as the most important and preferred value chain commodities in the district.  The CSA practices carried out in the agricultural value chain segments and farming systems were identified and the production segment of the value chain appeared more endowed with application of the CSA practices. Investments in the generation of CSA technologies to support the other value chain segment areas for holistic development of agriculture and the food systems is indicated.

 With regards to gender and CSA utilization, more males than females were engaged in Irrigation, Mulching, Cover cropping, Intercropping, Inorganic fertilizer, Minimum tillage and Crop rotation. Interestingly equal proportions of males (50%) and females (50%) were involved in the use of improved planting materials. The females were largely constrained in labour use and access to limited finance to support these operations.  In matching the prioritized crops and livestock/poultry commodities, the possible production systems and the systems of CSA practices, it was observed that more CSA practices were applied in the crops value chains than the livestock/poultry value chains which and this appears characteristic of the agro-ecological zone with livestock being a recent introduction for sustainability.  An assessment of people involvement in the prioritized value chain commodities revealed that more people were involved in the production segments of all the prioritized crops and livestock/poultry value chains. However the future investment drive for these commodities point to higher weighting for processing particularly for Cassava and Plantain This calls for investments in these two value chain commodities needed to promote systems of CSA practices that will ensure value addition to increase shelf life and generate more income. Investments in CSA were however, weighted high as a result to support the production segment for Cocoa (50%) and Maize (45%) as there is ready market for these commodities.  It is further concluded that high investment was associated with the use of systems of CSA practices such as constructing of improved housing, use of superior breeds, development and/or importation of feed technologies, and medications to support management of diseases in the production segment of livestock/poultry commodities. Higher investment weightings were therefore indicated for the development of the production segments of the local poultry, goat and sheep commodities in the farming system.

3.7 BAWKU WEST DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK 3.7.1 Summary results for Bawku West district

The study showed that more farmers 60-90% in the district were engaged in the following: maize, millet, shea, local fowl, guinea fowl, cowpea, sorghum, dawadawa, okro, cattle, sheep and goat as major activities. Maize activity was ranked first for food security reasons before millet, sorghum and rice. The economic indicators appeared to agree with the socio-cultural reasoning probably due to the unfavorable climatic conditions in the zone for cropping activities. Benefit cost ratio for rice particularly was recorded less than unity. Though the BCR for sorghum was impressive (2.1), the benefit on investments was less than 1.The economic indicators for livestock activities appeared healthier with the local fowl topping. The various CSA practices associated with these commodities have been characterized.

The study revealed that adult male dominated in the utilization of earth bunding, stone lining, compost application, bush fire control, cover cropping, ripping, planting in lines, integrated nutrient management, access to weather information and extension education. Adult females however dominated in the utilization of intercropping or mixed cropping, meat smoking and use of hermitic bag for storage. The young men showed dominance in the utilization of brushing/slashing, improved seed, irrigation, mixed farming, pests and disease control, livestock tethering, improved housing, improved breeds/ hybrids. Some constraints associated with the adoption and utilization of these CSA practices have been also highlighted. Maize production as a major activity was ranked first on grounds that it is eaten by majority of the people and serves as food security. In terms of percentage investment weighting for maize, production and processing had 35% each, service provision and marketing had 25% and 5% respectively. Investment weighting were also relatively high for the production of millet, sorghum and rice constituting 52%, 50% and 51% respectively. While the production target is to invest into increasing productivity through the promotion and utilization of CSA practices such as investment into production inputs, establishment of mechanization centre etc., the processing segment investment is required for the establishment of factories to add value to these commodities for higher income levels and job creation. For the poultry and livestock commodities, investment weighting on the production segments for local fowls, guinea fowl, goats and sheep were 50%, 50%, 70% and 68%, respectively. Investment weighting guide on the processing of the aforementioned livestock and poultry commodities were for local fowls, guinea fowl, goats and sheep allocated 24%, 25%, 15% and 15%, respectively.

3.7.2 District Profile

Bawku West District is one of the thirteen (13) districts and municipalities in the Upper East Region of Ghana. The district is located in the north-eastern section of the region, with Zebilla as its administrative capital. It is bordered to the north by the Republic of Burkina Faso, to the east by Binduri district, to the west by Talensi district and Nabdam district and to the south by East Mamprusi district. Significantly, two tributaries of the Volta River namely the White Volta and the Red Volta run contiguous to the district’s eastern and western boundaries respectively. The district was created in 1988 under the local government system by Legislative Instrument (LI) 1442. The district covers an area of approximately 1,070 square kilometres, which

constitutes about 12% of the total land area of the Upper East Region. It is the fourth biggest district in the region in terms of land area. Figure 7 provides the map of Bawku West District.

Figure 7 Map of Bawku West District 3.7.2.1 Climate and Vegetation The district experiences a unimodal rainfall regime lasting 4 to 6 months and a long dry period of 6 to 8 months in a year. The average annual rainfall, temperature and relative humidity are 956mm, 34oC and 56% respectively, with potential evapotranspiration of more than 2882mm.There is therefore excessive evapotranspiration over rainfall. The district’s vegetation is Sudan Savannah consisting of short drought and fire resistant deciduous trees interspersed with open savannah grassland. Grass is very sparse and in most areas the land is bare and severely eroded. Common grasses include Andropogan gayanus (Northern Gamber Grass) in the less eroded areas and Hyparhenia spp, Aristida spp, and Heteropogon spp. (Spear grass) in the severely eroded areas. Common trees include Anogeissus spp, Acacia spp (Thorn tree) and Triplochiton spp. Economic trees include Parkia filicoidea (Dawadawa), Butyrospermum parkii

(Sheanut), Andansonia digitata (Baobab) and Ceiba pentandra (Kapok). In most cases the vegetation is highly degraded by land clearing for farming, fuel wood harvesting, overgrazing, annual bushfires, and harvesting of poles for construction. The activities of illegal miners also contribute to the degradation of the vegetation in some parts of the district as most of these illegal activities take place on agricultural lands, and this therefore has serious implications on soil fertility for sustainable crop production. The relief of the district is generally flat to gently undulating. These plains are broken in some places by hills or ranges formed from either outcrops of Birimian rocks (greenstones) or granite intrusions. These ranges lie along the border with Burkina-Faso, north of Zebilla, and turn south-west from the Red Volta north of Nangodi in the Talensi-Nabdam District. The district is drained by both the White and Red Volta and their tributaries. The rivers over flow their banks during the rainy season (June to September) but dry up soon after the season with disconnected pools of water in their beds separated by dry stretches of sand and rocks. During the dry season, the sand bars make it possible for people to cross the White Volta on foot or by motor cycles at Sapelliga, the Ghana-Burkina-Faso border. The total hectarage in the district suitable and unsuitable for crop production is 58,406 and 336,687 respectively.

Most of the soils, having developed over thoroughly weathered parent materials, are old and have been leached over a long period of time. Their buffering capacity as well as caution exchange capacity is also low since their predominant clay mineral is kaolinitic, consequently, most of the soils are of low inherent fertility. The two most frequently deficient nutrients are nitrogen and phosphorus. The build-up of any amount of organic matter is constrained by regular burning of crop residues and/or competitive use of these residues for fuel, animal feed or building purposes. The low vegetative cover during the dry season also renders most of the soils susceptible to erosion during the rainy season. This, in turn, exacerbates the low fertility problem. The sustainability of good crop yields is therefore closely linked with careful management of the soils with the objective of preventing and controlling erosion, increasing their organic matter content (compost, crop residues, farmyard manure, etc.) and replacing and increasing plant nutrients lost through erosion, leaching and crop uptake. Deposits of gold reportedly underlie the Birimian formation north of Zebilla and south of Sapelliga. In the Widnaba-Teshie zone, illegal mining of gold (‘galamsey’) accompanied by serious land degradation is prevalent. Therefore, if the activities of these illegal miners in the district which is on the increase are not checked, further degradation of the land would have serious consequences on agricultural production and household food security in the district as most of these mining activities take place on agricultural lands. This would further worsen the poverty situation in the District since more than 80% of the population depends on agriculture for their livelihoods of which women are the majority.

3.7.3 Identified food production systems commonly practiced in the district

There are 15,169 households in the district with 14,159 of them in agriculture. Thus, majority of the households (93.3%) are engaged in agricultural activities, only 6.7 are not engaged in any form of agricultural activity. Most households in the district (98.1%) are involved in crop farming. The major occupation, farming is rainfed. Annex 7.1 shows major food production systems commonly practiced in the Bawku West district and the percentage of farmers involved.

3.7.4 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Sociocultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain commodities preference

Despite the fact that the district can boast of many crops and livestock production potentials, some of them were highly ranked by the participants in terms of their contribution to food and income security as well as sociocultural underpinnings governing their usage within the district. Annex 7.2 shows the final decisions that influenced the ranking of the various crop and livestock commodities (Annexes 7.3 and 7.4 respectively) show the crop and livestock commodity rankings in the Bawku West district. Maize was ranked first among the crop commodities on grounds that it is grown and consumed by the majority of people and also contribute to income of the family. It had a benefit cost ratio of 1.1, net present value of Gh55.1 which is lower than millet and sorghum. These relatively low financial indicators show that, it is usually not grown on commercial basis but rather for household consumption by the majority. Legumes such as groundnut and cowpea though were least ranked rather had higher returns and benefits compared to the ranked cereals. It was noted that their higher returns were attributed to the fact that those crops were plagued with some diseases some time ago and many diverted to cereals. So the few people who remained exploited the market forces to their advantage.

The results in Annex 7.3 reveals that, maize production appeared highest because of the fact that it is a staple food grown and eaten by the majority of the people. Farmers were of the view climate change is also affecting millet production and with fertilizer and compost application to maize gives better maize yield compared to millet. Some reasons justifying the choice of other crop commodities are highlighted in the same table below. Though rice is cultivated by 25% of farmers primarily for cash income, indications are that the farmers almost break even in its cultivation with benefit cost ratio just below 1 (0.96).

Though in Ghana, the Bawku West district is noted for guinea fowl production, however, financially, local fowl appeared better compared to guinea fowl and other livestock such as goats and sheep with relative benefit cost ratio of 6.9 as against 2.8, 2.5 and 3.3 for guinea fowl, goat and sheep respectively. All other indicators showed that the local fowl gives best financial performance.

Guinea fowl was ranked second after local fowl followed by goats and sheep. Annex 7.4 highlights some other reasons guiding the choice and ranking of these livestock commodities.

3.7.5 Assessing Value Chain Segments and Gender Characterization

3.7.5.1 Ranking and Weighting Agricultural subsector value chain analysis revealed four different segments within the Bawku West district namely production, processing, marketing and service provision. In terms of weightings (level of engagement), about 69% of the populations were into production segment, followed by marketing (15%), processing (11%) and lastly service provision (5%). Annex 7.5 shows the relative rankings by weightings of the value chain segments in the district.

3.7.5.2 Characterization by Gender

The proportion of engagement by gender in relation to the agricultural sector value chain segment was characterized in the district. The study reveals that female adult dominated in the production (45%), processing (75%) and marketing (45%) of crops and livestock commodities in the district compared to their male adult, youth male and youth female respectively. The important role of women in the socio-economic life of the people cannot be underestimated. The results rightly conformed to the revelations in the Bawku West District Report 2010 which highlighted that female population in the district constitutes 53% of the total population and also clearly indicated that women in the district are responsible for planting, harvesting, storage and marketing of farm produce. It was revealed that women also assist the men in dry season farming activities, transportation and marketing of onions, tomatoes, okro, pepper and other vegetables. In the district, women were noted to be engaged in shea nut picking and processing, rice parboiling and processing, dawadawa processing, groundnut oil extraction and pito brewing. Service provision was dominated by youth males representing 40%. Percentages of engagement by gender are presented in Annex 7.6.

3.7.6 Climate Smart Agricultural practices identified in the value chain segments

A number of Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices were profiled in the Bawku West district. These practices were categorized under the four main value chain segments in agriculture. Their various farming systems associated with the practices were also profiled. Annex 7.7 presents the summary on these practices per value chain.

3.7.7 Gender Consideration in CSA Practices Utilization and Constraints

In terms of CSA practices and technology utilization by gender, the study revealed that under production activities, men and women almost equally utilize CSA practices profiled in the Bawku West district. Annex 7.8 depicts that adult male dominated in the utilization of bunding, stone lining, compost application, bush fire controlling, cover cropping, ripping, planting in lines, integrated nutrient management, access to weather information and extension education. Adult females however dominated in the utilization of intercropping or mixed cropping, meat smoking and use of hermitic bag for storing. The young men showed dominance in the utilization of brushing/slashing, improved seed, irrigation, mixed farming, pests and disease control, livestock tethering, improved housing, improved breeds/ hybrids. Some constraints to the adoption and utilization of these CSA practices have been also highlighted in Annex 7.8.

3.7.8 Matching Prioritized Crop and Livestock Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices

The prioritized crops and livestock commodities and systems of CSA practices by gender were observed. Under the crop production systems, many of the farmers practice mixed cropping cereals such as maize as the most important commodity. For the various mixed systems maize is cultivated with crops such as sorghum, millet, cowpea, rice among others. It is important to note that each cropping system utilized some sets of CSA practices and technologies as such the

systems employed a number of practices in order to achieve optimum yield level. For the poultry and livestock subsector, most farmers practiced mixed farming by growing a number of crops and also keeping a combination of local fowls, ducks, guinea fowls and livestock mostly small ruminants as well. CSA practices utilized for the rearing of poultry and livestock in the district include the provision of improved housing, improved breeds, supplementary feeding and control pests and disease as well. The detailed results of crop and livestock commodities that were prioritized with their reasons, their production and systems of CSA practices associated with the production of the ranked commodities are provided in Annexes 7.9 and 7.10.

3.7.9 Participatory Investment Decisions based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA practices

Maize production as a major activity was ranked first on grounds that it is eaten by majority of the people and serves as food security crop. The production segment for maize has a higher percentage of actors (70%), followed by processing value chain (18%) and marketing segment (7%). Service provision segments represented 5%. In terms of percentage investment weighting for maize, production and processing had 35% each, service provision and marketing had 25% and 5% respectively. The level of engagement of farmers for millet and sorghum for the production segments were 65% each for the crops but that for the rice was 70% level of farmers’ engagement. Investment weighting were also relatively high for the production of millet, sorghum and rice constituting 52%, 50% and 51% respectively. The production and processing segment for maize were similar representing investment weighting of 35% each. While the production target is to invest into increasing productivity through the promotion and utilization of CSA practices such as investment into production inputs, establishment of mechanization centre etc., the processing segment investment is required for the establishment of factories to add value to these commodities to be able to have higher income levels and job creation.

For the poultry and livestock commodities, investment weighting on the production segments for local fowls, guinea fowl, goats and sheep were relatively representing 50%,50%, 70% and 68% correspondingly. The main reasons were that, investment is required for the construction of improved livestock housing, acquisition and development of superior breeds to enhance their productivity. Investment weighting on the processing of the aforementioned livestock and poultry commodities followed the production segment where local fowls, guinea fowl, goats and sheep processing received 24%, 25%, 15% and 15% respectively. This is required for the establishment of livestock and poultry processing facility to add value to the meat products. Annex 7.11 shows investment weightings on ranked crop and livestock commodities in the Bawku West district. Some major funding sources and collaborating partners identified have also been highlighted in the table.

3.7.10 Conclusion

The results of the study in the Bawku West district revealed maize as prioritized value chain crop, followed by the traditional millet, sorghum and rice. Maize, a recent introduction is considered a major staple food grown and eaten by the majority of the people. The persistence of maize in the given farming system appeared to be most favoured as it was observed to do well in most CSA

practices including intercropping with other cereals and legumes such as cowpea and groundnut and trees.

 The preference for cultivation of certain crops and rearing of poultry and livestock in the district as observed elsewhere in this report appeared to be greatly influenced by food and income security as well as socio-cultural use of these commodities and could guide future investment decisions.  Most of the CSA practices involved in land preparation were described as laborious, and any investment required to promote and utilize CSA practices aimed at increasing yield and sustaining the productive resources needs to target production inputs, establishment of mechanization centers with appropriate equipment to enhance land preparation, planting and fertilizer application. Particularly harvesting and postharvest technologies that constrain women participation should be addressed.  It is concluded that capacity building and support for research and technology development should also be targeted, hence the indication that investment in the service delivery support systems in the future for maize, millet, sorghum and rice is essential.  Investment weighting assigned to processing segments for the crop commodities were relatively high thereby appear to lend support to suggestions for the establishment of factories to add value to these commodities to be able to have higher income levels and job creation. are crucial.  Increased productivity into the future remains a driver for the poultry and livestock production segments though these commodities have been a component of the farming system for decades. The local fowl, guinea fowl, goats and sheep received high investment weights respectively for future development of the production segments targeting the construction of improved livestock housing, acquisition and development of superior breeds to enhance their productivity and contribute effectively to the resilience of the existing crop-livestock system.  Establishment of livestock and poultry processing facility for value addition was highlighted for system stabilization through reduction in biomass export to the southern zones in order to also minimize the land resource degradation.  Some major funding sources and collaborating partners identified may render significant support for CSA promotion and utilization of the practices in the district however, it will require organized and concerted action with CSA-oriented leadership from the district authorities and institutions.

3.8 HO WEST DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT FRAMEWORK 3.8.1 Summary results for Ho West district

The major crop and livestock activities in the district included: maize, local fowl, cassava, plantain, goats, sheep, oil palm and cocoa value chain commodities in the farming systems. Percentage of farmers engaged in these activities in the district ranged 65-95%. Using the socio- cultural lenses participants ranked the major commodity activities in the order of maize, cassava and rice. Plantain and cocoa did not get ranking for preference. For the livestock activity the local fowl was ranked first before goat and sheep. Though the economic analysis showed plantain, followed by cassava to produce better financial indicators, farmers rooted for maize and the associated CSA practices in the top ranking. Similarly, though the goat and sheep recorded better benefit cost ratio, net present value and net benefit investment ratio the local fowl was ranked top largely due to socio-cultural influences of the people and the little but quick cash returns to meet household needs. The associated CSA practices along the value chain segments have been described. Males than females were engaged in Minimum tillage using herbicide (65%), Minimum tillage using cutlass (70%), Weather information or use of extension information (calendar) regarding the season (60%), Improved planting materials (70%), Use of chemical fertilizer (60%), Pests and disease control using chemicals (73%), Soil and Water management (90%), Use of insecticide (65%), Good housing to ensure protection against weather (80%), Use of Improved/Superior breeds (65%) and Use of neem leaves to store grains (60%). On the contrary more females than males were engaged in Preservation and Use of improved local varieties (maize and brown rice) (70%), Intercropping (70%), Timely planting and harvesting (55%), Maintaining good sanitation (65%), Supplementary feeding (65%), Grating of cassava (70%), Roasting of cassava into gari (75%), Use of cold storage facilities (85%), Off-taking (80%), Use of airtight storage materials (hermetic) (60%) and Proper meat inspection (75%). Interestingly equal proportions of males (50%) and females (50%) were involved in the use of Solar/sun and air-drying, Winnowing (cleaning), Row planting, Prophylaxis (Vaccination, De- worming, ethno-vet, etc.), Processing of cassava into flour and Standardization and packaging (by volume and crate). In the investment decision weightings for the crop value chain commodities, participants weighted the production highest for Rice (50%) and Cassava (45%). This indicate that for the production of rice and cassava investment is needed to promote system of CSA practices that lead to increase in production as there is ready market for these commodities. Such increases will support the processing industries creating more jobs and generate income. Service provision was weighted highest for Maize (40%). This was largely due to the fact that Maize is a staple food and investment into CSA practices such as input subsidies, appropriate mechanization equipment or centers, capacity building and support for research and technology into improved varieties as well as management of pest and disease are critical to enhance production and processing simultaneously. For the livestock/poultry value chain commodities, the production segment of Local fowl, Goat and Sheep received the highest and equal levels of investment weightings of 60%. The reasons assigned included the fact that high investment is required to promote the use of CSA practices within the production segments of these livestock/poultry commodities. These may include construction of improved housing, use of improved/superior breeds, development and/or importation of feed technologies, equipment and infrastructure as well as provision of vaccines and other medications to support management

of diseases. Some of the reliable and trusted funding sources considered by the district towards the investment in the CSA are the following: Bank Loans, Farmers, Assembly IGF, Common Fund, Agric Department Cost Centre, Donor Partners (IFAD, DFID, IDA, ECO, JICA), Climate Funds and Global Environmental Fund.

3.8.2 Brief District Profile

Ho West District is one of the 25 districts in the Volta Region of Ghana. It was established by the Legislative Instrument (LI) 2083 of 2012. It was curved out of Ho Municipality in January 2012 and inaugurated in June, 2013. The District derived its name from Ho West constituency. Its District capital is Dzolokpuita. Ho West District is located between latitudes 6.33o 32” N and 6.93o 63” N and longitudes 0.17o 45” E and 0.53o 39” E with a total land area of 1,002.79 sqkm. It shares boundaries with Adaklu District to the South, Afadjato South to the North, Ho Municipal and the Republic of Togo to the East and South Dayi District to the West. Figure 8 presents the map of Ho West district.

Figure 8 Map of Ho West District

3.8.2.1 Physical Features

The general relief of the District falls into two main parts: mountainous and lowland areas. The mountainous areas are mostly to the North and Northeast, which are part of Togo Ranges and have heights between 183metres and 853 metres. The lowland areas are to the South of the district and have heights between 60metres and 152 metres. The topography is relatively steep and imposes rapid run-offs during the rainy seasons and call for bitumen surface roads in those areas as permanent solution. The general drainage pattern is southwards and dominated by rivers like Tsawe (Alabo) and Kalakpa, which eventually flow into the lower Volta or Avu Lagoon. Despite the numerous tributaries, which serve the district, their flows during the dry seasons is much reduced and practically cease in some of their courses. The rivers therefore do not provide all year round dependable source of water supply to the communities they serve.

3.8.2.2 Climate and vegetation The rainfall pattern is characterized by two rainy seasons referred to as the major and the minor seasons. The major season is from March to June while the minor one is from July to November. The rest of the year is referred to as dry season. Mean annual rainfall figures are between 120.1mm and 192mm. The highest rainfall occurs in June and has mean value of 192mm while the lowest rainfall is in November recording about 120.1mm. Mean temperature in the District ranges between 22°C and 32°C, while annual mean temperature range from 16.5°C to 37.8°C. In effect, temperatures are generally high throughout the year which is good for plants and food crop farming. It is however, very low (16.6°C) around Amedzofe and its peripheral communities and this make it a preferred destination for most tourist who visit the region. Ho West District falls into two main types of Vegetation zones, these are the moist Semi-deciduous forest which mostly covers the hills in the District and savannah woodland. The District is endowed with several tree species for construction and commercial uses such as wawa, mahogany among others.

3.8.2.3 Population and Household Characteristics

The population of Ho West District according to the 2010 PHC stands at 94,600 with 45,361 males (48%) and 49,239 females (52 %). Majority (89.1%) of the population in the District lives in the rural areas compared to 10.9 percent in the urban areas. The District has a household population of 93,523 with a total number of 23,875households. The average household size in the District is 4.0 persons per household. The population density of 94.3, which means on the average there are about 94 persons per square kilometre in Ho West District.

3.8.2.4 Labour Force

The economically active population is 69.5% of which 95.9% are employed and 4.1% are unemployed. With regards to male and female activity status, the proportion of economically active male is 70.7% of which 96.5% are employed and 3.5% are unemployed, whiles that for the female economically active population is 68.6% with 95.4% employed whiles 4.6% are unemployed.

3.8.2.5 Major Economic Activities

Agriculture, industry and other related work form the major occupation in the District. Significant proportions of the employed persons are engaged in skilled agricultural forestry and fishery workers. Nearly 60 percent (58.4%) of the population work as skilled agriculture forestry and fishery workers. The second highest proportion is craft and related trade workers 16%, 7.3% also work as managers, professionals, technicians and associate professionals. Clerical support, plant and machine operators and assemblers and other occupation constitute 18.3%. Compared with males (3.8%), a higher proportion of females (21.1%) work as service and sales workers. The three top industries, agriculture forestry and fishing; manufacturing; and wholesale and retail employ 80.6% of people 15 years and older with all the remaining industries employing 19.4%. In spite of the seemingly large number of people engaged in agriculture, due to the relatively low level of income from that sector as a result of its subsistence nature, most of the labour from the sector will be willing to move to other sectors where income levels will be better and stable.

3.8.2.6 Agricultural Sector

Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ho West District economy. It plays a vital role in the socio- economic development of the District. The District has about 95percent of its population employed in the agricultural sector. More specifically employs about 74 percent of the labour force. The agricultural sector in the District comprises of crops, livestock, fisheries, agro forestry and non-traditional commodities.

Majority of the people are into crop farming (95.2%) with only (0.06%) engaged in fish farming. Farming in the District is largely carried out on small-scale basis. The average acreage cultivated ranges between 4-6 acres for all crops. There are vast arable lands for commercial farming across the district. Major crops cultivated includes; maize, rice, cassava, and beans. Cash crop such as cocoa and palm plantation is gaining ground steadily in the district. Farmer groups are also into bee keeping, snail farming, grass cutter rearing, which enhances their incomes. The District is one of the net exporters of cassava produce to other Regions and Districts in Ghana. Other produce such as maize, rice and yam are also produced and exported out of the district. The District has large track record of very fertile land that can grow large variety of crops including maize, cassava, yam, cocoyam, plantain, guinea corn, millet, all types of vegetables and fruit crops such as banana, pineapple, mango, cashew, sunflowers, pear, orange, among others. The census reported that a total of 147,871 livestock of different species are reared in the District. Chicken alone constitutes 60.8 percent of all the various types of livestock followed by goats, 22.9 percent and sheep, 6.5 percent.

3.8.2.7 Socio-Cultural Environment There are three Traditional Councils and sixteen traditional areas in the District. These three councils collaborate in promoting the development of the District. Various communities have their Chiefs who in turn are responsible to Paramount Chiefs of their respective traditional Councils.

The people in the district are predominantly Ewe with the rest of the ethnic group in the minority. The traditional areas are endowed with some cultural practices and festival. For instance the Yam Festival is for the people of the Awudome traditional area, whereas the Kimini festival is for the chiefs and people of Avatime traditional area.

3.8.2.8 Financial Institutions

There are no traditional commercial banks in the District however; there are two rural banks (name of banks) that serve the people.

3.8.3 Identified Value Chain Commodities and Percentage (%) Farmer Engagement

In the recent study participants were carefully and strategically selected from the following communities: Abutia Kpota, Avatime, Dzolokpuita, Awudome, Kisiflui, Saviefe and others quite representative of the district. The food production systems were grouped mainly into the following classifications:  Cultivating staple crops (cereals, legumes, roots and tubers)  Cultivating permanent crops (i.e. crops that stays for 3 or more years)  Cultivating Plantain and Banana  Cultivating vegetables  Raising of livestock  Raising of poultry  Cultivating Fruits  Spices and Others The findings in Annex 8.1 shows the food production systems identified, their value chain commodities and the proportion of farmers involved in the production of each commodity. The proportion of people involved in the cultivation of crop was found to be in the order of Maize (95%) > Cassava (90%) > Cocoa (80%) > Plantain (70%) > Oil palm (65%) > Yam (50%) > Rice (40%) > Cowpea (30%) = Coffee (30%). Similarly, the proportion of people involved in the rearing of livestock and poultry was in the order of Local fowl (98%) > Goats (95%) > Sheep (70%) > Pigs (5%) > Exotic fowl (1%) = Cattle (1%). It was deduced based on the farmers’ involvement that the production system practiced in the Ho West district is “Cereals (maize)- Roots and tubers (cassava)-Cocoa-Plantain-Livestock (Goat) and Poultry (local fowl). 3.8.4 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Socio-cultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain preference

Based on their contributions to income and food security, and other socio-cultural consideration, the participants ranked the most important and preferred agricultural value chain commodities out of the lot. Annexes 8.2 and 8.3 illustrate the rankings for the crops and livestock/poultry value chain commodities respectively. Maize was ranked first in the crop commodities and local fowl as first livestock/poultry commodities.

In the CBA computation, the system of CSA practices considered are those that participants confirmed they apply to a particular agricultural value chain commodity. The cost components

comprised the expenses incurred by farmers in implementing the CSA practices (installation, maintenance and operation) and the cost of other inputs in an acre of land for one year. These values were derived from the data collected from households who had implemented the system of CSA practices with the targeted agricultural value chain commodities. The BCR and NPV calculated for each targeted agricultural value chain commodity are the estimated from the value of the enhanced yield, the input costs and cost of implementing system of CSA practices. Recall that the yield obtained from a particular value chain commodity is as a result of the use of system of CSA practices and cannot be attributed to single CSA practice.

The results showed that all the most preferred value chain commodities in the district are profitable (Annex 8.4). This is because each of the selected commodities has benefit-cost ratio greater than one, positive net present value and net benefit investment ratio, and low payback period. It therefore implies that any investment in the system of CSA practices that apply to each of the selected value chain commodities will produce the needed outputs and outcomes. However, the internal rates of returns are less than the discount rates used indicating that farmers involved in these agricultural value chain commodities should not go in for loan or credit facilities, which have interest rates greater than the calculated internal rates of returns.

The internal rates of returns for both crop and livestock/poultry value chain commodities is 28%. Among the most preferred value chain commodities, goat had the highest BCR (12.50) and maize the lowest BCR (2.10). Cassava had the highest NPV (2,395.38), the highest NBIR (11.23) and the shortest pay-back-period (0.10). Even though goat has the highest BCR (12.50), it recorded the lowest NPV (256.26), the lowest NBIR (0.78) and the longest pay-back-period as shown in Annex 8.4. It can therefore be deduced that cassava is more valuable in present terms, it receives highest returns on initial investment and has short period for paying back any investment undertaken than the other prioritised agricultural value chain commodities. 3.8.5 Assessing Value Chain Segments and Gender Characterization

3.8.5.1 Ranking and Weighting of the Agricultural Value Chain Segments In an attempt to quantify actors’ engagement in the various agricultural value chain segments in the district, participants were made to describe the proportions of actors involved in these segments and the findings are illustrated in Annex 8.5. It was discovered that majority of the actors are involved in the production (70%) activities and few actors are involved in the marketing (5%) activities.

