DOCSLIB.ORG

Representation of the Denmark Strait Overflow in a Z-Coordinate Eddying

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Representation of the Denmark Strait Overflow in a Z-Coordinate Eddying Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3347–3371, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-3347-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Representation of the Denmark Strait overflow in a z-coordinate eddying configuration of the NEMO (v3.6) ocean model: resolution and parameter impacts Pedro Colombo1, Bernard Barnier1,4, Thierry Penduff1, Jérôme Chanut2, Julie Deshayes3, Jean-Marc Molines1, Julien Le Sommer1, Polina Verezemskaya4, Sergey Gulev4, and Anne-Marie Treguier5 1Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, CNRS-UGA, Grenoble, 38050, France 2Mercator Ocean International, Ramonville Saint-Agne, France 3Sorbonne Universités (UPMC, Univ Paris 06)-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, LOCEAN Laboratory, Paris, France 4P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia 5Laboratoire d’Océanographie Physique et Spatiale, Brest, France Correspondence: Pedro Colombo ([email protected]) Received: 23 September 2019 – Discussion started: 14 January 2020 Revised: 26 May 2020 – Accepted: 9 June 2020 – Published: 30 July 2020 Abstract. We investigate in this paper the sensitivity of the players contribute to the sinking of the overflow: the break- representation of the Denmark Strait overflow produced by a ing of the overflow into boluses of dense water which con- regional z-coordinate configuration of NEMO (version 3.6) tribute to spreading the overflow waters along the Greenland to the horizontal and vertical grid resolutions and to various shelf and within the Irminger Basin, and the resolved verti- numerical and physical parameters. Three different horizon- cal shear that results from the resolution of the bottom Ek- tal resolutions, 1=12, 1=36, and 1=60◦, are respectively used man boundary layer dynamics. This improves the accuracy with 46, 75, 150, and 300 vertical levels. In the given numeri- of the calculation of the entrainment by the turbulent kinetic cal set-up, the increase in the vertical resolution did not bring energy mixing scheme (as it depends on the local shear) and improvement at eddy-permitting resolution (1=12◦). We find improves the properties of the overflow waters such that they a greater dilution of the overflow as the number of vertical more favourably compare with observations. At 300 vertical level increases, and the worst solution is the one with 300 levels the dilution is again increased for all horizontal reso- vertical levels. It is found that when the local slope of the lutions. The impact on the overflow representation of many grid is weaker than the slope of the topography the result is other numerical parameters was tested (momentum advec- a more diluted vein. Such a grid enhances the dilution of the tion scheme, lateral friction, bottom boundary layer param- plume in the ambient fluid and produces its thickening. Al- eterization, closure parameterization, etc.), but none had a though the greater number of levels allows for a better resolu- significant impact on the overflow representation. tion of the ageostrophic Ekman flow in the bottom layer, the final result also depends on how the local grid slope matches the topographic slope. We also find that for a fixed number of levels, the representation of the overflow is improved when 1 Introduction horizontal resolution is increased to 1=36 and 1=60◦, with the most drastic improvements being obtained with 150 levels. Oceanic overflows are gravity currents flowing over topo- With such a number of vertical levels, the enhanced verti- graphic constraints like narrow straits, channels, or sills, as cal mixing associated with the step-like representation of the well as down topographic slopes. Overflows carry dense topography remains limited to a thin bottom layer represent- waters formed in marginal seas or on continental shelves ing a minor portion of the overflow. Two major additional through intense air–sea exchanges (cooling, evaporation) from their source regions into the great ocean basins where Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 3348 P. Colombo et al.: Denmark Strait overflow in a z-coordinate eddying configuration of NEMO (v3.6) they join the general ocean circulation (Legg et al., 2006, breaking) have even smaller scales (from metres down