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Operation Greif and the Trial of the “Most Dangerous Man in Europe.”
Operation Greif and the Trial of the “Most Dangerous Man in Europe.” A disheveled George S. Patton reported to Dwight Eisenhower with unsettling news from the front. “Ike, I’ve never seen such a goddamn foul-up! The Krauts are infiltrating behind our lines, raising hell, cutting wires and turning around road signs!”1 Such was the characteristic response in the aftermath of Operation Greif, orchestrated by Germany’s top commando, Otto Skorzeny. Through his actions during the Ardennes Offensive of 1944, and his acquittal while on trial, Skorzeny effectively utilized disinformation and covert operations to both earn his credibility and infamous reputation. Born in Vienna in 1908, Skorzeny led a mundane life during the years of the First World War. Despite his inability to concentrate on his studies, he managed to graduate in 1931 from the Technischen Hochschule in Wien with an engineering degree.2 His participation in the Schlagende Verbindungen (dueling societies) during his academic career gave Skorzeny the reputation of being a fierce fighter and resulted in his characteristic scars that covered both sides of his face. With the unification of Austria into Germany in 1938, Skorzeny had his first contact with the Nazi party. While visiting Vienna, he came upon Austrian President Miklas in the midst of an attempt on his life by Nazi roughnecks. Skorzeny, always a man of action, blocked the way of the would-be assassins and ended the confrontation. Word spread across the Germany of the bold Austrian who had saved the President’s life on a whim. 1 Glenn B Infield, Skorzeny (New York: St. -
Background of the Battle of the Bulge 16 Dec 44 – 28 Jan 45
First Division Museum Battle of the Bulge Resource Packet Section # 1, Page 1 Background of the Battle of the Bulge 16 Dec 44 – 28 Jan 45 The Situation After the invasion at Normandy on 6 June 1944, the Allied troops were moving quickly towards Germany to win the war on the Western Front. There was a debate over the best method to attack Germany. British Field Mar- shal Bernard Montgomery advocated a single-thrust strategy. Since the Allies had limited supplies coming in from their available ports, Montgomery wanted to concentrate those supplies with his army to allow him to move quickly into Germany and win the war. The danger of the single-thrust plan was that the German’s could get around Mont- gomery’s army. Supreme Allied Commander General Dwight D. Eisenhower favored a broad-front strategy, which was the strategy chosen for the offensive. The broad front strategy spread the Allied troops thin and moved slower than a single-thrust would have, but the advance kept all of the Allied line moving forward together. Obstacles Natural and man-made obstacles stood in the way of the Allied advance towards Germany. Natural obstacles included the Moselle and Meuse Rivers, the Vosges Mountains in Alsace, the wooded hills of the Ardennes, and the dense Hurtgen Forest near Aachen. Man-made obstacles include French defenses such as the old forts around Metz and the Maginot Line in northeastern France. The German Siegfried Line (the Germans called it the West Wall) and the Rhine River were also difficult obstacles for the Allies to get past. -
Clemency in a Nazi War Crimes Trial By: Allison Ernest
Evading the Hangman’s Noose: Clemency in a Nazi War Crimes Trial By: Allison Ernest Ernest 2 Contents Introduction: The Foundations for a War Crimes Trial Program 3 Background and Historiography 10 Chapter 1: Investigations into Other Trials Erode the United States’ Resolve 17 Chapter 2: The Onset of Trial Fatigue Due to Public Outcry 25 Chapter 3: High Commissioner McCloy Authorizes Sentence Reviews 38 Chapter 4: McCloy and the United States Set the War Criminals Free 45 Conclusion: A Lesson to be Learned 52 Chart: A Complicated Timeline Simplified 57 Bibliography 58 Ernest 3 Introduction: The Foundations for a War Crimes Trial Program “There is a supervening affirmative duty to prosecute the doers of serious offenses that falls on those who are empowered to do so on behalf of a civilized community. This duty corresponds to our fundamental rights as citizens and as persons to receive and give respect to each other in view of our possession of such rights.” Such duty, outlined by contemporary philosopher Alan S. Rosenbaum, was no better exemplified than in the case of Nazi war criminals in the aftermath of World War II. Even before the floundering Axis powers of Germany and Japan declared their respective official surrenders in 1945, the leaders of the Allies prepared possible courses of action for the surviving criminals in the inevitable collapse of the Nazi regime. Since the beginning of the war in 1939, the Nazi regime in Germany implemented a policy of waging a war so barbaric in its execution that the total numbers of casualties rivaled whole populations of countries. -
