Contribution to the Ethnobotanical Inventory of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Typhoid Fever in Adamaoua Region, Cameroon
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Available online at http://www.ifgdg.org Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 14(9): 3078-3096, December 2020 ISSN 1997-342X (Online), ISSN 1991-8631 (Print) Original Paper http://ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs http://indexmedicus.afro.who.int Contribution to the ethnobotanical inventory of medicinal plants used for the treatment of typhoid fever in Adamaoua region, Cameroon Simeon Pierre FODOUOP CHEGAING1,2*, Didiane YEMELE MEFOKOU1,2, Benjamin TALOM TANGUE1,2, Jean Baptiste SOKOUDJOU1, Serge TELEM- GONE MENOUDJI 2, Gabriel TCHUENTE KAMSU1 and Donatien GATSING1 1Research Unit of Microbiology and Antimicrobial Substances, Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang P.O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon. 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, PO. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon. *Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected]; Tel. +237696907805 /+237675723760 Received: 03-10-2020 Accepted: 27-12-2020 Published: 31-12-2020 ABSTRACT Since ancient Greek-Roman times, the use of plants to cure many human diseases is still common. The present ethnobotanical survey was conducted to contribute to the knowledge of medicinal plants used for the treatment of typhoid fever in three sub divisions of Vina division, Adamawa Cameroon. After having explained the importance of this study to interviewees, 41 traditional healers have agreed and delivered information regarding the medicinal plants they use as well as the different preparation and administration through a well- structured questionnaire that was given to them on this matter. Among 41 traditional healers whose attended this study, 32 were men and 09 were women. The ethnobotanical survey allowed the identification of 70 plants belonging to 38 families. With a frequency of 11/70, the Fabaceae family was the most represented followed by that of Rubiaceae and Asteraceae (04/70 each). The leaves are the most used parts (34.28%) followed by leaves + roots (14.28%) and the whole plant (12.86%). The majority of the recipes consisted of four to six plants (34.66), and were prepared by decoction (50%), with water as the main solvent (87.80%). 41.56% of typhoid preparations are administered twice daily for a duration of 14 days (46.77%). This is the first report on antityphoid herbal remedies in Vina division-Adamawa Cameroon. It would therefore be judicious for our government and research institution to investigate on their therapeutic properties in order to develop ameliorated and efficient phytomedicines. © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: Ethnopharmacology, phytomedecine, salmonelloses, Vina division. INTRODUCTION disease in many tropical countries. An Salmonelloses are one of the most estimated 212 million cases and 129,000 important food borne diseases which affect deaths occur worldwide each year (Steele et human and animal. In human beings, three al., 2016). The global estimate of invasive serotypes including Salmonella typhi (S. non-typhoidal salmonella is about 3.4 million typhi), Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi cases and the most vulnerable groups (1.9 A) and Salmonella paratyphi B (S. paratyphi million cases and 380 000 deaths) are children B) are more pathogenic. These serotypes and young adults in sub-Saharan Africa (Njole cause typhoid and paratyphoid fevers (Gatsing et al., 2020). et al., 2010). Typhoid fever is a widespread © 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved. 8743-IJBCS DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i9.9 S. P. F. CHEGAING et al. / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 14(9): 3078-3096, 2020 This food and water borne disease is whether there is a consensus on the contacted after consumption of infected raw indigenous use of medicinal plants from or semi coocked meat. The clinical different localities. manifestations of typhoid fever are usually nonspecific, such as sustained fever with MATERIALS AND METHODS fatigue, headache, abdominal pain, vomiting, Study area or anorexia. Various organs, including the The Vina division was created from the liver, have been involved in the course of breakup, in 1983, of the old Adamaoua typhoid fever, resulting in a wide spectrum of division into five new divisions: Djerem, Faro presentations (Habte et al., 2018). et Deo, Mayo-Banyo, Mbere and Vina. The Despite the permanent progress in Vina Division has eight subdivisions: Belel, pharmaceutical companies, resistance to Mbe, Nganha, Ngaoundéré Ier, Ngaoundéré different drug classes (Mfopa et al., 2017; IIe, Ngaoundere IIIe, Nyambaka, Martap. It Etou et al., 2019) has become an increasingly covers an area of 17196 km². In 2005, its total important problem (Madhulika et al., 2004, population was estimated at 156050 (9.1 Lakshmi et al., 2006) especially in inhab/km2) (ASC, 2013). Subsahelian Africa where the income of ¾ of The Adamaoua region is located the total population do not allow them to between the 6th and 8th degrees of north afford and/or achieve antibiotherapy. In latitude and between the 11th and 15th degrees addition, although three vaccines are currently of east longitude (Lamy et al., 2018). It is recommended by the WHO to prevent made up of all the high plateaus which cross it typhoid: an injectable vaccine on the purified from West to East (Figure. 