to the 2009). Overflows are often structured as plumes or boluses millimetric scale) and cannot be resolved in present ocean of dense fluid a few hundred metres thick, accelerated toward models (Girton and Standford, 2003). Their effects are rep- great depths by gravity (Magaldi and Haine, 2015; Koszalka resented by a vertical turbulence closure scheme, the aim of et al., 2017; Almansi et al., 2017; Spall et al., 2019). As they which is to achieve a physically based representation of this cascade down over distances that may reach up to a few hun- small-scale turbulence. However, models using fixed geopo- dred kilometres, they entrain ambient waters through advec- tential levels as vertical coordinates (i.e. z-level models) are tion and intense shear-driven mixing processes. After reach- known to generate spurious (i.e. excessive and non-physical) ing a depth close to a neutral buoyancy level and a quasi- diapycnal mixing when moving dense water downslope. The geostrophic equilibrium, the entrainment of ambient water is link of this spurious mixing with the staircase-like represen- significantly reduced and the overflow becomes a neutrally tation of the bottom topography peculiar to these models is buoyant bottom density current (Legg et al., 2009). well-established (Winton et al., 1998; Wang et al., 2008). The Overflows of importance because of their contribution to parameterization of overflows in these models has been the the general circulation are those associated with the fol- topic of a number of studies (Beckmann and Döscher, 1997; lowing: the Denmark Strait and the Faroe Bank Channel Campin and Goosse, 2012; Killworth, 1977; Song and Chao, where dense cold waters formed in the Arctic Ocean and 2000; Danabasoglu et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2015). A large the Nordic Seas flow into the North Atlantic (Girton and number of idealized model studies, many of them conducted Standford, 2003; Brearley et al., 2012; Hansen and Øster- in the DOME framework (Dynamics of Overflows Mixing hus, 2007); the Strait of Gibraltar where dense saline wa- and Entrainment; Legg et al., 2006, 2009), tested the ability ters generated in the Mediterranean Sea overflow into the At- of overflow parameterizations against very-high-resolution lantic Ocean (Baringer and Price, 1997); the strait of Bab-el- simulations in a variety of OGCMs. When used in global Mandeb where the highly saline Red Sea waters flow into the simulations these parameterizations improve overflows, but Gulf of Aden and the Indian ocean (Peters et al., 2005); and still produce deep or bottom water properties that are not yet the continental shelves of the polar oceans (Killworth, 1977; satisfactory if not inadequate (Condie et al., 1995; Griffies et Baines and Condie, 1998), in particular around Antarctica, al., 2000; Legg et al., 2009; Danabasoglu et al., 2010, 2014; where high-salinity shelf waters formed in polynyas ventilate Downes et al., 2011; Weijer, 2012; Heuzé et al., 2013; Wang the Antarctic Bottom Water (Mathiot et al., 2012; Purkey et et al., 2015; Snow et al., 2015). Past model studies performed al., 2018). More reference papers can be found in Legg et with DOME-like idealized configurations also permitted us al.(2009), Magaldi and Haine(2015), and Mastropole et al. to gain an understanding of the dynamics of overflows and (2017). Altogether, these overflows feed most of the world the sensitivity of their representation in models to physical ocean deep waters and play an important role in distribut- and numerical parameters (see Reckinger et al., 2015, for ing heat and salt in the ocean. For the case of the Denmark exhaustive references and a synthesis of the main findings). Strait overflow (DSO hereafter), it feeds the Deep Western Significant differences between models due to the type of Boundary Current in the North Atlantic and so contributes vertical coordinate system were pointed out (e.g. Ezer and to the Atlantic Meridional overturning cell and the global Mellor, 2004; Legg et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2008; Laanaia thermohaline circulation (Dickson and Brown, 1994; Beis- et al., 2010; Wobus et al., 2011; Reckinger et al., 2015). mann and Barnier, 2004; Hansen and Østerhus, 2007; Dick- Numerical modelling of dense water cascades with son et al., 2008; Yashayaev and Dickson, 2008; Danabasoglu OGCMs designed to simulate the large-scale circulation still et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2011; von