Joe Padgett – U.S
Joe Padgett – U.S. Army (WW II) A year or so before Joe died he and I were sitting around the kitchen table and I asked him about World War II and his experiences. This is what we talked about: Joe joined the service and was trained and assigned to the 965th Infantry Regiment, Battery 'A' - Artillery, as a forward observer. His S/N was 36725152. He went into Europe 14 days after D-Day and fought in 5 Campaigns including: - Rhineland - Battle of the Bulge - Ardennes - Normandy - Northern France - Europe During his time in Europe Joe's travels included the following locations (spelling is probably off) Harstorf, Gramnitz (where he crossed the Elbe River), Hoort-Morass, Else-Allendorf, and Schoustadt. Joe supported not only the American armies but also the British Army in which he was not too happy about dealing with British officers. Joe said he was wounded once during an artillery barrage by the Germans while he was fixing a broken communication wire near his forward observation point ... he was hit with a phosphorus shell fragment and suffered a painful wound and burn. Joe said he patched it up himself, hopped into the jeep with his men because of an advancing German force and headed back to the U.S. front lines leaving all his equipment behind. During the retreat the Germans were so close that the jeep was under constant small arms fire. One of the men with Joe manned a 50 caliber machine gun mounted on the jeep and was firing constantly during their escape. -
International Law on Use of Enemy Uniforms As a Stratagem and the Acquittal in the Skorzeny Case
Missouri Law Review Volume 24 Issue 1 January 1959 Article 7 1959 International Law on Use of Enemy Uniforms As a Stratagem and the Acquittal in the Skorzeny Case Maximilian Koessler Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/mlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Maximilian Koessler, International Law on Use of Enemy Uniforms As a Stratagem and the Acquittal in the Skorzeny Case, 24 MO. L. REV. (1959) Available at: https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/mlr/vol24/iss1/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at University of Missouri School of Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Missouri Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Missouri School of Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Koessler: Koessler: International Law on Use of Enemy Uniforms As a Stratagem INTERNATIONAL LAW ON USE OF ENEMY UNIFORMS AS A STRATAGEM AND THE ACQUITTAL IN THE SKORZENY CASE MlAxnaLmiA KoEssLER* I. INTRODUCTION Prior to the trial, by an American military commission entitled "Military Government Court,"' of Otto Skorzeny and his codefendants,2 which trial took place in Dachau between August 18 and September 8, 1947, and ended with an acquittal of all the defendants, the international law on legitimacy or illegitimacy of the use of enemy uniforms as a stratagem was not settled in so far as use outside open combat was con- cerned, as will be later on discussed at some length. One writer has expressed the view that the outcome of that trial supports the view "that such deception is permissible if not done in battle."8 However, this is not necessarily so. -
Malmedy Massacre Investigation, Report of Subcommittee of The
8::t ::&$=} SENATE COMMITTEE PRINT MALMEDY MASSACRE INVESTIGATION 3 Q REPORT 50 $ .>.mg:,'.J a SUBCOMPITTEE OF THE d l..%.O 4 COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES . I UNITED STATES SENATE EIGHTY-FIRST CONGRESS FIRST SESSION PURSUANT TO S. Res. 42 INVESTIGATION OF ACTION OF ARMY WITH RESPECT TO TRIAL OF PERSONS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MASSACRE OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS, BATTLE OF THE BULGE, NEAR MALMEDY, BELGIUM, DECEMBER 1944 OCTOBER 13, 1949.