Synthesis, 142 Termination of Action, 142–143 See Also Serotonin

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02598-1 — Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology 4th Edition Index More Information

Index

5HT (5-hydroxytryptamine) acetaminophen, 340 alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists synthesis, 142 acetylation of histones, 24 atypical antipsychotics, 173 termination of action, 142–143 acetylcholine, 5 alpha 2 antagonists, 317–322 See also serotonin. as brain’s own nicotine, 543 alpha 2 delta ligands 5HT1A receptor partial agonists basis for cholinesterase treatment as anxiolytics, 403–405 atypical antipsychotics, 156–159 of dementia, 522–528 alpha 2A adrenergic agonists vilazodone, 300–302 cholinergic pathways, 524 ADHD treatment, 495–499 5HT1B/D receptors cholinergic receptors, 523–528 alpha-melanocyte stimulating effects of atypical antipsychotics, precursors, 524 hormone (alpha-MSH), 565 159–160 acetylcholine transporters, 523 alprazolam, 5, 49 terminal autoreceptors, 159–160 acetylcholine vesicular transporter, 29 Alzheimer’s dementia, 504 5HT2A receptor antagonists, 318 acetylcholinesterase, 46, 522–525 and psychosis, 79 atypical antipsychotic actions, Adapin, 342 Alzheimer’s disease 142–156 adenosine antagonist acetylcholine as target for current effects on dopamine D2 receptors, caffeine, 469 symptomatic treatment, 522–527 151–156 adiponectin, 565 aggressive and hostile symptoms, 85 effects on extrapyramidal adolescents amyloid as target of disease- symptoms, 150 bipolar disorder, 386 modifying treatment, 520–523 effects on prolactin levels, mania, 386 amyloid cascade hypothesis, 150–151 mood stabilizer selection, 386 505–509 stimulating downstream dopamine affective disorders. See mood disorders. basis for cholinesterase treatments, release, 142–150 aggression 522–528 5HT2A receptors disorders associated with, 85 beta amyloid plaques, 505–509 blocking downstream dopamine impulsive–compulsive behavior in beta secretase inhibitors, 522 release, 142–150 psychiatric disorders, 574 biomarker-enhanced early 5HT2C receptor antagonists, 313–318 in schizophrenia, 84 detection, 521 fluoxetine, 297 agomelatine, 159, 313–317, 457 biomarkers, 516–518 5HT2C receptors agonist action causes, 503–505 effects of atypical antipsychotics, G-protein-linked receptors, 35–36 cholinergic deficiency hypothesis 159–162 ligand-gated ion channels, 56 of amnesia in, 525 role in obesity treatment, 159 agonist spectrum cholinesterase inhibitors, 525–527 5HT3 receptor antagonists, 318–322, G-protein-linked receptors, 35–43 clinical features, 503–505 500, 559 ligand-gated ion channels, 56–64 cognitive symptoms, 85 5HT3 receptors agoraphobia diagnosis, 503–505 effects of atypical antipsychotics, in children, 386 diagnostic categories for 162 agouti-related peptide, 565 Alzheimer’s dementia, 519–520 5HT6 receptor antagonists, 500 agouti-related protein, 565 donepezil, 529 5HT6 receptors akathisia, 95, 168 galantamine, 527 effects of atypical antipsychotics, Akiskal, Hagop, 243 gamma secretase inhibitors, 162 AKT (kinase enzyme) 521–522 5HT7 receptors in schizophrenia, 128 genetic studies, 509 effects of atypical antipsychotics, alcohol dependence, 551–559 glutamate hypothesis of cognitive 162–165 alcoholism treatment, 468 deficiency, 527–534 allodynia, 425 immunotherapy research, 521 Abeta peptides allosteric modulation memantine, 527–531 role in Alzheimer’s disease, 505, ligand-gated ion channels, 65–67 neurofibrillary tangles, 505–509 507, 509 almorexant (SB649868), 463 neuroimaging biomarkers, 517–518 ABT560, 500 alogia pathology, 503–505 acamprosate, 385, 417, 556–558 in schizophrenia, 82 positive symptoms, 85

591

Index

Alzheimer’s disease (cont.) amyloid precursor protein (APP) antidepressant classes possible Alzheimer’s dementia role in Alzheimer’s disease, 5HT2C antagonism, 313–317 category, 519–520 505–507, 509 alpha 2 antagonists, 317–322 possible benefits of lithium, 372 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis circadian rhythm resynchronizer, probable Alzheimer’s dementia (ALS), 379 313–317 category, 519–520 Anafranil, 342 melatonergic action, 313–317 prodromal stage, 515–519 analgesics monoamine oxidase inhibitors range of proposed targets, 533–536 interactions with MAOIs, 340 (MAOIs), 326–342 risk factors for disease anandamide, 5, 543, 561 monoamine transporter blockers, progression, 515 anatomical basis of 289–346 risk related to Apo-E, 509–510 neurotransmission, 1–2 norepinephrine–dopamine rivastigmine, 526–527 anatomically addressed nervous reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs), role of Abeta peptides, 505, 507, 509 system, 1–2 309–312 role of amyloid precursor protein anesthetics selective norepinephrine reuptake (APP), 505–507, 509 interactions with MAOIs, 335 inhibitors (NRIs), 312–313 role of pathological tau, 508 “angel dust”. See phencyclidine (PCP) serotonin antagonist/reuptake search for a vaccine, 521 anhedonia inhibitors (SARIs), 322–326 targeting glutamate, 527–531 in schizophrenia, 82 serotonin–norepinephrine testing of potential treatments, anorexia nervosa, 564 reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 533–536 antagonist action 302–309 treatments for psychiatric and G-protein-linked receptors, 36–37 serotonin partial agonist- behavioral symptoms, 531–533 ligand-gated ion channels, 57–59 reuptake inhibitors (SPARIs), Alzheimer’s disease stages, 510–511 anticholinergics, 523 300–302 amyloidosis with anticonvulsants, 73 serotonin selective reuptake neurodegeneration and cognitive as mood stabilizers, 373–380 inhibitors (SSRIs), 290–300 decline, 519–520 antidepressant action, 47 tricyclic antidepressants, 312, amyloidosis with some atypical antipsychotics, 169–172 342–346 neurodegeneration, 515–519 comparison with placebo in clinical antidepressant-induced bipolar asymptomatic amyloidosis, 511–515 trials, 285 disorder, 382 dementia stage, 519–520 debate over efficacy, 285–287 antidepressant-induced mood distinction of MCI from normal definition of a treatment response, disorders, 247–250 aging, 515–519 285 antidepressant “poop-out”, 245 first stage (preclinical), 511–515 discovery of, 6 antidepressant selection mild cognitive impairment (MCI), disease progression in major arousal combos, 365 515–519 depression, 289 based on genetic testing, 361–362 presymptomatic stage, 511–515 effects throughout the life based on weight of the evidence, second stage, 515–519 cycle, 289 361–362 symptomatic predementia stage, efficacy in clinical trials, 285–287 breastfeeding patient, 361 515–519 failure to achieve remission, 287 California rocket fuel (SNRI plus third (final) stage, 519–520 general principles, 285–289 mirtazapine), 363 amenorrhea, 95 goal of sustained remission, 285 combination therapies for amisulpride, 168 importance of achieving remission, major depressive disorder, pharmacologic properties, 212 289 362–365 amitifidine (triple reuptake inhibitor), in “real world” trials, 289 combination therapies for 365 STAR-D trial of antidepressants, treatment-resistant depression, amitriptyline, 6, 342 287 362–365 amoxapine, 162, 342 antidepressant augmenting agents, depression treatment strategy, AMPA PAMs, 228 346–353 284–285 AMPA receptor modulators, 228 brain stimulation techniques, equipoise situation, 361–362 AMPA receptors, 101–102 350–352 evidence-based selection, AMPAkines, 228, 500 buspirone, 301–302 353–354 amphetamine, 34, 327, 547 deep brain stimulation (DBS), for pregnant patients, 357–361 ADHD treatment, 490–491 351–352 for women based on life-cycle brain’s own (dopamine), 543 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 350 stage, 357 wake-promoting agent, 468 L-methylfolate, 346–350 for women of childbearing age, amygdala, 122 psychotherapy as an epigenetic 357–361 fear response, 392–395 “drug”, 352–353 postpartum patient, 361 neurobiology of fear, 392–395 SAMe (S-adenosyl-methionine), 350 symptom-based approach, neuroimaging in schizophrenia, thyroid hormones, 350 354–357 122–126 transcranial magnetic stimulation triple action combination role in fear conditioning, 409–411 (TMS), 350–351 (SSRI/SNRI/NDRI), 362–363 592