Appen et al., 2014). This represents a challenge, especially because the hydrostatic ap- world-ocean-wide importance of the overflows makes their proximation on which these models rely removes the vertical representation a key aspect of ocean general circulation mod- acceleration from the momentum equation. This results in a els (OGCMs). misrepresentation of the diapycnal mixing processes (Özgök- A variety of physical processes of different scales are in- men, 2004) and requires, to represent their effects, a turbu- volved in the control of overflows and their mixing with lence closure scheme. Magaldi and Haine(2015) compared the ambient waters (Legg et al., 2008). Dynamical pro- high-resolution (2 km) hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic sim- cesses (e.g. hydraulic control and/or jump at sills or straits, ulations of dense water cascading in a realistic model config- mesoscale instability of the dense water plume, interactions uration of the Irminger Basin. They found that for 2 km hor- of the plume with overlaying currents) have length scales of izontal resolution, the parameterization of the non-resolved a few kilometres in the horizontal and a few tens of me- turbulence used in the hydrostatic model accurately repre- tres in the vertical. Such scales of motion are not resolved sented the effects of the lateral stirring and vertical mix- in present large-scale coarse-resolution (non-eddying) ocean ing associated with the cascading process.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fronts in the World Ocean's Large Marine Ecosystems. ICES CM 2007
    - 1 - This paper can be freely cited without prior reference to the authors International Council ICES CM 2007/D:21 for the Exploration Theme Session D: Comparative Marine Ecosystem of the Sea (ICES) Structure and Function: Descriptors and Characteristics Fronts in the World Ocean’s Large Marine Ecosystems Igor M. Belkin and Peter C. Cornillon Abstract. Oceanic fronts shape marine ecosystems; therefore front mapping and characterization is one of the most important aspects of physical oceanography. Here we report on the first effort to map and describe all major fronts in the World Ocean’s Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs). Apart from a geographical review, these fronts are classified according to their origin and physical mechanisms that maintain them. This first-ever zero-order pattern of the LME fronts is based on a unique global frontal data base assembled at the University of Rhode Island. Thermal fronts were automatically derived from 12 years (1985-1996) of twice-daily satellite 9-km resolution global AVHRR SST fields with the Cayula-Cornillon front detection algorithm. These frontal maps serve as guidance in using hydrographic data to explore subsurface thermohaline fronts, whose surface thermal signatures have been mapped from space. Our most recent study of chlorophyll fronts in the Northwest Atlantic from high-resolution 1-km data (Belkin and O’Reilly, 2007) revealed a close spatial association between chlorophyll fronts and SST fronts, suggesting causative links between these two types of fronts. Keywords: Fronts; Large Marine Ecosystems; World Ocean; sea surface temperature. Igor M. Belkin: Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, USA [tel.: +1 401 874 6533, fax: +1 874 6728, email: [email protected]].
    [Show full text]
  • Itinerary Route: Reykjavik, Iceland to Reykjavik, Iceland
    ICELAND AND GREENLAND: WILD COASTS AND ICY SHORES Itinerary route: Reykjavik, Iceland to Reykjavik, Iceland 13 Days Expeditions in: Aug Call us at 1.800.397.3348 or call your Travel Agent. In Australia, call 1300.361.012 • www.expeditions.com DAY 1: Reykjavik, Iceland / Embark padding Special Offers Arrive in Reykjavík, the world’s northernmost capital, which lies only a fraction below the Arctic Circle and receives just four hours of sunlight in FREE BAR TAB AND CREW winter and 22 in summer. Check in to our group TIPS INCLUDED hotel in the morning and take time to rest and We will cover your bar tab and all tips for refresh before lunch. In the afternoon, take a the crew on all National Geographic panoramic drive through the city’s Old Town Resolution, National Geographic before embarking National Explorer, National Geographic Geographic Endurance. (B,L,D) Endurance, and National Geographic Orion voyages. DAY 2: Flatey Island padding Explore Iceland’s western frontier by Zodiac cruise, visiting Flatey Island, a trading post for many centuries. In the afternoon, sail past the wild and scenic coast of Iceland’s Westfjords region. (B,L,D) DAY 3: Arnafjörður and Dynjandi Waterfall padding In the early morning our ship will glide into beautiful Arnafjörður along the northwest coast of Iceland. For a more active experience, disembark early and hike several miles along the base of the fjord to visit spectacular Dynjandi Waterfall. Alternatively, join our expedition staff on the bow of the ship as we venture ever deeper into the fjord and then go ashore by Zodiac to walk up to the base of the waterfall.