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THEMATIC REPORT on GENDER DIMENSIONS Census Report Volume 4-J

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THEMATIC REPORT on GENDER DIMENSIONS Census Report Volume 4-J The Republic of the Union of Myanmar The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census THEMATIC REPORT ON GENDER DIMENSIONS Census Report Volume 4-J Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population With technical assistance from UNFPA AUGUST 2017 The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census THEMATIC REPORT ON GENDER DIMENSIONS Census Report Volume 4-J For more information contact: Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population Office No. 48, Nay Pyi Taw, MYANMAR Tel: +95 67 431 062 www.dop.gov.mm AUGUST 2017 Figure 1 Map of Myanmar by State/Region and District 90°0'0"E 93°0'0"E 96°0'0"E 99°0'0"E 102°0'0"E N Putao N " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ° ° 7 ± 7 2 2 1 cm = 53 km Kachin Hkamti Myitkyina Mohnyin N Bhamo N " Sagaing " 0 0 ' Tamu ' 0 0 ° ° 4 Katha Laukine 4 2 Mawlaik Muse 2 Falam Kunlon Kalay Shwebo Kyaukme Hopan Lashio Haka Pyin Oo Lwin Makman Monywa Yinmarpin Chin Sagaing Mandalay Shan Gangaw Kyaukse Kengtung Mindat Pakokku Mandalay Loilin N N " Myingyan Minephyat " 0 0 ' ' 0 Maungtaw Nyaung U 0 ° ° 1 Meiktila 1 2 Taunggyi Tachileik 2 Myauk U Minbu Yame`thin Minesat Magway Linkhe` Sittway Rakhine Magway Ottara (North) Kyaukpyu Nay Pyi Taw Dekkhina (South) Thayet Loikaw Kayah Hpa-an Toungoo Bawlakhe Pyay Thandwe Bago N N " " 0 0 ' Thayawady ' 0 0 ° ° 8 Pharpon 8 1 Hinthada 1 Bago North Yangon Thaton Pathein Kayin Maubin Yangon Ayeyawady Hpa-an Myaungmya South Yangon Myawady Phyapon Labutta Mon Kawkareik Mawlamyine N N " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ° ° 5 5 1 1 Dawei Tanintharyi Myeik N N " " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ° ° 2 2 1 1 Kawthoung Legend State and Region boundaries District boundaries 0 150 300 600 Kilometers Produced by: Department of Population 90°0'0"E 93°0'0"E 96°0'0"E 99°0'0"E 102°0'0"E Census Report Volume 4-J – Gender Dimensions I Foreword The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census (2014 Census) was conducted with midnight of 29 March 2014 as the reference point. This is the first Census in 30 years; the last was conducted in 1983. Planning and execution of this Census was spearheaded by the former Ministry of Immigration and Population, now the Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population, on behalf of the Government, in accordance with the Population and Housing Census Law, 2013. The main objective of the 2014 Census is to provide the Government and other stakeholders with essential information on the population, in regard to demographic, social and economic characteristics, and housing conditions and household amenities. By generating such information at all administrative levels, it is also intended to provide a sound basis for evidence-based decision-making, and to evaluate the impact of social and economic policies and programmes in the country. The results of the 2014 Census have been published so far in a number of volumes. The first was the Provisional Results (Census Volume 1), released in August 2014. The Census Main Results were launched in May 2015. These included The Union Report (Census Report Volume 2), Highlights of the Main Results (Census Report Volume 2-A), and the reports for each of the 15 States and Regions (Census Report Volume 3[A-O]). The reports on Occupation and Industry (Census Report Volume 2-B), and Religion (Census Report Volume 2-C) were launched in March 2016 and July 2016, respectively. The current set of the 2014 Census publications comprises 13 thematic reports and a Census Atlas. They address issues on Fertility and Nuptiality; Mortality; Maternal Mortality; Migration and Urbanization; Population Projections; Population Dynamics; the Older Population; Children and Youth; Education; Labour Force; Disability; Gender Dimensions; and Housing Conditions and Household Amenities. Their preparation involved collaborative efforts with both local and international experts as well as various Government Ministries, Departments and research institutions. The thematic reports published to date include: Fertility and Nuptiality; Mortality; Maternal Mortality; Migration and Urbanization; Population Dynamics; Population Projections; the Labour Force; Education; and Housing Conditions and Household Amenities. Data capture for the Census was undertaken using scanning technology. The processes were highly integrated, with tight controls to guarantee accuracy of results. To achieve internal consistency and minimize errors, rigorous data editing, cleaning and validation were carried out to facilitate further analysis of the results. The information presented in these reports is therefore based on more cleaned data sets, and the reader should be aware that there may be some small differences from the results published in the earlier set of volumes. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in September 2015, contains 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), of which SDG 5 aims to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls; the attainment of which is an important element to realize many other SDGs and targets. This report aims to make an important contribution to understanding gender equality and inequality in Myanmar by providing quantitative evidence based on the results of the 2014 Census about the differences between boys and girls, youth and adults across a wide range of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics covering mortality; marriage; education; II Census Report Volume 4-J – Gender Dimensions Foreword employment; disability; migration; household headship; and housing quality and access to housing amenities. The report borrows heavily from the results presented in several of the 2014 Census thematic reports published to date, and underlines the importance of such data in tracking progress towards the achievement of national as well as international goals. While the Census itself can provide no qualitative information on the underlying factors responsible for gender differences observed in this report, the Government hopes that the findings presented here will nevertheless provide the information required for evidence- based public policy formulation and programme implementation, as well as stimulate further research into gender issues in Myanmar. On behalf of the Government of Myanmar, I wish to thank the teams at the Department of Population, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the authors for their contribution towards the preparation of this thematic report. I would also like to thank our development partners, namely: Australia, Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom for their support to undertake the Census, as well as the technical support provided by the United States of America. H.E U Thein Swe Minister for Labour, Immigration and Population The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Census Report Volume 4-J – Gender Dimensions III Table of Contents Foreword / II List of Tables / VII List of Figures / X List of Tables in Appendices / XIII List of Acronyms / XIV Executive Summary / XV 1. Concepts, context and methodology / 1 1.1 Introduction / 1 1.2 Gender and related concepts / 1 1.3 Global context: chronology of global events, treaties and agreements relating to gender issues and gender equality / 3 1.4 Gender issues in the Myanmar context / 5 1.4.1 General overview / 5 1.4.2 Existing policies on gender equality / 6 1.4.3 Representation and participation of men and women in decision-making / 6 1.5 Analysis of gender dimensions / 7 1.5.1 General overview of some common gender analysis approaches / 7 1.5.2 Use of census data in the analysis of gender dimensions / 9 1.5.3 The 2014 Myanmar Census data / 10 1.6 Overview of the report / 10 1.6.1 Objectives/ 11 1.6.2 Thematic areas of focus/ 11 1.7 Methodology / 11 1.8 Organization of the report / 12 2. Men and women: a demographic overview / 13 2.1 Trends in sex composition / 13 2.2 Population, age and gender / 14 2.2.1 General age-sex distribution / 14 2.2.2 Population aged 0-14 / 14 2.2.3 Population aged 15-64 / 16 2.2.4 The older population / 17 2.3 Marriage and fertility / 17 2.3.1 Marital status / 17 2.3.2 Age at marriage / 20 2.3.3 Marital sorting patterns / 22 2.3.4 Fertility and gender / 23 2.4 Mortality and life expectancy / 26 2.4.1 Early-age mortality / 26 2.4.2 Life expectancy at birth / 29 IV Census Report Volume 4-J – Gender Dimensions Table of Contents 2.5 Migration / 31 2.5.1 Internal migration / 31 2.5.2 International migration / 41 2.6 Identity cards / 48 2.7 Urbanization / 49 3. Gender dimensions in education / 53 3.1 Introduction / 53 3.2 Literacy / 53 3.3 School attendance / 56 3.4 Levels of educational attainment/ 61 3.4.1 General overview of educational attainment / 61 3.4.2 Adult population with no education / 63 3.4.3 Adult population completing primary education only / 66 3.4.4 Adult population with upper secondary level completed / 67 3.4.5 Tertiary education / 69 4. Gender dimensions in the labour force / 72 4.1 Gender differences in economic activity status and labour force participation / 72 4.1.1 Economic activity status / 72 4.1.2 Labour force participation / 75 4.2 Gender differences in employment and unemployment / 79 4.2.1 Type of employment / 79 4.2.2 Occupation and industry / 81 4.2.3 Unemployment / 83 4.3 Employed children / 85 5. Gender dimensions of disability / 92 5.1 Introduction / 92 5.2 Prevalence / 93 5.3 Education and disability / 96 5.3.1 Literacy and disability / 96 5.3.2 School attendance of children with disabilities / 97 5.4 Economic activity and disability / 98 6. Gender dimensions of households and housing / 102 6.1 Introduction / 102 6.2 Gender dimensions of household headship / 102 6.2.1 Proportions of female- and male-headed households / 102 6.2.2 Economic activity status of household heads / 106 6.2.3 Education attainment of household heads / 106 6.3 Household size / 107 Census Report Volume 4-J – Gender Dimensions V Table of Contents 6.4 Tenure and access to household assets / 108 6.4.1 Tenure and headship / 108 6.4.2 Access to household assets / 110 6.5 Quality of housing and access to housing amenities / 112 6.5.1 Introduction / 112 6.5.2 Type of housing materials / 112 6.5.3 Access to housing amenities / 114 7.
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