(Diptera; Agromyzidae) in Baghdad, Iraq
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(5): 205-211 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 5 (2016) pp. 205-211 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.505.022 New Record of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess, 1880) (Diptera; Agromyzidae) in Baghdad, Iraq Redha S. AL-Jorany*, Sawsan Kareem Flaih, Shaymaa Abdulkhaliq Alhamawandy and Hanaa Hani Al-saffar Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Iraq *Corresponding author ABSTRACT K eywo rd s Agromyzidae, This study was conducted to evaluate the leaf miner Liriomyza spp. in fields Baghdad, of Agriculture Collage, University of Baghdad. Infested leaves were leafminer, collected weekly during 2015 – 2016, then brought to laboratory and kept liriomyza, pests. under lab temperature until the leaf miner adults were emerging. Liriomyza Article Info trifolii (Burgess, 1880) was recorded as a new record for Iraqi fauna. The Accepted: pest were found infected Abelmoschuses culentus, Vigna spp and Ricinus 12 April 2016 communis. Available Online: 10 May 2016 Introduction The Agromyzidae family is a large and Agromyzid adults can be diagnosed by the diverse family of flies composed exclusively distinctive sclerotization of head. Top upper of phytophagous species. Their host-plants section of frons, above ptilinal range from wild to cultivated species, thus suture (known as frontal vitta) is lightly consist of important pests group in sclerotized and lacks setae, while lower agriculture. Family is widely distributed section of the frons and the dorsal region of through the world in southern hemisphere the head tends to be much more heavily than in temperate areas of Palaearctic and sclerotized and setaceous. Thus, the frontal Nearctic regions (Spencer, 1972) it studies vitta often forms a distinctive patch on the in different region of the world (Spencer, head, different in colour and texture from 1961, 1963). the rest of the head. The compound eyes are usually oval and fairly small, although in A worldwide family has about 2,500 some species, they are larger and more species, small insects, some with wing circular. length of 1 mm. The maximum size is 6.5 mm. Most species are in the range of 2 The wings are usually diaphanous. More to 3mm. over, there are some tropical species have 205 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(5): 205-211 darker markings. A some species, including fromovi position and appear larger in size as most species Agromyza spp., are capable the larva matures. Often, The pattern of of stridulation, owning a "file" on the first mining is irregular. Both leaf mining and part of the abdomen segment and a "scraper" stippling can greatly lower the level of on the hind femur (Wikipedia, 2015). photosynthesis in the infected plant. Extensive mining also causes premature leaf The family of Agromyzidae is subdivided in drop, which can lead to lack of shading and two sub families (Agromyzinae and sun light that scald of fruit. Wounding of the Phytomyzinae). In the sub family foliage also allows entry of bacterial and Agromyzinae the subcostal is fully fungal diseases in to plant. developed and joins vein R1before this reaches the costa most species are large and The host plants of Liriomyza trifolii is stout, with Estimated length of the wing highly polyphagous and has been recorded almost 3 mm, and the costa generally from 25 families (Spencer, 1990). The More extends strongly to vein M1+2. In the larvae crops that are attack by this insect are celery, phase exist is a third, upper arm of the beans, chrysanthemum, gerbera, cucumber, cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton. gypsophila, lettuce, onion, tomato and potato (Spencer, 1989). Phytomyzinae diagnosed by subcostal vein is greatly reduced, frequently being little The biology of L. trifolii eggs are inserted more than a fold running parallel to first just below the leaf surface. The number of radial vein (R1) and joining costa eggs laid differs according to host plant and independently; in several genera costa is temperature. L. trifolii mature females each reduced and terminates at the apex of vein laid 25 eggs in celery plant at 15°C and 400 R4+5. The largest species in family occur in eggs at temperatures around 30°C. One primitive genus, Phytobia Lioy, 1864, but female of L. trifolii laid 493 eggs in peas many species are smaller, more slender and crop (Poe, 1981). even minute, with wing length of less than 2 mm. The cephalopharyngeal skeleton of Eggs hatch in 2-5 days according to larva has only two arms (Spencer, 1977; temperature. The duration of larval 1989 and 1990). development as well differs with temperature and host plant but is generally Liriomyza, consist of about 376 species 4-7 days at mean temperatures above 24°C (Spencer, 1987; EPPO, 2005), but in Iraq (Harris