-Printed for the use of the Committee on Armed Services - UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1949 COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES MILLARD E. TYDINQS, Maryland, Chairman RICHARD B. RUSSELL, Georgia STYLES BRIDGES, New Hempshire HARRY FLOOD BYRD, Virginia CHAN GURNEY, South Dakota VIRGIL CHAPMAN, Kentucky LEVERETT SALTONSTALL, Massachusetts LYNDON B. JOHNSON, Texas WAYNE MORSE, Oregon ESTES KEFAUVER, Tennessee RAYMOND E. BALDWIN, Connecticut LESTER C. HUNT, Wyoming WILLIAM F. KNOWLAND, California 1. NELSONTRIBBY,Ck~k RAYMOND E. BALDWIN, Connecticut, Subcommittee Chairman ESTES KEFAUVER, Tennessee LESTER C. HUNT, Wyoming MALMEDY MASSACRE INVESTIGATION Thefollowing report was presented to the Committee on Armed Services by the subcommittee chairman, Senator Raymond E. Baldwin, at the committee meeting on October IS. The report was unanimously approved by the committee and Senator Baldwin thereupon presented it to the Senate on October 14, 1949. On March 29, 1949, a subcommittee of the Senate Armed Services Committ,ee, consisting of Senators Raymond E. Baldwin (chairman) Estes Kefauver, and Lester 0.Hunt, was appointed to consider Senate Resolution 42. This resolution was introduced for the purpose of securing consideration of certain charges which had been made con- cerning the conduct of the prosecution in the Malmedy atrocity case and to effectuate a thorough study of the court procedures and post- trial reviews of the case. -
Battle for the Ruhr: the German Army's Final Defeat in the West" (2006)
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2006 Battle for the Ruhr: The rGe man Army's Final Defeat in the West Derek Stephen Zumbro Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Zumbro, Derek Stephen, "Battle for the Ruhr: The German Army's Final Defeat in the West" (2006). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2507. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2507 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. BATTLE FOR THE RUHR: THE GERMAN ARMY’S FINAL DEFEAT IN THE WEST A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Derek S. Zumbro B.A., University of Southern Mississippi, 1980 M.S., University of Southern Mississippi, 2001 August 2006 Table of Contents ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................iv INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1 -
Physical and Moral Forces: an Analysis of World War II's 1944-1945
Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses : Honours Theses 2016 Physical and moral forces: An analysis of World War II’s 1944-1945 Ardennes offensive using Clausewitzian Theory Rebecca Griffin Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons Part of the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Griffin, R. (2016). Physical and moral forces: An analysis of World War II’s 1944-1945 Ardennes offensive using Clausewitzian Theory. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/1495 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses_hons/1495 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. -
WALLONIABELGIUM the Battle of the ARDENNES Down Memory Lane
WALLONIABELGIUM The Battle of the ARDENNES Down Memory Lane WALLONIA. ENJOY A WARM-HEARTED WELCOME. www.wallonia-tourism.be E 17 AALST ROESELARE 6 21 6 18 19 12 20 7 2 5 19a 18 8 3 5 E 40 9 17 20 10 LEUVENE A 17 21 KORTRIJK 11 E 40 15 6 4 3 9 21 22 5 1 10 13 2 23 2 11 3 14 BRUXELLES 5 12 1 2 15a 16 BRUSSEL 5 17 1 2 13 HAMME 14 MILLE 17 3 MOUSCRON4 15 OING 4 3 FLOBECQ GREZ-DOICEAU 16 WAVRE ELLEZELLES 5 23 GENVAL 23 WATERLOO 6 LESSINES ENGHIEN R 0 BRABA 7 27 RIXENSART 8 26 25 24 17 ROUBAIX 28 A 8 WALLO 32 LOUVAIN-LA-NEUVE E 17 CORROY- 2 ITTRE 20 A 8 REBECQ 19 OTTIGNIES 9 LE GRAND 34 33 ATH 18 TOURNAI E 19 P BRAINE- 11 35 BLICQUY- BRUGELETTE LE COMTE RONQUIÈRES 32 AUBECHIES LEUZE-EN- CAMBRON- SOIGNIES 19 LILLEE 31 HAINAUT CASTEAU NIVELLES VILLERS- LA-VILLE ANTOING ECAUSSINES 20 GEMBLOUX 30 HAINAUT A 54 E 42 20 LENS FELUY SENEFFE 29 BELŒIL 3 PÉRUWELZ 28 21 20 2 21 19 13 12 27 BAUDOUR 23 22 E 42 RRAS 18 GODARVILLE 14 E 42 STRÉPY-THIEU 17 16 26 24 LA LOUVIERE 15 NNAMUR 24a 1 25 26 BOIS MORLANWELZ 24 DU LUC 13 GRAND MONS 12 2 HORNU FONTAINE 26 11 W E 19 L’EVÊQUE 3 BINCHE 10 PROFO 9 4 FOSSES- 5 6 CHARLEROI LE-VILLE VALENCIENNES ANNEVOI ROISIN MARCINELLE THUIN METTET MAREDSOUS WALCOURT FALAËN MAUBEUGE FRANCE FLORENNES BEAUMONT SILENRIEUX AN BOUSSU PHILIPPEVILLE NAMUR LACS DE L'EAU D'HEURE F HASTIER FROIDCHAPELLE CERFONTAINE RANCE SAUTIN VIRELLES MARIEMBOURG NISMES CHIMAY PETIGNY MOMIGNIES COUVIN 1 BAILEUX OIGNIES EN GREAT BRITAIN THIERACHE ARNHEM LONDON NORTH SEA NIJMEGEN DOVER NEDERLAND CALAIS BRUXELLES ENGLISH AACHEN MONS CHANNEL REMAGEN FRANCE -
Frank W. Towers, 1LT 30Th Division