Index

antidepressants in development anxious self-punishment and blame late-onset type, 484 CRF1 (corticotrophin-releasing in depressive psychosis, 80 selective inattention symptom, factor) antagonists, 365 apathy 474 future treatments for mood in depressive psychosis, 80 symptoms, 471–475 disorders, 365–366 ApoE (apolipoprotein E) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder glucocorticoid antagonists, 365 and Alzheimer’s disease risk, (ADHD) treatment multimodal agents, 365–367 509–510 alpha 2A adrenergic agonists, NMDA blockade, 365–366 appetite regulation 495–499 serotonin–norepinephrine– neurobiological basis, 564 amphetamine, 490–491 dopamine reuptake inhibitors aripiprazole, 49–50, 159, 162, atomoxetine, 493–495 (SNDRIs), 365 168–169, 171, 300, 383 DAT target for stimulant drugs, triple reuptake inhibitors (TRIs), 365 metabolic risk, 173 491–496 vasopressin 1B antagonists, 365 pharmacologic properties, 202–210 differences in children, adolescents antihistamines, 335 armodafinil and adults, 484–487 antimanic actions in combinations of mood stabilizers, future treatments, 500–502 atypical antipsychotics, 171 385 general principles of stimulant antipsychotics, 47, 129–130 mode of action, 468 treatment, 487–490 as mood stabilizers, 373–381 mood-stabilizing properties, 381 methylphenidate, 490 See also atypical antipsychotics; aromatic amino acid decarboxylase noradrenergic treatment, 493–500 conventional antipsychotics. (AAADC), 142 slow-release vs fast-release antisocial personality disorder, 574 arousal spectrum, 445 stimulants, 491–496 aggressive and hostile symptoms, 85 arson, 85 stimulants, 490–493 anxiety disorder treatments, 388 asenapine, 48–49, 159, 162, 173 which symptoms to treat first, 487 alpha 2 delta ligands, 403–405 metabolic risk, 173 atypical antipsychotics, 49–50, 245 atypical antipsychotics, 171 pharmacologic properties, 5HT1A receptor partial agonism, benzodiazepines, 397–403, 189–190 156–159 414–415 Asendin, 342 5HT2A receptor antagonism, buspirone, 405–406 asociality 142–156 generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), in schizophrenia, 82 anticholinergic actions, 173 414–415 aspirin, 340 antidepressant actions in bipolar panic disorder, 415–416 atomoxetine, 49, 312 and unipolar depression, posttraumatic stress disorder ADHD treatment, 493–495 169–172 (PTSD), 417–419 atorvastatin, 49 antihistamine actions, 174 social anxiety disorder, 416–417 ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase), 31 antimanic actions, 171 anxiety disorders, 268, 290, atropine, 523 anxiolytic actions, 171 327, 385 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as mood stabilizers, 380–381 blocking reconsolidation of fear (ADHD), 310, 386, 471 breastfeeding patient, 386 memories, 414–415 age of onset diagnostic criterion, cardiometabolic risk, 173–180 COMT genotypes and vulnerability 484 characteristic properties, 141–169 to worry, 395–397 aggressive and hostile symptoms, 85 classification by pharmacologic cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical and neurodevelopment, 480–487 binding properties, 154–156 (CSTC) feedback loops, 395–397 as a disorder of the prefrontal clinical profile, 141 fear conditioning, 408–411 cortex, 471–475 dopamine D2 receptor partial fear extinction, 411–413 as inefficient “tuning” of the agonism, 165–169 fear response, 392–395 prefrontal cortex, 479 effects on 5HT1B/D receptors, in children, 386 as norepinephrine and dopamine 159–160 noradrenergic hyperactivity in dysregulation in the prefrontal effects on 5HT2C receptors, anxiety, 406–410 cortex, 475–479 159–162 overlapping symptoms of anxiety circuits involved in the brain, effects on 5HT3 receptors, 162 disorders, 391–392 471–475 effects on 5HT6 receptors, 162 pain associated with, 427–428 comorbidity in adults, 484–487 effects on 5HT7 receptors, pain symptoms, 425 environmental factors, 480 162–165 painful physical symptoms, 428 executive dysfunction, 471–474 effects on dopamine D2 receptors, role of GABA, 397–403 impulsive–compulsive 150–156 role of the amygdala, dimension, 573 effects on prolactin levels, 392–395 impulsivity symptom, 475 150–151 serotonin and anxiety, 405–406 in adults, 480–487 link between receptor-binding symptom overlap with major in children and adolescents, properties and clinical actions, depressive disorder, 389–391 480–487 169–173 symptoms, 388–389 inability to focus, 474 low extrapyramidal symptoms, 150 worry circuits, 395–397 inattention symptom, 471–474 mechanisms of action, 141 593

Index

atypical antipsychotics (cont.) behavior bitopertin (RG1678), 232, 234 metabolic disease risk, 173–180 influence of gene expression, BMS-820836 (triple reuptake mitigation of extrapyramidal 22–24 inhibitor), 365 symptoms, 143–150 Belviq (lorcaserin), 571 body dysmorphic disorder, 575 pharmacologic properties of specific Benadryl, 459 borderline personality disorder, 574 drugs, 180–214 benzodiazepine inverse agonists, 67 aggressive and hostile symptoms, 85 pharmacologic properties of the benzodiazepine receptors, 6 Boston bipolar brew (mood stabilizer “dones”, 190–202 benzodiazepines, 5, 335, 341 combination), 385 pharmacologic properties of the as anxiolytics, 397–403, botulinum toxin injections, 442 “pines” (peens), 190 414–415 brain atrophy and depression, pharmacologic properties of as mood stabilizers, 381, 385 268–269 “two pips and a rip”, 202–211 as PAMS, 403 brain stimulation pharmacological profile, 141 as positive allosteric modulators as antidepressent augmentation, relative actions on 5HT2A (PAMs), 66 350–352 receptors, 154–156 beta endorphin, 5, 565 breastfeeding relative actions on dopamine D2 beta secretase inhibitors, 522 prolactin levels during, 95 receptors, 154–156 BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin), 346 breastfeeding patient sedating actions, 171–173 bifeprunox, 168–169 depression treatment, 361 sedative-hypnotic actions, 171–173 binge eating disorder, 564 mood stabilizer selection, 386 serotonin–dopamine antagonists, 141 biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease, brexpiprazole, 159, 162, 165, 169 therapeutic window, 152–154 516–518 metabolic risk, 173 atypical antipsychotics in clinical bipolar depression, 237–238 pharmacologic properties, 206–210 practice, 213–227 distinguishing from unipolar brief psychotic disorder, 79, 245 integration with psychotherapy, depression, 250–252 brompheniramine, 335 226–227 bipolar disorder bulimia, 564 issues related to switching affective symptoms, 85 buprenorphine, 547, 560 antipsychotics, 214–220 aggressive and hostile symptoms, bupropion, 298, 551, 564 treatment resistance, 221–226 85 formulations, 311 violent and aggressive and pregnancy, 385 pharmacologic properties, 309–312 treatment-resistant patients, antidepressant induced, 382 bupropion/naltrexone (Contrave), 221–226 comorbid with dementia, 250 569–571 atypical depression, 245 in children and adolescents, 386 buspirone, 159, 346, 405–406, 414 auditory hallucinations in perimenopausal women, 385 augmentation of SSRIs, 301–302 in schizophrenia, 81 in women, 385–386 butyrylcholinesterase, 522–525 autism positive symptoms, 85 cognitive symptoms, 85 pregnant patient, 385–386 caffeine, 47 autism spectrum disorders risk in the postpartum period, 385 mode of action, 469 impulsive–compulsive risks with antidepressant treatment, wake-promoting agent, 469 dimension, 574 382 calcineurin, 15 autoreceptors treatment-resistant affective calcium-calmodulin dependent 5HT1B/D receptors, 159–160 symptoms, 85 protein kinases, 16 dopamine D2 receptors, 88 See also mood stabilizers. calcium channel blockers, 73 on monoamine neurons, 8 bipolar disorder NOS (not otherwise calcium channel blockers (L-type) Aventyl, 342 specified), 243–244 potential mood stabilizers, 379 avoidant personality disorder, 245 bipolar I disorder, 238 calcium second-messenger actions, avolition bipolar II disorder, 238 15–17 in schizophrenia, 82 bipolar spectrum, 243–250 California careful cocktail (mood axoaxonic synapses, 1 and schizoaffective disorder, stabilizer combination), 385 axodendritic synapses, 1 243–247 California rocket fuel (SNRI plus axosomatic synapses, 1 bipolar ¼ (0.25) disorder, 245 mirtazapine), 318, 363 bipolar ½ (0.5) disorder, 243–247 calmodulin, 16 bapineuzumab, 521 bipolar I ½ (1.5) disorder, 248 cAMP (cyclic adenosine barbiturate addiction, 559 bipolar II ½ (2.5) disorder, 247 monophosphate), 13–15 bariatric surgery, 571 bipolar III (3.0) disorder, 247–250 cAMP response element-binding bath salts as synthetic stimulants, 563 bipolar III ½ (3.5) disorder, 251 protein (CREB), 16–17 BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic bipolar IV (4.0) disorder, 248–252 cancer chemotherapy, 162 factor), 290 bipolar V (5.0) disorder, 248–250 cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1), 6 effects of depression, 313 bipolar VI (6.0) disorder, 250 cannabinoid CB1 receptor stress effects, 268–269 schizo-bipolar disorder, 243–247 antagonists, 559