and Tate, 1933). In Phaseolus, at a showed such as: (Al Ali, 1977; Al-Azzawi, constant 30°C L. trifolii larvae complete 1980; Abdul-Rassoul and Al- Saffar, 2013). development in 4 days and at 20°C within 7 days (Poe, 1981). The punctures that it causes by females through the feeding and oviposition The insect L. trifolii pupariates externally, processes can led to a stippled appearance either on the foliage or in the soil just on foliage, mostly at the leaf tip and along beneath the surface. It has also been Notes the leaf margins (Parrella, et al., 1981). In to pupariate in the leaf of, for example, addition to, the major form of damage is the onion and lucerne (Harris and Tate, 1933; mining of leaves by larvae, which results in Webster and Parks, 1913). Pupariation is destruction of leaf mesophyll. The mine adversely Influenced by increase humidity becomes noticeable after three to four days and drought. 206 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(5): 205-211 Museum for diagnosis them(Spencer,1961, Adult emergence of Liriomyza species Spencer,1963 and Spencer,1972,Shiao, et occurs 7-14 days after pupariation, (Leibee, al., 1991; Shiao, 2004 and Anderson et al., 1982). Mating Occur immediately after 24h 2008). than the emergence and a single mating (Parrella et al., 1981). Results and Discussion American Serpentine Leaf miner The study explained that the eggs of L. trifolii off white and half diaphanous, eggs The economic importance of pests, and its are Length 0.2-0.3 mm x Width 0.1-0.15 presence newly in the study are in Baghdad, mm (Figure1). Describes distinguishing this study was conducted which include the features of the larvae (Figure2). description and diagnosis. L. trifolii larva is up to 3 mm long, Larva is Materials and Methods a legless larva with no discrete head capsule, transparent when newly hatched but Many infested of leaf were collected from colouring up to a yellow-orange in later oil castor plant Ricinus communis, phases and puparia have a pair of rearward Abelmoschuses culntus and Vigna spp from spiracles ending in three cone-like AL-Jadyria / University of Baghdad,Which appendages Pupaisa changeable colour pale attacked by pest Liriomyza trifolii, during yellow-orange, blackout to golden-brown, 1/10/2015 to30/1/2016, brought to the with oval shape and somewhat flattened laboratory and kept in petri dishes at room ventral side, Length 1.3-2.3 xWidth 0.5-0.75 temperature, the microscopic examination mm, The puparium has rearward spiracles carry out a daily to monitor the emergence on a marked pronounced conical projection, of adult. After 10-20 days, the flies were left each with three featured bulbs, two of which the leaf as adult and which keptin are elongate. Pupariation occurs outside the gelatinized capsules in order to the Iraq leaf, in the soil under the plant (Figure3). Natural History Research Center and Fig.1 Eggs of L. trifolii Fig.2 Larvae of L. trifolii 207 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(5): 205-211 Fig.3 Pupa of L. trifolii Fig.4 Head of L. trifolii 208 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(5): 205-211 Fig.6 Adult of L. trifolii Fig.7 Wing of L. trifolii Head contains, the frons which projects very two equal superior orbital setae and two slightly above the eye, is just less than 1.5 internal orbital setae (the lower one weaker). times from the width of the eye (viewed The orbital setulae are sparse and reclinate. from above (visible from the top). There are The jowls are deep (almost 0.33 times the 209 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(5): 205-211 height of the eye at the rear); the cheeks Abd AL-Rassoul, M.S., Hanaa, H.S. 2013. form a clear ring under the eye. The third Survey of the genus Liriomyza Mik. antennal segment is small, round and (Diptera: Agromyzidae) of Iraq. Adv. marked pubescent, but not excessively so Biores., Vol 4(3): 92-94. (external vertical rough and inner vertical Anderson, A., Tan, T.T.A., Nordhus, E. coarseare both on a yellow ground) (Figure 2008. Diatripution and importance of 4). polyphagous Liriomyza species (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in vegetables Mesonotum, acrostical bristles happen in Vietnam. irregularly in 3-4 rows on the front, decline Elliott, M.G. 2006. Diptera: Cyclorrhapha: to two rows behind. There is a conspicuous (Acalyptrata: Part): Agromyzidae. yellow patch at each hind-corner. The pleura Australian Faunal Directory. Australian are yellow color; the meso- and sterno- Biological Resources Study, Canberra. pleura have variable Black marking (Figure Viewed 22 January 2008. 5). http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiv ersity/abrs/online Adult of L. trifoliiis very small in volume: resources/fauna/afd/index.html direct (1-1.3 mm)from body length, up to (1.7 mm) link to Agromyzidae checklist in female with wingsA length ( 1.3-1.7 mm).