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Debris in the Coastal Environment of Iceland´S Nature Reserve, Hornstrandir - Sources, Consequences and Prevention Measures
    Master‘s thesis Marine Debris in the Coastal Environment of Iceland´s Nature Reserve, Hornstrandir - Sources, Consequences and Prevention Measures Anna-Theresa Kienitz Advisor: Hrönn Ólína Jörundsdóttir University of Akureyri Faculty of Business and Science University Centre of the Westfjords Master of Resource Management: Coastal and Marine Management Ísafjörður, May 2013 Supervisory Committee Advisor: Hrönn Ólína Jörundsdóttir Ph.D Matis Ltd. Food and Biotech Vinlandsteid 12, 143 Rekavík Reader: Dr. Helgi Jensson Ráðgjafi, Senior consultant Skrifstofa forstjóra, Human Resources Secretariat Program Director: Dagný Arnarsdóttir, MSc. Academic Director of Coastal and Marine Management Anna-Theresa Kienitz Marine Debris in the Coastal Environment of Iceland´s Nature Reserve, Hornstrandir - Sources, Consequences and Prevention Measures 45 ECTS thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of a Master of Resource Management degree in Coastal and Marine Management at the University Centre of the Westfjords, Suðurgata 12, 400 Ísafjörður, Iceland Degree accredited by the University of Akureyri, Faculty of Business and Science, Borgir, 600 Akureyri, Iceland Copyright © 2013 Anna-Theresa Kienitz All rights reserved Printing: Háskólaprent, May 2013 Declaration I hereby confirm that I am the sole author of this thesis and it is a product of my own academic research. ________________________ Theresa Kienitz Abstract Marine debris is a growing problem, which adversely affects ecosystems and economies world-wide. Studies based on a standardized approach to examine the quantity of marine debris are lacking at many locations, including Iceland. In the present study, 26 transects were established on six different bays in the north, west and south of the nature reserve Hornstrandir in Iceland, following the standardized approach developed by the OSPAR Commission.
    [Show full text]
  • The East Greenland Current North of Denmark Strait: Part I'
    The East Greenland Current North of Denmark Strait: Part I' K. AAGAARD AND L. K. COACHMAN2 ABSTRACT.Current measurements within the East Greenland Current during winter1965 showed that above thecontinental slope there were large on-shore components of flow, probably representing a westward Ekman transport. The speed did not decrease significantly with depth, indicatingthat the barotropic mode domi- nates the flow. Typical current speeds were10 to 15 cm. sec.-l. The transport of the current during winter exceeds 35 x 106 m.3 sec-1. This is an order of magnitude greater than previous estimates and, although there may be seasonal fluctuations in the transport, it suggests that the East Greenland Current primarily represents a circulation internal to the Greenland and Norwegian seas, rather than outflow from the central Polarbasin. RESUME. Lecourant du Groenland oriental au nord du dbtroit de Danemark. Aucours de l'hiver de 1965, des mesures effectukes danslecourant du Groenland oriental ont montr6 que sur le talus continental, la circulation comporte d'importantes composantes dirigkes vers le rivage, ce qui reprksente probablement un flux vers l'ouest selon le mouvement #Ekman. La vitesse ne diminue pas beau- coup avec laprofondeur, ce qui indique que le mode barotropique domine la circulation. Les vitesses typiques du courant sont de 10 B 15 cm/s-1. Au cows de l'hiver, le debit du courant dkpasse 35 x 106 m3/s-1. Cet ordre de grandeur dkpasse les anciennes estimations et, malgrC les fluctuations saisonnihres possibles, il semble que le courant du Groenland oriental correspond surtout B une circulation interne des mers du Groenland et de Norvhge, plut6t qu'8 un Bmissaire du bassin polaire central.