594

Index

cannabinoid receptors, 5–6, 556, 561 cholecystokinin, 565 for obsessive–compulsive disorder cannabinoids, 442 cholesterol-lowering drugs (OCD), 575 cannabis drug interactions, 49 for panic disorder, 416 and schizophrenia, 114 choline for PTSD, 418 effects of, 561 presynaptic transporter, 33 for social anxiety disorder, 417 carbamazepine, 49–50, 340, 373, 384, cholinergic deficiency hypothesis of cognitive remediation psychotherapy, 386 amnesia in dementia, 525 227 in combinations of mood cholinergic pathways, 524 cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, stabilizers, 383 cholinergic receptors, 523–528 83–85 mood-stabilizing properties, cholinesterase inhibitors, 525–527 community treatment programs, 227 375–376 chorea, 95 compulsive eating possible mechanisms of action, 376 chromatin and obesity, 563–573 side effects, 376 influence on gene expression, 24 compulsive hair pulling cardiometabolic risk chronic pain conditions, 420 (trichotillomania), 575 atypical antipsychotics, 173–180 association with psychiatric compulsive shopping, 575 cariprazine, 159, 169 disorders, 422 compulsive skin picking, 575 metabolic risk, 173 effects on brain gray matter, 430–432 compulsivity pharmacologic properties, 209–210 sources of, 420–422 definition, 537–539 cataplexy chronic pain treatment See also impulsive–compulsive GHB treatment, 468 descending spinal synapses in the disorders. catatonic depression, 245 dorsal horn, 432–435 COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase), cerevastatin, 49 targeting ancillary symptoms in 86, 257, 348 cFos gene, 20 fibromyalgia, 440–441 genetic variants, 348–350 cGMP (cyclic guanosine targeting sensitized circuits, genotype and vulnerability to worry, monophosphate), 6 435–441 395–397 chemical neurotransmission, 1 chronic widespread pain, 428–429 conceptual disorganization communication at synapses, 6 circadian rhythms in disorganized/excited excitation–secretion coupling, 6, 8–9 disruption in depression, 313–317 psychosis, 80 genome-to-genome effects of melatonergic hypnotics, conduct disorder, 386, 574 communication, 26–27 457 conduct disorders in children importance in jet lag, 457 aggressive and hostile symptoms, 85 psychopharmacology, 5 phase advance, 457 constitutive activity neurotransmitters, 5–6 phase delay, 457 G-protein-linked receptors, 35 postsynaptic neuron, 6 citalopram continuum disease model, 245–247 presynaptic neuron, 6 enantiomers, 299 Contrave (bupropion/naltrexone), 571 role in psychopharmacology, 26 racemic citalopram, 299–300 conventional antipsychotics routes, 27 unique properties, 299 ability to cause neurolepsis, 131–132 sequence, 74–77 See also escitalopram. characteristic properties, 131–141 targets for psychotropic drugs, 27 cJun gene, 20 differences in side-effect profiles, timescale of events, 27 classical antipsychotics. See conventional 139–141 chemically addressed nervous system, antipsychotics. dilemma of blocking D2 receptors 5–8 clock genes, 313 in all dopamine pathways, childhood psychotic disorders clomipramine, 339–340, 343–344 136–137 affective symptoms, 85 clonidine, 560 discovery of chlorpromazine effects, aggressive and hostile symptoms, 85 Clopixol, 131 131–132 positive symptoms, 85 clozapine, 48–50, 84, 156, 162, 171, dopamine D2 receptor antagonism, children 173–174, 176, 383 132–133 agoraphobia, 386 metabolic risk, 173 drug-induced parkinsonism, 133–136 anxiety disorders, 386 pharmacologic properties, 180–182 early discoveries, 131 bipolar disorder, 386 club drugs, 563 extrapyramidal symptoms, 133–136 mood-stabilizer selection, 386 Coaxil, 342 formulations, 141 panic disorder, 386 cocaine, 34, 298, 543, 547 high-potency agents, 141 pediatric mania, 386 brain’s own (dopamine), 543 histamine H1 receptor blockade, chlomipramine, 342 cocaine and amphetamine regulated 139–141 chloral hydrate, 559 transcripts (CART) peptides, 565 hyperprolactinemia, 136 chlorpheniramine, 335 cocaine vaccine, 547 list of drugs, 131 chlorpromazine, 131, 141, 343 codeine, 49, 335, 340 low-potency agents, 141 discovery of antipsychotic effects, cognitive behavioral therapy, 226, 353 muscarinic cholinergic receptor 131–132 for insomnia, 462 blockade, 137–140

