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Sep 26 1977 Regional Development Strategy and the Housing Development in Taiwan REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND THE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN TAIWAN by Albert Cheng-Kon Huang B. Arch., Chung-Yung Christian College of Science and Engineering 1974 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE IN ADVANCED STUDIES at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY August, 1977 Signature of Author -D~artment of Architecture Certified by _w Prof f''Tunney Lee Thesis Su ervi*or Assoc .te)fcofessor of ArSnitecture an'd Urban Planning Accepted by N. John Habraken, Head, Department of Architecture Chairman Departmental Committee on Graduate Students Rotch SEP 26 1977 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND THE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN TAIWAN BY Albert Cheng-Kon Huang Submitted to the Department of Architecture on August 22, 1977 in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Architecture in Advanced Study. The intention of this thesis is to investigate from a criti- cal point of view, the capitalist theory of regional and housing development for developing countries, and the pratice of this theory in Taiwan. Hopefully, this investigation will provide a basis for architects and planners to understand that the housing crisis in most worst developing countries like other social and environmental problems, orginates in the social relation of the society. As such crisis cannot be resolved merely by implementa- tion of partial policies and strategies unless the very founda- tion of social relations are changed. Background information and analysis will be provided on following questions: What is the theory of regional and housing development for developing countries within capitalist system? What is Taiwan's experience in practising this theory of regional and housing development? How did the regional development strategy influence housing development in theiry and in practice? What is the major contradiction within developing society which causes the failure of regional development and housing development? In Section I, a critical history of urban and regional development in relation to the change of social structures and social relations for the pre-19 4 9 period is presented, as the basis of Taiwan's development under the capitalist theory. Section II introduces the capitalist theory of regional and housing development for a developing society. Taiwan's regional and housing development experience in relation to social mode of production under the influence of capitalist theory is then investigated as an example of the implementation of the capitalist -i- theory. Section III focuses on the criticism of capitalist theory as well as Taiwan's regional development strategy and housing develop- ment. The criticism is established on the conventional theory of political economy. Professor Tunney Lee, Thesis Supervisor Associate Professor of Architecture and Urba.n Planning -ii- TABLE OF CONTENTS: Section I: TAIWAN'S DEVELOPMENT PRE-1949 5 A. Introduction 7 B. Development within the semi-colonial and 10 semi-feudalistic period a. The decline of new-growing national 10 capitalism b. The transformation of social relation, 11 production and agricultural development C. Development within the colonial period (I) 14 a. Development of land and agriculture 15 i. Land ownership and districution of land ii. The relation of production b. Development of capitalism and industry 20 i. The development of the first period ( 1895-1914 ) ii. Development of the second period ( 1914-1920 ) iii.Development of the third period ( 1920-1930 ) c. The social change 27 D. Development within the colonial period (II) 29 a. The development of agriculture 30 b. The development of industry 32 E. The urbanization and the distribution of the 36 towns and the cities a. The essence of the town 36 b. The change of the local town 39 c. The distribution of the towns and the 41 cities -1- d. The function of the town and the 44 cities F. The housing development 46 Section II: URBAN, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND 49 HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN TAIWAN SINCE 1949 A. Introduction: A theory of urban and regional 51 development and housing development a. Basic assumptions 52 b. Capital, market, resources, techniques 53 and labor force c . Agriculture and industry 56 d. Social force of production 57 e. Urbanization and the change of social 59 structure f. Housing development 62 i. Basic concept of housing deve- lopment ii. Housing development and regional development iii.New town development B. The U.S. Aid development period ( 1949-1964 ) 70 a. The essence of U.S. Aid 70 b. Development institutions 71 c. Capital, market, resources, technique and 74 labor force d. Agriculture 79 e. Industry 82 f. Urbanization and change of social structure 84 -2- g. Housing Development 88 i. The origins of housing problems ii. Housing development agencies and housing policies iii .Housing finance and development of public housing construction C. The export development period ( 1965-1972 ) 98 a. The change of development structure 98 