    [Show full text]
  • Lagrangian Perspective on the Origins of Denmark Strait Overflow
    AUGUST 2020 S A B E R I E T A L . 2393 Lagrangian Perspective on the Origins of Denmark Strait Overflow ATOUSA SABERI,THOMAS W. N. HAINE, AND RENSKE GELDERLOOS Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland M. FEMKE DE JONG Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University, Texel, Netherlands HEATHER FUREY AND AMY BOWER Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (Manuscript received 1 September 2019, in final form 16 June 2020) ABSTRACT The Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO) is an important contributor to the lower limb of the Atlantic me- ridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Determining DSO formation and its pathways is not only im- portant for local oceanography but also critical to estimating the state and variability of the AMOC. Despite prior attempts to understand the DSO sources, its upstream pathways and circulation remain uncertain due to short-term (3–5 days) variability. This makes it challenging to study the DSO from observations. Given this complexity, this study maps the upstream pathways and along-pathway changes in its water properties, using Lagrangian backtracking of the DSO sources in a realistic numerical ocean simulation. The Lagrangian pathways confirm that several branches contribute to the DSO from the north such as the East Greenland Current (EGC), the separated EGC (sEGC), and the North Icelandic Jet (NIJ). Moreover, the model results reveal additional pathways from south of Iceland, which supplied over 16% of the DSO annually and over 25% of the DSO during winter of 2008, when the NAO index was positive. The southern contribution is about 34% by the end of March.
    [Show full text]
  • Boreal Marine Fauna from the Barents Sea Disperse to Arctic Northeast Greenland
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/394346; this version posted December 16, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Boreal marine fauna from the Barents Sea disperse to Arctic Northeast Greenland Adam J. Andrews1,2*, Jørgen S. Christiansen2, Shripathi Bhat1, Arve Lynghammar1, Jon-Ivar Westgaard3, Christophe Pampoulie4, Kim Præbel1* 1The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway 2Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway 3Institute of Marine Research, Tromsø, Norway 4Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland *Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed, e-mail: [email protected], kim.præ[email protected] Keywords: Atlantic cod, Barents Sea, population genetics, dispersal routes. As a result of ocean warming, the species composition of the Arctic seas has begun to shift in a boreal direction. One ecosystem prone to fauna shifts is the Northeast Greenland shelf. The dispersal route taken by boreal fauna to this area is, however, not known. This knowledge is essential to predict to what extent boreal biota will colonise Arctic habitats. Using population genetics, we show that Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), beaked redfish (Sebastes mentella), and deep-sea shrimp (Pandalus borealis) specimens recently found on the Northeast Greenland shelf originate from the Barents Sea, and suggest that pelagic offspring were dispersed via advection across the Fram Strait. Our results indicate that boreal invasions of Arctic habitats can be driven by advection, and that the fauna of the Barents Sea can project into adjacent habitats with the potential to colonise putatively isolated Arctic ecosystems such as Northeast Greenland.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity of Arctic Marine Fishes: Taxonomy and Zoogeography
    Mar Biodiv DOI 10.1007/s12526-010-0070-z ARCTIC OCEAN DIVERSITY SYNTHESIS Biodiversity of arctic marine fishes: taxonomy and zoogeography Catherine W. Mecklenburg & Peter Rask Møller & Dirk Steinke Received: 3 June 2010 /Revised: 23 September 2010 /Accepted: 1 November 2010 # Senckenberg, Gesellschaft für Naturforschung and Springer 2010 Abstract Taxonomic and distributional information on each Six families in Cottoidei with 72 species and five in fish species found in arctic marine waters is reviewed, and a Zoarcoidei with 55 species account for more than half list of families and species with commentary on distributional (52.5%) the species. This study produced CO1 sequences for records is presented. The list incorporates results from 106 of the 242 species. Sequence variability in the barcode examination of museum collections of arctic marine fishes region permits discrimination of all species. The average dating back to the 1830s. It also incorporates results from sequence variation within species was 0.3% (range 0–3.5%), DNA barcoding, used to complement morphological charac- while the average genetic distance between congeners was ters in evaluating problematic taxa and to assist in identifica- 4.7% (range 3.7–13.3%). The CO1 sequences support tion of specimens collected in recent expeditions. Barcoding taxonomic separation of some species, such as Osmerus results are depicted in a neighbor-joining tree of 880 CO1 dentex and O. mordax and Liparis bathyarcticus and L. (cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene) sequences distributed among gibbus; and synonymy of others, like Myoxocephalus 165 species from the arctic region and adjacent waters, and verrucosus in M. scorpius and Gymnelus knipowitschi in discussed in the family reviews.