595

Index

conventional antipsychotics (cont.) DAO (D-amino acid oxidase), 101, 116 neurotransmitter receptor neurolepsis caused by, 133 DAOA (D-amino acid oxidase hypothesis, 290–292 neuroleptic-induced deficit activator), 101, 116 painful physical symptoms, 428 syndrome, 133 DAT. See dopamine transporter physiological effects, 313–317 prolactin elevation, 136 date rape drug symptoms and circuits, 273–278 tardive dyskinesia, 133–136 gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), transcranial magnetic stimulation cortico-accumbens glutamate 468, 563 (TMS), 350–351 pathway, 103 deacetylation of histones, 24 treatment-resistant affective cortico-brainstem glutamate decongestants symptoms, 85 pathway, 103 interactions with MAOIs, 335 treatment strategy, 284–285 cortico-cortical direct glutamate deep brain stimulation (DBS), vulnerability genes, 269–273 pathway, 106 351–352 See also mood disorders. cortico-cortical indirect glutamate delusional disorder, 245 depression treatment pathway, 106 and psychosis, 79 postpartum depression, 361 cortico-striatal glutamate pathway, 103 delusions, 79 pregnant patient, 357–361 cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical in schizophrenia, 81 depression with hypomania, 248–250 (CSTC) feedback loops, 120 dementia depressive psychosis and anxiety disorders, 395–397 affective symptoms, 85 anxious self-punishment cortico-thalamic glutamate pathway, aggressive and hostile symptoms, 85 and blame, 80 106 basis for cholinesterase treatments, apathy, 80 cortisol levels 522–528 psychomotor retardation, 80 fear response, 394 causes, 503–505 depressive temperament, 238 cortisol secretion cholinergic deficiency hypothesis of Deprimyl, 342 elevation in depression, 313 amnesia in, 525 desensitization CREB transcription factor activation, clinical features, 503–505 ligand-gated ion channels, 64–65 16–17 cognitive symptoms, 85 designer drugs, 562 crenezumab, 521 diagnosis, 503–505 desipramine, 162, 312, 342–343 CRF1 (corticotrophin-releasing factor) nondegenerative dementias, 505 desvenlafaxine, 48 antagonists, 365 pathologies, 503–505 properties, 307–308 CS717 (AMPAkine), 500 positive symptoms, 85 dex-fenfluramine, 573 CTS21666 (beta secretase inhibitor), treatments for psychiatric and dextromethorphan, 335, 339 522 behavioral symptoms, 531–533 action on NMDA receptors, 366 curare, 523 with comorbid bipolarity, 250 DHA (docosohexanoic acid) CX1739 (AMPAkine), 500 See also Alzheimer’s disease. mood-stablizing properties, 381 CX516 (AMPAkine), 228 dementia with Lewy bodies, 504 diabetic ketoacidosis CX546 (AMPAkine), 228 demethylation of histones, 24 risk with atypical antipsychotics, CX619 (AMPAkine), 228 Depixol, 131 178–179 cyamemazine, 131 Deplin, 346 diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain, cyclobenzaprine, 340 depression, 237–238, 245 425 cyclothymic disorder, 238 and MAO-A activity, 331 diagnosis in psychiatry CYP450 (cytochrome P450) enzymes and psychosis, 79 use of Research Domain Criteria, 474 and drug interactions, 46–51 as prodrome of Alzheimer’s disease, diazepam, 5 effects of polymorphisms on drug 518–519 dichotomous disease model, 243–245 metabolism, 47 atypical antipsychotics as diethylpropion, 573 number of, 47 antidepressants, 169–172 dihydrofolate, 346 pharmacokinetic functions, 46–47 benefits of early intervention, 289 dihydropyridine calcium channel polymorphism, 47 brain atrophy and stress, 268–269 blockers, 73 psychotropic drug targets, 46–51 deep brain stimulation (DBS), 351–352 diphenhydramine, 459–460 role in drug metabolism, 46–47 disease progression concept, 289 DISC-1 (disrupted in schizophrenia) using genotypes to predict drug disruption of circadian rhythms, gene, 115–121 effects, 361 313–317 disease progression in major CYP450 1A2, 47–48 distinguishing unipolar from depression, 289 CYP450 2C19, 47 bipolar depression, 250–252 disorganized/excited psychosis CYP450 2D6, 47–49 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 350 conceptual disorganization, 80 CYP450 2D6 polymorphism in perimenopausal women, 307–308 disorientation, 80 effects on metabolism of monoamine hypothesis of, 262, excitement, 80 venlafaxine, 307 289–290 disorientation CYP450 3A4, 49–50 monoamine receptor hypothesis in disorganized/excited cytokines, 565 and gene expression, 262–269 psychosis, 80

596

Index

disulfiram, 559 dopamine transporter (DAT), 8, 86 Elavil, 6, 342 DMT (dimethyltryptamine), 562 psychotropic drug target, 29–32 electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) DNA target for stimulants in ADHD, use in depression, 350 function of “junk DNA”,18 491–496 EMPA (SORA-2 agent), 464 gene regulatory sections, 18 dopamine vesicular transporter, 29 employment number of genes contained in, 18 dopaminergic neurons, 86–89 help with, 227 DNA demethylases, 24 DORA 1, 464 Endep, 342 DNA methylation, 24 DORA 5, 464 endocannabinoids (“endogenous DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), 24 DORA 22, 464 marijuana”), 6 DNA transcription, 18 DORAs (dual orexin receptor endophenotypes DNMT1 (DNA methyltransferase 1), antagonists), 463–464 compulsivity, 539 26 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex impulsivity, 539 DNMT2 (DNA methyltransferase 2), (DLPFC), 122 endorphins, 559 26 in schizophrenia, 122–126 as brain’s own morphine/heroin, DNMT3 (DNA methyltransferase 3), dothiapin, 342 543 26 doxepin, 342, 461 enkephalins, 559 Dolmatil, 131 doxylamine, 459 enzyme inhibitors, 43–45 DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-4- drug abuse enzymes methylamphetamine), 562 aggressive and hostile symptoms, 85 irreversible inhibition, 43–45 donepezil, 529 drug abuse treatment, 463 psychotropic drug targets, 43–51 “dones”, 154, 162 drug addiction. reversible inhibition, 43–45 pharmacologic properties, 202 See impulsive–compulsive EPA (eicosapentanoic acid) dopa decarboxylase, 86, 257 disorders; substance addictions. mood-stablizing properties, 381 dopamine, 5, 237 drug-induced parkinsonism, 133–136 ephedrine, 573 as brain’s own cocaine/amphetamine, drug-induced psychosis, 574 epigenetics, 24–26 543 positive symptoms, 85 and gene expression, 24 as neurotransmitter of hedonic drug-induced psychotic disorder and schizophrenia, 114–115 pleasure, 542–543 and psychosis, 79 definition, 24 norepinephrine precursor, 257 drug interactions effects of psychotherapy, 352–353 volume neurotransmission, 8 and CYP450 enzymes, 46–51 influence on the status quo dopamine beta hydroxylase, 257 drug metabolism of a cell, 26 dopamine D2 receptor antagonists role of CYP450 (cytochrome P450) molecular mechanisms of gene conventional antipsychotics, enzymes, 46–47 regulation, 24 132–133 drugs epistasis, 348–350 effects of D2 receptor blockade, actions on neurotransmission, 5–6 neuroimaging in schizophrenia, 133–137 similarities to natural 126–128 dopamine D2 receptor partial agonists neurotransmitters, 5–6 Epworth Sleepiness Scale, 465 atypical antipsychotics, 165–169 drugs of abuse, 339 ErbB4 gene, 115–121 dopamine D2 receptors, 86–89 stimulants, 491–492 ERK (extracellular signal regulated effects of atypical antipsychotics, D-serine. See serine. kinase), 18 150–156 DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical ERK/AKT signal transduction dopamine hypothesis of Manual), x, 79 cascade, 366 schizophrenia, 86, 89–96 psychosis, 79 erythromycin (antibiotic), 49 linking with the NMDA receptor Research Domain Criteria, x escitalopram hypofunction hypothesis, dual orexin receptor antagonists unique properties, 300 111–113 (DORAs), 463–464 eslicarbazepine dopamine pathways, 91 duloxetine, 48 potential mood stablizer, 377–379 mesocortical dopamine pathway, properties, 308–309 estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), 92–94 dysbindin gene, 115–121 307, 361 mesolimbic dopamine pathway, dyskinesias, 95 eszopiclone, 341, 453, 455 89–92, 94–95 dyssocial personality disorder, 574 ethclorvynol, 559 nigrostriatal dopamine dysthymia, 238 ethinamate, 559 pathway, 95 dystonia, 95 euthymia, 238 thalamic dopamine pathway, 96 excessive daytime sleepiness tuberoinfundibular dopamine eating disorders, 290, 385, 563 causes and consequences, 465 pathway, 95 “ecstasy” (MDMA), 30, 562 mechanism of action of dopamine receptors, 86–89 edivoxetine wake-promoting agents, 466–469 dopamine reuptake transporter norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor problems with cognitive pumps, 8 (NERI), 313 performance, 465–466