3.8.5.2 Characterization of Agricultural Value Chain Segments by Gender

Gender analysis was performed on actors’ engagement in the various agricultural value chain segments with results shown in Annex 8.6. In general, more females than males were involved in processing (55%) and marketing (65%), whereas more males than females were involved in production (60%) and service provision (65%). Equal proportions male and females were involved in production (50%). The male adults, female adults, youth males and youth females were dominant in service provision (35%), marketing (60%), service provision (30%) and marketing (15%) = service provision (15%). It is interesting to note that the adult groups together

dominated in all the activities along the value chain segments. Specifically, the adult involvement in the value chain segments were observed as production (70%), Processing (65%), Marketing (80%) and Service provision (55%).

Few youth female were involved in production (10%) and processing (10%) service provision. Also, very few youth male were involved in marketing (5%) at the time of the study. 3.8.6 Climate Smart Agriculture practices identified in the value chain segments

The CSA practices carried out by the value chain actors were identified and are listed in Annex 8.7. It came out that the production segment of the agricultural (production) value chain has more of the CSA practices compared to processing and marketing. 3.8.7 Gender Considerations in CSA Practices Utilization

Like the actors’ engagement in the various agricultural value chain segments, a gender analysis was also performed on the use of CSA practices and the results are shown in Annex 8.8. In general, more males than females were engaged in Minimum tillage using herbicide (65%), Minimum tillage using cutlass (70%), Weather information or use of extension information (calendar) regarding the season (60%), Improved planting materials (70%), Use of chemical fertilizer (60%), Pests and disease control using chemicals (73%), Soil and Water management (90%), Use of insecticide (65%), Good housing to ensure protection against weather (80%), Use of Improved/Superior breeds (65%) and Use of neem leaves to store grains (60%).

Similarly, more females than males were engaged in Preservation and Use of improved local varieties (maize and brown rice) (70%), Intercropping (70%), Timely planting and harvesting (55%), Maintaining good sanitation (65%), Supplementary feeding (65%), Grating of cassava (70%), Roasting of cassava into gari* (75%), Use of cold facilities (85%), Off-taking (80%), Use of airtight storage materials (hermetic) (60%) and Proper meat inspection (75%). Interestingly equal proportions of males (50%) and females (50%) were involved in the use of Solar/sun and air-drying, Winnowing (cleaning), Row planting, Prophylaxis (Vaccination, De-worming, ethno- vet, etc.), Processing of cassava into flour and Standardization and packaging (by volume and crate).

The male adults, female adults, youth males and youth females were respectively dominant in the Soil and Water management (65%), Use of cold chain facilities (70%), Use of chemical fertilizer (40%) = Use of insecticide (40%) = Use of improved/superior breeds (40%) and Use of airtight storage materials such as hermetic bags (40%). In general, the adults dominated in the use of all the CSA practices in the district. For instance, adults’ involvement was highest in use of Weather information or Use of extension information (calendar) regarding the season (80%) = Use of cold facilities (80%) = Proper meat inspection (80%). This may be attributed to fact that the adults are in good financial standing and are capable to afford use of more CSA practices.

The youth were dominant only in the Use of Airtight storage materials such as hermetic bag (70%) and chemical fertilizer (60%) = insecticide (60%) = Supplementary feeding (60%) =

Improved/Superior breeds (60%). The youth may be more interested in fast are money and good prices. 3.8.8 Matching Prioritized Crop and Livestock Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices

The prioritized crops and livestock/poultry value chain commodities, the rational for the preferences, the various production systems, associated system of CSA practices and the levels of CSA utilization by gender in Ho West district was profiled and presented in Annex 8.9 for ease of reference. It was observed that more CSA practices were applied in the crops value chains than the livestock/poultry value chains. For the crops value chain commodities, the number of CSA practices within a system of CSA practices was more for Maize (20) followed by Cassava (17), Vegetables (16) and Rice (14). However, all the prioritized livestock/poultry value chain commodities had the same number of system of CSA practices (13). 3.8.9 Participatory Investment Decisions Based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA Practices

CSA investment options available for the prioritized agricultural value chains in the district is provided in Annex 8.10. An initial assessment of people involvement in the prioritized value chain commodities revealed that more people were involved in the production segments of all the crops and livestock/poultry value chains. Specifically, the proportions of people involved in the production of crop value chain commodities are Maize (75%), Cassava (60%) and Rice (80%). Also, the proportions of people involved in the production of livestock/poultry value chain commodities are Local fowl (75%) and Goat (80%) = Sheep (80%).

In the investment decision weightings for the crop value chain commodities, participants weighted the production highest for Rice (50%) and Cassava (45%). This indicates that for the production of rice and cassava investment is needed to promote system of CSA practices that lead to increase in production as there is ready market for these commodities. Such increases will support the processing industries creating more jobs and generate income. Service provision was weighted highest for Maize (40%). This was largely due to the fact that Maize is staple food and investment into CSA practices such as input subsidies, appropriate mechanization equipment or centers, capacity building and support for research and technology into improved varieties as well as management of pest and disease are critical to enhance production and processing simultaneously.

With regards to the livestock/poultry value chain commodities, production of Local fowl, Goat and Sheep received the highest and equal levels of investment weightings of 60%. The reasons assigned include the fact that high investment is required to promote the use of CSA practices within the production segments of these livestock/poultry commodities. These may include constructing improved housing, use of improved/superior breeds, development and/or importation of feed technologies, equipment and infrastructure as well as provision of vaccines and other medications to support management of diseases.

It was evident that marketing of the prioritized crop and the livestock/poultry value chain commodities received lowest investment weightings. This is an indication that marketing of those value chains commodities is less difficult, as there exist already market for them. 3.8.10 Suggested CSA Funding Sources

Some of the reliable and trusted funding sources considered by the district towards the investment in the CSA are the following: Bank Loans, Farmers, Assembly IGF, Common Fund, Agric Department Cost Centre, Donor Partners (IFAD, DFID, IDA, ECO, JICA), Climate Funds and Global Environmental Fund.

3.8.11 Conclusion

The District falls in two main vegetation zones, the moist Semi-deciduous forest (mostly the hilly areas) and savannah woodland. This diversity could be a strength for the development adaptation of its agriculture and food systems against the backdrop of climate change variability. It may further be concluded that:  Major agricultural value chain commodities found in the district consist of the forest and savannah products and include Maize, Cassava, Plantain, Rice, Vegetables, Local fowl, Goat and Sheep. Some non-traditional livestock and alternative livelihood commodities include Rabbit, Grasscutter, Snails and Mushroom.  Intercropping practices were common involving Maize, Cassava, Cocoa, Plantain, Oil palm and Yam, with the proportion of people engaged with these activities in the range of 50 -95%. The presence of livestock and poultry with a proportion of people engaged in the range of 70 -98% definitely confers a crop-livestock system on the district.  Contributions to income security, food security, and other socio-cultural considerations by Maize and the Local fowl appears to be the soul and body of the people that future CSA investment decisions cannot be overlooked given that they emerged the most important and preferred agricultural value chain commodities in the district. Though the cost-benefit analysis showed most of the commodities to be profitable, cassava distinguished itself with superior indicators of being more valuable in present terms, receives highest returns on initial investment and has short period for paying back for any investment undertaken provided interests are not above 28%.  Based on the participatory investment decision matrix it may be anticipated that the district agricultural investment and development initiatives will tilt emphasis from the current usual production approach toward processing value addition, services and marketing to provide the demand pull for increased system productivity and the engagement of more actors.  The adults dominated in the use of the all the CSA practices in the district, which may largely be attributed to fact that the adults are in good financial standing and are capable

to afford use of more CSA practices. Youth attraction into this area to transform agriculture sustainably into the future in the district may require among other things the provision of the financial muscle to be able to acquire CSA technologies at cost.  More CSA practices were currently applied in the crops value chains than the livestock/poultry value chains. The number of CSA practices within a system of CSA practices was more for Maize> Cassava > Vegetables> Rice > livestock/poultry value chain commodities in that order. A deliberate local policy attention and effort may be needed in investments to shore up CSA investments in the livestock component to enhance holistic development of the existing crop-livestock system while preserving the environment. These may include constructing of improved housing, use of improved/superior breeds, development and/or importation of feed technologies and medications to support management of diseases.  Though among the preferred crop value chain commodities the district may like to see future investments high enough addressing the production segment because of ready markets, the implications are that, a corresponding high weighting in investment is needed to promote system of CSA practices that lead to increase in production, as well as support the processing value addition segment thus creating more jobs and generate income.  Service provision was weighted highest for Maize (40%). This was largely due to the fact that Maize is staple food crop and investment into CSA practices such as input subsidies, appropriate mechanization equipment or centers, capacity building and support for research and technology into improved varieties as well as management of pest and disease are critical to enhance production and processing simultaneously.  In general, there is the need to promote the systems of CSA practices that enhance production, processing, service provision and marketing with regards to the prioritised crop and livestock/poultry value chains in the district with the view to maintaining a healthy environment.

3.9 ADA WEST DISTRICT CSA INVESTMENT RAMEWORK 3.9.1 Summary results for Ada West district

Identified major value chain activities in the district included Goats, sheep, local fowl, tomatoes, pepper and water melon. 60-80% farmers are engaged in these activities in association with the system of CSA practices profiled. Farmers ranked pepper first before tomatoes and water melon for various reasons identified. For the livestock commodity activities the goat was ranked first before sheep and cattle. Local fowl in the district was not considered a priority. The CBA analysis matrix put pepper in the first position and that agreed with earlier judgement by farmers. However, the economic indicators preferred water melon in second position and not tomatoes to aid future financial investment decisions. Available economic indicators appear to support cattle activities in first position followed by sheep before goat. Farmers instead still rooted for the goat in first position and any investments to promote livestock CSA practices. The various CSA practices have been profiled and consideration given to gender utilization. In terms of CSA practices and technology utilization by gender, the study revealed that under the production segment, adult men largely dominated in the utilization of almost all the CSA practices profiled in the Ada West district apart from solar drying and use of LPG. Adult women only dominated in the use of solar drying and youth male dominated in the use of LPG to singe and process livestock. Some constraints to the adoption and utilization of these CSA practices have been highlighted.

Pepper production as a major economic activity was ranked first by participants on grounds of income security. Its production segment has a higher percentage impact of actors (70%), followed by marketing value chain segment (15%), Processing (10%) and very few actors in the Service provision (5%). Promotion of CSA practices in the ranked value chains will require appropriate percentage investment weighting for the various segments. Participants allocated for the processing and marketing of pepper equal investment weights of 30%. This according to the participants is required for the establishment of local factories to add value to the commodity to be able to have higher income levels. The production segment of tomato commodity had about 75% of people engaged in it and was the second ranked crop commodity after pepper. Because there are numerous farmers involved in production, harvesting seasons always result in glut hence participants suggested a 35% investment weighting for processing which was the highest in order to enhance value addition. Next investment portfolio requiring 30% of investment weight was to target the production and market segments respectively to enhance commercial production of the commodity under optimum mechanization to meet processing demands. About 75% level of engagement in water melon commodity suggests increased productivity hence 35% investment weights aligned to processing since there are market gluts during bumper harvest. Promotion of CSA practices for the livestock commodities, the production segment for small ruminants received high investment weights of 35% as a guide. Processing of small ruminants was next with 30% investment weighting. Some major funding sources and collaborating partners identified have been highlighted in the main report.

3.9.2 Ada West District Profile

3.9.2.1 Human Population The Ada West District was carved out of the former Dangbe East District in the Greater Accra Region. It was established in 2012 by Legislative Instrument (LI. 2029) with its capital at Sege. The District shares boundaries with North Tongu District to the North, Ada East District and Ningo Prampram to the East and West respectively. It is bounded to the South by the Gulf of Guinea which stretches from Akplabanya to Goi. It is approximately 80 Kilometers from Accra, the regional capital. Fig 3.9 shows the map of Ada district. The total population of the district was 59,124. Of this total population, 28,579 constituting (48.3%) are males and 30,545 (51.7%) are females. A higher proportion of the population in the district live in rural areas (70.3%) compared to those in the urban areas (29.7%). The average household size (5.1) in the District is higher than the regional average of 9.

Figure 9 Map of Ada West Source: Ghana Statistical Service, GIS 3

3.9.2.2 Physical Features and Climatic Conditions

The total land size of the district is about 323.721 square kilometres and forms approximately 10 percent of the total land size of the Greater Accra Region. The District forms part of the central portions of the Accra plains. The relief is generally gentle and undulating, a low plain with heights not exceeding 60 meters (200 ft.) above sea level. The Ada West District is encapsulated by the south-eastern coastal plains of Ghana which is one of the hottest parts of the country. Temperatures are high throughout the year and range between 23°C and 28°C. A maximum temperature of 33°C is normally attainable during the hot season. Rainfall is generally heavy during the major seasons between March and September. The average rainfall is about 750 millimetres. The area is however very dry during the harmattan season when there is no rainfall at all. Humidity is about 60 percent high, due to its proximity to the sea, the Volta River and other water bodies. Daily evaporation rates range from 5.4 - 6.8 millimetres. The relatively high temperatures help in the quick crystallization of salt for the salt industry. The vegetation is basically the coastal savannah type, characterized by short savannah grass and interspersed with shrubs and short trees. Along the coast, there are stretches of coconut trees and patches of coconut groves which combine to give the area a classic look. A few strands of mangrove trees such as the Angor mangrove can also be found around the Songhor Lagoon and the tributaries of the Volta River where the soil is waterlogged and salty.

3.9.2.3 Livelihoods and Occupation

The natural environment of the district to a large extent dictates the economic activities that go on there. Salt mining provides employment for a large number of the population particularly in areas where the resource exists. The District mostly gains its revenue from the commodity. The district is however predominantly an agricultural one making farming a major economic activity. Apart from the natural environment a contributory factor to this is due to the fact that the majority of the population lives in rural settlements. Crops farmed are mainly cassava, maize and among others. Vegetables like tomatoes, onions, shallots, garden eggs, pepper, carrots, and okra. Fruits such as water melon also feature predominantly to sustain the livelihood of farmers. Some livestock types are also kept by farmers.

3.9.3 Identified Value Chain Commodities and Percentage (%) Farmer Engagement

The major economic activity in the district is agriculture engaging about 57.5 percent (6,689) of households in the district. About 77.1 percent of the households engaged in Agriculture are from the rural areas, and the remaining 22.9 percent are from the urban locality. The district is agrarian and various agricultural activities such as crop farming, tree growing, livestock rearing and fish farming are undertaken. Annex 9.1 shows major food production systems commonly practiced in the Ada West district and the percentage of farmers involved. 3.9.4 Crop and livestock Value chain Commodities: Sociocultural and financial indicators underpinning value chain commodities preference

Apart from the socio-cultural considerations, participants ranking decisions were also influenced by the financial indicators shown in Annex 9.2 where it may be observed that among the crop

value chain commodities, pepper was ranked first on grounds that its production is rapidly increasing because of low initial capital funding. It was also premised that pepper can be dried or processed and stored during bumper harvest to await better prices. Buyers also instantly pay for peppers compared with tomatoes and water melon value chains. Though both crops are perishable, tomatoes was ranked second and followed by water melon despite the fact that it has a better benefit cost ratio of 9.7 compared to 2.6 for tomatoes. Tomatoes was chosen over water melon because it was said to be a traditional crop and the soil is also suitable for its production. A company known as Trustee Food Company in Tema supported tomato production but is no more hence improved variety now are sold along the road.

Financial indicators for cattle was relatively high yet was ranked third after goat and sheep. This decision was against the background that many farmers have small ruminants which can easily be converted to cash to support family’s immediate and smaller needs.

Goat on the other hand was noted to have faster multiplication rate and twinning compared to sheep, and eaten by many people. Major reasons guiding the choice and ranking of the crop and livestock commodities are presented in Annexes 9.3 and 9.4.

The local fowl and poultry in general was noted not to be a priority. Intensive poultry keeping however requires enough money for infrastructure and feeding.

3.9.5 Assessing Value Chain Segments and Gender Characterization

3.9.5.1 Ranking and Weighting of the Value Chain Segments Agricultural subsector value chain analysis revealed four different segments within the district namely production, processing, marketing and service provision. In terms of weightings (level of engagement), 70% of the populations were said to be in the production segment, followed by marketing (15%). processing (10%), and lastly service provision (5%) as provided in Annex 9.5.

3.9.5.2 Characterization of Value chain segments by Gender

The proportion of engagement by gender in relation to the agricultural sector value chain segment was characterized in the district. The study revealed that while the adult male dominated in the production segment (40%), youth male however dominated in the processing, and service provision segments. The marketing segment was dominated by female adults (45%). Annex 9.6 shows the value chain segments engagement by gender.

3.9.6 Climate Smart Agriculture practices identified in the value chain segments

There are a number of Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices profiled in the Ada west district. These practices were categorized under the three main value chain segments in agriculture. Their various farming systems associated with the practices per value chain were also profiled (Annex 9.7).

3.9.7 Gender Considerations in CSA Practices Utilization

In terms of CSA practices and technology utilization by gender, the study revealed that under production, adult men largely dominated in the utilization of almost all the CSA practices profiled in the Ada West district apart from solar drying and use of LPG. Adult women only dominated in the use of solar drying and youth male dominated in the use of LPG to singe and process livestock. Some constraints to the adoption and utilization of these CSA practices have been highlighted in Annex 9.8.

3.9.8 Matching Prioritized Crop Value Chains with Systems of CSA practices

The prioritized crop commodities and systems of CSA practices by gender is profiled and presented in Annex 9.9.

3.9.10 Participatory Investment Decisions Based on Prioritized Value Chains, Actor Engagement and Systems of CSA Practices

Pepper production as a major economic activity was ranked first by participants on grounds of income security. Its production segment has a higher percentage of actors (70%), followed by marketing value chain segment (15%), Processing (10%) and very few actors in the Service provision (5%). In terms of percentage investment weighting, processing and marketing of pepper were given equal investment weights. This according to the participants is required for the establishment of local factories to add value to the commodity to be able to have higher income levels. The production segment of tomato commodity had about 75% of people engaged in it and was the second ranked crop commodity after pepper. Because there are numerous farmers involved in production, harvesting seasons always result in glut hence participants suggested a 35% investment weights which was the highest in order to enhance value addition. Next investment portfolio requiring 30% of investment weight was to target the production and market segments respectively to enhance commercial production of the commodity under optimum mechanization to meet processing demands. About 75% level of engagement in water melon commodity suggests increased productivity hence 35% investment weights aligned to processing since there are market gluts during bumper harvest. For the poultry and livestock commodities, production segment for small ruminants received high investment weights of 35% respectively. Processing of small ruminants was next with 30% investment weights. Some major funding sources and collaborating partners identified have been highlighted in Annex 9.10.

3.9.11 Conclusion

The major economic activity in the Ada West district is agriculture. Though a crop-livestock production system prevails in the district, crop farming is the dominant agricultural activity with the livestock being secondary. Cattle production in the district showed very strong economic indicators however it is viewed a preserve for few privileged people.

 Future CSA investments targeting pepper and the goat and sheep value chain commodities will most likely favour many actors in the district due to income and food security outcomes.

 Buyers will instantly pay for peppers compared to tomatoes and water melon knowing very well that the commodity can be dried or easily processed and stored during bumper harvest. Hence a strong indication was made by putting more weight on such investment funds to develop the production segment of the value chain.  Equal weight to develop the processing and marketing segments was observed to be logical thus suggesting the establishment of factories to add value to the commodity with more beneficial income outcomes.  Gender inclusiveness to benefit from such investments may have to be monitored carefully and given serious equity consideration since most of the CSA practices and technology utilization by gender is largely dominated by adult males.

CHAPTER 4

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The studies conducted on CSA policies alignment and CSA practices in Ghana generated substantial information to adequately contribute to CSA knowledge management and sharing. It provided the basis for implementing the project ‘Support transition towards climate smart agriculture food systems’. The findings in the current field study lend support to knowledge systems and provide opportunity for certain conclusions to be drawn.

 The CSA action plan (2016-2020) launched by MoFA is still current and provides the basic philosophy and vehicle for actors to get CSA to reach the lower levels of implementation faster for scaling up such practices.  There exists a diversity of CSA technologies and practices in the given agro-ecological zones in Ghana but these are practiced at farm level and not at scale.  The consequence of that attitude of ‘business-as-usual’ and the inaction towards climate smart agriculture investments visioning into the future 15-20 years’ time may spell doom for the environment and agriculture in which the general environment could suffer high temperatures, drying out of water bodies, erratic rainfall due to severe loss of indigenous vegetation and natural green cover.  In the scenario building exercise, several dire consequences came with climate change effects where location specific agricultural lands are completely denuded, reduction in crop and livestock yields, incomes, loss in some traditional food commodities, high food insecurity risks, unemployment, migration and conflicts over limited natural resources (involving crop farmers and livestock herders) under increasing population pressure. Under such scenarios, the future is bleak.  However, investments aimed at promoting CSA in various locations will require a clear understanding of the socio-cultural and economic objectives of farmers engaged in the production segment of the prioritized value chain commodities for there are elements of trade-off and synergies to be taken into consideration.  There exist crop-livestock systems across all the studied districts in the given agro- ecological zones. The observed dominant preference for smaller species of animals (local fowl and small ruminants) as opposed to large animals (cattle) for CSA investments may appear a likely adaptation characteristic of the smallholder farmer to resource management under looming climate change.  It is also critical to understand that in the given farming systems, farmers relied on combination of CSA practices and one single practice might not produce the desired results. Integrated systems were common to all zones.  Maize commodity appeared to be most common to all the zones and could be a candidate crop for promoting investments in CSA practices to scale in Ghana, particularly with trees on farms. The same could also be said for the local fowl found to be most preferred in all the systems of the districts.  Gender was found to be crucial in the production systems. Women occupied niche positions in the processing and market segments of the value chain. However, much work

needs to be done to generate more CSA practices and technologies specifically addressing gender.  Based on the investment guides for the value chain commodities prioritized there appear to be a trend for farmers and other actors to want to diversify operations towards value addition. Investments in CSA services become important to boost production to adequately feed the envisaged future emerging processing industries.  Record keeping at the individual household level appeared a challenge. Metrics become important for prosecution of investments in CSA at that level in order to avoid putting investments on weak and faulty statistical databases of evidence.

In order to further advance action on transitioning towards climate smart agriculture food systems in Ghana through application of the investment framework it may be recommended that:

 The science-policy dialogues on CSA influencing agriculture food systems at the district level be scaled up horizontally in all districts in the country through platform formation and support to function with the view to joint learning, sharing and influence on climate smart practices and policies at that level for better adaptation with beneficial environmental health outcomes.  The investment frameworks be packaged on the district basis and distributed for use as guide in district level agricultural planning to respond to national policies (e.g. ‘one district one factory’) and other programs with the view to scaling up climate smart agriculture practices along the value chains and gender. For the various agro-ecological zones, districts located adjacent to the studied districts with similar socio-cultural practices may carefully find ways to adapt such frameworks for their own purpose.  Capacities of district level actors need to be strengthened and facilitated to engage with the relevant donors and development partners so far identified, to understand how to prepare bankable proposals for the attraction of funds into their respective localities on the basis of the investment framework.  It is recommended that consideration be given to setting up special fund for research and development to respond to the questions of optimization of the diversity of system of CSA practices required for profitable and sustainable application. Such a fund may also be made available for the development of new CSA gender friendly technologies, tools and prototypes, the absence of which unfortunately constrain female participation in climate smart agriculture innovation development.  This innovative approach which seeks to empower the decentralized local government systems at the district level to respond to climate smart agriculture food systems calls for a concerted collaborative action involving key Ministries such as Food and Agriculture, Local Government and Rural Development, Environment science and technology innovation, Finance, Roads and Highways, Trade and Industry, etc. to coordinate and support the development of financial capacity for both local and international capital fund injection into the local district assemblies and private sector for climate smart agriculture at that level. Partnerships with the private sector for climate smart investments should be encouraged by invoking the relevant systems of incentives.

 Recommended district level policies and action to attract private sector investors may include facilitation with chiefs and land owners for transparent land acquisition and documentation for agriculture, creation of land banks, rural road infrastructure development and regular maintenance improving road network for accessibility, provision of socio-economic facilities such as electricity, schools, health post, water and markets. Affordable financial borrowing and lending rates may have to be taken up at national policy decision level with the relevant stakeholders.

References

CCAFS (2015). Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices in Ghana, National Climate Change Science-Policy Platform, CSIR, Accra

Ghana Statistical Service 2014. Population and housing census. District Analytical Report. Ada West District. October 2014.

Ghana Statistical Service 2014. Population and housing census. District Analytical Report. Ho West District. October 2014.

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Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, Ada West District Assembly (2013). District Medium Term Development Plan (DMTDP) 2014 – 2017

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Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, Offinso-North District Assembly (2013). District Medium Term Development Plan (DMTDP) 2014 – 2017

Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, Bibiani-Anhwianso-Bekwai District Assembly, 2013. District Medium Term Development Plan (DMTDP) 2014 – 2017

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MoFA. 2007. Food and Agriculture Sector Development Programme (FASDEP). Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Accra

MoFA (2015). National climate smart agriculture (CSA) and Food Security Action Plan (2016-2020)

MoFA/FAO (2015). Project document. Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA) in collaboration with FAO. A two-year project for implementation. Transitioning of Ghana’s agriculture to climate smart agriculture (GCP/RAF/496/NOR).

MoFA/FAO (2017a). Review of Ghana’s Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Action Plan and Other Sectoral Policies, Programmes and Plans: the Synergies and Linkages

MoFA/FAO, 2017b. Review of Climate Smart Agriculture CSA Interventions and Practices in Ghana

Ng’ang’a S.K., Vail, M., Girvetz, E, Essegbey G.O, Karbo, N., Botchway V.A, Sam, K.O, Nutsukpo, D.K, 2016, Cost and benefit analysis for climate smart agricultural (CSA) practices in Coastal Savanna Agro-ecological Zone (AEZ) of Ghana

Republic of Ghana, 2015. The Composite Budget of the Ada West District Assembly for the 2015 Fiscal year

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Republic of Ghana, 2015. . The Composite Budget of the Tain District Assembly for the 2015 Fiscal year

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Annexes

Annex 1.1: Identified Farm system, value chains and % farmer involvement in Tain district

Identified Farming systems Value chain commodities Percentage of farmers involved (%) 1. Cultivating staple crops Rice 5 (cereals, legumes) Maize 95 Groundnuts 60 Cowpea 15 Sorghum 5 Pigeon pea Less than1% Bambara beans 5 2. Raising of livestock Goats 80 Sheep 60 Cattle 5 Pigs 30 Rabbit/Grasscutter Less than 1% Donkey Less than 1% Bee keeping Less than 1% 3. Raising of poultry Local fowl 95 Guinea fowl 5 Broiler/layers Less than 1% Turkey/Ducks/Pigeons 5 4. Cultivating permanent crops Mango 10 (i.e., crops that stays for 3 or Cashew 90 more years) Shea Less than 1% Dawadawa Less than 1% Baobab Less than 1% Cocoa 2 Plantain (35%), 40 Banana (5%) Oranges 4 Oil palm 3 Teak 5 5. Cultivating vegetables Tomatoes 20(Commercial, 15%)(Domestic,5) Pepper (Hot pepper, green 60(Commercial, 45%), (Domestic pepper) consumption, 15%) Okro 20 Cabbage/Carrot Less than 1% Garden eggs 5%

Agushie 3% 6. Roots and Tubers Sweet potato Less than 1%

Cassava 80 Yam 70 Cocoyam 5 7. Fruits Water melon Less than 1% Pawpaw Less than 1%

Spice Ginger Less than 1%

Annex 1.2.: Financial decision mechanisms for prioritizing value chains in Tain district

Commodity Benefit Cost Net Present Value Internal Rate Net Benefit Pay Back Ratio of Return Investment Ratio Period

Cashew 7.1 1,482.63 0.277 14.13 0.07 Maize 2.4 257.48 0.277 10.89 0.09 Cassava 5.3 1,447.48 0.277 33.24 0.03 Yam 3.6 1,018.57 0.277 13.66 0.07

Local fowl 3.7 277.79 0.26 6.06 0.12 Goat 3.8 452.75 0.26 7.16 0.10 Sheep 3.1 743.09 0.26 2.75 0.25 Pigs 5.0 1,0481.45 0.26 14.24 0.06

Annex 1.3 Stakeholder perceived advantages and disadvantages in ranked crop value chain commodities

Commodity Rank Advantages Disadvantages Cashew 1st Brings in more cash to farm families. Many farmers are now using Processing factory available maize land for cashew production, land tenure system now favours not functional, producers sell cashew (abusa). directly to merchants. It may constrain land availability in future for food crops since many are going into it Maize 2nd Maize is a staple food and was chosen on grounds that it could be intercropped with cashew until shade develops and many other High cost of inputs crops. Can be stored for long time compared to other crops like yam. Cassava 3rd It is a staple food and has many uses. Can be process into gari and Problem with marketing stored Yam 4th It is a staple foodstuff and production cut across entire the district. It Cutting of young trees as contributes towards food and cash but has limited uses so cannot be stakes affects vegetation. kept over a long period.

Annex 1.4 Stakeholder perceived advantages and disadvantages in ranked livestock and poultry value chains

Commodity Rank Advantages Disadvantages Local fowl 1st Almost all farmers have fowl. Fowl contribute to food Unavailability of improved housing, Diseases and income security, easily converted to cash to support family immediate and smaller needs. Goat 2nd Found in many homes (not reared in Seikwa, Reared mostly under free range system and Kyekyewere), multiply faster compared to sheep), there become uncontrollable and destructive to are many consumers, though very stubborn but could be farms and gardens controlled when well domesticated and fed. They are largely consumed compared to sheep. Sheep 3rd Very calm, use to perform funeral rites (when in-laws Many Losses due to theft, not largely die), easily controlled when their number increases. consumed by many people Pigs 4th It is prolific breeder and brings much income, could be They can be very destructive under fed with agro by-products and kitchen waste. extensive or free range system compared to goats. It is capital intensive. High feeding cost and the construction of the sty more expensive compared to the small ruminants. Reared by very few farmers (not reared in Badu community).