1). Its median Vi antigen (aka ViPS vaccine), the live position between the southern and northern attenuated oral Ty21a vaccine in the first parts of Cameroon makes this region a instance and the latest generation typhoid crossing point between the forest and the conjugate vaccine (TCV), there is to date no savannah, at the same time as it is a vaccine against paratyphoid fever (Agwu et watershed. She was rightly baptized al., 2009). Natural products and mostly "Cameroon water tower". medicinal plants are thus the corner stone of As for the climate, it is of Sudano- health care delivery for these populations. Guinean type with 02 seasons: a rainy season In Cameroon, several studies have going from April to October and a dry season revealed the effectiveness of the use of from November to March. The annual rainfall medicinal plants in the treatment of typhoid from 1600 to 1800 (mm) is spread over 7 to 8 fever (Gatsing et al., 2005; Fodouop et al., months (Lamy et al., 2018). The soil, mainly 2015; Kengni et al., 2016; Lunga et al., 2014a; consists of red ferralitic structures developed Tala et al., 2018; Sokoudjou et al., 2018; on old basalts. Various types of vegetation are Sokoudjou et al., 2019). Therefore, there is no also observed there. They range from longer any doubt about indigenous knowledge meadows to shrub savannas to tree savannas and the use of medicinal plants to treat dominated by Daniellia oliveri and Lophira typhoid fever in Cameroon. Since this lanceolata. The density of these characteristic knowledge is held by adults and fewer young species is clearly decreasing due to people are interested in ethnomedecine, it is anthropogenic action (Mapongmetsem et al., important that this knowledge is documented 2012). Concerning the populations, they are and preserved for future research on efficacy composed of several ethnolinguistic groups of and safety as well as the identification of unequal distribution, the most representative chemical compounds that could serve as a of which are: Dii or Dourou, Gbaya, Haoussa, marker for the development of standardized Mbororo, Mboum and Peulh (Mapongmetsem bioantibiotics. et al., 2009; Tchobsala and Mbolo, 2013). The Thus the present work aimed at study area includes three subdivisions of the carrying out an inventory of medicinal plants Vina division namely: Mbe, Martap and used for the treatment of typhoid fever in Ngaoundéré IIIe. three localities of the Adamaoua region (Mbe, Martap and Ngaoundere 3) in order to know 3079 S. P. F. CHEGAING et al. / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 14(9): 3078-3096, 2020 Data collection specimens were collected, dried and stored in An ethnobotanical survey took place the laboratory. They were later identified at from June to November 2017 as previously the Cameroon National Herbarium Yaoundé described by Yemele et al. (2014), and it where their full scientific names and voucher included forty one traditional healers aged number were obtained. between 15 and above 75 years. They were interviewed according to a questionnaire Data analysis which was previously drawn up and Descriptive statistic was used in this comprised: the types of medication (medicinal study. First of all, the information about the plants or pharmaceutical products) used popular uses of the species collected, along whenever sick; and for each medicinal plant with botanical information, was compiled into used its medical use, part used during the a database. The species were listed in preparation, mode of preparation, route of alphabetical order by family, scientific name administration, the solvent used, the dosage, and frequency of use. The frequency of the duration of treatment and consumer's citation (FC) of the used plant species was degree of satisfaction relatively to each evaluated using the following formula: treatment were noted. Interviews were FC (number of times a particular species was conducted on the field during collection trips mentioned/total number of times that all and after examination and seeking oral species were mentioned). consent from informants, fresh plant Figure 1: Study area (from the PSFE, 2010 database). 3080 S. P. F. CHEGAING et al. / Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 14(9): 3078-3096, 2020 RESULTS long period of learning from traditional Demographic characteristics of informants healers (Table 3). Among the 41 traditional healers interviewed during this study, 32 were men Parts of plant used, mode of preparation of and 9 women (Table 1). This table also shows different recipes and mode of a fair distribution of age-related surveys. With administration a frequency of 16/41, Mbe town had the The most plant parts used were leaves highest numbers of traditional healers who (34.28%), followed by leaves+stem bark participated in the inquiry (Table 1). (14.28%) and whole plant (12.86%) (Figure .