b. Capital, market, technique, and labor 99 force c. Agriculture 105 d. Industry 107 e. Urbanization and change of social 111 structure f. Housing development 112 i. Housing problems ii. Comprehensive institute for islandwide urban and housing development iii.Housing development policy and housing construction D. The development period of crisis ( 1973-1976 ) 121 a. The change of development conditions 121 b. The crisis of industry 122 c. The crisis of agriculture 123 d. Ten construction project 125 e. The crisis of social change 127 f. The crisis of housing development 129 Section III: A criticism of political economy toward 136 regional housing development A. Introduction: Political economy as a basis 137 of critique -3- a. The essence of development 137 b. The theory of political economy 139 B. Critique of the "Dependency" theory of 141 regional and housing development a. Critique on the basic assumption 141 b. Critique on development precondition 142 c. Critique on theory of the relation 145 between agriculture and industry d. Critique on theory of urbanization 147 and change of social structure e. Critique on theory of housing deve- 149 lopment C. Conclusion: Critique of the regional 151 development strategy and housing development Tables 156 166 Ri bliograph SECTION I TAIWAN'S DEVELOPMENT PRE-1949 A. Introduction B. Development within the semi-colonial and semi- feudalistic period a. The decline of new-growing national capitalism b. The transformation of social relation production and agricultural development C. Development within the colonial period (I) a . Development of land and agriculture i. Land Ownership and distribution of land ii. The relation of production b. Development of capitalism and industry i. The development of the first period ( 1895-1914 ) ii. Development of the second period ( 1914-1920 ) iii.Development of the third period 1920-1930 ) c. The social change D. Development within the colonial period (II) a. The development of agriculture b. The Development of industry E. The urbanization and the distribution of the towns and the cities a. The essence of the town b. The change of the local town c. The distribution of the towns and the cities -5- d. The function of the town and the cities F. The housing development -6- A. Introduction There were very few studies concerning Taiwan's development before 1949. Prior to that time the studies were mostly under- taken by the royal scholars and bureaucrats of the Japanese ruling institute under the colonial government. The main purpose of the studies were, therefore, to praise the ruling success of Japanese imperialism, to defend the cruel exploitation and suppression of the colony and to advocate continued invasion of imperialism. In 1945 Taiwan was recovered from Japan, but the same time civil war broke out on the Chinese mainland. Taiwan was therefore ignored to a large extent by the Chinese govern- ment until the latter retreated from the mainland to Taiwan in 1949. As a result, most of the social, economic and infrastruc- tural bases for Taiwan's development were constructed primarily under the aegis of the colonial government. The whole history of Taiwan's development since the seven- teenth century can be viewed as a history of exploitation and suppression under the yokes of colonialism and imperialism. Although Taiwan was discovered by the Chinese in the twelfth century, there was no development on the island until the end of sixteenth century. From 1624, Holland occupied Taiwan for forty- eight years. During the same period, serious contradiction existed in the society of mainland China. Dictatorial bureaucrats of the Ming's dynasty, the landlords and usury combined in forcing the peasant majority into famine, poverty, exile and death. Peasant rebellions were occurring everywhere, and -7- Manchurian troops were invading the country. Because of the war, famine, oppression and death, about one hunderd thousand Chinese migrated from the mainland to Taiwan. In 1662, a general of the Ming dynasty expelled Holland's colonial rule and took over power in Taiwan. However, in 1683, his son surrendered to the Ching dynasty. Taiwan then became the territory of the Ching dynasty. Before 1842 ( the year of the Opium War ), Taiwan was, like the rest of China, a feudalistic society. Social relations and social forces of production kept apace with the level of develop- ment on the Chinese mainland. Great progress in development of agriculture and manual trade was accomplished within this two hundred years. The development of commercial capital indicated the progress of primary capital accumulation. The major sugar production factories took on the initial forms of capitalistic operation. Many small local urban areas began to appear in both the countryside and harbors along the west coast. The major func- tions of these small urban areas were as local centers of commerce, economy, politics, culture and transportation. However, before capitalism had time to take hold in Chinese society, foreign aggression invaded both Taiwan and the Chinese mainland. The existing feudal system, established on the bases of a combination of agriculture and manual trades, began to undergo a process of disintegration.
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