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UC Riverside International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference Proceedings (1957-2010)

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UC Riverside International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference Proceedings (1957-2010) UC Riverside International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference Proceedings (1957-2010) Title Citrus Greening Disease Survey in East and West African Countries South of Sahara Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/71757972 Journal International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference Proceedings (1957-2010), 10(10) ISSN 2313-5123 Authors Aubert, B. Garnier, M. Cassin, J. C. et al. Publication Date 1988 DOI 10.5070/C571757972 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Citrus Greening Disease Survey in East and West African Countries South of Sahara B. Aubert, M. Garnier, J. C. Cassin and Y. Bertin ABSTRACT. A survey covering eight African countries south of the Sahara, was undertaken for Citrus Greening Disease (CGD) and its psylla vector Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) on citrus orchards and indigenous plants belonging to the Rutaceae. Samples of columellas and leaf rnidveins were collected on presumably contaminated material for electron microscopic examination. Both the extent of the vector and the spread of the disease were then correlated with ambient conditions of temper- ature and relative humidity for assessing the outlines of the greening belt in these African countries. Index words. African citrus psylla, greening organism, psylla parasitism. Citrus Greening Disease (CGD) is by placing psylla nymphs in hatch- known to exist in subsaharan Africa, ing boxes (50 to 70 nymphs per where it is disseminated naturally by box). Winged individuals chal- the African psylla vector Trioza eryt- cidoid insects obtained from the reae (Del Guercio). In Africa, both the hatching boxes, were then dis- insect vector and the greening or- patched dry for taxonomic identifi- ganism (G.O.) do not tolerate hot and cation. The exoskeleton of the dry climates (1, 2). The extent of the nymph psylla mummies was also vector and the spread of the disease examined to check the characteris- are therefore dependent on ambient tics of the exit hole as well as the conditions of temperature and rela- meconium left by the attendant tive humidity. CGD is in fact re- chalcidoid insects. The mummies stricted to fresh and moist highlying of parasitized nymphs exhibit a areas, with different ranges of eleva- conspicuous hole in the middle of tion according to local microclimates. the thorax when ectoparasites, The present study is an attempt to e.g. Tetrastichus dryi Waterston, give the first description of the green- are dealt with. The emergence of ing belt in different African regions the endoparasite, e.g. Psyl- south of the Sahara. laephagus pulvinatus Waterston, MATERIALS AND METHODS usually takes place through a hole chewed in the abdomen, whereas The survey was conducted in lateral position of the ekit hole is three West African countries, and generally associated with hyper- five East African countries and in the parasitism (fig. 2). Comores Islands (fig. 1). 4) visual greening symptom charac- Citrus orchards and local rutace- terized by sectorial dieback, zinc ous flora were checked following al- pattern deficiences, uneven colora- titudinal transects, and examined for tion of the fruits, lobsided fruits the presence of: with aborted seeds. 1) living psylla nymphs andlor adults Samples of columellas and leaf on new flush (search of 10 minutes midveins were collected on presuma- per tree) bly contaminated material, then fixed 2) traces of leaf galls and nymph immediately in a 4% buffered solution mummies left by T. erytreae of glutaraldehyde, pH 7.4, and dis- (search of 10 minutes per tree) patched to the laboratory. The Sam- 3) attendant primary and secondary ples were subsequently postfixed in a parasites (hyperparasites), caught 1% osmium tetroxide solution, dehyd- 232 Tenth ZOCV Conjkrence millibars and can be obtained by combining midday maximum tem- perature and lowest relative humidity. SD values above 30 Prospected mmb are considered as lethal for areas the African psylla vector, owing to the high rate of mortality of T. erytreae eggs and first instar nymphs (2). RESULTS Fig. 1. Greening and Trioza erytreae sur- Results of the survey are sum- vey in Africa south of the Sahara. marized in table 1 for East and West Africa. rated up to absolute alcohol and then EAST AFRICA embedded in Epon for ultrathin sec- Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, greening tions. Observations of phloem sieve symptoms and T. erytreae are usually tubes were made by transmission noticed above 1,500 m of elevation (5, electron microscopy for the presence 8). Most of the recent citrus plant- of endocellular bacteria asociated ations have been established in the with CGD. middle Awash River valley