Annex 1.5 Value Chain Segments Weighted and Ranked during focus group discussion

Value Chain segments Weight Rank Production 68% 1st Processing 15% 2nd Marketing 5% 4th Service Provision 12% 3rd

Annex 1.6: Proportions (%) of Gender engagement by Value Chain Segments in Tain District

Value chain segments Proportion of engagement by gender Male Adult (%) Female Adult (%) Youth male Youth female (%) (%) Production 35 25 30 10 Processing 5 50 15 30 Marketing 50 30 10 10 Service Provision 30 15 50 5 (Direct Agric services, Financial Institution, market information, labour, agro chemical dealers)

Annex 1.7: Value chain segment, CSA practices and farming systems

Value Chain CSA Practice Farming Systems involved Segment Production Minimum tillage Maize, cassava, cowpea, water melon, agushie, pepper. Irrigation (associated with only Mostly vegetables vegetable farming) Mixed farming Crops/Livestock Bush fire control All crops/livestock Mulching Vegetables, yams Brushing/Slashing Cashew, cassava, plantain, cocoyam Staking Yam, tomatoes Cover cropping Cowpea, sweet potatoes Improved seed Maize, rice, pepper, tomatoes, sorghum, cashew (Brazilian variety, it produces large but less fruits. Other variety from Benin, Mozambique. Farmers mostly use grafted seedlings). Intercropping Cashew is largely intercropped with the following crops until canopy is closed-up: Cashew-yam, Cashew-maize, cashew- groundnut, Maize–cassava Mixed cropping Groundnut-maize, yam-maize, yam-beans, yam-groundnut, maize-pepper, Cashew-Maize-Cassava Trees on farms (many cut down Cashew, mango, shea trees, oranges trees when involved in cashew) Planting in lines Maize, vegetables, cashew Integrated Nutrient Management Maize, rice, vegetables (fertilizer, manure) Crop rotations Cereals/Legumes Weather information/ Extension All crops/livestock education Pests and disease control All crops and livestock Soil and Water management All crops Ridging/Mounding Cassava, yam, groundnut Dynamic kraaling (mostly by the Maize, vegetables few Fulani men. It is practiced because of land availability)

Improved housing (very few All livestock farmers have for pigs and poultry production)

Supplementary feeding All livestock Improved breeds (hybrids) Pigs, hybrid, use of Sahelian sheep on the local sheep. Processing Solar (Sun) drying Okro, Pepper, cassava, maize, Use of LP Gas ( very few people use it) Use of airtight bags Gari Improved mud stove Gari processing, cooking Marketing Storage of crops e.g. -Use of hermitic bag /Pic bags Maize, legumes - Use of actelic Maize, legumes -Fumigation (use of Phostoxin for Maize, legumes storing produce)

Annex 1.8: Identified CSA practices, (%) attributed gender utilization and associated constraints

CSA practices Adult Youth Constraints Male (%) Female Male Female (%) (%) (%) Minimum tillage 40 30 25 5 Farmers are mostly interested in mixed cropping but this practice does not support many crops they want to integrate into the farm. High costs of weedicide also limit the practice. Irrigation 20 65 10 5 Dams for irrigation are not available so many farmers depend on rainfall. Only women who are into vegetable farming use cans to water crops in their gardens. Many farmers are therefore not interested in dry season farming. Mixed farming 50 25 20 5 The problem has to do with lack of funds to provide adequate structures for livestock to prevent farm destruction and theft. Women are engaged in several activities and so limit livestock management. Bush fire control 70 8 20 2 Fire control volunteer squad formed but lack basic logistics. Mulching 50 25 20 5 Only done for yams mostly and vegetables. Brushing/Slashing 65 15 15 5 Weak enforcement of local laws Staking 80 8 10 2 Many young trees are cut mostly by men to support yam vines, need for system that will devoid the use of sticks e.g. use of ropes. It is tedious for women to cut trees but are only involved in helping vines to climb the stick. Cover cropping 25 50 15 10 Reduced education on knowhow and benefits. Improved 70 7 20 3 Women mostly lack financial strength to purchase seed/seedlings improved seeds but give preference to locally improved seed from previous harvest. Intercropping/Mixe 25 60 5 10 The youth who are time and income conscious as such d cropping prefer sole cropping system which does not demand much attention in terms of weeding etc. Trees on farms 5 50 25 20 Trees are cut down by men who are into cashew production to avoid excessive shade on crops. Charcoal making is also seen as lucrative business that leads to tree felling. Planting in lines 40 25 20 15 Women considered this practice as time wasting and labour intensive on grounds that they required more time for domestic caring. Integrated Nutrient 50 20 20 10 High cost of fertilizer Management (fertilizer, manure) Crop rotations 60 15 20 5 Unavailability of crop lands for rotation. Most women only have access to portions of their fathers land for cultivation.

CSA practices Adult Youth Constraints Male (%) Female Male Female (%) (%) (%) Weather 25 25 25 25 Only depend mostly on AEAS, friends and at times on information/ radio (News time). Appropriate farmers medium for Extension education communication is lacking. Pests and disease 40 25 30 5 High cost of insecticides, women hire services of men control to spray farms which incurred additional cost Soil and Water 50 25 20 5 Laborious for women to construct drainage or small management dams. Ridging/Mounding 60 10 25 5 Very laborious for most men and women. Dynamic kraaling 100 - - - Only done by small fraction of Fulani. Many farmers don’t have cattle for this practice even if they have land. Improved housing 50 20 20 10 Lack funds to construct improved housing for livestock and poultry. Supplementary 50 25 20 5 feeding Improved breeds 50 25 20 5 Unavailability, high cost of good livestock breeds and (hybrids) inability to thrive under conditions to improve the locals. Solar (Sun) drying 10 60 10 20 Lack appropriate drying medium, many dry by the roadside which could affect product quality. Use of LP Gas 5 70 5 20 Gari storage in 5 60 5 30 airtight bags Improved mud 5 60 5 30 stove Storage of crops e.g.: -Use of hermitic bag 65 15 15 5 Education of its use has not reached many. Complains /Pic bags about handling, its capacity in terms of size is low (volume) compared to available local sacks. There is high associated transport cost. - Use of actelic 65 15 15 5 See use of the chemical as risky and most men prevent their wives from using it because of their engagement in the kitchen. -Fumigation 65 15 15 5 (Phostoxin)

Annex 1.9: Prioritized Crop Value Chains, Production Systems and associated CSA practices

Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female

Minimum tillage 40 30 25 5

Intercropping/  Cashew-Maize-Cowpea, Mixed cropping 25 60 5 10 Income security  Cashew- Maize, Cashew (1)  Cashew-Maize-cassava, Soil and water 50 25 20 5  Cashew-Cassava. management, Bush fire control. 70 8 20 2

Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization

Adult Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female Male Maize (2) Food and  -Maize-Cowpea- Cashew Minimum tillage 40 30 25 5 income security  Maize- Cashew Mixed farming 50 25 20 5  Maize-Cashew-Cassava, Improved seed/seedlings 70 7 20 3  Maize- cassava- cowpea  Maize-Groundnut, Mixed cropping 25 60 5 10  Maize-yam, Planting in line 40 25 20 15  Maize-pepper Crop rotations 60 15 20 5 Bush fire control 70 8 20 2 Integrated Nutrient 50 20 20 10 Management Soil and Water 50 25 20 5 management Dynamic kraaling 100 - - - Pests and disease control 40 25 30 5

Prioritized value Rationale Production systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization

Adult Male Adult Female Youth Youth Female Male Cassava (3) Food and  Cassava-Maize- Cashew Minimum tillage 40 30 25 5 income security  Cassava -Maize- cowpea Mixed farming 50 25 20 5  Cassava-Groundnut Bush fire control 70 8 20 2  Cassava-Maize-yam Mixed cropping 25 60 5 10 Crop rotations 60 15 20 5 Soil and Water 50 25 20 5 management Pests and disease control 40 25 30 5 Improved seed/seedlings 70 7 20 3

Prioritized value Rationale Production systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization

Adult Male Adult Female Youth Youth Female Male

Yam (4) Inclined by  Yam-Maize, Mounding 60 10 25 5 socio-cultural  Yam-Cassava-Maize, Pests and disease control 40 25 30 5  Yam-Vegetables, Soil and Water 50 25 20 5 management  Yam-Cashew, Crop rotations 60 15 20 5  Yam-cowpea Mulching 50 25 20 5

Integrated nutrient 50 20 20 10 management Staking 80 8 10 2 Planting in lines 40 25 20 15

Bush fire control 70 8 20 2 Mixed cropping/ 25 60 5 10 Intercropping Mixed farming 50 25 20 5 Improved seed 70 7 20 3

Annex 1.10: Prioritized Livestock and Poultry Value Chains, production systems and CSA practices

Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female

Almost all farmers Poultry, Crops (food and Mixed farming 50 25 20 5 have fowl. Fowl cash crops), livestock contribute to food and (majority small ruminants) Improved housing 50 20 20 10 income security, easily Improved breeds 50 25 20 5 Local fowl (1) converted to cash to support family Supplementary feeding 50 25 20 5 immediate and smaller needs.

Pests and Disease control 40 25 30 5

Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization

Adult Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female Male Found in many homes. Poultry, Crops (food and Mixed farming, 50 25 20 5 They are consumed by cash crops), livestock Improved housing, 50 20 20 10 many people. Serves as (majority small Goat (2) income security and ruminants) Improved breeds, 50 25 20 5 provide capital for farming. Supplementary feeding 50 25 20 5

Pests and Disease control 40 25 30 5 Prioritized value Rationale Production systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization

Adult Male Adult Female Youth Youth Female Male Sociocultural Poultry, Crops (food and Mixed farming, 50 25 20 5 importance for the cash crops), livestock Improved housing, 50 20 20 10

performance of (majority small Improved breeds, 50 25 20 5 Sheep (3) funeral rites ruminants) Supplementary feeding 50 25 20 5 particularly when one lost an in-law Pests and Disease control 40 25 30 5 Prioritized value Rationale Production systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization Adult Male Adult Female Youth Youth Female Male Multiply faster so Local Poultry, Crops, Mixed farming, 50 25 20 5 generate income livestock (majority small Improved housing, 50 20 20 10 Pigs (4) quickly so kept as ruminants) Improved breeds, 50 25 20 5 business. Supplementary feeding 50 25 20 5

Pests and Disease control 40 25 30 5

Annex 1.11: Prioritized Crops, Livestock and Poultry Value Chains, Investment Weighting and Decisions in Tain District 1: Crop Commodities

Prioritized value chain Rationale Value Chain Level of engagement Investment Investment Decision commodities Segment (%) weighting (%) Production 61 30 Cashew is a cash crop. Its production is dominated by adult men but processing is mostly by women. With large investment weighting Processing 1 50 placed on processing, investment in CSA practices associated with production and processing will create a gender balance in terms of Marketing 23 5 CSA promotion and utilization. The production segment also attracts Income security land tenure systems favours and interest. As a result land for food Cashew (1) crops is constraint. Hence adequate planting distance should be

Service provision 15 15 recommended and education be carried out for a long term land utilization and good practices be promoted. The planting distance should aim at giving room for minimum mechanization to support integrated food systems and practices. Cashew production to some extent involved the cutting of trees hence adequate education is required. CSA practices associated with processing are largely dominated by women. Hence promotion of cashew should consider CSA in its production and processing.

Prioritized value chain Rationale Value Chain Level of engagement Investment Investment Decision commodities Segments (%) weighting (%) Production 50 50 Maize is a major staple food crop in the district. Its production Processing 25 20 requires numerous systems of CSA practices. Maize production utilizes numerous CSA practices. Efforts targeted at enhancing the adoption of Marketing 10 5 these practices by reducing or eliminating utilization constraints as Food and income mentioned earlier when address could increase production. security Service provision 15 25 Investment requirements is needed for the promotion and utilization Maize (2) of practices that aim at ensuring high yield such as investment into production inputs, appropriate mechanization equipment to enhance land preparation, planting, fertilizer application, harvesting and postharvest technologies. Investments into its processing into flour and products etc. are required. Capacity building and support for research and technology development is targeted. Prioritized value chain Rationale Value Chain Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision commodities Segment (%) weighting (%) Production 65 30 Cassava is a major staple food crop in the district and has many uses. Processing 20 40 Its production requires numerous systems of CSA practices. Investment requirements is needed for the promotion and utilization Food and income Marketing 5 10 of practices that aim at ensuring that the produce is processed into Cassava (3) security Service provision 10 20 many products such as starch for export, biscuit production, flour etc. Processing of cassava was given much weight hence the need to invest into its processing. In terms of production, some investment in the form of inputs, appropriate mechanization equipment to enhance land preparation, harvesting is required. Capacity building and support for

research and technology to produce good planting materials is required.

Prioritized value chain Rationale Value chain Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision commodities Segments (%) weighting (%)

Production 60 25 Yam production in the district is inclined by sociocultural and income Processing 2 50 reasons and as major staple food crop though has limited uses locally. Marketing 15 10 Its production requires systems of CSA practices. But much investment Service provision 23 15 requirement targets processing into other commodities compared to production. Investment requirements therefore is needed for the Inclined by socio- utilization of practices that aim at ensuring that the produce is Yam (4) cultural processed into many products such as starch for export, biscuit production, flour etc. Processing of yam was given much weight hence the need to invest into its processing. In terms of production, some investment in the form of inputs, appropriate mechanization equipment to enhance land preparation and mounding is crucial. Research to improve yam varieties and multiplication centers is required. Capacity building investment is also required. 2: Livestock and Poultry Commodities Prioritized value chain Rationale Value chain Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision commodities Segments (%) weighting (%) Almost all Production 70 50 Much investment is required for the production segment targeted at farmers have Processing 13 15 making available improved breeds, development of feed technologies fowl. Fowl and infrastructure were highly recommended to reduce mortality. Marketing 10 10 contribute to Considerable investment is also requested to provide vaccines. food and income Establishment of poultry processing facility for value addition was Local fowl (1) security, easily Service provision 7 25 highlighted. converted to Women utilization of these CSA practices are low so constraints to cash to support adoption of these CSA systems should be addresses adequately. Funds family to construct simple housing for their poultry and training in feed immediate and formulation are essential. smaller needs. Prioritized value chain Rationale Value chain Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision commodities Segments (%) weighting (%) Found in many Production 70 70 Much investment is required for the production segment targeted at homes. They are Processing 15 10 making available improved breeds, development of dry feeding consumed by Marketing 10 5 technologies and infrastructure was highly recommended. Goat (2) many people. Considerable investment is also requested to provide medication and Serves as income Service provision 5 15 the establishment of livestock breeding centres. Establishment of security and slaughtering facility for value addition was highlighted.

provide capital for farming.

Prioritized value chain Rationale Value chain Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision commodities Segments (%) weighting (%) Sociocultural Production 55 50 Much investment is required for the production segment targeted at importance for making available superior breeds, development of dry feeding the performance Processing 10 25 technologies and infrastructure was highly recommended. Sheep (3) of funeral rites Considerable investment is also requested to provide medication and particularly when Marketing 20 5 the establishment of livestock breeding centres. Establishment of one lost an in-law Service provision 15 20 slaughtering facility for value addition was highlighted. Prioritized value chain Rationale Value chain Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision commodities Segments (%) weighting (%) Multiply faster so Production 60 70 Much investment is required for the production segment targeted at able to generate Processing 20 15 making available improved breeds, development of feed technologies income quickly so and provision of infrastructure were recommended. Considerable Pigs (4) often kept as Marketing 5 5 investment is also required to provide medication and also towards business. Service provision 15 10 the establishment of breeding centres. Establishment of slaughtering facility for value addition was highlighted. Funding sources 1. Bank Loan, Farmers own sources 2. Assembly IGF and Common Fund 3. Agric Department Cost Centre (GoG) 4. Donor Partners (CIDA, World Bank, FAO, World Food Programme, JICA (Business Advisory Centre),IFAD(GASIP) 5. Climate Funds 6. Global Environmental Fund Collaboration partners CSIR-CRI, SRI, ADVANCE, SADA, Action Aid (Social Development Agency, SODIA), ACDEP, Northern Development Fund, GIZ/GIC in collaboration with HUNGER PROJECT GHANA, CONCERN UNIVERSAL, AGRICARE, GOG (LEAP, DISABILITY FUND)

Annex 2.1: Farm system, value chains and % farmer involvement in Bibiani-Anhwiaso- Bekwai District

Farming systems Value chain commodities Farmers involved (%) 1. Cultivating staple crops (cereals, Rice 30% legumes) Maize 90% Groundnuts 5% Cowpea 15% 2. Raising of livestock Goats 35% Sheep 50% Cattle <1% Pigs 10% Rabbit, Grasscutter 1% Snails/Bee keeping 1% 3. Raising of poultry Local fowl 90% Exotic fowl (broiler, layer) 5% Guinea fowl, Turkey, Duck <1% 4. Cultivating permanent crops (i.e., Mango crops that stays for 3 or more years) Orange 5% Cocoa 80% Oil Palm most removed 30% Coconut 2% Rubber/Teak 1% Coffee <1% Plantain Plantain intercrop with maize, cocoyam, 85% cassava, cocoa, vegetables (pepper, okro) Banana Banana intercrop with cocoa 50% 5. Cultivating vegetables Tomatoes 30% Pepper (Hot pepper) 40% Okro 25% Garden eggs 35% Cabbage, Onion, Carrot, 5% 6. Roots and Tubers Cassava, 70% Cocoyam, Tharow 50% Yam 80% Sweet potatoes <1% Fruits Pineapple/Sugar cane 2% Fish farming Fish ponds <1% Spices and Others Spices (Ginger, black pepper) <1%

Annex 2.2: Stakeholder perceived advantages and disadvantages in ranked crop value chain commodities

Commodity Rank Reasons Advantage Disadvantage Cocoa 1st Brings in a lot of cash Serves as security against poverty Majority of farmers involved Has cultural value for prestige Permanent crop Guaranteed price As co-lateral for loans Plantain 2nd As a major staple food for the Sefwi people. Has poor shelf life. Could be harvested severally Most maize is rather imported. Maize 3rd Maize is stored for food when plantain is not available. It is used for several foods Cassava 4th Always goes with plantain for fufu and as slice. Has poor shelf life. It is use for several foods

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Annex 2.3: Stakeholder perceived advantages and disadvantages in ranked crop value chain commodities

Commodity Rank Reasons Advantages Disadvantages Local fowl 1st Reared in many homes, Small amounts Could be sold early and easily. Food security Eggs for food/income Goat 2nd More goat population, Taboo in some communities (eg. Sefwi Less number of producers Wenchi, Humjibre, Akaaso, Ready market. Kwartenkrom. Akurakan, Abokyikrom, Preference for goat meat AshiamIs not reared in some Litter early and high twinning rate communities. Sheep 3rd Has cultural use and to settle issues at palace. Has high price. Poultry (layers 4th Could easily be purchased by individuals. Requires intensive management and broilers) Eggs for food/income

Annex 2.4: Financial decision mechanisms for prioritizing value chains in Bibiani- Anhwiaso-Bekwai District

Value chain commodity Investment decision mechanisms Benefit-Cost Net Present Internal Rate Net Benefit Pay Back Ration Value of Return Investment Ratio Period Cocoa 3.0 1,624.10 0.28 9.2 0.1 Plantain 4.1 1,368.70 0.28 10.4 0.1 Cassava 1.9 283.70 0.28 3.0 0.3 Maize 2.9 622.15 0.28 5.3 0.2 Local Fowl 2.9 55.30 0.26 1.71 0.4 Goats 3.0 669.00 0.26 2.8 0.2 Sheep 2.4 321.00 0.26 1.7 0.4 Broiler 1.7 360.50 0.26 0.7 0.6

Annex 2.5 Value Chain Segments Weighted and Ranked during focus group discussion

Value Chain segments Weight Rank Production 70% 1st Processing 5% 4th Marketing 10% 3rd Service Provision 15% 2nd

Annex 2.6: Actors’ Engagement in Agricultural Value Chain Segments by Gender in Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai District

Value chain segments Male Adult (%) Female Adult (%) Youth Male (%) Youth Female (%)

Production 30 40 25 5 Processing 20 40 25 15 Marketing 10 50 10 30 Service Provision (Direct Agric services, 20 20 40 20 Financial Institution, market information)

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Annex 2.7: CSA practices Identified in the Agricultural Value Chain Segments

Value chain CSA practices Crop/livestock Systems involved segment Production Minimum tillage Rice, maize, beans, cassava, plantain Irrigation Vegetables, cocoa nursery Mulching Maize, yam, cocoa, plantain, cassava Brushing/Slashing Oil palm, maize, cocoa, plantain, cassava Cover cropping Plantain, beans Improved seeds/varieties Cocoa, beans, rice, maize, oil palm, tomato, cassava Conservation of local varieties/seeds Maize, tomato, oil palm, Water yam, cassava, ‘kokooase bayere’ Intercropping Plantain, Maize, cassava, beans, Mixed cropping Maize, plantain, cocoa, cassava, vegetables Integrated Nutrient Management (fertilizer, Cocoa, vegetables, maize, rice, plantain manure) Weather information General for all Soil and Water management Rice, cocoa, vegetables Pests and disease control Cocoa, maize, vegetables Improved housing Poultry, pigs, rabbit, sheep, goat, Supplementary feeding Pigs, poultry, sheep, goat Erection of stand or platform in the pen to Sheep, Goat, Pig, local fowl, poultry (broiler, prevent foot rot (Not many practiced) layer), cattle Improved breeds (hybrids) Sheep, Goat, Pig, local fowl, poultry (broiler, layer), cattle Processing Solar drying Pepper, maize, cassava, okro, cocoa Reduced fermentation period during rainy Cocoa season Oven Smoking of meat Sheep, Goat, Pig, local fowl, poultry (broiler, layer), cattle Use of LP Gas Sheep, Goat, Pig, local fowl, poultry (broiler, layer), cattle Marketing Storage of on barns Local maize, rice Storage (using hermitic bag, actelic airtight Cereals, gari bags) Use of specialized crate Tomato, eggs Early carting of goods to avoid spoilage Plantain, Cassava, vegetables

Annex 2.8: Identified CSA practices, (%) attributed gender utilization and associated constraints in the Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai District

No. CSA practices Adult Youth Constraints Male Female Male Female (%) (%) (%) (%) 1 Minimum tillage 50 15 30 5 Labour intensive, involves more chemical spray 2 Irrigation 50 30 15 5 Population of male adult are more and take interest in commercial production 3 Mulching 30 40 20 10 Women are more active after initial weed control by men 4 Brushing/Slashing 30 30 30 10 Most of the youth are in school and learning trade 5 Improved 40 20 30 10 The males always seek advice from AEAs seeds/varieties and have the purchasing power. The females has slow adoption rate because they want to see results before taking decision 6 Use or 10 60 The men desire for high income and so conservation of look for improved seeds, they

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No. CSA practices Adult Youth Constraints Male Female Male Female (%) (%) (%) (%) local interaction among male farmers etc. varieties/seed seek information. Most women have belief that local ones have longer life, and also has good taste 7 Intercropping 25 30 30 15 The females need multiple crops to support household needs). They also have challenges with land acquisition and tend to have several crops per land 8 Mixed cropping 25 30 30 `15 The females need multiple crops to support household needs). They also have challenges with land acquisition and tend to have several crops per land 9 Integrated 60 15 20 5 Needed to support the chosen Nutrient improved seeds. The males desire for Management fast income. The women are (fertilizer, constrained financially manure) 10 Weather 60 5 30 5 Females always think about the family information and other issues and hardly listen to radio as compared to males. Tiredness result in lack of interest in listening to radio 11 Soil and Water 40 25 30 5 More men educated in this practice management 12 Pests and disease 40 30 25 5 Because it is more tedious more men control involved. Women mostly obtain help in this regard 13 Improved housing 40 25 25 10 The men have money to establish improve structure but the women are financially constrained 14 Supplementary 30 40 20 10 The women have compassion for feeding livestock. They feed the kitchen leftovers etc. to livestock than men 15 Erection of stand 50 25 20 5 Involve wood cutting and money to or platform in the construct pen to prevent foot rot (Not many practiced) 16 Reduced 60 15 20 5 Tedious activity so engaged mostly by fermentation men period during rainy season 17 Oven Smoking of 10 60 5 25 Regarded as women activity meat 18 Use of LP Gas 20 50 10 20 Required for food processing etc. 19 Storage on barns 50 10 35 5 Requires strength in cutting wood materials for barn construction 20 Storage (using 60 10 20 10 Men seeks information protection with hermitic bag, regards to the use of chemicals and actelic or airtight have adequate knowledge in chemical bags) usage 21 Solar Drying 20 50 25 5 The men leave this activity in hands of women while undertaken other activities, women are more skilled in drying, proposal was made for the establishment of solar dryer at the district

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Annex 2.9: Detailed Gender Analysis of CSA Utilization in the Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai District

No. CSA practices Adult Youth Male (%) Female (%) Male (%) Female (%) 1 Minimum tillage 50 (it is labour intensive, involve more chemical 15 30 5 spray) 2 Irrigation 50 population of male adult more and on 30 15 5 commercial basis 3 Mulching 30 40 (women are more active after initial weed 20 10 control by men) 4 Brushing/Slashing 30 30 30 10 (most in school and learning trade) 5 Cover cropping (negligible) 6 Improved seed/varieties 40 (Seek advice always from AEAs. Has the 20(has slow adoption rate. Always want to see 30 10 purchasing power ) results before taking decision 7 Use or conservation of local 10(desire for high income so look for improved 60(most women have belief that local breeds have varieties/seed (Negligible) seed, more interaction among male farmers etc. longer life, and also has good taste) seek information) 8 Intercropping 25 30(need for multiple crops to support household 30(challenges 15 needs) with land acquisition, but seeks to have a number of crops per land) 9 Mixed cropping 25 30(need for multiple crops to support household 30(challenges 15 needs) with land acquisition, but seeks to have a number of crops per land)

10 Integrated Nutrient Management 60(need to support chosen improved seeds) 15(financial constraint) 20(desire for 5 (fertilizer, manure) fast income) 11 Weather information 60 5(always thinking about the family and other issues 30 5 so hardly listen to radio as compared to male adult, tiredness so lack of interest in listening to radio) 12 Soil and Water management 40(more men educated in this practice) 25 30 5

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No. CSA practices Adult Youth Male (%) Female (%) Male (%) Female (%) 13 Pests and disease control 40(because it is more tedious more men 30 25 5 involved. Women mostly obtain help in this regard) 14 Improved housing 40(have money to establish improve structure) 25(financially constraint) 25 10 15 Supplementary feeding 30 40 (Have compassion for livestock, provide kitchen 20 10 leftovers etc. to livestock than men.) 16 Erection of stand or platform in the 50(Involve wood cutting and money to construct) 25 20 5 pen to prevent foot rot (Not many practiced) 17 Reduced fermentation period during 60 (Tedious activity so engaged mostly by men) 15 20 5 rainy season 18 Oven Smoking of meat 10 60(Regarded as women activity 5 25 19 Use of LP Gas 20 50 (require for food processing etc) 10 20 20 Storage on barns 50(Require strength in cutting wood materials for 10 35 5 barn construction) Storage (using hermitic bag, actelic 60(Men seeks more regarding protection with 10 20 10 airtight bags) regards use of chemicals and have adequate knowledge in chemical usage) Solar Drying 20 50 (men leave this activity in hands of women while 25 5 undertaken other activities, women more skilled in drying, proposal was made for the establishment of solar dryer at the district

Annex 2.10: Prioritized Commodities, Production Systems, Associated System of CSA Practices and Gender Utilization of CSA Practices

Prioritized value chain Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices CSA Utilization by Gender commodities AM AF YM YF COCOA (1ST)  Brings in a lot of cash  Cocoa-maize-plantain-yam-cocoyam- Minimum tillage 50 15 30 5  Serves as security cassava-vegetables Irrigation 50 30 15 5 against future poverty  Cocoa-maize-plantain-yam-cocoyam Mulching 30 40 20 10 Brushing/Slashing 30 30 30 10  Majority of farmers  Cocoa-maize-plantain-yam-cocoyam- Improved seed/varieties 40 20 30 10 involved in it vegetables Conservation of local varieties/seeds 10 60  Has cultural value for  Cocoa-maize-plantain-yam Intercropping 25 30 30 15 prestige  Cocoa-maize-plantain-vegetables Mixed cropping 25 30 30 15  Permanent crop  Cocoa-maize-cassava-cocoyam Integrated Nutrient Management 60 15 20 5  Guaranteed price  Cocoa-maize-plantain-oil palm (fertilizer, manure) Weather information 60 5 30 5

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Prioritized value chain Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices CSA Utilization by Gender commodities AM AF YM YF  As co-lateral for loans  Cocoa-maize-cassava-oil palm Soil and Water management 40 25 30 5 and credit facilities  Cocoa-plantain-vegetables Pests and disease control 40 30 25 5 Solar/sun drying 20 50 25 5 Reduced fermentation period during 60 15 20 5 rainy season PLANTAIN (2ND)  As a security as people  Plantain-Rice-vegetables Minimum tillage 50 15 30 5 eat a lot of plantain  Plantain-maize-yam-cocoyam-cocoa- Mulching 30 40 20 10  As major food for the vegetables Brushing/Slashing 30 30 30 10 Sefwi people.  Plantain-beans-cassava Improved seeds/varieties 40 20 30 10  As major food crop,  Plantain-beans-cocoa-cassava Use or conservation of local 10 60 varieties/seeds  Could be harvested  Plantain-maize-oil palm Intercropping 25 30 30 15 severally.  Plantain-maize-vegetables Mixed cropping 25 30 30 15  Most maize is rather  Plantain-cocoa-maize-yam-cocoyam Integrated Nutrient Management 60 15 20 5 imported.  Plantain-cocoa -maize-oil palm (fertilizer, manure)  Plantain-cocoa –vegetables Weather information 60 5 30 5 Soil and Water management 40 25 30 5 Pests and disease control 40 30 25 5 Use of LP Gas 20 50 10 20 Solar/sun drying 20 50 25 5 Early carting of goods to avoid spoilage MAIZE (3RD)  Both food and income  Maize-Rice-vegetables Minimum tillage 50 15 30 5 security  Maize-plantain-yam-cocoyam-cocoa- Mulching 30 40 20 10  Maize is stored for food cassava-vegetables Brushing/Slashing 30 30 30 10 when plantain is scarce.  Maize-beans-cassava Improved seeds/varieties 40 20 30 10  It is use for several  Maize-plantain-cocoa Use or conservation of local 10 60 varieties/seeds foods  Maize-cassava-oil palm Intercropping 25 30 30 15  Maize-beans Mixed cropping 25 30 30 15  Maize-cocoa-yam-cocoyam Integrated Nutrient Management 60 15 20 5 (fertilizer, manure) Weather information 60 5 30 5 Soil and Water management 40 25 30 5 Pests and disease control 40 30 25 5 Use of LP Gas 20 50 10 20 Storage on barns 50 10 35 5