597

Index

excitation–secretion coupling, 6, 8–9 silent antagonists, 36–37 gene transcription, 18–20 excitatory amino acid transporter structure and function, 34–35 generalized anxiety disorder (EAAT), 96, 101 G-protein-linked signal transduction (GAD), 405 excitatory amino acid transporters 1–5 cascades, 11 treatments, 414–415 (EAAT1-5), 33 activation of CREB, 16–17 genes excitement influence on gene expression, 16–17 coding region, 18 in disorganized/excited psychosis, 80 phosphoprotein messengers, 13–16 immediate early genes, 20–21 experience-dependent development second messengers, 11–13 late gene activation, 20–22 of synapses, 114–115 G proteins, 17 number in the human genome, 18 extrapyramidal nervous system, 95 GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid), 5 regulatory region, 18–20 binding to GABAA sites, 66 genetic testing family support, 227 effects of benzodiazepines, 66 aid to antidepressant selection, fear conditioning, 408–411 role in anxiety disorders, 397–403 361–362 role of the amygdala, 409–411 synthesis and storage, 397 genomes of neurons – – fear extinction, 411 413 GABAA positive allosteric modulators communication between, 9 10 fear memories (PAMs), 453 ghrelin, 565 blocking reconsolidation of, and psychiatric insomnia, 455–459 glucagon, 565 414–415 insomnia treatment, 454–455 glucocorticoid antagonists, 365 fenfluramine, 573 GABA receptors, 397–403 glucocorticoid levels fibromyalgia, 425, 428–431 GABA transaminase, 397 effects of stress, 268–269 milnacipran treatment, 309 GABA transporter (GAT), 397 glutamate, 5 off-label use of GHB, 468 GABA transporters, 33, 397–399 target in Alzheimer’s disease, targeting ancillary symptoms, GABA vesicular transporter, 34 527–531 440–441 gabapentin, 71, 384–385, 403–405, glutamate hypothesis of cognitive first-generation antipsychotics. 414, 437 deficiency in Alzheimer’s disease, See conventional antipsychotics properties, 379 527–534 flashbacks, 406 galactorrhea, 95 glutamate pathways flumazenil, 403 galanin, 565 cortico-accumbens, 103 fluoxetine, 6, 31, 49, 162, 182, 313, 340 galantamine, 524, 527 cortico-brainstem, 103 5HT2C antagonist properties, 297 Gamanil, 342 cortico-cortical (direct), 106 combined with olanzapine, 162 gambling disorder, 573 cortico-cortical (indirect), 106 unique properties, 297 gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), 563 cortico-striatal, 103 flupenthixol, 131 abuse potential, 468 cortico-thalamic, 106 fluphenazine, 131 date rape drug, 468 hippocampal-accumbens, 105 fluvastatin, 49 performance-enhancing drug, 468 thalamo-cortical, 106 fluvoxamine, 48–49 wake-promoting agent, 468–470 glutamate receptors, 101–102 sigma 1 receptor binding, 299 gamma secretase inhibitors, 521–522 subtypes, 56 unique properties, 299 GAT1 transporter, 33 glutamate synthesis, 96 fMRI gate theory of pain, 425 glutamate transporters, 33 imaging circuits in schizophrenia, gene effects glutaminase, 96 120–126 neuroimaging in schizophrenia, glutamine synthetase, 96 folate, 346, 348, 382 126–128 glutamine transporter, 96–98 food addiction, 563–564 gene expression glutethimide, 559 Fos protein, 20–21 and epigenetics, 24 glycine agonists, 228 “Foxy” (5-methoxy- consequences of epigenetic glycine synthesis, 96–101 diisopropyltryptamine), 562 influences, 26 glycine transporters, 33 frontotemporal dementia effects of signal transduction GlyT1 inhibitors, 232–234 cognitive symptoms, 85 cascades, 16–18 grandiose expansiveness functions affected by, 18 in paranoid psychosis, 80 G-protein-linked receptors influence of behavior on, 22–24 GSK (glycogen synthase kinase), 46 activity in absence of agonists, 35 influence on behavior, 22–24 GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3), 18 agonist action, 35–36 molecular mechanism, 18–24 GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) agonist spectrum, 35–43 molecular mechanisms of inhibitors, 46 antagonist action, 36–37 epigenetics, 24 GSK372475 (triple reuptake constitutive activity, 35 regulatory sections of DNA, 18 inhibitor), 365 inverse agonist action, 42–43 result of neurotransmission, 18–24 partial agonist action, 37–42 role of chromatin, 24 habits pharmacologic subtypes, 35–43 triggered by phosphoprotein as compulsive behavior, 539–541 psychotropic drug targets, 35–43 cascade, 16–18 as conditioned responses, 539–541

598

Index

Haldol, 131 HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary- compulsivity endophenotype, 539 hallucinations, 79–80 adrenal) axis, 365 definition of compulsivity, 537–539 in schizophrenia, 81 abnormalities in depression, 313 definition of impulsivity, 537–539 hallucinogen addictions, 561–563 abnormalities related to stress, 431 eating disorders, 563–573 haloperidol, 131, 141 effects of stress, 268–269 endophenotypes, 539 hedonic pleasure center fear response, 394 habit formation, 541–542 mesolimbic dopamine pathway, HT0712 (PDE4 inhibitor), 500 habits, 539–541 542–543 human genome hypothetical shared neurobiology, heroin, 559 number of genes, 18 537 brain’s own (endorphins), 543 Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria, 335 impulsivity endophenotype, 539 herpes zoster (shingles), 425 hydrocodone, 340, 559 mesolimbic dopamine circuit as high-affinity glutamate hyperalgesia, 425 pathway of reward, 542–543 transporters, 29 hyperarousal states, 406 neurocircuitry involved, 539–543 hippocampal-accumbens glutamate hyperglycemic hyperosmolar obesity as, 563–573 pathway, 105 syndrome obsessive–compulsive disorder hippocampus risk with atypical antipsychotics, (OCD), 574–575 dysfunction in schizophrenia, 123 178–179 range of disorders, 537–538 effects of stress, 268–269 hyperkinetic movement disorders, 95 stimulant addiction process, histamine, 5 hyperprolactinemia, 136, 150–151 543–547 and the sleep/wake switch, 450–453 hypersexual disorder, 573 substance addictions, 543–563 mechanisms of inactivation, 33 hypersomnia therapeutic challenge, 537 vesicular transporter, 29 causes and consequences, 465 top-down prefrontal cortical histamine H1 receptor antagonists, mechanism of action of wake- inhibition, 539–541 318 promoting agents, 466–469 ventral to dorsal migration of as hypnotics, 459–461 problems associated with sleep response, 541–543 atypical antipsychotics, 174 deprivation, 465 impulsivity histamine H1 receptors, 450–451 problems with cognitive definition, 539 blockade by conventional performance, 465–466 in psychiatric conditions, 475 antipsychotics, 139–141 treatments, 445 inactivation histamine H2 receptors, 452 hyperthymic temperament, 238 ligand-gated ion channels, 64–65 histamine H3 receptor and mood disorders, 248–252 indole-alkylamines, 562 antagonists, 500 hypochondriasis, 575 inhalants as drugs of abuse, 563 histamine H3 receptors, 452 hypomania, 238 inositol histamine H4 receptors, 452 antidepressant induced, 382 mood-stabilizing properties, 381 histamine receptors with depression, 248–250 insomnia NMDA receptors, 452 hypothalamus and slow-wave sleep, 463 histone acetylation, 24 role in appetite regulation, 564 caused by restless legs syndrome histone deacetylases (HDACs), 24, 26 (RLS), 462 histone demethylases, 24 ICD (International Classification of causes, 452 histone methylation, 24 Diseases), x, 79 definitions, 452 histone methyltransferases, 24 psychosis, 79 insomnia treatment, 444 histones deacetylation, 24 iloperidone, 49–50, 159, 162, 173–174, alpha 2 delta ligands, 462 HIV/AIDS 383 behavioral treatments, 462 protease inhibitors, 49 metabolic risk, 173 benzodiazepine hypnotics, 452–455 reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 49 pharmacologic properties, 197–199 chronic treatment for chronic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, 49 imipramine, 162, 342 insomnia, 452–457 hoarding behavior, 575 immediate early genes, 20–21 cognitive behavioral therapy, 462 homocysteine, 348 impulse control disorders dopamine agonists, 462 hormone-linked signal transduction aggressive and hostile symptoms, 85 doxepin, 461 cascades, 11 impulsive–compulsive disorders dual orexin receptor antagonists influence on gene expression, 17 aggression and violence in (DORAs), 463–464 phosphoprotein messengers, 16 psychiatric disorders, 574 GABAA positive allosteric second messengers, 11 behavior disorders, 573–575 modulators (PAMs), 453–455 hormone response elements (HREs), 17 bottom-up compulsive dorsal histamine H1 receptor antagonists hormones, 5 striatal drives, 539–541 as hypnotics, 459–461 hostile belligerence bottom-up impulsive ventral striatal long-term use of hypnotics, in paranoid psychosis, 80 drives, 539–541 452–453 hostile symptoms compulsion development in drug melatonergic hypnotics, 457 disorders associated with, 85 addiction, 541–542 orexin antagonists, 463–465