Frank W. Towers, 1LT 30th Division The Battle of the Ardennes, Malmedy-Belgium Created on Monday, 17 June 2013 15:05 | Last Updated on Monday, 17 June 2013 18:44 | Written by Lt Frank W. TOWERS | The Battle of the Ardennes Malmedy, Belgium 16 December 1944 – 23 January 1945 In early December, 1944, the 30th Infantry Division was in a more-or-less static combat situation, with much aggressive patrolling going on, probing into the German defenses in the vicinity of Langweiler, Germany, just a little bit north of Aachen. It was bitter cold, rainy and muddy, and the forward progress was very slow. We were still waiting for the build-up of supplies, to enable us to make the crossing of the Roer River as soon as possible, and to then be able to continue on. All supplies up to this point were being brought to us from Omaha Beach – 450 miles to the west, so it was a slow process of bringing up adequate supplies, and replacements, to keep a Division in a static position, and yet build up a reserve for future action. In the meanwhile, all of our Battalions not on line, were being sent back to Kerkrade, Holland, to our Rest Center, an ancient monastery by the name of Rolduc. Each battalion rotated at this time, each one for 5-6 days, so everyone had an opportunity to get some badly needed rest, showers, clean clothes and limited entertainment, as well as good hot meals, and to enjoy hot coffee and donuts supplied by the American Red Cross girls. -
Malmedy Massacre and Trial
Malmedy Massacre and Trial Prokop Seifert Bachelor Thesis 2011 ABSTRAKT Bakalářská práce mapuje masakr Amerických válečných zajatců ze 17. prosince 1944. Následně se zaměřuje na metody vyšetřování, průběh soudu a jeho důsledky. Práce vyvrací tvrzení, že tento incident byl ojedinělý, ale potvrzuje, že vraždění válečných zajatců bylo běžné na obou stranách. Jejím cílem je zhodnocení, do jaké míry byl soud s německými vojáky objektivní a v jakém rozsahu bylo v tomto případě dosáhnuto spravedlnosti. Klíčová slova: válka, armáda, Waffen-SS, vraždy, Malmédský masakr, vojáci, zajatci, rozkazy, vyšetřování, soud, Kampfgruppe Peiper, Willis Everett, Joachim Peiper. ABSTRACT The thesis charts the massacre of American soldiers from December 17, 1944. Consequently, it focuses on the investigative methods, course of the trial and its aftermath. The thesis argues the statement that this Massacre was just exception but confirms that executions of prisoners of war was common on both sides and evaluates into what extent was the trial with German soldiers objective and in what content was justice served. Klíčová slova: war, army, Waffen-SS, murders, Malmédy massacre, soldiers, prisoners, orders, investigation, trial, Kampfgruppe Peiper, Willis Everett, Joachim Peiper. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Gregory Jason Bell, the supervisor of my bachelor thesis, for his patience, kind assistance and inspiration he gave me during the writing and completion of the thesis. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ -
{TEXTBOOK} Kampfgruppe Peiper at the Battle of the Bulge
KAMPFGRUPPE PEIPER AT THE BATTLE OF THE BULGE: THE GERMAN RACE FOR THE MEUSE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK David Cooke,Wayne Evans | 192 pages | 30 Jun 2008 | Stackpole Books | 9780811734813 | English | Mechanicsburg, PA, United States Kampfgruppe Peiper at the Battle of the Bulge: The German Race for the Meuse PDF Book Mark Hazard discusses a patrol he led behind German lines just before the assault on Hagenau with the objective of capturing a German soldier to interrogate for information about enemy strength in the area. When the Germans launched their last major offensive on the western front, Unternehmen: Wacht am Rhein , the heaviest portion of their initial assault force lay in the northern sector of the offensive. Transferred to a combat role, Peiper served in the SS Division Leibstandarte on both the Eastern and Western Fronts , commanding first a battalion and then a regiment. The decisive spearhead was given to a combat group commanded by a young lieutenant colonel named Joachim Peiper. We could see them. Peiper and Werner Grothmann , Second Adjutant, were aware of all incoming communications; all of Himmler's orders passed through their hands. With no other bridges in the vicinity capable of handling the weight of heavy German tanks, Peiper was forced back toward La Gleize. Malmedy massacre trial. Weingartner, James J. For several hours then the shelling continued without appreciable letup, and the dead and wounded together with those who were unhurt were cramped close together in the unharmed half of the small cellar. After the fire was eventually extinguished, the police discovered a badly burned body in the remains of the study.