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Prioritized value chain Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices CSA Utilization by Gender commodities AM AF YM YF Storage (using hermitic/PIC bags, actelic 60 10 20 10 or airtight bags) Solar Drying 20 50 25 5 CASSAVA (4TH)  Always goes with  Cassava-Maize Minimum tillage 50 15 30 5 plantain for fufu and as  Cassava-maize-cocoa Mulching 30 40 20 10 slice. Could be used for  Cassava-maize-plantain Brushing/Slashing 30 30 30 10 Improved seeds/varieties 40 20 30 10 several foods  Cassava-beans Use or conservation of local 10 60  It is use for several  Cassava-maize-oil palm varieties/seeds foods Intercropping 25 30 30 15  Has poor shelf life. Mixed cropping 25 30 30 15 Integrated Nutrient Management 60 15 20 5 (fertilizer, anure) Weather information 60 5 30 5 Soil and Water management 40 25 30 5 Pests and disease control 40 30 25 5 Use of LP Gas 20 50 10 20 Storage (using hermitic bag, actelic or 60 10 20 10 airtight bags) Solar Drying 20 50 25 5 Early carting of goods to avoid spoilage LOCAL FOWL (1ST)  Reared in many homes,  Local fowl Improved housing 40 25 25 10  Could be sold early and  Local fowl-Poultry (broiler, layer) Supplementary feeding 30 40 20 10 easily.  Local fowl-Goats Pests and disease control 40 30 25 5 Weather information 60 5 30 5  Food security  Local fowl-Sheep Erection of stand or platform in the pen 50 25 20 5  Eggs for food/income  Local fowl-pig to prevent foot rot  Local fowl-Goats-Sheep Oven Smoking of meat 10 60 5 25  Local fowl-Goat-Sheep-Pigs Use of LP Gas 20 50 10 20  Local fowl-Goats-sheep-Cattle  Local fowl-Goat-Sheep-Pigs-Cattle

 Local fowl-Goats-Sheep-Poultry

(broiler, layer)

GOAT  More goat population,  Goats Improved housing 40 25 25 10 Supplementary feeding 30 40 20 10

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Prioritized value chain Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices CSA Utilization by Gender commodities AM AF YM YF  Ready market.  Goats-Sheep Pests and disease control 40 30 25 5  Preference for goat  Goats-Local fowl Weather information 60 5 30 5 meat  Goats-Poultry (broiler, layer) Erection of stand or platform in the pen 50 25 20 5 to prevent foot rot  Litter early and high  Goats-Sheep-Local fowl Oven Smoking of meat 10 60 5 25 twinning rate  Goats-sheep-Cattle Use of LP Gas 20 50 10 20  Is not reared in some  Goats-Sheep-Pigs communities  Goats-Sheep-Local fowl-Poultry  Less number of (broiler, layer) producers  Goats-Sheep-Local fowl-Pigs

 Taboo in some  Goats-Sheep-Local fowl-Cattle

communities  Goats-Sheep-Local fowl-Pigs-Cattle  Goats-Sheep-Local fowl-Poultry (broiler, layer)-Pigs-Cattle  Goats-Pigs-Poultry (broiler, layer) SHEEP (3RD)  Has cultural use and to  Sheep Improved housing 40 25 25 10 settle issues at palace.  Sheep-Goats Supplementary feeding 30 40 20 10  Has high price.  Sheep-Local fowl Pests and disease control 40 30 25 5 Weather information 60 5 30 5  Sheep-Poultry (broiler, layer) Erection of stand or platform in the pen 50 25 20 5  Sheep-Goats-Local fowl to prevent foot rot  Sheep-Goats-Cattle Oven Smoking of meat 10 60 5 25  Sheep-Goats-Pigs Use of LP Gas 20 50 10 20  Sheep-Goats-Local fowl-Poultry (broiler, layer)  Sheep-Goats-Local fowl-Pigs  Sheep-Goats-Local fowl-Cattle  Sheep-Goats-Local fowl-Pigs-Cattle  Sheep-Goats-Local fowl-Poultry (broiler, layer)-Pigs-Cattle  Sheep-Pigs-Poultry (broiler, layer) POULTRY  Could easily be  Poultry (broiler, layer) Improved housing 40 25 25 10 (broiler & layer) (4TH) purchased by  Poultry (broiler, layer)-Local fowl Supplementary feeding 30 40 20 10 individuals.  Poultry (broiler, layer)-Goats Pests and disease control 40 30 25 5 Weather information 60 5 30 5

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Prioritized value chain Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices CSA Utilization by Gender commodities AM AF YM YF  Eggs for food/income  Poultry (broiler, layer)-Sheep Erection of stand or platform in the pen 50 25 20 5  Requires intensive  Poultry (broiler, layer)-Pigs to prevent foot rot management  Poultry (broiler, layer)-Local fowl- Oven Smoking of meat 10 60 5 25 Use of LP Gas 20 50 10 20 Goat

 Poultry (broiler, layer)-Local fowl- Sheep  Poultry (broiler, layer)-Local fowl - Goats-Sheep  Cattle

 Poultry (broiler, layer)-Goats-Pigs

 Poultry (broiler, layer)-Goats-Local fowl-Poultry (broiler, layer)  Poultry (broiler, layer)-Goats-Local fowl-Pigs

 Poultry (broiler, layer)-Goats-Local

fowl-Cattle  Poultry (broiler, layer)-Goats-Local fowl-Pigs-Cattle  Poultry (broiler, layer)-Goats-Local fowl-Pigs-Cattle

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Annex 2.11: CSA Investment Decisions Matrix, Bibiani-Anhwiaso-Bekwai District Prioritized value Value Chain People Investment Investment Decision chain commodities Segment involved (%) weighting (%) COCOA (1ST) Production 70 40 Need to sustain the production base to feed the processing industries.  Acquire quality input and hire more labour.  Carry out good agronomic and cultural practices Processing 2 40 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more funds and to create more jobs  Set up processing facilities  Engage skilled labour  Construct good roads Marketing 8 5 Need to set-up solar dryers in the district Service 20 15 Improved services provided Provision  Research in improved varieties,  Capacity building  Need for input subsidy PLANTAIN (2ND) Production 80 30 Need to sustain the production base to feed the processing industries.  Acquire quality input and hire more labour.  Carry out good agronomic and cultural practices Processing 2 40 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more funds and to create more jobs  Set up processing facilities  Engage skilled labour Marketing 10 15 Quality packaging, promotion Research Service 8 15 Improved services provided Provision  Research in improved varieties,  Capacity building MAIZE Production 60 50 Need to sustain the production base to (3RD) feed the processing industries.  Acquire quality input and hire more labour.  Carry out good agronomic and cultural practices Processing 20 30 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more funds and to create more jobs  Set up processing facilities  Engage skilled labour Marketing 5 5 Service 15 15 Improved services provided Provision  Research in improved varieties,  Capacity building CASSAVA (4TH) Production 60 30 Need to sustain the production base to feed the processing industries.  Acquire quality input and hire more labour.  Carry out good agronomic and cultural practices Processing 25 50 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more funds and to create more jobs  Set up processing facilities

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Prioritized value Value Chain People Investment Investment Decision chain commodities Segment involved (%) weighting (%)  Engage skilled labour Marketing 5 5 Quality packaging, promotions, Research Service 10 15 Improved services provided Provision  Research in improved varieties,  Capacity building LOCAL FOWL Production 80 60 Need to sustain the production base to (1ST) feed the processing industries Acquire and improve breeds Improve husbandry practices Processing 5 25 To employ modern technology to process the birds Engage skilled labour Set up processing facilities Marketing 10 5 Advertised processed products Service 5 10 Capacity building Provision Provides improved breeds of poultry (local)

GOAT Production 50 50 Need to sustain the production base to (2ND) feed the processing industries Acquire and improve breeds Improve husbandry practices Processing 20 30 To employ modern technology to process the meat Engage skilled labour Set up processing facilities Marketing 20 10 Embark on rigorous advertisement Promote the consumption of wholesome meat Service 10 10 Capacity building Provision Provide improved breeds husbandry SHEEP Production 60 60 Need to sustain the production base to (3RD) feed the processing industries Acquire and improve breeds Improve husbandry practices Processing 15 20 To employ modern technology to process the meat Engage skilled labour Set up processing facilities Marketing 15 10 Embark on rigorous advertisement of the product Promote the consumption of wholesome meat Service 10 10 Capacity building Provision Provide improved breeds of husbandry POULTRY Production 60 70 Need to sustain the production base to (Broiler & Layer) feed the processing industries (4TH) Acquire and improve breeds Improve husbandry practices Processing 20 15 To employ modern technology to process the birds (exotic) Engage skilled labour Set up processing facilities Marketing 10 5 Embark on rigorous advertisement Promote the consumption of wholesome meat Service 10 10 Capacity building Provision Provides improved breeds of poultry (exotic)

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Annex 3.1: Food production systems commonly practiced in Lawra district

Identified Farming systems Value chain commodities % farmers involved 1. Cultivating staple crops (cereals, legumes) Rice (growing zones: Babile, Lawra, 10% Eremon,) Maize 85% Groundnuts 95% Cowpea (Bambara nut, soya bean,) 45%

Millet 30% Sorghum 40% 2. Raising of livestock Goats 90% Sheep 30% Cattle 10% Pigs 40% Rabbit/Grasscutter 2% 3. Raising of poultry Local fowl 90% Guinea fowl 50% Turkey/Ducks 5% 4. Cultivating permanent crops (i.e., crops that Mango 2% stays for 3 or more years) Cashew 5% Moringa 2% Shea tree 40% (Zone: Eremon, Lawra, Babile) Dawadawa 30% (zone: Eremon, Lawra, Babile) Teak* 2% 5. Cultivating vegetables Tomatoes 30% Pepper 50% (Hot pepper, green pepper) Okro (Intercrop in many farms with 60% many crops) Garden eggs 2% Cabbage, Carrot, Cucumber 2% Onion, pumpkin leaves, ayoyo*, alefy* 10%

Butter nut squash, 1%

Bitter melon (intercrop with other 10% crops – groundnut) 6. Roots and Tubers Cassava (most farmers intercrop in yam 2% farm or farm yard but not sole crop. Mostly along the Black Volta Yam 50% Sweet potatoes/Frafra potato (pierre) 10%

Tiger nut <1%

7. Fruits Water melon <1%

Fish farming Fish ponds Community (Eremon Naburinya) project

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Annex 3.2: Stakeholder perceived advantages and disadvantages in ranked crop value chain commodities

Commodity Rank Advantages Disadvantages Maize 1st It contributes to food and income security in households, Requires ridging thrive well with the changing weather and agro- inputs. Income security and serve socio-cultural purposes. Apart from serving as a cash crop and domestic use as food, culturally it is No known challenges Groundnut 2nd cooked to serve wake keepers at the cataphael and at funeral grounds. It is also used to serve grave diggers as well. It enriches the soil. Apart from domestic use as foodstuff and for pito preparation, it also plays sociocultural role during funerals as well. During funerals it is required and used as ‘awuokyi’ which makes it Sorghum 3rd valuable traditionally. It is use as food during the funeral and No known challenges serves to prevent the occurrence of the disease that kill the person (prevent perceived/ causal disease) Cowpea 4th Mainly use as food and thrive well on poor lands. No known challenges

Annex 3.3: Stakeholder perceived advantages and disadvantages in ranked livestock and poultry value chain commodities

Commodity Rank Advantages Disadvantages Goat is resistant to stresses (weather, Very destructive when Goat 1st diseases), managed under free range. Brings in income to supplement cash needs for food and maintenance of farm, Use for cultural purposes such as sacrifices. Low risk and easy to sell than cattle or sheep. It serves cultural purpose. It is slaughtered for sacrifices to indicate acceptance. It is sacrifice Problem with diseases Local fowl 2nd first following the acceptability of sheep to pardon a committed crime etc. In this case it is predetermining factor for the acceptance of sheep to pacify gods etc. It is also easy to raise and be readily available for the market to meet small financial obligation. Sheep 3rd It is well priced Very calm hence easy to Very calm and does not make noise. steal, not many in the district because of rampant theft cases and theft cases are high More theft cases so its It is sold to bring cash income to solve production is associated with Cattle 4th financial problems requiring huge sums of insecurity. money. The live animal is no longer use for cultural purpose such as marriage rites because cash is preferred these days. Marketing is difficult these days. The ownership structure not favourable for keepers and caretakers because culturally fathers, grandfathers have to be satisfied first before oneself.

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Annex 3.4: Financial decision mechanisms for cropping and livestock systems

Commodity Benefit Cost Net Present Value Internal Rate Net Benefit Investment Pay Back Ratio of Return Ratio Period

Maize 1.27 52.30 2.96 0.3 Groundnut 2.05 316.00 6.22 0.2 Sorghum 0.84 9.45 0.28 2.28 0.4 Cowpea 1.11 59.96 2.58 0.4

Goat 1.46 79.06 1.03 0.3

Local fowl 1.97 36.80 2.01 0.2

0.26 Sheep 3.14 331.62 6.97 0.1

Annex 3.5: Value Chain Segments Weighted and Ranked during focus group discussion in the Lawra district.

Value Chain segments Weight Rank Production 75% 1st Processing 6% 3rd Marketing 15% 2nd Service Provision 4% 4th

Annex 3.6: Actors’ Engagement in Agricultural Value Chain Segments by Gender in Lawra District

Value chain segments Proportion of engagement by gender Male Adult (%) Female Adult Youth Male Youth Female (%) (%) (%) Production 10 30 35 25 Processing 10 25 30 35 Marketing 10 45 20 25 Service Provision 10 20 40 30

Annex 3.7: CSA practices Identified in the Agricultural Value Chain Segments

Value Chain Segment CSA Practice Farming Systems involved

Production Minimum tillage Maize, sorghum, millet, cowpea Irrigation Rice, Maize, tomatoes, pepper, garden eggs, okro, Mixed farming All major crops and livestock Bunding Cereals(Rice, sorghum, millet, maize) Stone lining Cereals (sorghum, millet, maize), legumes Compost application Cereals(sorghum, millet, maize) and vegetables Bush fire control All crops and livestock Mulching Vegetables, yam Cover cropping Maize, sorghum, millet, (cowpea, mucuna, bitter melon, pumpkin)

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Improved seed Maize,(varieties such as Wangdatan, Abrohemaa, obatanpa) Cowpea (Varieties such as sogotera, asontem, apagbala,) Sorghum (varieties such as kapala, doorado) Soyabean(Varieties such as jenguma, afayak), Groundnuts (Chinese, Sama 22 and 23,Manipinta) Intercropping Maize- millet, maize- cowpea, millet-cowpea, groundnut- bitter melon, sorghum-cowpea, sorghum-maize, maize-okro, Yam- maize Mixed cropping Maize, yam, cowpea, okro, pepper, tomatoes, bitter melon Integrated Nutrient Management Rice, Maize, sorghum, (fertilizer, manure) yam(manure), okro, vegetables Weather information/Extension All crop and livestock education Pests and disease control All crop and livestock Soil and Water management All crop and livestock Ridging Cereals, vegetables, legume Stone lining Cereals, legumes Livestock Tethering Goats, sheep, cattle, pigs Improved housing Livestock and poultry Supplementary feeding Livestock and poultry Crop rotation Cereal-legume rotation Improved breeds (hybrids) Sahelian sheep and goats, poultry Processing Solar drying Cereals, legumes, okro, tomatoes, leafy vegetables, pepper Oven Smoking of meat All meat and fish Marketing Storage of crops e.g. Cereals, legumes, root and tubers, leafy vegetables Use of hermitic bag Cereals and legumes Use of airtight bags to store cowpea Cereals and legumes Use of actelic Cereals and legumes Solar Drying Cereals, legumes, root and tubers, leafy vegetables

Annex 3.8: Identified CSA practices, (%) attributed gender utilization and associated constraints in the Lawra District CSA practices Adult Youth Constraints Male (%) Female (%) Male Female (%) (%) Minimum tillage 20 10 60 10 Female were having problems and difficult to wear knapsack sprayer Irrigation 30 10 40 20 Women has challenge in digging out wells and are not financially sound to hire labour Mixed farming 40 20 35 5 Due to the reproductive roles of most women, they find it difficult to practice mix farming Bunding 35 5 55 5 Mostly done with hoes and tedious for women

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Stone lining 30 20 40 10 Tedious for women to practice and also not have enough finance to hire labour Compost application 20 30 40 10 Lack of technical know-how and limited time to search for compost materials due to their reproductive roles. Bush fire control 30 20 40 10 Women don’t have rights to make bye-laws with regard to bush fires. They don’t also have the strength and encourage to control bush fires. Mulching 30 50 15 5 Mulching materials are not easily available, women move to long distances in search of the materials. Cover cropping 10 60 20 10 In adequate education in the use of cover crops Improved seed 40 10 40 10 Women use local variety mostly, because they are financially handicapped. Intercropping/ Mixed 20 50 5 25 Time consuming to maintain cropping farm and difficult to apply weedicide. Integrated Nutrient 60 20 15 5 Cost of fertilizer constraint Management (fertilizer, most women. manure) Weather 20 60 15 5 In adequate female information/Extension extension agents and mostly education women gets information from their husbands. Pests and disease control 60 10 25 5 Cost of chemicals and adult women find it difficult to handle spraying machine. Exposure to chemicals is risky Soil and Water management 40 30 20 10 Cost of fertilizer constraint women to use, and drainage construction is tedious for women. Livestock Tethering 10 60 20 10 Tethering makes it easy to steal the animals. Improved housing 60 10 25 5 Lack of financial resources to construct and maintain houses Supplementary feeding 20 50 25 5 Difficulty in obtaining feed materials during the dry season for ruminants. Improved breeds 40 10 40 10 It involve cost to buy improved breed

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Annex 3.9: Prioritized Commodities, Production Systems, Associated System of CSA Practices and Gender Utilization of CSA Practices

Prioritized value chain Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender commodities CSA utilization Adult Adult Youth Male Youth Female Male Female  Maize-Sorghum Minimum tillage 20 10 60 10  Maize-Sorghum-Millet Maize (1) Irrigation (vegetables only) 30 10 40 20  Maize-Sorghum-Millet- Food Security Cowpea Intercropping/Mixed cropping 20 50 5 25

 Maize-Rice Mixed farming 40 20 35 5  Maize-Tomatoes-pepper, Bunding 35 5 55 5 garden eggs, okro. Stone lining 30 20 40 10  Maize-Cowpea- Mucuna- Bitter melon-Pumpkin Compost Application 20 30 40 10  Maize-Groundnut Improve seed 40 10 40 10  Maize-Yam Cover cropping 10 60 20 10  Maize-Okro-Alefy Integrated nutrient management 60 20 15 5

Pests and disease control 60 10 25 5

Soil and water management 40 30 20 10 Weather information/Extension 20 60 15 5 education Bush fire control. 30 20 40 10 Prioritized value chain Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender commodities CSA utilization

Adult Adult Youth Male Youth Female Male Female  Groundnuts –Maize Mixed farming 40 20 35 5 Improved seed 40 10 40 10 Groundnut (2)  Groundnuts- bitter melon- Income security Vegetables Intercropping/Mixed cropping 20 50 5 25 Crop rotation 10 60 20 10

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 Groundnuts - Maize- Irrigation 30 10 40 20 Vegetables (vegetables only) Bush fire control 30 20 40 10  Groundnuts-Vegetables Pests and disease control 60 10 25 5 Stone lining 30 20 40 10 Weather information/Extension 20 60 15 5 education

Prioritized value chain Rationale Production System System of CSA practices Gender commodities CSA utilization

Adult Adult Youth Youth Female Male Female Male Minimum tillage 20 10 60 10  Sorghum- Maize Mixed farming 40 20 35 5 Sorghum (3) Food security  Sorghum - Maize-Millet- Bush fire control 30 20 40 10 and Socio- Vegetables-pumpkins Mixed cropping/Intercropping 20 50 5 25 Cultural Crop rotations 10 60 20 10  Sorghum-Maize- Millet- Cover cropping 10 60 20 10 Integrated nutrient management 60 20 15 5 Cowpea Bunding 35 5 55 5

Irrigation 30 10 40 20  Sorghum-Cowpea (vegetables only) Stone lining 30 20 40 10  Sorghum-Vegetables- Soil and Water management 40 30 20 10 Pumpkins Compost Application 20 30 40 10 Pests and disease control 60 10 25 5 Improved seed 40 10 40 10

Prioritized value chain Rationale Production systems System of CSA practices Gender commodities CSA utilization Adult Adult Youth Youth Female Male Female Male  Cowpea- Maize-Sorghum- Minimum tillage 20 10 60 10 Millet Mixed farming 40 20 35 5 Irrigation 30 10 40 20 Cowpea (4) Food security (vegetables only) Improved seed 40 10 40 10

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 Cowpea-Sorghum-Millet- Intercropping/Mixed cropping 20 50 5 25 Vegetables Crop rotation 10 60 20 10 Bush fire control 30 20 40 10  Cowpea- Millet-Vegetables Irrigation (vegetables only) 30 10 40 20 Pests and disease control 60 10 25 5  Cowpea-Maize-Vegetables Stone lining 30 20 40 10  Cowpea-Vegetables Weather information/Extension 20 60 15 5 education

Annex 3.10: Prioritized Livestock and poultry Commodities, Production Systems, Associated System of CSA Practices and Gender Utilization of CSA Practices

Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female

Found in many homes. Poultry, Crops (food and Mixed farming 40 20 35 5 They are consumed by cash crops), livestock many people. (majority small ruminants) Serves as income Pests and disease control 60 10 25 5 Goat security and provide (1) capital for farming. Livestock Tethering 10 60 20 10 Use traditionally for sacrifices Improved housing 60 10 25 5 Supplementary feeding 20 50 25 5

Improved breeds 40 10 40 10

Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization

Adult Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female Male Almost all farmers Crops, other poultry and Mixed farming 40 20 35 5 have fowls. livestock (majority small Pests and disease control 60 10 25 5 ruminants)

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Local fowl (2) It contributes to food Livestock Tethering 10 60 20 10 and income security Easy convert to cash to Improved housing 60 10 25 5 support family urgent needs. Supplementary feeding 20 50 25 5 Play significant role in performing cultural and traditional rites. Improved breeds 40 10 40 10

Prioritized value Rationale Production systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization

Adult Male Adult Female Youth Youth Female Male Sociocultural Poultry, Crops (largely Mixed farming 40 20 35 5 importance for the food crops), other Pests and disease control 60 10 25 5 celebration of festivals livestock Sheep (3) and other rites. Livestock Tethering 10 60 20 10 Improved housing 60 10 25 5

Supplementary feeding 20 50 25 5

Improved breeds 40 10 40 10 Prioritized value Rationale Production systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization Adult Male Adult Female Youth Youth Female Male Provide huge income Local Poultry, Crops, other Mixed farming 40 20 35 5 to solve problems livestock (majority small Pests and disease control 60 10 25 5 Cattle (4) requiring much money. ruminants) Livestock Tethering 10 60 20 10 Improved housing 60 10 25 5

Supplementary feeding 20 50 25 5

Improved breeds 40 10 40 10

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Annex 3.11: CSA Investment Decisions Matrix, Lawra District 1: Crop

Prioritized value chain Rationale Value Chain Segment Level of engagement Investment Investment Decision commodities (%) weighting (%) Maize is a major staple food. Production segment and processing Production 80 35 is largely dominated by adult women. With large investment weighting placed on service provision means huge investment is required towards service delivery that will support particularly women to ensure availability of farm inputs, such as agrochemicals

and fertilizer, establishment of mechanization centre to ensure Processing 5 15 Maize (1) Food security availability of equipment to support land preparation and planting activities, harvesting and postharvest technologies that constraint women. Investments into capacity building and support for

research and technology development in support of breed Marketing 10 10 improvement etc. Adequate support for irrigation facilities to support dry season farming was mentioned. Emphasis was also placed on acquiring processing equipment to obtain flour and Service provision 5 40 other products from maize. Prioritized value chain Rationale Value Chain Segments Level of engagement Investment Investment Decision commodities (%) weighting (%) Groundnut production is an income security activity. Its production 80 30 requires a number of systems of CSA practices. Efforts targeted at Production enhancing the utilization of these set of practices by reducing or eliminating utilization constraints as mentioned earlier is very Income security 10 50 important to increase production. Investment requirements is Processing needed for the promotion and utilization of practices that aim at Groundnut (2) ensuring maximum harvest such as investment into production 5 10 inputs, appropriate mechanization equipment to enhance land Marketing preparation, planting, fertilizer application, irrigation, harvesting and postharvest technologies. Investments into its processing had 5 10 the highest weighting targeting oil extraction to make cosmetic Service provision products, weaner diets etc. Capacity building and support for research and technology development was targeted. Prioritized value chain Rationale Value Chain Segment Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision commodities (%) weighting (%) Sorghum is the next alternative food crop apart from maize and 40 45 millet which serves as food, raw material for “pito” drink and play Production significant role culturally within the district. Its production requires

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Food security and Socio- systems of CSA practices just like maize. So far production level was Sorghum (3) Cultural 45 35 noticed to be low hence attracting high investment weighting to Processing increase its productivity. Investment requirements is needed for the promotion and utilization of practices that aim at ensuring that 10 10 the produce is available in large quantities, processed into local Marketing drinks etc. Since pito is brewed by many people, some investment into processing will create jobs for many people. With many 5 10 expressions about the local pito, it is foreseen to become people’s Service provision choice. In terms of services provision, some investment in the form of inputs, appropriate mechanization equipment to enhance land preparation, harvesting is required. Capacity building and support for research and technology to produce good planting materials is required. Prioritized value chain Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision commodities (%) weighting (%) Production 35 45 Cowpea production in the district is inclined by food security as Processing 40 40 staple food crop though has limited uses locally. Its production Marketing 10 5 requires systems of CSA practices. But much investment Service provision 15 10 requirement targets production and processing mostly. An investment requirement therefore is needed for the utilization of Food security practices that aim at ensuring that the produce is processed into Cowpea (4) many products. Processing of cowpea was given much weight apart from production, hence the need to invest substantially into its processing. In terms of production and related service provision, investment in the form of inputs, appropriate mechanization equipment to enhance land preparation and ridging is crucial. Research to improve varieties is also important as well as capacity building of extension officers and farmers.

2: Livestock and Poultry Prioritized value chain Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision commodities (%) weighting (%) -Found in many homes. Production 75 60 Much investment is required for the production segment targeted -They are consumed by many Processing 10 20 at making available improved breeds, development of feed people. technologies and infrastructure were recommended to reduce Marketing 10 5 -Serves as income security and mortality. Considerable investment is also required to provide provide capital for farming. drugs and vaccines and also to establish small ruminant Goat (1) -Use traditionally for sacrifices Service provision 5 15 marketing centre. Prioritized value chain Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision commodities (%) weighting (%)

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Production 80 75 Much investment is required to support the production segment -Almost all farmers have fowl. Processing 10 15 targeted at making available improved breeds, feeding -It contributes to food and Marketing 5 5 technologies and infrastructure. Considerable investment is also Local fowl (2) income security required to provide medication and establishment of slaughtering -Easy convert to cash to and cold chain facility to enable value addition. Funds to construct Service provision 5 5 support family urgent needs. simple housing for poultry and training in feed formulation and

-Play significant role in husbandry practices are essential.

performing cultural and

traditional rites.