599

Index

insomnia treatment (cont.) rashes caused by, 376 LuAA21004. See vortioxetine. psychiatric insomnia and tolerability profile, 376 LuAA24530 (triple reuptake – GABAA PAMs, 455 459 leptin, 565 inhibitor), 365 serotonergic hypnotics, 457–458 leucine zipper type of transcription Ludiomil, 342 single orexin receptor antagonists factor, 20–21 lurasidone, 49–50, 159, 162, 165, (SORAs), 463–464 levetiracetam, 34, 384 381, 383 sleep hygiene, 462 levodopa, 327 in combinations of mood trazodone, 457–458 Lewy body dementia stabilizers, 385 Z-drugs, 453–455 cognitive symptoms, 85 metabolic risk, 173 insulin, 565 licarbazepine, 377, 384 pharmacologic properties, 199–202 intermittent explosive disorder, 574 ligand-gated ion channels, 52 LY2140023 (mGluR presynaptic Internet addiction, 573 adaptive states, 64–65 antagonist/postsynaptic interpersonal therapy, 353 agonist spectrum, 56–64 agonist), 228 intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) allosteric modulation, 65–67 LY293558 (AMPAkine), 228 Alzheimer’s disease trials, 521 AMPA subtype, 56 LY450139 (semagacestat), 521–522 inverse agonist action antagonist action, 57–59 LY451395 (AMPAkine), 500 G-protein-linked receptors, 42–43 desensitization, 64–65 ligand-gated ion channels, 61–63 different receptor states, 64–65 major depressive disorder, 165, 238, ion-channel-linked receptors, 52–53 full agonist action, 56 248 See also ligand-gated ion channels. glutamate receptors, 56 affective symptoms, 85 ion-channel-linked signal inactivation, 64–65 as prodrome of Alzheimer’s disease, transduction cascades, 11 inverse agonist action, 61–63 518–519 activation of CREB, 16–17 negative allosteric modulators disease progression concept, 289 influence on gene expression, 16–17 (NAMs), 65–67 in perimenopausal women, 307–308 phosphoprotein messengers, 13–16 nicotinic cholinergic receptors, 65 symptom overlap with anxiety second messengers, 11 NMDA subtype, 56 disorders, 389–391 ion channels partial agonist action, 58–61 use of combination antidepressant coordination during pentameric subtypes, 54–56 therapies, 362–365 neurotransmission, 74–77 positive allosteric modulators mania, 237–238, 245 functions of, 52 (PAMs), 65–67 and psychosis, 79 major types, 52 psychotropic drug targets, 54 antidepressant induced, 382 psychotropic drug targets, 52 regulation of opening and closing, antimanic actions of atypical See also ligand-gated ion channels; 52–53 antipsychotics, 171 voltage-gated ion channels. structure and function, 54–57 in children and adolescents, 386 ionotropic receptors, 52–53 tetrameric subtypes, 56 mild mania, 383 See also ligand-gated ion channels. lithium, 46, 339, 346, 386 symptoms and circuits, 278–279 iproniazid, 326 and Alzheimer’s disease, 372 See also mood disorders. isocarboxazid, 327 effects on suicidality, 372 MAO. See monoamine oxidase. for mild mania, 383 MAOIs. See monoamine oxidase jet lag, 457 in combinations of mood stabilizers, inhibitors. JNJ10394049 (SORA-2 agent), 464 383 MAPK (MAP kinase, mitogen JNJ17305600 (GlyT1 inhibitor), 232 mood-stabilizing properties, activated protein kinase), 18 Jun protein, 20–21 371–373 maprotiline, 312, 342–343 plus valproate, 374 marijuana, 5 kainate receptors, 101–102 possible mechanisms of action, and schizophrenia, 114 ketamine, 67, 107–108, 350, 563 371–372 brain’s own (anandamide), 543 antidepressant effects, 365–366 side effects, 372–373 effect on appetite, 564 ketoconazole (antifungal drug), 49 locus coeruleus, 394, 463 effects of, 561 kinases, 11, 13–18 lofepramine, 342 MC4R agonists, 571 kleptomania, 573 lorcaserin, 159 MDMA (3,4-methylene- Kraepelin, Emil, 243 lorcaserin (Belviq), 571 dioxymethamphetamine), 30, 562 Loroxyl, 342 meclobemide, 333 Lami-quel mood-stabilizer Lou Gehrig’s disease, 380 mehylone, 563 combination, 385 lovastatin, 49 MEK (MAP kinase/ERK kinase or lamotrigine, 341, 383–384, 386 low back pain, 425, 431 mitogen-activated protein kinase in combinations of mood stabilizers, loxapine, 131 kinase/extracellular signal- 383, 385 Loxitane, 131 regulated kinase kinase), 17 mechanism of action, 376–377 LSD (D-lysergic acid diethylamide), melancholic depression, 245 mood-stabilizing properties, 376–377 562 melanin-concentrating hormone, 565

600

Index

melanocyte 4 receptors (MC4Rs), 565 monoamine neurons bipolar depression, 237–238 melatonergic hypnotics, 457 volume neurotransmission at bipolar disorder NOS (not melatonin, 457 autoreceptors, 8 otherwise specified), 243–244 melatonin secretion monoamine neurotransmitters bipolar spectrum, 243–250 and depression, 313–317 and mood disorders, 237 bipolar ¼ (0.25) disorder, 245 Mellaril, 131 monoamine oxidase (MAO), 46 bipolar ½ (0.5) disorder, 243–247 memantine, 527–531 monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), 86, bipolar I disorder, 238 memory disturbance. See dementia. 142, 257, 327–331 bipolar I ½ (1.5) disorder, 248 meperidine, 339–340 and depression, 331 bipolar II disorder, 238 mephedrone, 563 reversible inhibitors of MAO-A bipolar II ½ (2.5) disorder, 247 mescaline, 562 (RIMAs), 333–335 bipolar III (3.0) disorder, 247–250 mesolimbic dopamine circuit monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), 86, bipolar III ½ (3.5) disorder, 251 pathway of reward in 142, 257, 327–331 bipolar IV (4.0) disorder, 248–252 impulsive–compulsive disorders, monoamine oxidase inhibitors bipolar V (5.0) disorder, 248–250 542–543 (MAOIs), 326–342 bipolar VI (6.0) disorder, 250 mesoridazine, 131 avoidance of serotonergic agents, bipolarity comorbid with metabolic disease risk 335–339 dementia, 250 atypical antipsychotics, 173–180 clinical management solutions, caused by antidepressants, 247–250 metabotropic glutamate receptors 331–342 continuum disease model, 245–247 (mGluRs) dietary tyramine interaction, cyclothymic disorder, 238, 247 presynaptic antagonists/ 331–335 depression, 237–238 postsynaptic agonists, 228 drug–drug interactions, 335–340 depression symptoms and circuits, metformin, 571 interactions with analgesics, 340 273–278 methadone, 340, 560 interactions with anesthetics, 335 depression with hypomania, 248–250 methionine synthase, 348 interactions with decongestants, depressive temperament, 238 methionine synthase reductase, 348 335 description, 237–238 methylation of histones, 24 interactions with opiates, 340 dichotomous disease model, 243–245 methylenedioxypyrovalerone interactions with tricyclic distinguishing unipolar from (MDPV), 563 antidepressants, 339–340 bipolar depression, 250–252 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase MAO-A activity and depression, double depression, 238 genetic variants, 348–350 331 dysthymia, 238 L-methylfolate, 24, 346–350 MAO subtypes, 327–331 future treatments, 365–366 mood-stabilizing properties, 382 myths and misinformation, hyperthymic temperament, 238 methylphenidate, 34, 298, 547 331–340 hypomania, 238 ADHD treatment, 490 reversible inhibitors of MAO-A major depressive disorder, 238, 248 wake-promoting agent, 468 (RIMAs), 333–335 mania, 237–238 methyltransferases, 24 risk of hypertensive crisis, 331–335 mania symptoms and circuits, methyprylon, 559 risk of serotonin toxicity/serotonin 278–279 mianserin, 162, 318–322 syndrome, 335–339 mild mania, 383 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) switching to and from, 340–342 mixed mood state, 238 distinction from normal aging, sympathomimetics to avoid or monoamine hypothesis of 515–519 administer with caution, 335 depression, 262 milnacipran monoamine receptor hypothesis of monoamine receptor hypothesis properties, 309 depression and gene expression, 262–269 mirtazapine, 159, 162, 171, 176, 313, and gene expression, 262–269 mood-centered perspective, 244 318–322, 460 monoamine transporter blockers, mood chart, 238 California rocket fuel (SNRI plus 289–346 mood-related temperaments, 238 mirtazapine), 318, 363 monoamine transporters (SLC6 natural history, 252–253 mitochondria, 257 family) neuroimaging, 280–281 mivacurium, 335 psychotropic drug targets, 29–32 neurotransmitter systems mixed state mood disorders, 238, 245 monoamines involved, 255 antidepressant induced, 382 interactions between, 262 pain associated with, 427–428 MK-4305 (suvorexant), 463–464 mood disorders, 237 pain symptoms, 425 MK-6096, 464 affective symptoms of question of progression, 252–253 modafinil schizophrenia, 82–84 range of moods, 238 mode of action, 466–468 and hyperthymic temperament, rapid cycling, 238 mood-stabilizing properties, 381 248–252 related to substance abuse, 251 monoamine hypothesis of depression, and monoamine neurotransmitters, relationship to psychotic disorders, 262, 289–290 237 243–247