    [Show full text]
  • Geographical Constraints to Soviet Maritime Power Brian Needham University of Rhode Island
    University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Theses and Major Papers Marine Affairs 1989 Geographical Constraints to Soviet Maritime Power Brian Needham University of Rhode Island Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/ma_etds Part of the Natural Resources Management and Policy Commons, and the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons Recommended Citation Needham, Brian, "Geographical Constraints to Soviet Maritime Power" (1989). Theses and Major Papers. Paper 305. This Major Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Marine Affairs at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Major Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GEOGRAPIllCAL CONSTRAINTS TO SOVIET MARITIME POWER BY BRIAN NEEDHAM . A PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF MARINE AFFAIRS UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 1989 MAJOR PAPER MASTER OF MARINE AFFAIRS APPROVED _ Professor Lewis M. Alexander UNNERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 1989 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Table of Contents i i INTRODUCTION 1 BACKGROUND 3 Recent History 3 Status of the Soviet Navy 4 Missions of the Soviet Navy 5 GEOGRAPHICAL CONSTRAINTS 8 Physical Constraints 8 Political and Legal 9 Military 1 0 THE NORTHERN FLEET 1 3 THE BALTIC FLEET 17 THE BLACK SEA FLEET 22 THE PACIFIC FLEET 26 ALTERNATIVES 31 Overseas Bases 31 Offensive Operations 32 Defensive Operations 32 Change of Policy 33 i i CONCLUSIONS 35 N01ES 37 BIBLIOGRAPHY 39 Orientation Maps 40 iii GEOGRAPHIC CONSTRAINTS TO SOVIET MARITIME POWER INTRODUCTION Despite Soviet military expansion on land immediately following World War II, maritime strategy remained defensive in nature and the four Soviet Fleets operated largely in the vicinity of their own bases.
    [Show full text]
  • Signature Redacted Author
    Hydrographic structure of overflow water passing through the Denmark Strait ARCHNES by MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE Dana M. Mastropole OF TECHNOWGY B.S., Physics SEP 28 2015 Georgetown University (2012) Submitted to the Joint Program in Physical Oceanography LIBRARIES in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and the WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION September 2015 @2015 Dana M. Mastropole All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT and WHOI permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature redacted Author ...... Joint Program in Physical Oceanography Massachusetts Institute of Technology & Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution August 7th, 2015 Certified by.. ........... Signature redacted.. Robert S. Pickart Senior Scientist Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Thesis Supervisor Accepted by . ISignature redacted ...................... Glenn R. Flierl Chairman, Joint Committee for Physical Oceanography Massachusetts Institute of Technology Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 2 Hydrographic structure of overflow water passing through the Denmark Strait by Dana M. Mastropole Submitted to the Joint Program in Physical Oceanography Massachusetts Institute of Technology & Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on August 7th, 2015, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Abstract Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW) constitutes the densest portion of North Atlantic Deep Water, which feeds the lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). As such, it is critical to understand how DSOW is transferred from the upstream basins in the Nordic Seas, across the Greenland-Scotland Ridge, and to the North Atlantic Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • In Pdf Format
    COLD WIND TWO GYRES A Tribute To VAL WORTHINGTON by a few of his friends in honor of his forty-one years of activity in oceanography Publication costs for this supplementary issue have been subsidized by the National Science Foundation, by the Office of Naval Research, and by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Printed in U.S.A. for the Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, U.S.A. Van Dyck Printing Company, North Haven, Connecticut, 06473, U.S.A. EDITORIAL PREFACE Val Worthington has worked in oceanography for forty-one years. In honor of his long career, and on the occasion of his sixty-second birthday and retirement from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, we offer this collection of forty-one papers by some of his friends. The subtitle for the volume, “Cold Wind- Two Gyres,” is a free translation of his Japanese nickname, given him by Hideo Kawai and Susumu Honjo. It refers to two of his more controversial interpretations of the general circulation of the North Atlantic. The main emphasis of the collection is physical oceanography; in particular the general circulation of "his ocean," the North Atlantic (ten papers). Twenty-nine papers deal with physical oceanographic studies in other regions, modeling and techniques. There is one paper on the “Worthington effect” in paleo oceanography and one on fishes – this last being a topic dear to Val's heart, but one on which his direct influence has been mainly on population levels in Vineyard Sound. Many more people would like to have contributed to the volume but were prevented by the tight time table, the editorial and referee process, or the paper limit of forty-one.