Prioritized value chain Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision commodities (%) weighting (%) Production 75 60 Much investment is required for the production segment targeted Sociocultural importance for at making available superior breeds, development of dry feeding the celebration of festivals and Processing 10 20 technologies and infrastructure was highly recommended. Sheep (3) other rites. Considerable investment is also requested to provide medication Marketing 10 5 and the establishment of livestock breeding centres. Establishment Service provision 5 15 of slaughtering facility for value addition was highlighted. Prioritized value chain Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision commodities (%) weighting (%) Production 20 30 Much investment is required for the marketing segment targeted Brings in huge sum of money to Processing 30 10 at establishing infrastructure to support marketing activities. address problems requiring big Investment in production segment will target range land Cattle (4) sum of money. Marketing 45 50 improvement and paddocking and make available dry season feed Ranked last because it is Service provision 5 10 technologies. Considerable investment is also required to provide difficult to market. medication and also towards the establishment of breeding centres. Establishment of slaughtering facility for value addition was highlighted. Funding sources 1. Bank Loan, Farmers, 2. Assembly IGF 3. Common Fund 4. Agric Department Cost Centre (GoG) 5. Donor Partners (EU, CIDA,JICA,UNICEF) 6. Climate Funds 7. Global Environmental Fund Collaboration partners CSIR-SARI,CARE,RESULTS, CIKOD,ADVANCE,CCAFS,ESOKO

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Annex 4.1: Food production systems commonly practiced in Offinso North District

Farming Systems Value chain commodities Farmers involved (%) 1. Cultivating staple crops (cereals, Rice 30% legumes) Maize 90% Groundnuts 80% Cowpea 30% 2. Raising of livestock Goats 40% Sheep 90% Cattle 20% Pigs 40% Rabbit, Grasscutter, Bush-rat 5% Snails 0.5% 3. Raising of poultry Local fowl 90% Poultry (broiler, layer) 15% Guinea fowl, 5% Turkey, Duck 1% 4. Cultivating permanent crops (i.e., Mango 30% crops that stays for 3 or more years) Cashew 70% Orange 15% Cocoa 15% Oil Palm 5% Pawpaw, pineapple 1% Plantain Plantain Pure stand and also intercrop with 30% (20% pure stand, 10% maize, cocoyam and cocoa intercrop with cocoa Banana Pure stand and also intercrop with cocoa for at <1% least 3 years 5. Cultivating vegetables Tomatoes 80% Pepper (both hot and green pepper) 60% Okro 30% Garden eggs 20% Cabbage, Onion, Carrot, Lettuce, Cucumber 3% 6. Roots and Tubers Cassava, 90% Cocoyam, Tharow 1% Yam 50% Sweet potato 1% 7. Fruits Water melon 1% Pawpaw <1% Pineapple <1% Sugar cane Sugar cane <1% Spices and Others Spices/ginger <1%

Annex 4.2: Stakeholder perceived reasons in ranked crop value chain commodities

Commodity Rank Reasons Maize 1st Staple food, has many uses, Major crop Cassava 2nd Eaten by many, easily planted Tomatoes 3rd There are some level of failures due to weather Groundnut 4th Land could be obtained at less time interval because of short duration

Annex 4.3: Stakeholder perceived reasons in ranked livestock/poultry value chain commodities

Commodity Rank Reasons Local fowl 1st Income, consumption, use for cultural purposes, free range, Sheep 2nd Cultural reasons, Muslims population is high and they used sheep during celebrations, sheep are easily reared and shepherded, walk together but not so in the case of goat Goats 3rd Is a taboo for goats, stubborn animal, need for intensive system Pigs 4th Eaten by majority and can give reasonable income

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Annex 4.4: Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) of the Selected Value Chain Commodities

Value chain commodity Investment decision mechanisms Benefit-Cost Net Present Internal Rate Net Benefit Pay Back Ration Value of Return Investment Ratio Period Maize 1.6 145.30 0.27 2.3 0.43 Cassava 5.7 1,220.10 0.27 8.7 0.12 Tomatoes 8.5 2,101.60 0.27 14.2 0.07 Groundnut 2.3 454.60 0.27 4.2 0.24 Local fowl 3.1 55.30 0.26 1.3 0.54 Sheep 4.9 669.00 0.26 4.6 0.17 Goats 2.9 321.00 0.26 2.2 0.29 Pigs 8.3 360.50 0.26 2.2 0.40

Annex 4.5 Value Chain Segments Weighted and Ranked during focus group discussion

Value Chain segments Weight Rank Production 70% 1st Processing 10% 3rd Marketing 15% 2nd Service Provision 5% 4th

Annex 4.6: Actors’ Engagement in Agricultural Value Chain Segments by Gender in Offinso North District

Value chain segments Male Adult (%) Female Adult Youth Youth Female (%) (%) Male (%) Production 40 30 12 18 Processing 10 70 5 15 Marketing 5 25 10 60 Service Provision (Direct Agric services, 20 10 50 20 Financial Institution, market information)

Annex 4.7: CSA practices Identified in the Agricultural Value Chain Segments

Value chain CSA Practices Farming Systems involved segment Production Minimum tillage Maize, Groundnuts, Cowpea, Mango, Cashew, Orange, Cocoa, Oil Palm, Plantain, Cassava, Yam, Cocoyam, Tomatoes, Vegetables (Pepper, Okro, Garden eggs, Cabbage, Onion, Carrot, Lettuce, Cucumber) Irrigation Rice, Maize, Cowpea, Mango, Cashew, Orange, Cocoa, Oil Palm, Tomatoes, Vegetables (Pepper, Okro, Garden eggs, Cabbage, Onion, Carrot, Lettuce, Cucumber) Mulching Maize, Mango, Cashew, Orange, Cocoa, Oil Palm, Plantain, Cassava, Yam, Cocoyam, Tomatoes Brushing/Slashing Maize, Cowpea, Mango, Cashew, Orange, Cocoa, Oil Palm, Plantain, Cassava, Yam, Cocoyam, Tomatoes, Vegetables (Pepper, Okro, Garden eggs, Cabbage, Onion, Carrot, Lettuce, Cucumber) Cover cropping Cowpea, Mango, Cashew, Orange, Cocoa, Oil Palm, Plantain, Yam Improved planting materials Rice, Maize, Groundnuts, Cowpea, Mango, Cashew, Orange, Cocoa, Oil (more local seeds used) Palm, Plantain, Cassava, Yam, Cocoyam, Tomatoes, Vegetables (Pepper, Okro, Garden eggs, Cabbage, Onion, Carrot, Lettuce, Cucumber) Intercropping Rice, Maize, Groundnuts, Cowpea, Mango, Cashew, Orange, Cocoa, Oil Palm, Plantain, Cassava, Yam, Cocoyam Mixed cropping Rice, Maize, Groundnuts, Cowpea, Mango, Orange, Cashew, Orange, Cocoa, Oil Palm, Plantain, Cassava, Yam, Cocoyam Planting in lines Maize, Mango, Orange, Cashew, Plantain, Tomatoes, Vegetables (Pepper, Okro, Garden eggs, Cabbage, Onion, Carrot, Lettuce, Cucumber) Crop rotation Cereal and legumes

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Value chain CSA Practices Farming Systems involved segment Integrated Nutrient Rice, Maize, Cashew, Cocoa, Yam, Tomatoes, Vegetables (Pepper, Okro, Management (fertilizer, Garden eggs, Cabbage, Onion, Carrot, Lettuce, Cucumber) manure) Weather information All crops, livestock and poultry Soil and Water management All crops, livestock and poultry Pests and disease control All crops, livestock and poultry Improved housing All livestock and poultry Supplementary feeding Erection of stand or platform Local fowl, Sheep, Goats, Pigs in the pen to prevent foot rot Improved breeds (hybrids) All livestock and poultry Processing Solar/sun drying Rice, Maize, Groundnuts, Cowpea, Cashew, Cocoa, Oil Palm, Plantain, Cassava, Tomatoes, Vegetables (Pepper, Okro, Onion) Reduced fermentation Cocoa period during rainy season Oven Smoking of meat All livestock and poultry Use of LP Gas All crops, livestock and poultry Marketing Storage of produce using Cereals (maize) hermitic/PIC bag or actelic Use of airtight bags to store Cassava gari Early carting to avoid Oil Palm, Plantain, Cassava, Yam, Tomatoes, Vegetables (Pepper, Okro, spoilage Garden eggs, Cabbage, Onion, Carrot, Lettuce, Cucumber)

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Annex 4.8: Identified CSA practices, (%) attributed gender utilization and associated constraints in the Offinso North District No. CSA practices Adult Youth Constraint Male (%) Female (%) Male (%) Female (%) 1 Minimum tillage 30 20 30 20 Labour intensive 2 Irrigation 30 10 50 10 High energy cost 3 Mulching 45 30 5 20 Scarcity of mulching materials esp. during dry season 4 Brushing/Slashing 35 25 30 10 Rapid re-growth of weeds 5 Cover cropping 20 45 5 30 Difficulty in getting seeds and also the cost of seeds is expensive 6 Improved planting material 30 20 30 20 Scarcity of planting materials 7 Intercropping 20 45 5 30 Possibility of transmitting diseases and pests from one crop to the other 8 Mixed cropping 20 45 5 30 Possibility of transmitting diseases and pests from one crop to the other 9 Row planting 10 5 75 10 Very laborious 10 Crop rotation 30 15 35 20 Poor selection of crops can lead to disease build up 11 Integrated Nutrient Management (inorganic fertilizer, 20 20 30 30 Very laborious in application of manure) manure and very bulky 12 Weather information 30 30 20 20 Lack of weather stations in the district 13 Soil and Water management 40 40 10 10 Lack of technical knowledge on the part of farmers 14 Pests and disease control 30 20 30 20 High cost of inputs (pesticides) 15 Improved housing 40 20 30 10 High cost of materials 16 Supplementary feeding 20 40 20 20 High cost of feed 17 Erection of stand or platform in the pen to prevent foot 40 10 40 10 High cost of building materials rot (Not many practiced) 18 Improved breeds (hybrids) 35 10 35 20 Lack of access of improved breeding materials 19 Solar/sun drying 20 40 15 35 High initial construction cost 20 Oven Smoking of meat/Use of LP Gas 15 40 15 30 Inadequate LPG stations 21 Storage of produce using hermitic bag or actelic 50 10 30 10 Farmers lack requisite skills for the use of chemicals

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22 Use of airtight bags to store gari 5 45 5 45 Difficulty in selecting appropriate plastic bags 23 Early carting to avoid spoilage 25 25 25 25 Deplorable road conditions

Annex 4.9: Prioritized Commodities, Production Systems, Associated System of CSA Practices and Gender Utilization of CSA Practices

Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA Utilization (%) Adult Adult Youth Youth Male Female Male Female MAIZE (1ST) Food and income security. It is a  Maize Minimum tillage 30 20 30 20 staple food, has several uses  Maize-Cassava and as Major crop Irrigation 30 10 50 10  Maize-Tomatoes  Maize-Groundnut Mulching 45 30 5 20  Maize-Cashew Brushing/Slashing 35 25 30 10  Maize-Yam Improved planting materials (more 30 20 30 20  Maize-Plantain local seeds used)  Maize- -Cashew Intercropping 20 45 5 30  Maize--Oil Palm Mixed cropping 20 45 5 30  Maize--Orange  Maize- -Cocoa Integrated Nutrient Management 20 20 30 30 (fertilizer, manure)  Maize-Plantain-Yam-Cashew Weather information 30 30 20 20  Maize-Plantain-Yam-Cocoyam  Maize-Plantain-Yam-Cocoyam- Soil and Water management 40 40 10 10 Vegetables Pests and disease control 30 20 30 20  Maize-Plantain-Yam-Cocoyam- Solar/sun drying 20 40 15 35 Cocoa-Vegetables Use of LP Gas 15 40 15 30 Storage of produce using hermitic/PIC 50 10 30 10 bag or actelic

CASSAVA (2ND) Food security.  Cassava-Maize Minimum tillage 30 20 30 20 Is eaten by many, easily planted  Cassava-Tomatoes and harvested  Mulching 45 30 5 20  Cassava-Groundnut  Maize-Cashew  Brushing/Slashing 35 25 30 10

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Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA Utilization (%)  Maize-Yam  Improved planting materials 30 20 30 20  Maize-Plantain (more local seeds used)  -  Intercropping 20 45 5 30  -  Mixed cropping 20 45 5 30  Cassava-Maize-Cocoa  Cocoyam-Cocoa-Vegetables  Weather information 30 30 20 20

 Soil and Water management 40 40 10 10

 Pests and disease control 30 20 30 20

 Solar/sun drying 20 40 15 35

 Use of LP Gas 15 40 15 30

 Use of airtight bags to store 5 45 5 45 gari TOMATOES (3RD) For income and food security  Tomatoes Minimum tillage 30 20 30 20  Tomatoes-Maize Irrigation 30 10 50 10  Tomatoes-Cassava Mulching 45 30 5 20  Tomatoes-Groundnut  Tomatoes-Maize- Brushing/Slashing 35 25 30 10  Tomatoes- other Vegetables Improved planting materials (more 30 20 30 20 local seeds used) Intercropping 20 45 5 30 Mixed cropping 20 45 5 30 Integrated Nutrient Management 20 20 30 30 (fertilizer, manure) Weather information 30 30 20 20 Soil and Water management 40 40 10 10 Pests and disease control 30 20 30 20 Solar/sun drying 20 40 15 35 Use of LP Gas 15 40 15 30

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Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA Utilization (%) GROUNDNUT (4TH) Income and food security  Groundnut-Maize Minimum tillage 30 20 30 20  Ground-Cassava Brushing/Slashing 35 25 30 10  Groundnut-Tomatoes Improved planting materials (more 30 20 30 20  Groundnut-Maize-Cassava local seeds used)  Groundnut-Maize-Cashew Intercropping 20 45 5 30  Groundnut-Tomatoes Mixed cropping 20 45 5 30  Groundnut-Maize-Cassava-\ Weather information 30 30 20 20 Soil and Water management 40 40 10 10 Pests and disease control 30 20 30 20 Solar/sun drying 20 40 15 35 Use of LP Gas 15 40 15 30 LOCAL FOWL (1ST) Food, socio-cultural and income  Local fowl Supplementary feeding 20 40 20 20 security  Local fowl-Poultry (broiler, layer) Improved housing 40 20 30 10  Local fowl-Sheep Improved breeds (hybrids) 35 10 35 20 Pests and disease control 30 20 30 20  Local fowl-Goats Erection of stand or platform in the 40 10 40 10  Local fowl-Pigs pen to prevent foot rot  Local Fowl-Sheep-Goats, Oven Smoking of meat / 15 40 15 30  Local Fowl-Sheep-Goats-Pigs Use of LP Gas SHEEP (2ND) Income food and socio-cultural  Sheep-Local fowl Supplementary feeding 20 40 20 20 purposes.  Sheep-Goats Improved housing 40 20 30 10 Muslims used sheep during  Sheep-Pigs Improved breeds (hybrids) 35 10 35 20 festive occasions.  Sheep-Goats-Local fowl Pests and disease control 30 20 30 20  Sheep-Goats-Local fowl Erection of stand or platform in the 40 10 40 10 pen to prevent foot rot  -Pigs, Oven Smoking of meat / 15 40 15 30  Sheep-Local fowl-Poultry (broiler, Use of LP Gas layer) GOAT (3RD) Food and income security  Goats Supplementary feeding 20 40 20 20  Goat-Local fowl Improved housing 40 20 30 10 Improved breeds (hybrids) 35 10 35 20 Pests and disease control 30 20 30 20

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Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA Utilization (%)  Goats-Sheep-Local fowl-Poultry Erection of stand or platform in the 40 10 40 10 (broiler, layer) pen to prevent foot rot  Goats-Sheep-Local fowl-Pigs Oven Smoking of meat / 15 40 15 30 Use of LP Gas PIGS (4TH) Income and food security.  Pigs Supplementary feeding 20 40 20 20 It can give reasonable income  Pigs-Local fowl Improved housing 40 20 30 10 and is eaten by majority  Pigs-Sheep Improved breeds (hybrids) 35 10 35 20 Pests and disease control 30 20 30 20  Pigs-Goats Erection of stand or platform in the 40 10 40 10  Pigs-Sheep-Goats pen to prevent foot rot Oven Smoking of meat / 15 40 15 30 Use of LP Gas

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Annex 4.10: CSA Investment Decisions Matrix for Offinso North District 1. Crops

Prioritized value Value Percentage of Investment Decision chain commodities Chain People involved weighting Segment (%) (%) MAIZE (1ST) Production 50 30 Need to sustain the production base to feed the processing industries.  Acquire quality production input including appropriate mechanization equipment fertilizer,  Promote harvesting and postharvest technologies.  Carry out good agronomic and cultural practices  Hire more labour Processing 20 30 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more income and to create more jobs  Set up processing facilities  Engage skilled labour  Promote system of CSA practices that aim at processing for value addition, income, jobs Marketing 20 10 Quality packaging, promotion Research. Service 10 30 Provide improved services Provision  Research in improved varieties,  Develop and transfer appropriate technologies  Capacity building CASSAVA (2ND) Production 50 20 Need to sustain the production base to feed the processing industries.  Acquire quality input and hire more labour.  Carry out good agronomic and cultural practices Processing 10 50 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more income and to create more jobs  Set up processing facilities  Engage skilled labour  Promote system of CSA practices that aim at processing for value addition, income, jobs Marketing 10 10 Quality packaging, promotions, Research Service 30 20 Provide improved services Provision  Research in improved varieties,  Capacity building TOMATOES (3RD) Production 50 10 Need to sustain the production base to feed the processing industries.  Acquire quality input and hire more labour.  Carry out good agronomic and cultural practices Processing 1 50 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more income and to create more jobs  Set up processing facilities

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Prioritized value Value Percentage of Investment Decision chain commodities Chain People involved weighting Segment (%) (%)  Engage skilled labour  Promote system of CSA practices that aim at processing for value addition, income, jobs Marketing 14 25 Quality packaging, promotions, Research Service 35 15 Provide improved services Provision  Research in improved varieties,  Capacity building GROUNDNUT (4TH) Production 60 50 Need to sustain the production base to feed the processing industries.  Acquire quality production input including appropriate mechanization equipment,  Promote harvesting and postharvest technologies.  Carry out good agronomic and cultural practices  Hire more labour Processing 10 20 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more funds and to create more jobs  Set up processing facilities  Engage skilled labour Marketing 20 20 Quality packaging, promotions, Research Service 10 10 Provide improved services Provision  Research in improved varieties,  Capacity building 2. Livestock and Poultry LOCAL FOWL Production 70 50 Need to sustain the production base to feed (1ST) the processing industries.  Promote crossing breeding for breed improvement  Investing in improved housing management  Carry out good husbandry practices  Address diseases (Newcastle) Processing 5 5 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more income and jobs  Set up processing facilities  Packaging and quality control  Engage skilled labour Marketing 5 5 Quality packaging, promotions, branding Research Service 20 40 Provide improved services Provision  Research in improved breed improvement  Education on the business potential  Capacity building SHEEP (2ND) Production 70 60 Need to sustain the production base to for income, food and socio-cultural purposes.  Promote crossing breeding for breed improvement  Investing in improved housing management

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Prioritized value Value Percentage of Investment Decision chain commodities Chain People involved weighting Segment (%) (%)  Carry out good husbandry practices  Address diseases Processing 10 10 Target processing to add value to what is produced for more income and jobs

Set up processing facilities  Packaging and quality control  Engage skilled labour Marketing 10 20 Quality packaging, promotions, branding Research Service 10 10 Provide improved services Provision  Research in improved breed improvement  Education on the business potential  Capacity building GOAT (3RD) Production 60 60 Need to sustain the production base for food, income and feed the processing industries.  Promote crossing breeding for breed improvement  Investing in improved housing management  Carry out good husbandry practices  Address diseases Processing 10 10 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more income and jobs  Set up processing facilities  Packaging and quality control  Engage skilled labour Marketing 20 20 Quality packaging, promotions, branding, Research Service 10 10 Provide improved services Provision  Research in improved breed improvement  Education on the business potential  Capacity building PIGS (4TH) Production 50 40 Need to sustain the production base to feed the processing industries.  Acquire quality input and hire more labour.  Carry out good agronomic and cultural practices Processing 20 30 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more funds and to create more jobs  Set up processing facilities  Engage skilled labour Marketing 10 10 Quality packaging, promotions, Research Service 20 20 Provide improved services Provision 2 Research in improved varieties, 3 Capacity building

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Annex 5.1: Food production systems commonly practiced in the West Mamprusi district

Identified Farming system Value chain commodities Percentage of farmers involved (%) 1. Cultivating staple crops (cereals, Rice 20 legumes, root and tubers) Maize 99 Groundnuts 50 Cowpea 50 Millet(Early & late millet) 60 Sorghum 10 Pigeon pea 3 Soyabean 50 Bambara beans 5 Sweet potato 20 Cassava 1 Yam 5 2. Raising of livestock Goats 80 Sheep 60 Cattle 50 Pigs 20 Rabbit 2 Donkey 30 Bee keeping 3 3. Raising of poultry Local fowl 98 Guinea fowl 50 Turkey/Ducks/Pigeons 10 4. Cultivating permanent crops (i.e., Mango 50(10 for commercial, 40 for wild) crops that stays for 3 or more years) Cashew 5 Shea 100 Dawadawa 30 Baobab(Not many) Less than 1% (mostly in upper east) 5. Cultivating vegetables Tomatoes 20(commercial=15, domestic=5) Pepper (Hot pepper, green 15(commercial=14%, pepper) domestic=1%) Okro 50 Onion 30 Cabbage 10

Garden eggs 2

Bitter melon 10 Sesame 2 6. Fruits Water melon 50 Yellow melon 2

Annex 5.2: Financial decision mechanisms for cropping and livestock systems Commodity Benefit Cost Net Present Internal Rate of Return Net Benefit Pay Back Ratio Value Investment Ratio Period Maize 1.2 39.6 0.28 5.6 0.18 Millet 1.1 58.4 4.7 0.22

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Groundnut 1.5 128.9 3.5 0.29 Rice 1.2 129.3 8.5 0.12 Local fowl 2.0 87.4 7.9 0.06

Sheep 7.2 639.7 0.26 23.7 0.04 Goat 7.0 336.5 11.1 0.08

Cattle 31.4 6394.5 46.8 0.02

Annex 5.3: Crop Value Chain Commodities Ranked with Reasons

Commodity Rank Reason Maize 1st It is a staple food involving many people. Food security Millet 2nd Has multiple uses (koko, masa,fura), good market Groundnut 3rd Used for soup, ready market, cash crop Rice 4th Food, cash crop(first)

Annex 5.4: Livestock and Poultry Value Chain Commodities Ranked with Reasons

Commodity Rank Reason Local fowl 1st Performing rites, to welcome visitors, funerals, sacrifices, easy to produce, easily sold. One cannot be a successful farmer without a fowl. Sheep 2nd Use for food, funeral, naming ceremony Goat 3rd Brings cash, produce fast, easy to rear, resistant to disease. Cattle 4th Brings huge sum of money for big decisions requiring huge investment.

Annex 5.5 Relative rankings by weightings of the value chain segments in the West Mamprusi district.

Value Chain segments Weight Rank Production 60% 1st Processing 20% 2nd Marketing 15% 3rd Service Provision 5% 4th

Annex 5.6: Proportion of value chain segment engagement by Gender

Value chain segments Proportion of engagement by gender Male Adult (%) Female Adult (%) Youth male (%) Youth female (%)

Production 15 25 40 20 Processing 5 50 15 30 Marketing 30 50 5 15 Service Provision (Direct Agric 40 20 10 30 services, Financial Institution, market information, labour, agro chemical dealers)

Annex 5.7: below presents the summary on these practices per value chain.

Value chain segment CSA practices Farming Systems involved

Production Minimum tillage Cowpea, sorghum, millet, rice Irrigation Vegetables (tomatoes, okro, onion, cabbage) Mixed farming All crops mentioned above and livestock/poultry Bunding Rice, maize Compost Application Maize, vegetables Bush fire control All crops and livestock Mulching Vegetables, yam Brushing/Slashing Mainly the tree crops(mango, cashew)

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Cover cropping Cowpea, groundnuts, soyabean Improved seed Maize, rice soyabean ,cowpea, groundnut, vegetables Intercropping Groundnut-millet, maize-millet-sorghum, Pigeon-maize, maize-rice, soyabean-maize Mixed cropping Groundnut-millet, maize-millet-sorghum. Okro, amaranthus. Trees on farms (Use of shea and All crops except rice dawadawa) Planting in lines Maize, soyabean, cowpea, groundnut, rice Integrated Nutrient Maize, rice, vegetables Management (fertilizer, manure) Crop rotations Soya-maize, groundnut-maize Weather information/ Extension All crops/livestock/poultry education Pests and disease control All crops/livestock/poultry Soil and Water management Rice , maize, vegetables Ridging Groundnuts, millets, maize, sorghum Dynamic kraaling Maize Livestock Tethering Sheep and goat Improved housing All livestock/poultry Supplementary feeding All livestock/poultry Improved breeds (hybrids) All livestock and poultry Processing Solar drying Maize, groundnut, soya, millet, cowpea, sorghum, okro Use of LP Gas Food stuff Oven Smoking of meat Livestock meat Improved mud stove Marketing Storage of crops -Use of hermitic bag /Pics bags Cowpea( mostly), maize, bambara beans - Use of actelic Same as above

Annex 5.8 Gender Constraints Analysis in CSA utilization

No. CSA practices Adult Youth Constraints Male (%) Female (%) Male (%) Female (%) 1 Minimum tillage 35 5 45 15 Women complained of having to do weeding twice compared to land ploughing 2 Irrigation 38 2 57 3 Many women not into dry season farming. Used to be male dominant and tedious digging of well 3 Mixed farming 70 10 15 5 Control of livestock housing structures is limited because of men ownership 4 Bunding 70 5 23 2 Laborious activity for women. Done in groups but not as individual 5 Compost 60 10 25 5 1. Highly labour intensive Application 2. women have limited resources 6 Bush fire control 22 3 70 5 1. Involves a lot of physicality 2. limited know-how 7 Mulching 25 40 20 15 Women does it most because of their high involvement in vegetable gardening 8 Brushing/Slashing 40 10 45 5 Labour intensive 9 Cover cropping 40 50 5 5 Land is not readily available to most women so does this practice most so as to maximize output, cost of fertilizer for maize and millet so prefer leguminous plants

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No. CSA practices Adult Youth Constraints Male (%) Female (%) Male (%) Female (%) 10 Improved seed 50 15 20 15. Cost of seed is expensive, lack of access to land, infertile lands given to women forms the major reason for going into legume production. 11 Intercropping 60 10 20 10 Women access to poorer lands /Mixed cropping compels them do sole groundnut and sole sorghum production. Weed control under mixed cropping systems is a challenge. Women are involved in many activities including work on husband farms so prefer to do sole cropping, harvest quickly inorder to support their husbands on their farms as well. 12 Trees on farms (Use 20 30 20 30 Women mostly picks the shea fruits of shea and for processing to support home dawadawa) Planting in lines 20 20 30 30 It is considered time wasting. 15 Integrated Nutrient 50 10 30 10 The adult and youth female lack Management money to buy fertilizer unless they (fertilizer, manure) sell shea in order to buy fertilizer for their maize crop. They are also constraint by land and thinks that once the land is improved it will be taken away from them. 16 Crop rotation 50 10. 30 10 Women are constraint in this practice because they are given land previously cultivated on by men to plant legumes and the land is taken over by men when fertility is improved and are relocate to new unimproved land 17 Weather 40 5 50 5 Majority of the women depend on information/ men to have access to information. Extension education The youth appeared to be ICT inclined so the use ESOKO etc. 18 Pests and disease 45 5 40 10 Women mostly have difficulty in control using spraying machine. They depend on their sons and men mostly. 19 Soil and Water 45 5 40 10 Involves bund construction which is management tedious, some men do ridging to avoid runoff. Vegetable growers do little, even if bunding is done there is the probability of losing the land for next season farming. Ridging 65 2 30 3 Mostly done by hoes and very tedious for women. 21 Dynamic kraaling 90 0 10 0 Only elderly Fulani men who head the family practice this because they determine the movement and settlement of the kraal. 22 Livestock Tethering 20 30 20 30 Most men leave early for farm and their wives take care of the livestock Improved housing 60 10 30 0 Limited access to and control over resources Supplementary 30 20 40 10 Inadequate logistics to cart fodder feeding from the field to homes by women Improved breeds 70 5 20 5 Poor access to improved breeds and (hybrids) limited control of resources

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No. CSA practices Adult Youth Constraints Male (%) Female (%) Male (%) Female (%) Sun drying 30 40 10 20 Division of labour, men multi-task during harvesting period Use of LP Gas 10 50 10 30 Cooking and processing is largely done by women. Oven Smoking of 15 60 5 20 The practice is mainly considered as meat/fish women’s activity. Improved mud 10 50 10 30 Same as above stove (not popular) uses less firewood. Under promotion

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Annex 5.9: Prioritized Crop Commodities and systems of CSA practices by gender

Prioritized value chain Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender CSA utilization commodities Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female

 Maize-Rice- Minimum tillage 35 5 45 15  Maize-Cowpea Maize (1)  Maize-Sorghum Mixed farming 70 10 15 5 Food and income Security  Maize-Soyabean Bunding 70 5 23 2  Maize-Pigeon  Maize-Vegetables Compost Application 60 10 25 5  Maize-Groundnut-Millet Bush fire control 22 3 70 5  Maize-Sorghum-Millet  Maize-Sorghum-Millet- Improved seed 50 15 20 15 Cowpea Intercropping /Mixed cropping 60 10 20 10

Weather information/ Extension 40 5 50 5 education Trees on farms (Use of shea and 20 30 20 30 dawadawa) Planting in lines 20 20 30 30 Integrated Nutrient Management 50 10 30 10 (fertilizer, manure) Crop rotation 50 10 30 10 Pests and disease control 45 5 40 10 Soil and Water management 45 5 40 10

Ridging 65 2 30 3

Dynamic kraaling 90 0 10 0

Solar drying 30 40 10 20

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Prioritized value chain Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender CSA utilization commodities Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female

Minimum tillage 35 5 45 15  Millet-Sorghum Mixed farming 70 10 15 5 Millet (2)  Millet- rice Food security  Millet- Maize Bush fire control 22 3 70 5  Millet-Maize-Rice- Sorghum Improved seed 50 15 20 15  Millet-Cowpea-vegetables Weather information/ Extension 40 5 50 5 education Intercropping /Mixed cropping 60 10 20 10 Trees on farms (Use of shea and 20 30 20 30 dawadawa) Integrated Nutrient Management 50 10 30 10 (fertilizer, manure)

Pests and disease control 45 5 40 10

Soil and Water management 45 5 40 10

Ridging 65 2 30 3 Solar drying 30 40 10 20 Prioritized value chain Rationale Production System System of CSA practices Gender CSA utilization commodities Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female

Mixed farming 70 10 15 5  Groundnut-Sorghum- Maize Bush fire control 22 3 70 5 Groundnut (3)  Groundnut-Sorghum - Maize- Income and Millet Improved seed 50 15 20 15 food security Intercropping /Mixed cropping 60 10 20 10  Groundnut-Maize- Millet- Weather information/ Extension 40 5 50 5 Cowpea education  Groundnut-Sorghum-Cowpea Trees on farms (Use of shea and 20 30 20 30 dawadawa)

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 Groundnut-Vegetables Planting in lines 20 20 30 30 Crop rotation 50 10 30 10 Pests and disease control 45 5 40 10

Ridging 65 2 30 3 Solar drying 30 40 10 20

Prioritized value chain Rationale Production systems System of CSA practices Gender CSA utilization commodities Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female

Irrigation 38 2 57 3 Mixed farming 70 10 15 5  Rice- Maize Bunding 70 5 23 2 Rice (4) Food and  Rice-Millet Bush fire control 22 3 70 5 income security  Rice-Sorghum Improved seed 50 15 20 15  Rice-Sorghum-Millet Intercropping /Mixed cropping 60 10 20 10 Weather information/ Extension 40 5 50 5 education Integrated Nutrient Management 50 10 30 10 (fertilizer, manure) Pests and disease control 45 5 40 10

Soil and Water management 45 5 40 10

Solar drying 30 40 10 20

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Annex 5.10: Prioritized Livestock and Poultry Commodities and systems of CSA practices by gender

Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender CSA utilization chain commodities Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female

-Use to performing Weather information/ 40 5 50 5 rites, Extension education -To welcome visitors, Other poultry, food crops, Pests and disease control 45 5 40 10 -Use during funerals, livestock (majority small Local Fowl (1) -To perform ruminants) Livestock Tethering 20 30 20 30 sacrifices, -Easy to produce and Improved housing 60 10 30 0 sells faster, Supplementary feeding 30 20 40 10 -One cannot be a successful farmer Improved breeds (hybrids) 70 5 20 5 without a fowl. Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender CSA utilization chain commodities Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female

Weather information/ 40 5 50 5 -Use for food, Extension education -Use during funerals Pests and disease control 45 5 40 10 Sheep(2) and naming Local poultry, food crops, ceremony other livestock Livestock Tethering 20 30 20 30

Improved housing 60 10 30 0

Supplementary feeding 30 20 40 10

Improved breeds (hybrids) 70 5 20 5

Prioritized value Rationale Production systems System of CSA practices Gender CSA utilization chain commodities Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female

Weather information/ 40 5 50 5 -Brings cash, Extension education -Produce fast Poultry, Crops (largely food Pests and disease control 45 5 40 10 Goat (3) -Easy to rear crops), other livestock -Resistant to diseases. Livestock Tethering 20 30 20 30

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Improved housing 60 10 30 0

Supplementary feeding 30 20 40 10

Improved breeds (hybrids) 70 5 20 5

Prioritized value Rationale Production systems System of CSA practices Gender CSA utilization chain commodities Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female

Local and Guinea fowl, crops, Weather information/ 40 5 50 5 Provide huge income other livestock Extension education Cattle (4) to solve major Pests and disease control 45 5 40 10 problems.