601

Index

mood disorders (cont.) nalmefene, 559 retrograde (reverse) type, 6 schizoaffective disorder, 243–247 naloxone, 560 signal transduction cascades, 9–24 schizo-bipolar disorder, 243–247 naltrexone, 385, 417, 547, 556, 560, target for drug actions, 5–6 stress and depression, 268–273 564 trigger for gene expression, 18–24 unipolar depression, 237–238 bupropion/naltrexone (Contrave), volume type, 6–8 mood stabilizer selection, 382–386 569–571 See also chemical neurotransmission. adolescents, 386 NAMs (negative allosteric neurotransmitter receptor hypothesis benzodiazepines, 385 modulators), 65–67 of depression, 290–292 Boston bipolar brew, 385 narcolepsy, 463–464 neurotransmitter transport breastfeeding patient, 386 GHB treatment, 468 presynaptic reuptake, 28–29 California careful cocktail, 385 Navane, 131 sodium pump, 30–31 carbamazepine combinations, 383 nefazodone, 49, 322 vesicular storage, 28–29 children, 386 negative allosteric modulators neurotransmitter transporters combinations of mood stabilizers, (NAMs), 65–67 high-affinity glutamate 383–385 nerve growth factor (NGF)), 6 transporters, 29 first-line treatments in bipolar NET. See norepinephrine transporter. intracellular synaptic vesicle disorder, 383 neuregulin gene, 115–121 transporters, 29–32 innovative “eminence-based” neurodegenerative disorders, 327–329 plasma membrane transporters, combinations, 385 neurodevelopment 29–30 Lami-quel combination, 385 and ADHD, 480–487 psychotropic drug targets, 28–34 lamotrigine combinations, 383, 385 neuroimaging SLC1 gene family, 29–30 lithium combinations, 383 Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers, SLC6 gene family, 29–30 monotherapy trials, 382–383 517–518 sodium/chloride-coupled pregnant patient, 385–386 circuits in schizophrenia, 120–126 transporters, 29 quetiapine combinations, 385 epistasis in schizophrenia, 126–128 neurotransmitters, 5–6 Tennessee mood shine, 385 gene effects in schizophrenia, as first messengers, 10 valproate combinations, 383 126–128 inputs to neurons, 6 womenandbipolardisorder,385–386 mood disorders, 280–281 location in synapses, 1 mood stabilizers neuroleptic-induced deficit syndrome, retrograde neurotransmitters, 6 anticonvulsants, 373–380 133 similarities of drugs to, 5–6 antipsychotics, 373–381 neuroleptic-induced tardive neurotrophic factors armodafinil, 381 dyskinesia, 95 retrograde neurotransmitters, 6 atypical antipsychotics, 380–381 neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 136 neurotrophin-linked signal benzodiazepines, 381 neuroleptics, 131–132 transduction cascades, 11 definitions, 370–371 neuron genomes influence on gene expression, 17–18 future developments, 387 communication between, 9–10 phosphoprotein messengers, 13–16 inositol, 381 neuronal circuits, 6 second messengers, 11 lithium, 371–373 neurons nicotine, 523–524 L-methylfolate, 382 autoreceptors, 8 brain’s own (acetylcholine), 543 modafinil, 381 dysconnectivity in schizophrenia, effect on appetite, 564 omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and 114–120 effect on nicotinic cholinergic DHA), 381 effects of malfunction, 2 receptors, 65 risks related to antidepressants, 382 excitation–secretion coupling, 8–9 nicotine addiction, 311, 547–553 thyroid hormones, 382 functional alteration by drugs, 2 nicotine dependence, 487 morphine, 5, 335 general structure of a neuron, 2 nicotinic cholinergic receptors, brain’s own (endorphins), 543 inputs from neuronal circuits, 6 523–524 motivational therapies, 227 inputs involving neurotransmitters, desensitization, 65 motor disturbances in psychosis, 80 6 effects of nicotine, 65 motor hyperactivity, 474 nature of, 1–2 positive allosteric modulators mRNA, 18 number in the human brain, 1–2 (PAMs), 524 mTOR (mammalian target of synapses, 1 nicotinic receptor agonists, 500 rapamycin) pathway, 366 neuropeptide Y, 565 nightmares, 406 multi-infarct dementia neuropeptides, 5 nigrostriatal dopamine pathway, 95, 139 cognitive symptoms, 85 mechanisms of inactivation, 33 nitric oxide (NO) muscarine, 523 neurotransmission retrograde neurotransmitter, 6 muscarinic cholinergic receptors, anatomical basis, 1–2 NMDA antagonists, 442 137–140 chemical basis, 5 NMDA blockade blockade by conventional classical type, 6 potential treatment for mood antipsychotics, 137–140 nonsynaptic diffusion type, 6–8 disorders, 365–366