    [Show full text]
  • Enigma Machine and Its U-Boat Codes
    THE U-BOATS 0. THE U-BOATS - Story Preface 1. THE UNBREAKABLE CODE 2. THE U-BOATS 3. U-110 IN TROUBLE 4. U-110 CAPTURED 5. U-110 SINKS 6. THE CODE IS BROKEN (TEMPORARILY) 7. U-559 - U-BOAT CODES ARE BROKEN 8. U-505 IN PERIL 9. THE CAPTURE OF U-505 10. ENIGMA TODAY This image depicts a flotilla of U-Boats in Bergen, Norway, at the close of WWII. In the center is U-2511, skippered by Captain Adalbert Schnee, which returned from patrols in the Atlantic after Germany surrendered in early May of 1945. The ship returned to Bergen on the 6th of May where it was released to the Allies. It was later scuttled by the British. One of Hitler's best weapons to hinder successful Allied convoy trips was the U-Boat. The Unterseebooten (under sea boats) were German submarines which attacked, almost at will, because the commanders knew (through the Enigma codes) the specific coordinates of Allied ships as they passed through convoy routes. At the same time, the German navy had high hopes for its new battleship, the mighty Bismarck. With her massive size, she could severely impede sea travel to and from Britain - as she did when she sank HMS Hood, pride of the Royal Navy. However ... Bismarck's power - and Germany's plans for her - abruptly ended when Britain sank the Bismarck on May 26, 1941. Hitler and his forces would thus have to depend on their U-boats. Like Allied submarines, the German vessels were different from today's nuclear subs which can remain underwater for months.
    [Show full text]
  • The East Greenland Spill Jet As an Important Component of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
    Deep-Sea Research I 92 (2014) 75–84 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Deep-Sea Research I journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dsri The East Greenland Spill Jet as an important component of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Wilken-Jon von Appen a,n, Inga M. Koszalka b, Robert S. Pickart c, Thomas W.N. Haine b, Dana Mastropole d, Marcello G. Magaldi b,e, Héðinn Valdimarsson f, James Girton g, Kerstin Jochumsen h, Gerd Krahmann i a Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany b Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA c Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA d MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography, Cambridge/Woods Hole, MA, USA e Institute of Marine Sciences, National Research Council, Lerici, La Spezia, Italy f Marine Research Institute, Reykjavík, Iceland g Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA h Institute of Oceanography, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany i GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany article info abstract Article history: The recently discovered East Greenland Spill Jet is a bottom-intensified current on the upper continental Received 4 April 2014 slope south of Denmark Strait, transporting intermediate density water equatorward. Until now the Spill Received in revised form Jet has only been observed with limited summertime measurements from ships. Here we present the 3 June 2014 first year-round mooring observations demonstrating that the current is a ubiquitous feature with a Accepted 10 June 2014 volume transport similar to the well-known plume of Denmark Strait overflow water farther downslope.
    [Show full text]