Livestock Tethering 20 30 20 30

Improved housing 60 10 30 0

Supplementary feeding 30 20 40 10

Improved breeds (hybrids) 70 5 20 5

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Annex 5.11: Prioritized Crops, Livestock and Poultry Commodities and Investment decisions in West Mamprusi 1: Crop

Prioritized value chain Rationale Value Chain Segment Level of Investment Investment Decision commodities engagement (%) weighting (%) Production 50 40 Maize is a major staple food. Production segment and service provision segments received higher weight in terms of investment requirements

targeting availability of farm inputs, such as agrochemicals and Maize (1) Food and income fertilizer, establishment of mechanization centre to ensure availability of equipment to support land preparation and planting activities, security Processing 30 15 harvesting and postharvest technologies. Investment weighting placed on service provision means targets service delivery that will support capacity building and support for research and technology development in support of variety improvement etc. Emphasis was also Marketing 15 10 placed on acquiring processing equipment to produce flour and other products from maize.

Service provision 5 35

Prioritized value chain Rationale Value Chain Segments Level of Investment Investment Decision commodities engagement (%) weighting (%) Production 40 40 Millet production is a food security activity. Its production requires a number of systems of CSA practices. Efforts targeted at enhancing the Processing 30 20 utilization of these set of practices by reducing or eliminating utilization constraints to increase production. Investment requirements is needed Marketing 25 10 for the promotion and utilization of practices that aim at ensuring Millet (2) Food security Service provision 5 30 maximum harvest such as investment into production inputs, appropriate mechanization equipment to enhance land preparation, planting, fertilizer application, harvesting and postharvest technologies. The weight of investment into its processing comes after service provision which targets capacity building and support for research and technology development.

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Prioritized value chain Rationale Value Chain Segment Level of Investment Investment Decision commodities Engagement (%) weighting (%) Production 55 40 Groundnut production provides farm families with income. Its production requires systems of CSA practices. Investment requirement Processing 20 30 is needed for the promotion and utilization of practices that aim at ensuring that the produce is available in large quantities for the market. Marketing 15 20 Processing into oil and other forms of products was noticed to improve Income and food Service provision 10 10 income of farm families hence the need to invest in its processing. In Groundnut (3) security terms of services provision, some investment in the form of inputs, appropriate mechanization equipment to enhance land preparation,

harvesting is required. Capacity building and support for research and technology to produce good planting materials is required. Prioritized value chain Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Investment Investment Decision commodities Engagement (%) weighting (%)

Production 30 40 Rice production in the district is inclined by both food and income security. Its production requires systems of CSA practices. But much Processing 30 30 investment requirement targets production and processing mostly. In Marketing 20 20 terms of production and related service provision, investment in the form of inputs supply, mechanization equipment to enhance land Rice (4) Food and Income Service provision 20 10 preparation is crucial. Research efforts to improve varieties are also security important as well as capacity building of extension officers and farmers. 2. Livestock and Poultry Prioritized value chain Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Investment Investment Decision commodities Engagement (%) weighting (%) --Use to performing Production 55 50 Investment is required for the production segment which seeks to rites, make improved breeds availability, develop feed technologies and Processing 10 20 -To welcome build housing and processing infrastructure to produce many and visitors, Marketing 30 20 heathy local fowls, obtain vaccines and drugs to reduce mortality. -Use during Local Fowl (1) funerals, Service provision 5 10 -To perform sacrifices, -Easy to produce and sells faster, -One cannot be a successful farmer without a fowl. Prioritized value chain Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Investment Investment Decision commodities Engagement (%) weighting (%)

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Production 40 60 Much investment is required to support the production segment targeted at making available improved breeds, feeding technologies -Use for food, Processing 20 15 and infrastructure. Considerable investment is also required to provide -Use during funerals Marketing 30 15 medication and establishment of slaughtering and cold chain facility to and naming enable value addition. Funds to construct simple housing for poultry Sheep (2) and training in feed formulation and husbandry practices are essential. ceremony Service provision 10 10

Prioritized value chain Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Investment Investment Decision commodities Engagement (%) weighting (%) Production 60 55 Much investment is required for the production segment targeted at -Brings cash, making available superior breeds, development of dry feeding

-Produce fast Processing 15 15 technologies and infrastructure was highly recommended. -Easy to rear Considerable investment is also requested to provide medication and -Resistant to Marketing 20 20 the establishment of livestock breeding centres. Establishment of Goat (3) diseases. Service provision 5 10 slaughtering facility for value addition was highlighted. Prioritized value chain Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Investment Investment Decision commodities Engagement (%) weighting (%) Production 50 40 Much investment is required for the production segment. Investment in production segment will target range land improvement and -Provide huge Processing 20 30 paddocking and making available dry season feed technologies. income to solve Marketing segment investment targets establishing infrastructure to support marketing activities. Considerable investment is also required Cattle (4) major problems. Marketing 20 10 to provide medication and also towards the establishment of breeding centres. Establishment of slaughtering facility for value addition was Service provision 10 20 highlighted.

Funding sources Bank Loan Farmers Assembly IGF Common Fund Agric Department Cost Centre (GoG) Donor Partners (CIDA,WORLD BANK(SLWMP), JICA,GASIP,IFAD) Climate Funds Global Environmental Fund Collaboration CSIR-SARI, GCAP, TECHNOSERVE, ADVANCE, SADA, WORLD VISION, ADRA, CRS,PAS (PRESBY AGRIC STATION), FARMER TRAINING CENTRE, ACDEP. partners

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Annex 6.1: Food production systems commonly practiced in Birim South District

Identified Farming systems Value chain commodities Farmers involved (%) 1. Cultivating staple crops (cereals, Rice 55 legumes) Maize 90 Groundnuts 2 Cowpea 15 2. Raising of livestock Goats 50 Sheep 25 Cattle 1 Pigs 10 Rabbit, grasscutter 10 Mushroom/Snail 0.5 3. Raising of poultry Local fowl 80 Exotic fowl (broiler, layer) 20 Guinea fowl 1 4. Cultivating permanent crops (i.e. Pear 80 crops staying 3 or more years) Cashew <1 Orange 40 Cocoa 90 Oil Palm 50 Plantain Plantain intercrop for three years with 99 cocoa Sole Plantain and banana cropping 5. Cultivating vegetables Tomatoes 80 (domestic-20, commercial-60) Pepper (Hot & green pepper) 60 Okro 20 Garden eggs, 40 Cabbage 1 Cucumber 2 6. Roots and Tubers Cassava, 95 Cocoyam 50 Yam 70 7. Fruits Water melons, <1 Carrot <1 Sugar cane 2 Spices and Others Spices (thyme, nutmeg, ginger, <1 prekese)

Annex 6.2: Stakeholder perceived reasons in ranked crop value chain commodities

Commodity Rank Reason

Maize 1st Maize has a lot of market value Almost all crop farmers inter crop with maize Has a shorter maturity period Post – harvesting is easy and conducive Is one of the staple foods in the district Cassava 2nd Tolerant to drought Resistant to most pest Survive well in the district Is one of the staple foods in the district Post – harvesting is limited to few commodities Plantain 3rd Can easily be multiplied from the same plant Labour is not intensive Cocoa 4th Cash crop

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Annex 6.3: Stakeholder perceived reasons in ranked livestock/poultry value chain commodities

Commodity Rank Reason

Local Fowl 1st It is found in almost every home They are tolerant to adverse weather conditions Cost of production is low in terms of feeding and housing They have more market price Goat 2nd They are tolerant to adverse weather conditions They have more delivery rate Their meat is more acceptable They have more market value or price Sheep 3rd They are used for customary and festive occasions They are less destructive Pig 4th Highly prolific Are good feed converters

Annex 6.4: Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) of the Selected Value Chain Commodities

Value chain Investment decision mechanisms commodity Benefit- Net Present Internal Net Benefit Pay Back Period Cost Value Rate of Investment Ration Return Ratio BCR NPV IRR NBIR PBP Maize 2.3 215.10 0.28 4.60 0.22 Cassava 2.9 254.40 0.28 24.10 0.04 Plantain 7.4 1,757.30 0.28 4.30 0.23 Cocoa 3.6 1,763.90 0.28 11.40 0.09 Local fowl 8.4 109.50 0.26 2.50 0.36 Goats 8.9 698.00 0.26 2.20 0.39 Sheep 9.2 876.60 0.26 6.10 0.15

Annex 6.5 Value Chain Segments Weighted and Ranked during focus group discussion

Value Chain segments Weight Rank Production 70% 1st Processing 10% 3rd Marketing 15% 2nd Service Provision 5% 4th

Annex 6.6: Actors’ Engagement in Agricultural Value Chain Segments by Gender in Birim South District

Value chain segments Male Adult (%) Female Adult Youth male Youth female (%) (%) (%) Production 40 30 20 10 Processing 20 40 5 35 Marketing 15 35 15 35 Service Provision 30 10 50 10 (Direct Agric services, Financial Institution, market information)

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Annex 6.7: CSA practices Identified in the Agricultural Value Chain Segments

Value chain segment CSA practices Farming Systems involved

Production Minimum tillage All crops Irrigation Vegetables Mulching Vegetables Brushing/Slashing All crops Cover cropping Leguminous crops Improved planting materials Cereals, tuber crops Intercropping All crops Mixed cropping All crops Integrated Nutrient Management (fertilizer, manure) All crops Weather information All crops, livestock and poultry Soil and Water management Pests and disease control All crops, livestock and poultry Provision of water under trees All livestock and poultry Provision of warmth All livestock and poultry Improved housing All livestock and poultry Supplementary feeding All livestock and poultry Erection of stand or platform in the pen to prevent foot rot Local fowl, sheep, goat, pigs Improved/superior breeds (hybrids) All livestock and poultry Processing Solar/sun drying Reduced fermentation period during rainy season Oven Smoking of meat All livestock and poultry Marketing Use of LP Gas All livestock and poultry Use of specialized crate Tomatoes Storage of maize using actelic or hermitic bag Cereals (maize) Use of airtight bags to store gari Cassava Use of air tight galloons after winnowing Maize Early carting to avoid spoilage All crops

Annex 6.8: Identified CSA practices, (%) attributed gender utilization and associated constraints in the Birim South District No. CSA practices Adult Youth Constraints Male Female (%) Male Female (%) (%) (%) 1 Minimum tillage 65 20 5 10 2 95 2 1 2 High cost equipment Irrigation Inadequate water sources 3 Mulching 70 10 5 15 4 Cover cropping 65 20 10 5 5 50 50 - - High cost of Improved planting materials material 6 Intercropping 65 20 10 5 7 Inorganic fertilizer 65 20 5 10 8 Crop rotation 65 20 5 10 9 Mixed cropping 70 10 10 10 10 Brushing/Slashing 65 20 5 10 11 Integrated Nutrient Management 70 20 10 10 (fertilizer, manure) 12 Weather information 65 20 10 5 13 Soil and Water management 65 20 10 5

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No. CSA practices Adult Youth Constraints Male Female (%) Male Female (%) (%) (%) 14 Pests and disease control 50 50 - - 15 Provision of warmth 20 65 5 10 16 Improved housing 65 20 5 10 18 Supplementary feeding 60 20 10 10 19 Erection of stand or platform in the 60 20 10 10 pen to prevent foot rot 20 Improved/superior breeds (hybrids) 60 20 10 10 Cost of improved breeds 21 Solar/sun drying 65 20 10 5 Unpredictable weather conditions 22 Reduced fermentation period during 65 20 10 5 Unpredictable rainy season weather conditions 23 Oven Smoking of meat 20 65 5 10 High cost of equipment 24 Use of LP Gas 20 65 5 10 High cost of gas 25 Use of specialized crate 20 65 5 10 26 Storage of maize using actelic or 65 20 10 5 High cost of hermitic bag hermitic bags 27 Use of airtight bags to store gari 20 65 5 10 28 Use of air tight galloons after 20 65 5 10 winnowing 29 Early carting 65 20 10 5

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Annex 6.9: Prioritized Commodities, Production Systems, Associated System of CSA Practices and Gender Utilization of CSA Practices Prioritized value chain Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices CSA Utilization by Gender (%) commodities Adult Adult Youth Youth Male Female Male Female MAIZE Food and income security.  Maize-Rice-vegetables Minimum tillage 65 20 5 10 (1ST) It is a staple food, has  Maize-plantain-yam-cocoyam- Irrigation 95 2 1 2 several uses and as Major cassava-cocoa-vegetables Mulching 70 10 5 15 crop Improved planting materials 50 50 - -  Maize-plantain-yam-cocoyam- Intercropping 65 20 10 5 cocoa-vegetable Inorganic fertilizer 65 20 5 10  Maize-cowpea Crop rotation 65 20 5 10  Maize-cowpea-cassava Mixed cropping 60 20 10 10  Maize-plantain-cocoa Brushing/Slashing 60 20 10 10  Maize-cassava-oil palm Integrated Nutrient Management 65 20 5 10 (fertilizer, manure) Weather information 65 20 5 10 Soil and Water management 65 20 5 10 Pests and disease control 65 20 5 10 Solar/sun drying 65 20 5 10 Use of LP Gas 20 65 10 5 Storage of maize using actelic or 65 20 5 10 hermitic bag Use of air tight galloons after 20 65 10 5 winnowing CASSAVA Food and income security  Cassava-Maize Minimum tillage 65 20 5 10 (2ND)  Cassava-maize-cocoa Mulching 70 10 5 15  Cassava-maize-plantain Improved planting materials 50 50 - - Intercropping 65 20 10 5  Cassava-cowpea Mixed cropping 65 20 10 5  Cassava-maize-oil palm Brushing/Slashing 65 20 10 5 Weather information 65 20 10 5 Soil and Water management 65 20 10 5 Pests and disease control 65 20 10 5 Solar/sun drying 65 20 10 5 Use of LP Gas 65 20 10 5 Early carting to avoid spoilage 65 20 10 5 PLANTAIN Food and income security.  Plantain-rice-vegetables Minimum tillage 65 20 5 10 (3RD) It is a Major crop Mulching 70 10 5 15

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Prioritized value chain Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices CSA Utilization by Gender (%) commodities Adult Adult Youth Youth Male Female Male Female  Plantain-maize-yam-cocoyam- Cover cropping 65 20 10 5 cocoa-vegetables Improved planting materials 50 50 - -  Plantain-cowpea Intercropping 65 20 10 5 Mixed cropping 65 20 5 10  Plantain-cowpea-cocoa- Brushing/Slashing 70 10 5 15 cassava Integrated Nutrient Management 65 20 10 5  Plantain-maize-oil palm- (fertilizer, manure) vegetables Weather information 50 50 - -  Plantain-maize-vegetables Soil and Water management 65 20 10 5  Plantain-maize-yam-cocoyam- Pests and disease control 65 20 5 10 cocoa Solar/sun drying 70 10 5 15  Plantain-cocoa -maize-oil palm Use of LP Gas 65 20 10 5 Early carting to avoid spoilage 50 50 - -  Plantain-cocoa -vegetables

COCOA  Income and socio-  Cocoa-maize-plantain-yam- Minimum tillage 65 20 5 10 (4TH) cultural security cocoyam-cassava-vegetables Irrigation 95 2 1 2  Cocoa-maize-plantain-yam- Mulching 70 10 5 15 cocoyam Cover cropping 65 20 10 5 Improved planting materials 50 50 - -  Cocoa-maize-plantain-yam- Intercropping 65 20 10 5 cocoyam-vegetables Inorganic fertilizer 65 20 5 10  Cocoa-maize-plantain- Mixed cropping 65 20 5 10 vegetables Brushing/Slashing 70 10 5 15  Cocoa-maize-cassava- Integrated Nutrient Management 65 20 10 5 cocoyam (fertilizer, manure)  Cocoa-maize-plantain-oil palm Weather information 50 50 - - Soil and Water management 65 20 10 5  Cocoa-maize-cassava-oil palm Pests and disease control 65 20 5 10  Cocoa-plantain-vegetables Solar/sun drying 70 10 5 15 Reduced fermentation period 65 20 10 5 during rainy season Early carting to avoid spoilage 50 50 - - LOCAL FOWL Food, income and socio-  Local fowl Improved housing 65 20 10 5 (1ST) cultural security Improved/superior breeds 65 20 5 10 (hybrids)

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Prioritized value chain Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices CSA Utilization by Gender (%) commodities Adult Adult Youth Youth Male Female Male Female  Local fowl-Poultry (broiler, Supplementary feeding 70 10 5 15 layer) Pests and disease control 65 20 10 5  Local fowl-Sheep Weather information 50 50 - - Provision of water under trees 65 20 10 5  Local fowl-Goats Erection of stand or platform in 65 20 5 10  Local fowl-Pigs pens to prevent foot rot  Local Fowl-Sheep-Goats, Oven Smoking of meat 70 10 5 15  Local Fowl-Sheep-Goats-Pigs Use of LP Gas 65 20 10 5 Provision of warmth 50 50 - - GOAT Food and income security  Goats Improved housing 65 20 10 5 (2ND)  Goat-Local fowl Improved/superior breeds 65 20 5 10  Goats-Sheep-Local fowl- (hybrids) Supplementary feeding 70 10 5 15 Poultry (broiler, layer) Pests and disease control 65 20 10 5  Goats-Sheep-Local fowl-Pigs Weather information 50 50 - -  Goats-Sheep-Pigs-Local fowl- Provision of water under trees 65 20 10 5 Poultry (broiler, layer) Erection of stand or platform in 65 20 5 10 pens to prevent foot rot Oven Smoking of meat 70 10 5 15 Use of LP Gas 65 20 10 5 Provision of warmth 50 50 - - SHEEP Food and income security  Sheep Improved housing 65 20 10 5 (3RD)  Sheep-Local fowl Improved/superior breeds 65 20 5 10  Sheep-Goats (hybrids) Supplementary feeding 70 10 5 15  Sheep-Pigs Pests and disease control 65 20 10 5  Sheep-Goats-Local fowl Weather information 50 50 - -  Sheep-Goats-Pigs-Local fowl Provision of water under trees 65 20 10 5  Sheep-Local fowl-Poultry Erection of stand or platform in 65 20 5 10 (broiler, layer) pens to prevent foot rot Oven Smoking of meat 70 10 5 15 Use of LP Gas 65 20 10 5 Provision of warmth 50 50 - - PIGS Food and income security  Pigs Improved housing 65 20 10 5 (4TH)  Pigs-Local fowl Improved/superior breeds 65 20 5 10 (hybrids)

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Prioritized value chain Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices CSA Utilization by Gender (%) commodities Adult Adult Youth Youth Male Female Male Female  Pigs-Sheep Supplementary feeding 70 10 5 15  Pigs-Goats Pests and disease control 65 20 10 5  Pigs-Sheep-Goats Weather information 50 50 - - Provision of water under trees 65 20 10 5  Pigs-Sheep-Goats-Local fowl Erection of stand or platform in 65 20 5 10 pens to prevent foot rot Oven Smoking of meat 70 10 5 15 Use of LP Gas 65 20 10 5 Provision of warmth 50 50 - -

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Annex 6.10: CSA Investment Decisions Matrix

Prioritized Value Chain Percentage of Investment weighting Decision value chain Segment people involved (%) (%) commodities MAIZE Production 65 45 Need to sustain the production base to feed (1ST) the processing industries.  Acquire quality production input including appropriate mechanization equipment fertilizer,  Promote harvesting and postharvest technologies.  Carry out good agronomic and cultural practices  Hire more labour Processing 20 35 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more income and to create more jobs  Set up processing facilities  Engage skilled labour  Promote system of CSA practices that aim at processing for value addition, income, jobs Marketing 10 10 Quality packaging, promotion Research. Service 5 10 Provide improved services Provision  Research in improved varieties,  Develop and transfer appropriate technologies  Capacity building CASSAVA Production 75 30 Need to sustain the production base to feed (2ND) the processing industries.  Acquire quality input and hire more labour.  Carry out good agronomic and cultural practices Processing 15 50 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more funds and to create more jobs  Set up processing facilities  Engage skilled labour Marketing 5 10 Quality packaging, promotion Research Service 5 10 Improved services provided Provision  Research in improved varieties,  Capacity building PLANTAIN Production 70 20 Need to sustain the production base to feed (3RD) the processing industries.  Acquire quality input and hire more labour.  Carry out good agronomic and cultural practices Processing 5 60 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more funds and to create more jobs  Set up processing facilities  Engage skilled labour

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Prioritized Value Chain Percentage of Investment weighting Decision value chain Segment people involved (%) (%) commodities Marketing 15 10 Quality packaging, promotion Research Service 10 10 Improved services provided Provision  Research in improved varieties,  Capacity building COCOA Production 60 60 Need to sustain the production base to feed (4TH) the processing industries.  Acquire quality input and hire more labour.  Carry out good agronomic and cultural practices Processing 20 20 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more funds and to create more jobs  Set up processing facilities  Engage skilled labour  Construct good roads Marketing 5 5 Need to set-up solar dryers in the district Service 15 15 Improved services provided Provision  Research in improved varieties,  Capacity building  Need for input subsidy LOCAL FOWL Production 80 60 Need to sustain the production base to feed (1ST) the processing industries.  Promote crossing breeding for breed improvement  Investing in improved housing management  Carry out good husbandry practices  Address diseases (Newcastle) Processing 5 20 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more income and jobs  Set up processing facilities  Packaging and quality control  Engage skilled labour Marketing 10 15 Quality packaging, promotions, branding Research Service 5 5 Provide improved services Provision  Research in improved breed improvement  Education on the business potential  Capacity building GOAT Production 70 45 Need to sustain the production base for food, (2ND) income and feed the processing industries.  Promote crossing breeding for breed improvement  Investing in improved housing management  Carry out good husbandry practices  Address diseases Processing 15 20 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more income and jobs  Set up processing facilities  Packaging and quality control

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Prioritized Value Chain Percentage of Investment weighting Decision value chain Segment people involved (%) (%) commodities  Engage skilled labour Marketing 10 30 Quality packaging, promotions, branding, Research Service 5 5 Provide improved services Provision  Research in improved breed improvement  Education on the business potential  Capacity building SHEEP Production 70 45 Need to sustain the production base to for (3RD) income, food and socio-cultural purposes.  Promote crossing breeding for breed improvement  Investing in improved housing management  Carry out good husbandry practices  Address diseases Processing 15 20 Target processing to add value to what is produced for more income and jobs  Set up processing facilities  Packaging and quality control  Engage skilled labour Marketing 10 30 Quality packaging, promotions, branding Research Service 5 5 Provide improved services Provision  Research in improved breed improvement  Education on the business potential  Capacity building

Annex 7.1: Food production systems commonly practiced in the Bawku West district

Identified Farming systems Value chain commodities Percentage of farmers involved (%) 1. Cultivating staple crops (cereals, Rice 25% legumes, root and tubers) Maize 90% Groundnuts 10% Cowpea (runner, semi- erect) 80%

Millet(Early & late millet) 75% Sorghum( White & red) 70% Soyabean 45% (intercrop with soya) Bambara beans 15% Sweet potato(yumala)/ 10% Frafra potatoes Cassava( not in commercial quantities) 0.5% 2. Raising of livestock Goats 90% Sheep 85% Cattle 60% Pigs 70% Rabbit 5% Donkey 10% 3. Raising of poultry Local fowl 95%

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Guinea fowl 90% Turkey/Ducks/Pigeons 10% 4. Cultivating permanent crops Mango 30% (i.e., crops that stays for 3 or more Cashew (not much) Less than 1% years) Shea trees (wild) 95% Dawadawa 70% Tamerine (wild) 5% Baobab 10% 5. Cultivating vegetables Tomatoes 45% Pepper 30% (Hot pepper, green pepper) Okro 80% Onion 45% Cabbage/lettuce /Carrot 2%

Hibiscus (for sobolo) 1% Sesame 2% Garden eggs( Komma) 2% 6. Fruits Water melon 15% 7. Fish farming (only in Tilli community supported by LACOSREP)

Annex 7.2: Financial decision mechanisms for cropping and livestock systems

Commodity Benefit Cost Net Present Internal Rate of Net Benefit Pay Back Ratio Value Return Investment Ratio Period

MAIZE 1.1 55.1 1.03 0.97 MILLET 1.2 102.8 0.68 1.48 SORGHUM 2.1 259.1 0.89 1.12 RICE 0.28 0.96 45.3 0.59 1.69

LOCAL FOWL 6.9 356.7 6.59 0.13

GUINEA FOWL 2.8 176.6 3.94 0.16

GOAT 3.3 259.9 0.26 2.20 0.32

SHEEP 2.5 273.5 3.48 0.17

Annex 7.3 Crop Commodities Ranking

Commodity Rank Reason Maize 1st Many cultivate it, climate change and variability is affecting millet, use of fertilizer and compost gives better maize yield compared to millet. Millet 2nd Seen as a traditional crop, could be planted twice, early and late varieties Sorghum 3rd Has multiple uses such as for pito brewing and the preparation of Tuo Zaafi. Rice 4th More as cash crop

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Annex 7.4: Livestock and Poultry Commodities Ranking

Commodity Rank Reason Local fowls 1st Easy to control, more farmers have it, has economic value, traditional use. Guinea fowls 2nd Traditional use when visiting in-laws’ houses, visitor soup for important person, has low cholesterol, economic reasons Goats 3rd Enjoyed by many people compared to sheep, easy to convert to cash since marketing is easy. Sheep 4th Demand is seasonal and has traditional uses.

Annex 7.5: Relative rankings by weightings of the value chain segments in the Bawku West district.

Value Chain segments Weight Rank Production 69% 1st Processing 11% 3rd Marketing 15% 2nd Service Provision 5% 4th

Annex 7.6: Proportion of value chain segment engagement by Gender

Value chain segments Proportion of engagement by gender Male Adult (%) Female Adult Youth male Youth female (%) (%) (%) Production 25 45 20 10 Processing 5 75 5 15 Marketing 15 45 25 15 Service Provision 25 15 40 20

Annex 7.7 presents the summary on these practices per value chain.