between Meteorological records were col- 1,100 and 1,200 m (especially in Nura lected from local national networks, Era and Merti Jeju). But citrus or- when available at a given representa- chards were also traditionally planted tive site. Attention was focused on in the lower Awash River (e.g. Melka maximum temperature and maximum Werer 730 m) or in the upper Awash vapor pressure saturation deficit. River (e.g. Awasa-Koka 1,600 m). Furthermore, backyard citrus trees 1) Temperature: besides average are commonly found at higher eleva- monthly maximum temperature, tion, for instance at Debre Zeit (1,850 the number of days per annum m) and near Addis Ababa (2,400 m). having a maximum temperature The present survey was carried out less than 25 C (TDl25) was com- on orchards located along the altitud- puted. The latter index had been inal gradient which prevails between used previously for predicting Melka Werer and Addis Ababa. symptom expression of CGD (6): it Table 1 shows that the TI25 index was found that severe symptoms increases from zero to 100 days be- occurred when TDl25 exceeds 60 tween 1,200 and 1,600 m. There is a days but usually mild symptoms or concomittant appearance of severe no symptoms appeared below a CGD symptoms on the trees at the TDl25 of 30 days. latter altitude. This field diagnosis 2) Mean maximum air saturation was subsequently confirmed by the deficit (SD): SD is expressed in examination of the phloem ultrastruc- A) Primary Ectoparasite B) Primary Endoparasi te n C) Hyperparasite Fig. 2. Examples of leaf psylla mummies exhibiting different types of chalcidoid exit holes. TABLE 1 CITRUS GREENING DISEASE SURVEY IN EAST AND WEST AFRICA m8 Climatic conditions g Greening Primary V) SD (mmb)" parasite k, Altitude T" Visual Trioza Secondary h 'aE Country Location (a) maxZ TD/25Y Mean Max Min Symptom GOV erytreaeW Endow Ectow parasitew R Ethiopia Melka Werer 730 34.3 0 32 - - S Lat. 4"-18"N Awash 916 33.4 0 30 39 24 - - 'u Metahara 950 32.3 0 25 31 19 - - a Nura Era 1,200 30.8 0 25 30 12 - - c5 Tibila 1,400 - - - - - + + s AwasaIKoka 1,600 24.3 100 16 24 8 + + + + - + S' Debre Zeit 1,850 26.1 120 13 16 6 + + + + - + 2 Addis Abeba 2,400 22.8 337 14 13 7 + + s Rwanda- Muronge + + + B Burundi Karama 1,403 27.9 25 + + + + + t Lat. 4"-7"s Butare 2,312 20.1 360 + + + + + + Malawi Chileka 767 27.5 70 16 26 10 + + + Lat. 15"s Chiteze 1,149 26.7 120 19 29 11 + + + + + Bvumbe 1,400 23.8 190 11 18 8 + + + + + Cameroon Garoua 183 34.4 0 37 61 18 - - - - - - Lat. 2-9"N Sangmelima 730 28.8 30 17 28 10 + + + - - Nkoundja 1,220 28.0 59 21 39 9 + + + + + Gabon Okoloville 380 28.0 30 22 12 40 - - + - - - Lat. 1"s Namibia Swakopmund 5 29.3 32 29 40 17 - - - - - Lat. 19-22"s Grootfontein 1,400 27.2 45 28 41 17 - - - - - - Comores Grande Comore 50 29.9 - - Diapho- + - - Lat. 12"s Anjouan 350 25.7 - - rinasp. + - - -- "Mean annual maximum temperature. YTotal number of day per annuum having a maximum temperature less than 25 C. "Saturation deficit (SD) in millibars (mmb) at mid day; mean = annual average; Max = highest monthly saturation deficit; Min = lowest monthly saturation deficit at midday. w- = not seen; + = considered organism or symptom present. '- = apparently healthy phloem + = presence of endocellular bacteria in the phloem tissue. Tenth IOCV Conference ture. attesting to the presence of en- group known to develop on the docellular GOs in the sieve tubes (fig. Rutaceae flora (3). 3). Natural parasites obtained from Mean SD maximum is only 16.7 T. erytreae include Psyllaephagus mmb at 1,600 m with highest peaks of pulvinatus Waterston, Psyl- only 24 mmb, this means a low rate laephagus sp. and a secondary para- of air desiccation strongly favourable site: Cheiloneurus cyanonotus to psylla build-up. Between 1,000 and Waterston. To date, no Tetrastichus 1,200 m, SD values of 30 mmb bring sp. has been obtained from T. eryt- about high mortality rate with low reae in Ethiopia. chance of psylla proliferation. Ethiopian endemic Rutaceae flora Rwanda, Burundi. Trioxa eryt- include the following species reae, as well as symptoms of CGD, Clausena anisata (Wild), Vepris and endocellular phloem restricted glomerata (EH. Hoffrn.) Fagaropsis GOs, were found in Rwanda and chalybea (Engl) Verdoon, Toddalia Burundi above 1,400 m of elevation. asiatica (L.) Harm and Zantoxylum An example of GOs observed in the chalyteum Engl.. But so far only C. columella of a contaminated lemon anisata was found harbouring T. eryt- tree at Butare is shown on fig. 4. Wild reae in Ethiopia and a more complete rutaceous plants of these countries in- survey is needed for the other clude Clausena anisata, Citropsis species, mainly the Fagariops. Trioxa schweinfurtxi, and Balsamocitrus sp. species described recently on Ficus but more inspections are needed to sycamorus, Pygium africanum and check for the presence of T. erytreae Stephania abyssinica (7) belong to reservoirs on this indigenous flora. different psyllid species, since Trioxa The examination of 100 T.
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