Value chain segment CSA practices Farming Systems involved

Production Minimum tillage Early millet, maize, Irrigation Onion, rice, maize, cabbage, vegetables(pepper, tomatoes, okro),cowpea Mixed farming Crops/livestock/birds Bunding Millet, Maize, rice, sorghum Stone lining Millet, Maize, sorghum Compost Application All cereals and vegetables except rice Bush fire control All crops Mulching Onion, tomatoes, mangoes, cashew, carrots. Brushing/Slashing Done Mostly during land preparation (done mostly during early vegetable production) Cover cropping( very minimal) Uses mucuna aggressive as sole crop and ploughed back, rotated with maize Improved seed Sorghum, maize, onion, groundnut, rice, tomatoes, water melon Intercropping Soya-maize, sorghum, maize-cowpea, sorghum-millet –cowpea, groundnut- Bambara beans. Mixed cropping (Maize-Millet-Cowpea),(Maize- Sorghum,) Maize-cowpea,) (Bambara beans-groundnuts (maize –soyabeans) Ripping All crops Planting in lines Cereals, legumes Integrated Nutrient Management (fertilizer, Cereals, some for legumes, manure for manure) vegetables

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Green manuring Maize, millet Weather information/ Extension education All crops Pests and disease control All crops/livestock Soil and Water management All crops/livestock Ridging All crops except rice Stone lining All crops except rice Livestock Tethering All livestock Improved housing All livestock and poultry Supplementary feeding All livestock/poultry Improved breeds (hybrids) All livestock and poultry Terracing All cereals except rice Processing Solar drying All grains, okro, pepper, shallots, tomatoes, groundnut, cowpea, bambara beans, cassava Use of LP Gas Only few people use Oven Smoking of meat All meat Improved mud stove Cooking all type of food Marketing Storage of crops e.g. -Use of hermitic bag Maize - Use of actelic Cowpea, maize -Solar Drying As above Pic bags Cowpea

Annex 7.8: Gender Analysis in CSA utilization and constraints No. CSA practices Adult Youth Constraint Male (%) Female Male (%) Female (%) (%) 1 Minimum tillage 40 25 25 10 Issue of affordability

2 Irrigation 25 15 48 12 Adult women find it difficult to lift watering cans

3 Mixed farming 35 15 38 12 Fewer females into livestock production, due to lack of control of livestock. Theft (discourage women from keeping animals) 4 Bunding 55 5 35 5 Mainly laborious 5 Stone lining 55 5 35 5 Tedious work 6 Compost Application 77 3 15 5 Men have control but woman have access. No woman owns a compound farm except female headed household so don’t have control over use of farm manure and compost 8 Bush fire control 50 25 20 5 Only men have more concern for bush fire 9 Mulching 35 25 35 5 Only women engaged in onion production which requires lot mulching does it. 10 Brushing/Slashing 34 1 64 1 Laborious for women 11 Cover cropping 50 10 35 5 Lack of access to land. Time factor, 12 Improved seed 27 3 65 5 Most men trust local variety for planting in next season. Cost of seeds also an issue 13 Intercropping /Mixed 25 50 20 5 Lack of access to land. Time cropping factor

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No. CSA practices Adult Youth Constraint Male (%) Female Male (%) Female (%) (%) 14 Ripping 55 5 35 5 It is laborious activity. Cost 15 Planting in lines 45 25 25 5 No access to bullocks. Inadequate technical knowledge. 16 Integrated Nutrient 63 2 34 1 Inadequate technical Management (fertilizer, knowledge on ISFM. manure) 17 Weather 45 15 35 5 Inadequate Extension staff. information/Extension Lack of communication devices education by women. 18 Pests and disease control 28 2 65 5 Few women use knapsack, Lack financial resources 19 Soil and Water 55 10 30 5 Inadequate technical management knowledge, Low educational exposure 20 Ridging 55 5 35 5 It is laborious activity for all 21 Livestock Tethering 5 20 70 5 Women are more caring. 22 Improved housing 8 12 55 25 Intervention was introduced by GSOP. Yet to spread 23 Supplementary feeding 55 15 25 5 Most women have not taken livestock rearing as a business 24 Improved breeds/ hybrids 35 15 40 10 Most women have not taken livestock rearing as a business, Improved breeds are difficult to manage (costwise), Women are risk averse (hybrids are difficult to manage) 25 Solar drying 25 25 25 25 None availability of improved solar dryers 26 Use of LPG 3 40 10 47 Many women don’t have access to LPG so uses fire wood mostly. 27 Oven Smoking of meat 3 55 2 40 It’s a women business 28 Storage of crops e.g. -Use of hermitic bag 15 65 5 15 Gender issue - Use of actelic 45 10 35 10 Cost involve, Risk factor.

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Annex 7.9: Prioritized Crop Commodities and systems of CSA practices by gender

Prioritized value chain Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender commodities CSA utilization Adult Adult Youth Male Youth Female Male Female  Maize-Sorghum Minimum tillage 40 25 25 10  Maize-Sorghum-Millet Maize (1)  Maize-Soya Irrigation (vegetables only) 25 15 48 12 Food and  income Security Maize-Sorghum-Millet- Cowpea  Maize-Rice Intercropping/Mixed cropping 25 15 48 12  Maize-Cowpea  Maize-Groundnut Mixed farming 35 15 38 12

Bunding 55 5 35 5

Stone lining 55 5 35 5

Compost Application 77 3 15 5

Improve seed 27 3 65 5

Cover cropping 50 10 35 5

Integrated nutrient management 63 2 34 1

Pests and disease control 28 2 65 5

Ripping 55 5 35 5

Soil and water management 55 10 30 5

Ridging 55 5 35 5

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Planting in lines 45 25 25 5

Weather information/Extension 45 15 35 5 education Bush fire control 50 25 20 5 Prioritized value chain Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender commodities CSA utilization

Adult Adult Youth Male Youth Female Male Female Mixed farming 35 15 38 12 Improved seed 27 3 65 5 Millet (2)  Millet- Maize Food security  Millet- rice Intercropping/Mixed cropping 25 15 48 12  Millet-Sorghum Compost Application 77 3 15 5  Millet-Maize-Rice-Sorghum Bunding 55 5 35 5  Millet -Cowpea Bush fire control 50 25 20 5

Pests and disease control 28 2 65 5 Stone lining 55 5 35 5 Integrated nutrient management 63 2 34 1 Weather information/Extension 45 15 35 5 education Prioritized value chain Rationale Production System System of CSA practices Gender commodities CSA utilization Adult Adult Youth Male Youth Female Male Female Mixed farming 35 15 38 12 Food security  Sorghum- Maize Improved seed 27 3 65 5 Sorghum (3) and traditional uses  Sorghum - Maize-Millet- Intercropping/Mixed cropping 25 15 48 12 Vegetables Compost Application 77 3 15 5 Bunding 55 5 35 5  Sorghum-Maize- Millet- Bush fire control 50 25 20 5 Pests and disease control 28 2 65 5 Cowpea Stone lining 55 5 35 5

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Integrated nutrient management 63 2 34 1  Sorghum-Cowpea Weather information/Extension 45 15 35 5 education.  Sorghum-Vegetables Prioritized value chain Rationale Production systems System of CSA practices Gender commodities CSA utilization Adult Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female Male

Mixed farming 35 15 38 12 Improved seed 27 3 65 5  Rice- Maize Intercropping/Mixed cropping 25 15 48 12 Rice (4) Food and  Rice-Sorghum-Millet Bunding 55 5 35 5 income security  Rice-Millet Bush fire control 50 25 20 5  Rice-Sorghum Pests and disease control 28 2 65 5 Integrated nutrient management 63 2 34 1

Weather information/Extension 45 15 35 5 education

Annex 7.10: Prioritized Livestock and Poultry Commodities and systems of CSA practices by gender

Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female

-Serves as income Other poultry, food crops, Weather 45 15 35 5 security and provide livestock (majority small information/Extension capital for farming. ruminants) education -Found in many Pests and disease control 28 2 65 5 Local Fowl(1) homes. Serves traditional purpose Livestock Tethering 5 20 70 5 -They are largely Improved housing 8 12 55 25 consumed by many people. Supplementary feeding 55 15 25 5

Improved breeds/ hybrids 35 15 40 10

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Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female -Majority of farmers Other poultry, food crops, Weather 45 15 35 5 have Guinea fowl. livestock (majority small information/Extension -It contributes to food ruminants) education Guinea fowl(2) and income security Pests and disease control 28 2 65 5 -Easy convert to cash to support family Livestock Tethering 5 20 70 5 urgent needs. - Serves traditional Improved housing 8 12 55 25 purpose Supplementary feeding 55 15 25 5

Improved breeds/ hybrids 35 15 40 10

Prioritized value Rationale Production systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization

Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female -Income and food Poultry, Crops (largely Weather 45 15 35 5 security. food crops), other information/Extension -Provide cash for livestock education Goat (3) farming season Pests and disease control 28 2 65 5 activities. Livestock Tethering 5 20 70 5

Improved housing 8 12 55 25

Supplementary feeding 55 15 25 5

Improved breeds/ hybrids 35 15 40 10

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Prioritized value Rationale Production systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female Provide income to Local and Guinea fowl, crops, Weather 45 15 35 5 solve major problems. other livestock information/Extension Sheep (4) Serves traditional education purpose. Pests and disease control 28 2 65 5 Livestock Tethering 5 20 70 5 Improved housing 8 12 55 25

Supplementary feeding 55 15 25 5

Improved breeds/ hybrids 35 15 40 10

Annex 7.11: Prioritized Crops, Livestock and Poultry Commodities and Investment decisions in Bawku West District 1: Crop Commodities

Prioritized Rationale Value Chain Segment Level of engagement Investment Investment Decision value chain (%) weighting (%) commodities

Production 70 35 Maize is a major staple food. Production segment and processing segments received higher weight in terms of investment requirements targeting availability of farm inputs, such as agrochemicals and fertilizer, establishment of mechanization centre to ensure availability of equipment to support land Processing 18 35 preparation and planting activities, harvesting and postharvest Maize (1) Food and income security technologies Investment weighting placed on service provision means targets service delivery that will support particularly women to ensure that Marketing 7 5 constraint women. Investments into capacity building and support for research and technology development in support of breed improvement etc. Emphasis was also placed on acquiring

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Service provision 5 25 processing equipment to produce flour and other products from maize.

Prioritized Rationale Value Chain Segments Level of engagement Investment Investment Decision value chain (%) weighting commodities (%) 65 52 Millet production is a food security activity. Its production requires Production a number of systems of CSA practices. Efforts targeted at 20 17 enhancing the utilization of these set of practices by reducing or Processing eliminating utilization constraints to increase production. Food security 8 13 Investment requirements is needed for the promotion and Marketing utilization of practices that aim at ensuring maximum harvest such Millet (2) 7 18 as investment into production inputs, appropriate mechanization Service provision equipment to enhance land preparation, planting, fertilizer application, harvesting and postharvest technologies. The weight of investment into its processing comes after service provision which targets capacity building and support for research and technology development. Prioritized Rationale Value Chain Segment Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision value chain (%) weighting commodities (%) Production 65 50 Sorghum is the next alternative food crop apart from maize and Processing 18 17 millet which serves as food, raw material for “pito” drink and play significant role culturally within the district. Its production requires Food security and traditional Marketing 10 13 systems of CSA practices just like maize. So far production level was Sorghum (3) uses Service provision 7 20 noticed to be low hence attracting high investment weighting to increase its productivity. Investment requirements is needed for the promotion and utilization of practices that aim at ensuring that the produce is available in large quantities, processed into local drinks etc. In terms of services provision, some investment in the form of inputs, appropriate mechanization equipment to enhance land preparation, harvesting is required. Capacity building and support for research and technology to produce good planting materials is required.

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Prioritized Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision value chain (%) weighting commodities (%) Production 70 51 Rice production in the district is inclined by both food and income Processing 15 20 security. Its production requires systems of CSA practices. But Marketing 10 10 much investment requirement targets production and processing Service provision 5 19 mostly. In terms of production and related service provision, investment in the form of inputs supply, mechanization equipment Food and Income security to enhance land preparation and ridging is crucial. Research efforts Rice (4) to improve varieties are also important as well as capacity building of extension officers and farmers.

2. Livestock and Poultry Commodities Prioritized Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision value chain (%) weighting commodities (%) -Found in many homes. Production 80 50 Investment is required for the production segment which seeks to -They are consumed by many Processing 5 24 make improved breeds available, develop feed technologies and people. build housing and processing infrastructure to produce many and Marketing 14 12 -Serves as income security and heathy local fowls, obtain vaccines and drugs to reduce mortality. provide capital for farming. Local Fowl (1) -Use traditionally for sacrifices Service provision 1 14 Prioritized Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision value chain (%) weighting commodities (%) Production 70 50 Much investment is required to support the production segment -Almost all farmers have fowl. targeted at making available improved breeds, feeding -It contributes to food and Processing 10 25 technologies and infrastructure. Considerable investment is also Guinea fowl (2) income security Marketing 14 11 required to provide medication and establishment of slaughtering -Easy convert to cash to and cold chain facility to enable value addition. Funds to construct support family urgent needs. Service provision 6 14 simple housing for poultry and training in feed formulation and -Play significant role in husbandry practices are essential. performing cultural and traditional rites. Prioritized Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision value chain (%) weighting commodities (%) -Income and food security. Production 80 70

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-Provide cash for farming Processing 8 15 Much investment is required for the production segment targeted season activities. at making available superior breeds, development of dry feeding Goat (3) Marketing 10 10 technologies and infrastructure was highly recommended. Considerable investment is also requested to provide medication Service provision 2 5 and the establishment of livestock breeding centres. Establishment of slaughtering facility for value addition was highlighted. Prioritized Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision value chain (%) weighting commodities (%) Production 66 68 Much investment is required for the production segment. -Provide income to solve major Processing 15 15 Investment in production segment will target range land problems. improvement and paddocking and making available dry season Sheep (4) -Serves traditional purpose. Marketing 14 10 feed technologies. Marketing segment investment targets Service provision 5 7 establishing infrastructure to support marketing activities. Considerable investment is also required to provide medication and also towards the establishment of breeding centres. Establishment of slaughtering facility for value addition was highlighted.

Funding Bank Loan sources Farmers Assembly IGF Common Fund Agric Department Cost Centre (GoG) Donor Partners ( CIDA) Climate Funds Global Environmental Fund Collaboration CSIR-SARI,CARE International, GCAP, TECHNOSERVE ADVANCE,ESOKO,SPRING,WORLD VISION,ADRO,CODI partners

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Annex 8.1: Food production systems commonly practiced in Ho West District

Identified Farming systems Value chain commodities Percentage of farmers involved (%) 1. Cultivating staple crops (cereals, Rice 40 legumes) Maize 95 Groundnuts 10 Cowpea and beans 30 Soya bean 2. Raising of livestock Goats 95 Sheep 70 Cattle 1 Pigs 5 3. Raising of poultry Local fowl 98 Exotic fowl 1 Guinea fowl <1 4. Cultivating permanent crops (i.e., Mango 5 crops that stays for 3 or more years) Pear 2 Coffee 30 Orange 10 Cocoa 80 Oil Palm 65 Plantain Plantain intercrop for three years with 70 cocoa Sole Plantain and banana cropping 5. Cultivating vegetables Tomatoes 1 Pepper (Hot chili, green pepper) 15 Okro 10 Garden eggs 10 6. Roots and Tubers Cassava 90 Yam 50 7.Fruits Water & yellow melons 1 Bee keeping 1 Spices Spices (Thyme, ginger, black pepper, 15 nut-meg, ginger)

Annex 8.2: Stakeholder perceived reasons in ranked crop value chain commodities Commodity Rank Reason Maize 1st Affordable to cultivate the crop, Climate and soil conditions support it, The district has thriving market to support the disposal of the crop when produced, People are traditionally used to grow the crop Cassava 2nd Most people eat cassava as its used for gari, fufu, banku and other local preparations It is a cash crop and is one of the livelihoods sources for farmers Rice 3rd Relished by the local people Emerging as a very important crop as there is emerging market and technologies available to support its production. Vegetables 4th Source of livelihood for most local folks in the district Oil Palm 5th The district is in the oil palm growing belt and thus easily cultivated by farmers for seasonal incomes.

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Annex 8.3 Stakeholder perceived reasons in ranked livestock/poultry value chain commodities

Commodity Rank Reason Local fowl 1st Has more impact. Almost all households are keeping local fowls, quality meat for household protein and cash Goat 2nd Give birth fast and cash income, taste for consumers and income security Sheep 3rd Easy to handle and not destructive but same reasons as above Pig 4th Being important for commercial reasons. A source of protein and attracted by the elite as a source of additional income.

Annex 8.4: Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) of the Selected Value Chain Commodities

Value chain Investment decision mechanisms commodity Benefit- Net Present Internal Net Benefit Pay Back Period Cost Value Rate of Investment Ration Return Ratio Maize 2.10 301.32 0.28 7.37 0.14 Cassava 3.60 2,395.38 0.28 11.23 0.10 Rice 2.40 602.45 0.28 4.10 0.24 Local fowl Goats 12.50 256.26 0.28 0.78 1.80

Annex 8.5: Value Chain Segments Weighted and Ranked during focus group discussion

Value Chain segments Weight Rank Production 70% 1st Processing 10% 3rd Marketing 5% 4th Service Provision 15% 2nd

Annex 8.6: Actors’ Engagement in Agricultural Value Chain Segments by Gender in Ho West District

Value chain segments Male Adult (%) Female Adult Youth male Youth female (%) (%) (%) Production 30 40 20 10 Processing 20 45 25 10 Marketing 20 60 5 15 Service Provision 35 20 30 15 (Direct Agric services, Financial Institution, market information)

Annex 8.7: CSA practices Identified in the Agricultural Value Chain Segments

Value chain segment CSA practices Farming Systems involved

Production Minimum/No tillage (herbicide) Rice production Minimum/No tillage (cutlass) Rice production Weather information (Use of extension information (calendar) Maize and rice production regarding the season) Improved planting materials Cassava, rice, vegetables Preservation and Use of improved local varieties Maize, brown rice Intercropping/ Mixed cropping Cassava, maize Row planting Maize, cassava Use of chemical fertilizer Maize, rice Soil and Water management All crops, livestock and poultry

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Value chain segment CSA practices Farming Systems involved

Timely planting and harvesting Maize, rice, vegetables, cassava Pests and disease control using chemicals All crops, livestock and poultry Solar/sun and air drying All livestock and poultry Winnowing (cleaning) All livestock and poultry Application of insecticide All livestock and poultry Grating of cassava All livestock and poultry Roasting of cassava into gari* Local fowl, sheep, goat, pigs Use of LP Gas All livestock and poultry Good housing (protection against weather) All livestock and poultry Supplementary feeding All livestock and poultry Prophylaxis (Vaccination, De-worming, ethno-vet, etc.) All livestock and poultry Use of improved/superior breeds All livestock and poultry Maintaining good sanitation All livestock and poultry Processing Standardization and packaging (by volume and crate) All poultry and livestock, gari from cassava Processing of cassava into flour Cassava Off-taking Solar/sun and air drying All livestock and poultry Use of cold facilities Vegetables Use of neem leaves to store grains Maize Marketing Use of specialized crate Tomatoes Storage using actelic or hermitic bag Cereals (maize) Use of airtight bags to store gari Cassava Use of air tight galloons after winnowing Maize Early carting to avoid spoilage Vegetables, roots and tubers, grains and pulses Proper meat inspection All livestock and poultry

Annex 8.8: Identified CSA practices, (%) attributed gender utilization and associated constraints in the Ho West District

No. CSA practices Adult (%) Youth (%) Constraints Male Female Male Female 1 40 20 25 15 Limited knowledge on Minimum/No tillage (herbicide) herbicide use High cost of agrochemicals 2 Minimum/No tillage (cutlass) 40 20 30 10 High cost of implement 3 50 30 10 10 Target beneficiaries not Weather information (Use of extension accessing information for information (calendar) regarding the lack of electronic gadgets season) e.g. radio, telephone 4 40 20 30 10 Relatively difficult to access Improved planting materials and at time expensive 5 20 50 10 20 Limited knowledge on appropriate technology to Preservation and Use of improved local adopt in storing varieties (maize and brown rice) Local varieties limited in supply 6 20 50 10 20 Labour cost could be higher Intercropping because of multiple growing season activities

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No. CSA practices Adult (%) Youth (%) Constraints Male Female Male Female Labour cost could be higher Mixed cropping because of multiple growing season activities 7 25 25 25 25 Perceived laboriousness of Row planting practice 8 20 20 40 20 Limited financial resources Perception that the its produce lend itself to easy Use of chemical fertilizer spoilage Reduce taste and quality of produce 9 Pests and disease control (chemical 53 13 20 14 Affordability of applicators control) and control chemicals 10 65 5 25 5 Limited technical know- Soil and Water management how 11 25 35 20 20 Difficulty in in accessing Timely planting and harvesting accurate weather information 12 25 15 40 20 Inadequate knowledge on Use of insecticide safe use of pesticides 13 Maintaining good sanitation 20 40 15 25 Little or no knowledge on maintenance of good environment Insufficient public education 14 Good housing (protection against weather) 60 15 20 5 Non-availability of affordable housing materials Inability of farmers to appreciate harnessing local resources for housing 15 Supplementary feeding 10 30 25 35 Affordability and availability locally hampers adoption 16 Prophylaxis (Vaccination, Deworming, 25 25 25 25 Affordability and ethno-vet, etc.) availability locally hampers adoption 17 Use of improved/superior breeds 25 15 40 20 Lack of knowledge of breeding 18 25 25 25 25 Difficulty in constructing drying lots or getting Solar/sun and air drying convenient environments to carry out drying 19 25 25 25 25 Lack of appropriate receptacles for winnowing. Winnowing (cleaning) Issue of getting an ideal place to winnow 20 20 55 10 15 Difficulty in getting cassava Grating of cassava grater and technical expertise in grating 21 10 55 15 20 Availability of firewood, Roasting using wood fuel cassava into gari* and limited indigenous knowledge 22 40 30 10 20 Limited indigenous Processing of cassava into flour knowledge 23 Use of cold facilities 10 70 5 15 Limited purchasing power to acquire facility and inadequate knowledge of the cooling chain for farm produce and chilling injury.

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No. CSA practices Adult (%) Youth (%) Constraints Male Female Male Female 24 25 25 25 25 Limited education and Standardization and packaging (by volume training on grading and crate) ,standardization and packaging 25 10 55 10 25 Absence of standardization, suspicion Off-taking of farmers about dubious off takers 26 40 30 20 10 Education has not been adequate on it, there is Use of neem leaves to store grains perception that treatment leaves bitterness in farm produce. 27 10 20 30 40 Expensive, not affordable Use of Air-tight storage materials to farmers, low knowledge (hermetic) of its usefulness. 28 Proper meat inspection 20 60 5 15 Poor veterinary staff strength, unavailability of well-equipped abattoirs 29 Early carting to avoid spoilage Means of transport is lacking 30 Use of LP Gas Not affordable to some farmers and fear of its use

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Appendix 8.9: Prioritized Commodities, Production Systems, Associated System of CSA Practices and Gender Utilization of CSA Practices

Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices CSA Utilization by Gender (%) chain Adult Adult Youth Youth commodities Male Female Male Female Food and income  Maize-cassava Minimum/No tillage (herbicide) 40 20 25 15 MAIZE security. It is a  Maize-Rice-vegetables Minimum/No tillage (cutlass) 40 20 30 10 (1ST) staple food, has  Maize-plantain-yam-cocoyam- Weather information (Use of extension information 50 30 10 10 several uses and cassava-cocoa-vegetables (calendar) regarding the season) as Major crop  Maize-plantain-yam-cocoa- Improved planting materials 40 20 30 10 vegetables Preservation and Use of improved local varieties (maize 20 50 10 20  Maize-cassava-cowpea and brown rice)  Maize-cowpea-cassava Intercropping 20 50 10 20  Maize-plantain-cocoa Mixed cropping  Maize-plantain-cocoa-vegetables Row planting 25 25 25 25  Maize-cassava-oil palm Use of chemical fertilizer 20 20 40 20 Pests and disease control (chemical control) 53 13 20 14 Soil and Water management 65 5 25 5 Timely planting and harvesting 25 35 20 20 Use of insecticide 25 15 40 20 Maintaining good sanitation 20 40 15 25 Solar/sun and air drying 25 25 25 25 Winnowing (cleaning) 25 25 25 25 Standardization and packaging (by volume and crate) 25 25 25 25 Use of neem leaves to store grains 40 30 20 10 Use of Air-tight storage materials (hermetic) 10 20 30 40 Use of LP Gas CASSAVA Food and income  Cassava-Maize Minimum/No tillage (herbicide) 40 20 25 15 (2ND) security  Cassava-maize-cocoa Minimum/No tillage (cutlass) 40 20 30 10  Cassava-maize-plantain Weather information (Use of extension information 50 30 10 10  Cassava-cowpea (calendar) regarding the season) Improved planting materials 40 20 30 10

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Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices CSA Utilization by Gender (%) chain Adult Adult Youth Youth commodities Male Female Male Female  Cassava-maize-oil palm Preservation and Use of improved local varieties (maize 20 50 10 20  Cassava-maize-plantain-cocoa and brown rice)  Cassava-maize-plantain-cocoa- Intercropping 20 50 10 20 vegetables Mixed cropping  Cassava-maize-plantain- Row planting 25 25 25 25 vegetables Pests and disease control (chemical control) 53 13 20 14 Soil and Water management 65 5 25 5 Solar/sun and air drying 25 25 25 25 Grating of cassava 20 55 10 15 Roasting using wood fuel cassava into gari* 10 55 15 20 Processing of cassava into flour 40 30 10 20 Standardization and packaging (by volume and crate) 25 25 25 25 Early carting to avoid spoilage Use of LP Gas RICE Food and income  Rice Minimum/No tillage (cutlass) 40 20 30 10 (3RD) security  Rice-maize Weather information (Use of extension information 50 30 10 10  Rice-cowpea-vegetables (calendar) regarding the season)  Rice-plantain Improved planting materials 40 20 30 10  Rice-groundnuts Preservation and Use of improved local varieties (maize 20 50 10 20  Rice-maize-oil palm and brown rice)  Rice-tomatoes-vegetables Intercropping 20 50 10 20  Rice-vegetables Row planting 25 25 25 25  Rice-maize-plantain-cocoa Use of chemical fertilizer 20 20 40 20 Pests and disease control (chemical control) 53 13 20 14 Soil and Water management 65 5 25 5 Timely planting and harvesting 25 35 20 20 Solar/sun and air drying 25 25 25 25 Winnowing (cleaning) 25 25 25 25 Standardization and packaging (by volume and crate) 25 25 25 25 Use of LP Gas VEGETABLES Minimum/No tillage (herbicide) 40 20 25 15

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Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices CSA Utilization by Gender (%) chain Adult Adult Youth Youth commodities Male Female Male Female (4TH) Food and income  Vegetables Minimum/No tillage (cutlass) 40 20 30 10 security  Vegetables-rice Weather information (Use of extension information 50 30 10 10  Vegetables-maize (calendar) regarding the season)  Vegetable-cowpea Improved planting materials 40 20 30 10  Vegetable-maize-oil palm Preservation and Use of improved local varieties (maize 20 50 10 20  , Mango, Cashew, Orange, Cocoa, and brown rice) Oil Palm, Tomatoes, Vegetables Intercropping 20 50 10 20 (Pepper, Okro, Garden eggs, Mixed cropping Cabbage, Onion, Carrot, Lettuce, Row planting 25 25 25 25 Cucumber) Use of chemical fertilizer 20 20 40 20  vegetables -maize- Pests and disease control (chemical control) 53 13 20 14  Vegetables-maize-plantain-cocoa Soil and Water management 65 5 25 5 Timely planting and harvesting 25 35 20 20 Use of insecticide 25 15 40 20 Solar/sun and air drying 25 25 25 25 Standardization and packaging (by volume and crate) 25 25 25 25 Early carting to avoid spoilage Use of LP Gas LOCAL FOWL Food, income and  Local fowl Weather information (Use of extension information 50 30 10 10 (1ST) socio-cultural  Local fowl-Poultry (broiler, layer) (calendar) regarding the season) security  Local fowl-Sheep Pests and disease control (chemical control) 53 13 20 14  Local fowl-Goats Use of insecticide 25 15 40 20  Local fowl-Pigs Maintaining good sanitation 20 40 15 25  Local Fowl-Sheep-Goats, Good housing (protection against weather) 60 15 20 5  Local Fowl-Sheep-Goats-Pigs Supplementary feeding 10 30 25 35 Prophylaxis (Vaccination, De-worming, ethno-vet, etc.) 25 25 25 25 Use of improved/superior breeds 25 15 40 20 Use of cold facilities 10 70 5 15 Standardization and packaging (by volume and crate) 25 25 25 25 Off-taking 10 55 10 25 Proper meat inspection 20 60 5 15

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Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices CSA Utilization by Gender (%) chain Adult Adult Youth Youth commodities Male Female Male Female Use of LP Gas GOAT Food and income  Goats Weather information (Use of extension information 50 30 10 10 (2ND) security  Goat-Local fowl (calendar) regarding the season)  Goats-Sheep-Local fowl-Poultry Pests and disease control (chemical control) 53 13 20 14 (broiler, layer) Use of insecticide 25 15 40 20  Goats-Sheep-Local fowl-Pigs Maintaining good sanitation 20 40 15 25  Goats-Sheep-Pigs-Local fowl- Good housing (protection against weather) 60 15 20 5 Poultry (broiler, layer) Supplementary feeding 10 30 25 35 Prophylaxis (Vaccination, De-worming, ethno-vet, etc.) 25 25 25 25 Use of improved/superior breeds 25 15 40 20 Use of cold facilities 10 70 5 15 Standardization and packaging (by volume and crate) 25 25 25 25 Off-taking 10 55 10 25 Proper meat inspection 20 60 5 15 Use of LP Gas SHEEP Food and income  Sheep Weather information (Use of extension information 50 30 10 10 (3RD) security  Sheep-Local fowl (calendar) regarding the season)  Sheep-Goats Pests and disease control (chemical control) 53 13 20 14  Sheep-Pigs Use of insecticide 25 15 40 20  Sheep-Goats-Local fowl Maintaining good sanitation 20 40 15 25  Sheep-Goats-Pigs-Local fowl Good housing (protection against weather) 60 15 20 5  Sheep-Local fowl-Poultry (broiler, Supplementary feeding 10 30 25 35 layer) Prophylaxis (Vaccination, De-worming, ethno-vet, etc.) 25 25 25 25 Use of improved/superior breeds 25 15 40 20 Use of cold facilities 10 70 5 15 Standardization and packaging (by volume and crate) 25 25 25 25 Off-taking 10 55 10 25 Proper meat inspection 20 60 5 15 Use of LP Gas PIGS Food and income  Pigs Weather information (Use of extension information 50 30 10 10 (4TH) security (calendar) regarding the season)

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Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices CSA Utilization by Gender (%) chain Adult Adult Youth Youth commodities Male Female Male Female  Pigs-Local fowl Pests and disease control (chemical control) 53 13 20 14  Pigs-Sheep Use of insecticide 25 15 40 20  Pigs-Goats Maintaining good sanitation 20 40 15 25  Pigs-Sheep-Goats Good housing (protection against weather) 60 15 20 5  Pigs-Sheep-Goats-Local fowl Supplementary feeding 10 30 25 35 Prophylaxis (Vaccination, De-worming, ethno-vet, etc.) 25 25 25 25 Use of improved/superior breeds 25 15 40 20 Use of cold facilities 10 70 5 15 Standardization and packaging (by volume and crate) 25 25 25 25 Off-taking 10 55 10 25 Proper meat inspection 20 60 5 15 Use of LP Gas

Annex 8.10: CSA Investment Decisions Matrix

Prioritized value chain Value Chain Segment Percentage of people involved (%) Investment weighting Decision commodities (%) MAIZE Production 75 25 Need to sustain the production base to feed the (1ST) processing industries.  Acquire quality production input including appropriate mechanization equipment fertilizer,  Promote harvesting and postharvest technologies.  Carry out good agronomic and cultural practices  Hire more labour Processing 10 30 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more income and to create more jobs  Set up processing facilities  Engage skilled labour

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Prioritized value chain Value Chain Segment Percentage of people involved (%) Investment weighting Decision commodities (%)  Promote system of CSA practices that aim at processing for value addition, income, jobs Marketing 5 5 Quality packaging, promotion Research. Service Provision 10 40 Provide improved services  Research in improved varieties,  Develop and transfer appropriate technologies  Capacity building CASSAVA Production 60 45 Need to sustain the production base to feed the (2ND) processing industries.  Acquire quality input and hire more labour.  Carry out good agronomic and cultural practices Processing 20 30 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more funds and to create more jobs  Set up processing facilities  Engage skilled labour Marketing 10 10 Quality packaging, promotion Research Service Provision 10 15 Improved services provided  Research in improved varieties,  Capacity building RICE Production 80 50 Need to sustain the production base to feed the (3RD) processing industries.  Acquire quality production input including appropriate mechanization equipment fertilizer,  Promote harvesting and postharvest technologies.  Carry out good agronomic and cultural practices  Hire more labour

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Prioritized value chain Value Chain Segment Percentage of people involved (%) Investment weighting Decision commodities (%) Processing 2 30 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more income and to create more jobs  Set up processing facilities  Engage skilled labour  Promote system of CSA practices that aim at processing for value addition, income, jobs Marketing 4 10 Quality packaging, promotion Research. Service Provision 14 10 Provide improved services  Research in improved varieties,  Develop and transfer appropriate technologies  Capacity building Vegetables Production Processing Marketing Service Provision LOCAL FOWL Production 75 60 Need to sustain the production base to feed the processing industries.  Promote crossing breeding for breed improvement  Investing in improved housing management  Carry out good husbandry practices  Address diseases (Newcastle) Processing 5 20 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more income and jobs  Set up processing facilities  Packaging and quality control  Engage skilled labour Marketing 5 10 Quality packaging, promotions, branding Research Service Provision 15 10 Provide improved services  Research in improved breed improvement

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Prioritized value chain Value Chain Segment Percentage of people involved (%) Investment weighting Decision commodities (%)  Education on the business potential  Capacity building GOAT Production 80 60 Need to sustain the production base for food, income and feed the processing industries.  Promote crossing breeding for breed improvement  Investing in improved housing management  Carry out good husbandry practices  Address diseases Processing 5 20 Target more processing to add value to what is produced for more income and jobs  Set up processing facilities  Packaging and quality control  Engage skilled labour Marketing 5 5 Quality packaging, promotions, branding, Research Service Provision 10 15 Provide improved services  Research in improved breed improvement  Education on the business potential  Capacity building SHEEP Production 80 60 Need to sustain the production base to for income, food and socio-cultural purposes.  Promote crossing breeding for breed improvement  Investing in improved housing management  Carry out good husbandry practices  Address diseases Processing 5 20 Target processing to add value to what is produced for more income and jobs  Set up processing facilities  Packaging and quality control  Engage skilled labour Marketing 5 10 Quality packaging, promotions, branding

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Prioritized value chain Value Chain Segment Percentage of people involved (%) Investment weighting Decision commodities (%) Research Service Provision 10 10 Provide improved services  Research in improved breed improvement  Education on the business potential  Capacity building

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Annex 9.1: Food production systems commonly practiced in the Ada West district

Percentage of Value chain Identified Farming systems farmers involved commodities Cowpea 10%

1. Cultivating staple crops (cereals, legumes, root and Maize 10% tubers) Cassava 35% Sweet potatoes 1%

Goats 80% Sheep 80% 2. Raising of livestock Cattle 40% Pigs 20% Local fowl 80% 3. Raising of poultry Exotic fowl 5% Guinea fowl 10% Mango 5% 4. Cultivating permanent crops (i.e., crops that stays for Coconut 0.2% 3 or more years) Cashew Increase replacement

Tomatoes 60% Pepper 80% 5. Cultivating vegetables Okro 40% Onion 6%

6.Fruits Water melon 60%

Annex 9.2: Financial decision mechanisms for cropping and livestock systems

Commodity Benefit Cost Net Present Value Internal Rate Net Benefit Pay Back Ratio of Return Investment Ratio Period Pepper 15.8 2,578.18 0.26 4.21 0.24

Tomatoes 2.6 184.06 0.26 3.92 0.26

Water melon 9.7 1,316.04 0.26 5.24 0.19 Goat 2.5 73.73 0.26 3.0 0.2 Sheep 12.0 722.9 0.26 4.58 0.2 Cattle 54.4 5,249.57 0.26 2.45 0.4

Annex 9.3 Crop Commodities Ranking

Commodity Rank Advantages Disadvantages Pepper 1st  Brings in more and early cash to farm families.  Could be dried or processed, stored for better future price (Store of value or financial security).  It is receiving more funding support.  Instant cash is received when sold. (Purely cash and carry)  Harvesting is done for over 20 times within 6 months. Tomatoes 2nd  Variety of tomato used is better It is highly perishable and there  Cow dung help improve yields of improved seed is no processing factories.  Improved variety has longer shelf life Have problems with marketing  It is a native crop during bumper harvest and  Its production could be mechanized. could be sold on credit. Water Melon 3rd It is a cash crop and there is market for it Problem with marketing during bumper harvest and normally sold on credit

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Annex 9.4 Livestock/Poultry Commodities Rankings

Commodity Rank Advantages Disadvantages Goat 1st Many farmers have goats It contribute to food and Need to encourage farmers income security, easily converted to cash to support to use improved housing family needs. Twinning is possible most time. There are and control diseases. many consumers. Goat meat is well priced in the market. Reared mostly under free range system. Sheep 2nd Very calm, demand rises during Islamic festive seasons.

Cattle 3rd Brings in huge income Marketing is very difficult compared to small ruminants. Normally purchase on credit and pricing is low. Take longer time to calf.

Annex 9.5: Ranking and Weighting of the Value Chain Segments

Value Chain segments Weight Rank Production 70% 1st Processing 10% 3rd Marketing 15% 2nd Service Provision 5% 4th

Annex 9.6: Value Chain Segments engagement by Gender.

Proportion of engagement by gender Value Chain Segments

Male Adult Youth male Female Adult (%) Youth female (%) (%) (%)

Production 40 20 25 15

Processing 20 25 35 20

Marketing 15 45 15 25

Services provision; Direct agric 35 15 40 10 services

Others; Financial Institution, 25 15 35 25 market information

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Annex 9.7: Value chain segment and CSA practices in Ada West

Value chain segment CSA practices

Minimum tillage

Intercropping

Integrated Nutrient Management Production Weather information

Soil and Water management

Pests and disease control

Solar drying Processing Use of LPG

Marketing Use of specialized crate

Annex 9.8: Percentage CSA Practices and technology utilization in crop and livestock production by Gender

CSA practices Adult Youth Male (%) Female (%) Male (%) Female (%) 40 20 35 5 Minimum tillage 35 25 32 8 Intercropping 45 25 20 10 Integrated Nutrient Management 40 20 25 15 Weather information 40 20 30 10 Soil and Water management 50 20 25 5 Pests and disease control 5 55 5 35 Solar drying 30 - 70 - Use of LPG to singe

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Annex 9.9: Prioritized Crop Commodities and systems of CSA practices by gender

Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female

40 20 35 5 Pepper (1) Income security Minimum tillage 35 25 32 8 Intercropping 45 25 20 10 Integrated Nutrient Management 40 20 25 15 Weather information 40 20 30 10 Soil and Water management 50 20 25 5 Pests and disease control

5 55 5 35 Solar drying Prioritized value Rationale Production Systems System of CSA practices Gender chain commodities CSA utilization

Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female Income and 40 20 35 5 Minimum tillage Tomatoes (2) Food security 35 25 32 8 Intercropping 45 25 20 10 Integrated Nutrient Management 40 20 25 15 Weather information 40 20 30 10 Soil and Water management 50 20 25 5 Pests and disease control

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Prioritized value Rationale Production systems System of CSA practices Gender CSA utilization chain commodities

Adult Male Adult Female Youth Male Youth Female Water melon (3) Income security 40 20 35 5 Minimum tillage 35 25 32 8 Intercropping 45 25 20 10 Integrated Nutrient Management 40 20 25 15 Weather information 40 20 30 10 Soil and Water management 50 20 25 5 Pests and disease control

Annex 9.10: Prioritized Crops, Livestock and Poultry Commodities and Investment decisions in Ada West District 1: Crop Commodities Prioritized value chain commodities Rationale Value Chain Segment Level of engagement Investment Investment Decision (%) weighting (%)

Income security Production 70 25 Many producers and CSA Pepper (1) investments needed to Processing 10 30 address processing for long Marketing 15 30 shelf life and market Service provision development for better 5 15 pricing Prioritized value chain commodities Rationale Value Chain Segments Level of engagement Investment Decision (%) weighting (%) Food and income Production 75 30 Higher weighting in Tomato (2) security Processing investments for processing 1 35 and marketing was indicated Marketing to avoid high post-harvest 15 30 losses seasonal gluts and Service provision 9 5 pricing failures

Prioritized value chain commodities Rationale Value Chain Segment Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision (%) weighting (%) Production 75 30

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Water melon (3) Food and income Processing Decision to invest in security 1 35 processing and marketing Marketing 15 30 appear similar to that for the Service provision tomatoes since the 9 5 commodity is perishable 2. Livestock Commodities Prioritized value chain commodities Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Engagement Investment (%) weighting (%) Production 50 35 Goat production seems not Goat (1) well developed and properly Processing 25 30 integrated in the system Marketing 20 15 hence the decision for Service provision investments to support this 5 segment and particularly 20 the service provision. Prioritized value chain commodities Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Engagement Investment (%) weighting (%) Production 50 35 The same view was held for Sheep (2) Processing 25 30 the sheep value chain commodity Marketing 20 15 Service provision 5 20 Prioritized value chain commodities Rationale Value chain Segments Level of Engagement Investment Investment Decision (%) weighting (%) Funding sources Bank Loan, Farmers own sources Assembly Common Fund Agric Department Cost Centre (GoG) Climate Funds Global Environmental Fund Collaboration partners Ayongo Foundation, Hunger project

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Annex 2: Composition of the Multi-Disciplinary Team of Researchers

No Name of Expert Expertise Status

1 Dr. Naaminong Karbo - Crop-Livestock Integration Farming Systems Research FAO Consultant and Development, change management facilitation

2 Dr. George Owusu Essegbey Policy, Science & Technology Research and Member Development

3 Mr. Delali Kofi Nutsukpo Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Member

4 Mr. Kingsley Odum Sam Agricultural Economics, and M&E Learning Assistant

5 Mr. Vincent Botchway Entrepreneurship and Agribusiness Assistant

6. Mrs. Akuboafo Mavis Administration Assistant

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Annex 3: List of participants (Field Level Data Collection in Support of the Development of the CSA Investment Framework for Ghana)

REGISTRATION SHEET NO. NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTION I ADA WEST DISTRICT (SEGE) 1 MANU ADDAE DIRECTOR DEPARTMENT OF AGRIC, ADA WEST 2 RICHARD WUSSAH D.D.O DEPARTMENT OF AGRIC, ADA WEST. 3 REUBEN ADASE D.D.O DEPARTMENT OF AGRIC, ADA WEST 4 DANIEL TETTEH AJESIWOR MISO ADA WEST 5 COMFORT GAGA FARMING 6 JONATHAN FARMING 7 AISHETU QUAYE MARKETER MARKETING 8 DEDE NAKO AMOYAW MARKETER MARKETING 9 OBAN TETTEH AHAMA INPUT DEALER SERVICE 10 KATEY JOHN NARH TRACTOR OPERATOR SERVICE 11 MOHAMMED NURA PROCESSOR PROCESSING 12 GLADYS OKUDZATO PROCESSOR PROCESSING 13 RICHMOND A. NTOW SNR. EXECUTIVE OFFICER ADA WEST 14 PHILIP A. TETTEH AEA MOFA ADA WEST 15 JOHN K. HUAGO FARMER CSA 16 FRANCIS K. AFLOE FARMER AYISAH 17 AYERTEY WILSON DISTRCT DIRECTOR NADMO 18 AGBASHIE JOSHUA YOUTH REP AYONGO FOUNDATION 19 DOTSE PHILIP COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT SOCIAL WELFARE AND COMMUNITY OFFICER DEVELOPMENT 20 BERNARD TANIHU DISTRIC ASSEMBLY ASSEMBLY MEMBER’S REP. 21 SAMUEL N. TULASHIE FARMER SEGE 22 BERNARD AGBI FARMER SEGE 23 FORZI TEHUTEY FARMER SEGE 24 KABU KUBI FARMER SEGE 25 REV. SOPHIE O. KITCHE VETERINARY SEGE 26 SAMPSON S. AGBOVE CPO AWDA 27 PUPLAMPU DANIEL NADMO AWDA 28 ALHASSAN ZIBLIM DCD AWDA II HO WEST DISTRICT (DZOLO KPUITA) 1 DZADZRA ENOCH KWAMLA MOFA/DDA MOFA 2 RAYMOND ATUTONU DDO MOFA 3 SETH ASUO DDO MOFA 4 MATHEW ABOTSI DDO MOFA 5 GEORGE APERTORGBOR DDO MOFA 6 JOSEPH AFENYO CTO/AEA MOFA 7 AGBALE GODSLOVE KWADZO AEA MOFA 8 PEACE ENYO BAKU DIRECTOR/ MARKETER/ ENEDAS FARMS PROCESSOR 9 ASAMOAH MITCHELLINE PROCESSOR/ MARKETER DAG FARMS 10 NKUDEDE FRANKLIN PRODUCER FARMER 11 TOGBE DEBRA DZOABGE CHIEF TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY 12 ALFRED AGBORDZOR PRODUCER FARMER 13 AWATSI KENNIT 14 HIAGBEY DANIEL KWANU INPUT DEALER 15 HAYIBOR REMI INPUT DEALER 16 JANET NUTSULE MARKETER MARKETING 17 BERNICE GELI PROCESSOR 18 JOSEPHINE AMUO PRODUCER FARMER 19 EMMANUEL AGBLOR PRODUCER FARMER 20 AKOTO DANIEL KWESI PROJECT OFFICER THE DI 21 TOGBE ADZA OSEI VII PARAMOUNT CHIEF TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY (AKOVIELE)

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NO. NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTION 22 MAMA AYIZE AMA III VOLTA CHAIRPERSON GHHFF 23 LYDIA SALVE CDO SW/CD 24 EMMANUEL DOH DPO HO WEST DISTRICT ASSEMBLY 25 CONSTANTINE AGBO CSA MEMBER KPOETA CREMA-DI 26 SIMON BEKIM NASPA SW/CD 27 O. APAU-DANQUAH DCD HO WEST DISTRICT ASSEMBLY 28 HON. ERNEST APAU DCE HO WEST DISTRICT ASSEMBLY 29 SEMANU FIATSI MARKETER MARKETER III BIRIM SOUTH DISTRICT (AKIM SWEDRU) 1 RICHMOND AMPONSAH DCE BSDA 2 STELLA DOGBER DDE GES 3 EMMANUEL K. T. MENSAH ACCOUNT PERSONNEL GES 4 FRANCIS ABOAGYE ASST. DIRECTOR BSDA 5 SOLOMON ATTIPOE AG DIRECTOR AGRIC 6 SAM DOKYI YEBOAH AEA 7 KWABENA NYARKO FARMER 8 DORA AHENKORAH FARMER 9 PHILIP EKLU BUDGET ANALYST BSDA 10 KWAME ANIM FARMER ADUASA(BSDA) 11 YIRENKYE A. ADDO DEVELOPMENT PLANNING OFF. BSDA 12 TOGOBO DAVID K. ADMIN. BSDA 13 JOHN K. BUABENG AEA MOFA 14 APPIAH YAW FARMER 15 KWASI FREMPONG FARMER ADUASA 16 KATE ASARE FARMER ADUASA 17 MARGARET AGYIRIWA FARMER ADUASA 18 MONICA SAM FARMER ADUASA 19 AMPEAW SOLOMON MOFA BSDA 20 ERIC O. ADJEI MOFA BSDA 21 EDWARD AHENKORAH FARMER SWEDRU 22 ASUMANG KWABENA FARMER AWISA 23 KOFI MENSAH 24 SOLOMON BOADI SWEDRU 25 KORANKYE OFOSU ADIEMBRA 26 ELIZABETH NYARKO FARMER ADUASA 27 GRACE AKYENA FARMER ADUASA 28 MAWULI LAVOE AGRIC OFFICER MOFA 29 ANKOMAH STELLA INPUT DEALER ACHIASE 30 ENOCH MAMAN DRIVER MOFA 31 RAYMOND SARPONG PROCESSOR AKITHAM FARMS 32 AMOFA KORANTENG PROCESSOR AKITHAM FARMS 33 KWADWO A. APPIAH FARMER SWEDRU 34 KWANING EMMANUEL FARMER SWEDRU 35 EMMANUEL ASARE FARMER SWEDRU 36 OWUS ASANTE MANU FARMER AWISA 37 ASAMOAH ERNEST FARMER AWISA 38 EMMANUEL MESAH FARMER AWISA 39 MARY BROBBEY FARMER AWISA 40 EMMANUEL BAAH FARMER AWISA 41 AKUA DANSOA FARMER AWISA 42 AHORLIE ZAHN FARMER APOLI 43 NTIM GYAKARI FARMER KOKOBENG 44 ELISHA FYNN GYAMFI FARMER ACHIASE 45 KOFI OWUSU RICHARD FARMER AWISA 46 LYDIA DUAH FARMER SWEDRU 47 PETER MENSAH FARMER NYANKOMASE 48 NANA ANSAH COMMANDER GWFS 49 ABIGAIL NARTEY SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AWISA 50 SARAH O. ROBERTSON SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AWISA

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NO. NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTION 51 NANA KOFI BOADI II TRADITIONAL COUNCIL SWEDRU 52 EBENEZER DJAN FINANCE- BSDA SWEDRU 53 JAMAL DEEN PROGRAM OFFICER THE HUNGER PROJECT-GHANA 54 REBECCAH AMPOFOWAAH FARMER AKIM SWEDRU IV OFFINSO NORTH DISTRICT (AKOMADAN/NKENKANSU) 1 PASTOR JOHN K. BEDIAKO FARMER NKENKANSU 2 NANA APPIAH KUBI FARMER ASUOSU 3 MICHEAL KWAGYIRI FARMER AMPONSAKROM 4 GIFTY LOMPO FARMER DWENDABI 5 WINAA AMAYNE FARMER AKOMADAN 6 DANIEL GYAMFI FARMER DANSO 7 KWAME DUODU FARMER AKOMADAN 8 KWABENA NTUM FARMER AKOMADAN 9 DAWUDA MUSAH FARMER AFRANCHO 10 ABENA NYAMEKYE FARMER AKOMADAN 11 ALI YAHAYA FARMER AFRANCHO 12 NAMPARE SAMUEL FARMER AMPONSAKROM 13 NAVIRE SABASTINE FARMER AMPONSAKROM 14 CLIFFORD B. ADJAPONG AEA NKENKANSU 15 AMOAKO KWASI FARMER DANSO 16 AKWASI ADDAE FARMER TANO KWAEM 17 MORRISON K. BOAKYE AEA ASUOSO 18 ABDUL RAZAK AEA AKOMADAN 19 FRANCIS ACKAH DDO MOFA- NKENKANSU 20 ANTHONY OWUSU AMOAKO DISTRICT DIRECTOR NKENKANSU 21 YAA DUFIE MARKETER AFRANCHO 22 DESMOND DWOMOH PLANNING ONDA 23 ADAM AZIZ ASS. BUDGET ONDA 24 D. Y. GYAN-BARIMAH DCD ONDA 25 MUKATAR GAMAL-DIN ASST. DIRECTOR ONDA 26 AKWASI AFRAM-BOATENG BUDGET ANALYST ONDA 27 STEPHEN K. AMEDAHEVI INTERNAL AUDITOR ONDA 28 ABU MWINE ADPO ONDA 29 ANDREWS BEDIAKO ADIIA ONDA 30 SEIDU MEMUNA SECRETARY ONDA V BIBIANI-ANHWIASO-BEKWAE DISTRICT (BIBIANI) 1 PATRICK MENSAH FARMER AFAMU 2 JOHN K. AWUAH FARMER ASAWINSO ‘A’ 3 JOSEPH BAIDOO FARMER ASAWINSO ‘A’ 4 AWUAH STEPHEN FARMER PLANTATION 5 VERA AGYEMAN MARKETER BIBIANI 6 SARAH OWUSU MARKETER BIBIANI 7 EDITH GORMAN DDO-WUAD MOFA - BIBIANI 8 JOSEPH AMPOMANING FARMER DONKORKROM 9 JOSEPH AGYEMAN PALM OIL PROCESSOR NKWANTA/PATABOSO 10 LUCY AYISU PROCESSOR BASSENGDE 11 GEORGE OFORI ATTA AEA HUNYIBRE 12 SOLOMON ANANE FARMER HUNYIBRE 13 ABRAHAM BEYESEH FARMER ANHWIASO 14 S. K. BAAH PROCESSOR FARMER A. BEKWAI 15 ANDREW AGYEMANG DDO / MIS AGRIC. DEPT. BIBIANI 16 RICHARD NYANTAKYI DDO- DEPT. OF AGRIC 17 ALFRED ANANE FARMER K’ MEKROM 18 AWUDE C. OTHYLIA A.E.A S. BEKWAI 19 ROCKSON GYASI FARMER S / WENCHI 20 AKOKWAAH EBENEZER FARMER S / DOMINIDON 21 FREMPONG SAMUEL FARMER SEFWI WENCHI 22 OWUSU-DOME FRANCIS DO(CROPS) BIBIANI 23 DICKSON BAIDOO DDO BABDA

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NO. NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTION 24 STEPHEN ACKAAH DBA BABDA 25 GEORGE OFORI DDA DOA 26 TWUMASI MENSAH AEA BIBIANI VI LAWRA DISTRICT ASSEMBLY CONFERENCE HALL 1 ERIC KALIEBU COORDINATOR Lawra District CCAFS Platform 2 YER SIMON AgDDA MoFA 3 DAMBOOR FRANK FARMER ZAMBO 4 NWINKAAR MARK FARMER GOMPARE 5 HON. KOB LINUS ASSEMBLY MEMBER TANCHARA 6 GBANGPUO GLADYS FOREMAN PAVUU 7 MERCY JANE SAANUO AEA MOFA 8 FEDILIS DERY FARMER YAGTWARE 9 BASILIDE BABASIGNA FORESTRY Forestry Services Division 10 CONSTANTINE FAAR DDO DEPARTMENT OF AGRIC. 11 MARTHA DELLE TRADER LAWRA 12 ASSIBI T. BAWA AEA LAWRA - MOFA 13 RICHARD AGBESI AEA LAWRA-MOFA 14 HON. YAMBEPONE PONG ASSEMBLY MEMBER YIKPEE 15 HON. FREDERICK YAILABUO ASSEMBLY MEMBER DANKO 16 POGNAA MAABUOZA CCAFs MEMBER LAWRA PLATFORM 17 ZOLKO-ERE M. JOHN CCAFs SECRETARY JIRAPA PLATFORM 18 MAANUOR DANIEL FARMER ORIBIRI 19 NASAL RICHARD FARMER AMBUR 20 ANITA SUTAH COORDINATOR RUWFAG 21 NAA BO-IB NYOZIRE II VICE CHAIRMAN CCAFS – LAWRA PLATFORM 22 SAADAN GANGNE FARMER ORBILI 23 NAA SAABOM S. CHIEF TABIER 24 VI-BOM-IRE CLETUS FARMER TUORI 25 VUU IVY FARMER TAMPIE 26 KWABENA NAAKPI FARMER KUNYAKUO 27 ANANI A. EDORH MEDIA WESTLINK 28 KUMIH ANTHONY DBA LAWRA DISTRICT ASSEMBLY 29 YAKUBU YUSSIF DPO LAWRA DISTRICT ASSEMBLY 30 TAMPOW EMMANUEL WESTLINK E.M LAWRA 31 YELLUZIE THOMAS MSO MOFA 32 MARTIN D. BAMBA-IRE DCE LAWRA DISTRICT ASSEMBLY 33 ABDUL SALLAM KADIN DCD LAWRA DISTRICT ASSEMBLY VII BAWKU WEST DISTRICT (ZEBILLA) 1 SULLEY A. AGHOLISI CHAIRMAN DVCC-BAWKU WEST DIST. COMMITTEE 2 ISSAKU IBRAHIM G.F CLW 3 SEITU HAWAMADU BUSINESS WOMAN 4 JOHN AKUGE FARMER TILLI 5 ELIAS ATIMBIRE DDA DEPT. OF AGRIC 6 GILBERTA AKUKA DVCC BAWKU WEST DISTRICT COMMITTEE 7 IDDRISU ANOBA DVCC BAWKU WEST 8 DANZI PATRICIA AEA DEPT. OF AGRIC 9 DIIMI DOUGLAS DMISO MOFA/DDA 10 J.D ABANGA AEA MOFA 11 HON. ISSAH SEIDU FARMER SAPILIGA 12 AKUM THOMAS AEA DEPT. OF AGRIC 13 STEPHEN ABARE INPUT DEALER ZEBILLA 14 VICTORIA ASAAO INPUT DEALER BINABA 15 ANGBANGBIO DOMINIC DAO-CROPS DEPT OF AGRIC 16 AKUNDI LAZARUS FARMER TILLI-AZUPUPUNGA 17 REV.NDEOGO SIMON FARMER APODABOGO 18 HON. MBILLA ASAKI FARMER ADAMKOLIGA 19 MOISOB DUBIK DPO DISTRICT ASEMBLY 20 NUODIO BENJAMIN DPO BWDA 21 EZEKIEL ATUBIGA TEACHER/FARMER/REP FOR DCE. BAWKU WEST DISTRICT

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NO. NAME DESIGNATION INSTITUTION 22 AWINTUMA AKANDE FARMER BAWKU WEST DISTRICT 23 NAR-IRE P. DAVID DCD BWDA 24 HON. VICTORIA AYAMBA DCE BWDA VIII WEST MAMPRUSI DISTRICT (WALEWALE) 1 KALARI SAMUEL FARMER WALUGU 2 MUSAH MUMUNI MARKETER WALEWALE 3 ISSAHAKU ISSIFU INPUT DEALER WUNGU 4 WUNI ASANA FARMER TINGURI 5 ZAKARI SIRINA FARMER WALEWALE 6 GUMAH ABDULAI FARMER TINGURI 7 WILLIAM NAKPARI FARMER WULUGU 8 TIJANI YAKUBU FARMER NABARI 9 DAWUDA YAKUBU FARMER NABARI 10 TAHIRU IBRAHIM JANGA CROP & LIVESTOCK (SOD NAMANGURANA) 11 FATIMA ALHASSAN MARKETER WALEWALE 12 ALHAJI MUMUNI BRAMAH INPUT DEALER WALEWALE 13 SHE-ADA IMORO MARKETER WALEWALE 14 ABDULAI YAKUBU AEA DEPT. OF AGRIC 15 AYIREKEH ABRAHAM AEA DEPT. OF AGRIC 16 JOAN MANU AEA DEPT. OF AGRIC 17 AKONYANI BAAKO. P DDO DEPT. OF AGRIC 18 ABDUL-GANIU KARIM ADBO II WMDA 19 ASANA MUMUNI AEA DEPT. OF AGRIC 20 MAHAMUD A. RAHAMAN FARMER SHELINVOYA 21 ASMAU FATAWU PROCESSOR WALEWALE 22 ABUKARI BAWAH AEA WALEWALE 23 ABDUL-RASHID KUDUS AEA WALEWALE 24 BABA AMADU MISO DEPT. OF AGRIC 25 ABIBA BUKARI AEA DEPT. OF AGRIC 26 ABIADUKA IBRAHIM DDO DEPT. OF AGRIC 27 BRAIMAH ABDULAI NSP DEPT. OF AGRIC 28 NASIGIRI SOLOMON AEA DEPT. OF AGRIC 29 MUNIRA SEIDU PROCESSOR KPERIGA IX TAIN DISTRICT (NSAWKAW) 1 YAW OBESE-AKYEA INPUT DEALER ORIENT AGRO CHEM. VENTURES 2 J. C. ADDAI FARMER 3 AKRASI SOPHIA GARI PROCESSOR NYAME BEKYERE GARI PROCESSING 4 ALICE ANKOLO FARMER 5 JULIANA YEBOAH CASSAVA FARMER 6 DODOVI STEPHEN ANIMAL FARMER DOSTEVE FARMS 7 ANTHONY GYAN CROP FARMER TAINSO FARMERS ASSOCIATION 8 ATTA ABRAHAM CROP FARMER TAINSO FARMERS ASSOCIATION 9 BAKEKA JOHNSON INPUT DEALER ASIF AGRO 10 S.Y APIIGA DDA DEPT OF AGRIC 11 K.O AFRIYIE D.O- A/P DEPT OF AGRIC 12 KOMBAT DAMLUN AEA SEIKWA SOUTH 13 SOBAH ANDREW AEA BADU-NORTH 14 LAWRENCE ACCORLEY DESK OFFICER DEPT OF AGRIC 15 PEH JOHN ANIMAL FARMER 16 SAMUEL OFORI ADJEI D.O CROPS DEPT OF AGRIC 17 NUHU ABUDU PLANNING T.D.A 18 BONSU ALEX J. FARMER 19 LAN DORSAA JOSEPH MIS OFFICER DEPT OF AGRIC 20 ADDO SYLVESTER FOSU ASSEMBLY MEMBER YABRASO 21 HON. CHARITY F. DWOMOH TDA. DCE TAIN DISTRICT ASSEMBLY 22 SAKAA ISSAH SADRAT DDCD TAIN DISTRICT ASSEMBLY 23 RUTH ANSU TDA TAIN DISTRICT ASSEMBLY

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