602

Index

NMDA neurotransmission, 232 bupropion/naltrexone (Contrave), associated with anxiety disorders, NMDA receptor hypofunction 569–571 427–428 hypothesis of schizophrenia, lorcaserin (Belviq), 571 associated with mood disorders, 107–111 MC4R agonists, 571 427–428 linking with the dopamine metformin, 571 association with psychiatric hypothesis, 111–113 orlistat, 571 disorders, 422 NMDA receptors, 99–102, 234 phentermine/topiramate ER central mechanisms in neuropathic negative allosteric modulators (Qsmia), 566–569 pain, 425–428 (NAMs), 67 role of 5HT2C receptors, 159 central pain, 421–422 nonspecific cholinesterase, 522–525 tasofensine, 571 definitions, 420 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory zonisamide, 571 definitions of pain states, 421 drugs, 340 obsessive–compulsive disorder functions of, 420 nonsynaptic diffusion (OCD), 299, 346, 574–575 gate theory of pain, 425 neurotransmission, 6–8 cognitive behavioral therapy, 575 hyperalgesia, 425 noradrenaline. See norepinephrine. olanzapine, 48, 159, 162, 173–174, in the presence of emotional noradrenergic hyperactivity in anxiety, 176, 313 symptoms, 427–428 406–410 5HT2C antagonist, 162 low back pain treatment, 346 noradrenergic neurons, 255–262 combined with fluoxetine, 162 neuropathic pain, 423–426 norepinephrine, 5, 237 metabolic risk, 173 nociceptive pathway, 422–423 regulation of 5HT release, 262 pharmacologic properties, 182–183 “normal” pain, 423 norepinephrine dopamine reuptake omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) peripheral mechanisms in inhibitors (NDRIs), 309–312 mood-stabilizing properties, 381 neuropathic pain, 425 in triple action combination (SSRI/ OPC4392 (D2 partial agonist), 168 peripheral pain, 422 SNRI/NDRI), 362–363 opiate addictions, 559–561 psychic pain, 308–309 norepinephrine receptors, 258–262 opiate antagonists, 559 segmental central sensitization, 425 norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors opiates somatic pain, 308–309 (NERIs) interactions with MAOIs, 340 sources of chronic pain conditions, edivoxetine, 313 withdrawal syndrome, 560 420–422 See also selective norepinephrine opioids suprasegmental central reuptake inhibitors (NRIs). interaction with MAOIs, 339 sensitization, 425–428, 431 norepinephrine reuptake pump. oppositional defiant disorder, 574 “wind-up” response, 425 See norepinephrine transporter Orap, 131 See also chronic pain conditions. norepinephrine transporter (NET), orbital frontal cortex pain syndromes 86, 257–258 link with impulsivity, 475 fibromyalgia, 429–430 psychotropic drug target, 29–32 orexin, 565 pain treatments, 429 See also SNRIs, 306 orexin 1 receptors, 463–464 duloxetine, 308–309 norepinephrine transporter (NET) orexin 2 receptors, 463–464 paliperidone, 48, 162 inhibition orexin A, 463 metabolic risk, 173 selective NRIs, 312–313 orexin antagonists, 463–465 pharmacologic properties, 194–196 norepinephrine vesicular orexin B, 463 Pamelor, 342 transporter, 29 Org 24292 (AMPAkine), 228 PAMs. See positive allosteric norfluoxetine, 49, 341 Org 24448 (AMPAkine), 228 modulators Norpramin, 342 Org 25271 (AMPAkine), 228 panic attacks, 346, 394, 406, 412 norquetiapine, 183–185 Org 25501 (AMPAkine), 228 treatments, 415–416 nortriptyline, 342–343 Org 25573 (AMPAkine), 228 panic disorder, 327, 405 nucleosomes, 24 Org-25935/SCH-900435 (GlyT1 in children, 386 nucleus accumbens, 542 inhibitor), 232 treatments, 415–416 Nuvigil, 468 orlistat, 571 paranoid personality disorder, 245 osteoarthritis, 425 paranoid projection obesity oxcarbazepine, 340, 384 in paranoid psychosis, 80 and food addiction, 563–564 potential mood stabilizer, 377–379 paranoid psychosis as an impulsive–compulsive oxycodone, 559 grandiose expansiveness, 80 disorder, 573 hostile belligerence, 80 neurobiology of appetite pain paranoid projection, 80 regulation, 564 activation of nociceptive nerve paraphilias, 573 role of the hypothalamus in appetite fibers, 422–423 Parkinson’s disease, 95, 167, 351 regulation, 564 allodynia, 425 use of MAO-B inhibitors, 327–329 obesity treatment, 566–573 as a psychiatric “vital sign”, Parkinsonian dementia bariatric surgery, 571 422, 441 cognitive symptoms, 85

603

Index

parkinsonism postpartum depression, 245, 361 psychiatric “vital signs” drug-induced, 133–136 postpartum period pain, 422, 441 paroxetine bipolar disorder risk, 385 sleep, 444 discontinuation reactions, 298–299 postpartum psychosis, 361 psychiatric disorders side effects, 298–299 post-stroke dementia consequences of epigenetic unique properties, 298–299 cognitive symptoms, 85 influences, 26 partial agonist action postsynaptic elements, 1 impulsive–compulsive aggression G-protein-linked receptors, 37–42 postsynaptic neuron, 6 and violence, 574 ligand-gated ion channels, 58–61 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychiatric insomnia – perceptual distortions in psychosis, 80 171, 268, 394, 405, 409 and GABAA PAMs, 455 459 performance-enhancing drug blocking reconsolidation of fear psychomimetic hallucinations, 561 GHB, 468 memories, 414–415 psychomotor retardation perimenopausal women painful physicial symptoms, 428 in depressive psychosis, 80 and bipolar disorder, 385 treatments, 417–419 psychopathology effectiveness of SSRIs and SNRIs, pramipexole, 167, 385 dimensions of, x–xi 307–308 pravastatin, 49 psychopathy, 574 treatment of depression, 307–308 prazocin, 407 psychopharmacology vasomotor symptoms, 305, 307–308 PRC200-SS (triple reuptake inhibitor), influencing abnormal Periodic Limb Movement Disorder 365 neurotransmission, 6 (PLMD), 462 prefrontal cortex targets within signal transduction perospirone and ADHD, 471–479 cascades, 11 pharmacologic properties, 213 volume neurotransmission of psychosis perphenazine, 131 dopamine, 8 clinical description, 79 Pertofran, 342 pregabalin, 71, 384–385, 403–405, 414, depressive psychosis, 80 phantom limb pain, 425 437 difficulty of definition, 79 pharmaceutical industry, 286 properties, 379 disorders associated with, 79 pharmacodynamic actions of drugs, 47 pregnancy disorders defined by, 79 pharmacokinetics, 46–47 and bipolar disorder, 385–386 disorganized/excited psychosis, 80 phencyclidine (PCP), 67, 107–108, 563 environmental factors in ADHD, motor disturbances, 80 phenelzine, 327 480 nature of behavioral disturbances, phentermine, 573 treatment of depression, 79–80 phentermine/topiramate ER (Qsmia), 357–361 paranoid psychosis, 80 566–569 use of mood stabilizers, 385–386 perceptual distortions, 80 phenylalkylamines, 562 premenstrual dysphoric disorder, 290 types of, 79 phosphatases, 11, 13–17 presynaptic elements, 1 psychotherapy phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) presynaptic neuron, 6 as an epigenetic “drug”, 352–353 inhibitors, 500 pro-apoptic actions, 46 combined with antidepressants, phosphoprotein cascade triggering prolactin 352–353 gene expression, 16–18 effects of atypical antipsychotics, role in schizophrenia treatment, phosphoprotein messengers, 13–16 150–151 226–227 Pick’s dementia effects of elevated levels, 95 psychotic depression, 245 cognitive symptoms, 85 Prolixin, 131 affective symptoms, 85 pimozide, 49, 131 pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) positive symptoms, 85 “pines” (peens), 154, 162 neurons, 565 psychotic disorder due to a medical pharmacologic properties, 190 protease inhibitors (for HIV/AIDS), condition, 79 piperidinedione derivatives, 559 49 psychotic disorders Piportil, 131 protein kinase A, 16 relationship to mood disorders, pipothiazine, 131 Prothiaden, 342 243–247 placebo effect proton pump mechanism psychotropic drug metabolism in antidepressant clinical trials, 285 vesicular neurotransmitter role of CYP450 (cytochrome P450) plasma membrane neurotransmitter transport, 34 enzymes, 46–47 transporters, 29–30 protriptyline, 342–343 psychotropic drug targets positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), Prozac (fluoxetine), 6 cytochrome P450 enzymes, 46–51 65–67 PRX03140 (5HT6 antagonist), 500 enzymes, 43–51 AMPA PAMs (AMPAkines), 228 PRX07034 (5HT6 antagonist), 500 G-protein-linked receptors, benzodiazepines, 403 pseudobulbar affect, 366 35–43 postmenopausal women pseudocholinesterase, 522–525 ligand-gated ion channels, 54 effectiveness of SSRIs and psilocybin, 562 monoamine transporters (SLC6 SNRIs, 308 psychedelic hallucinations, 561 family), 29–32

604

Index

neurotransmitter transporters, RNA polymerase, 18–20 NMDA receptor hypofunction 28–34 RNA translation, 20 hypothesis of, 107–111 range of targets, 28 ropinirole, 167, 385 relationship to mood disorders, sites of action, 28 RSG4 gene, 116 243–247 vesicular transporters (SLC18 gene RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase), 18 risk genes, 115–116 family), 34 suicide risk, 80–81 pyromania, 573 SAM-315 (5HT6 antagonist), 500 susceptibility genes, 114–120 SAM-531 (5HT6 antagonist), 500 treatment-resistant affective Qsmia (phentermine/topiramate ER), SAMe (S-adenosyl-methionine), symptoms, 85 566–569 24, 350 ventromedial prefrontal cortex quetiapine, 49–50, 156, 159, 162, sarcosine (GlyT1 inhibitor), 232, 234 (VMPFC) neuroimaging, 171, 173–174, 176, 300, 313, 381, SB334867 (SORA-1 agent), 464 122–126 383, 460 SB408124 (SORA-1 agent), 464 schizophrenia and dopamine, 86–96 effects at different doses, 185–189 SB410220 (SORA-1 agent), 464 dopaminergic neurons, 86–89 effects in different formulations, 185 SB649868 (almorexant), 463 key dopamine pathways in the in combinations of mood SB674042 (SORA-1 agent), 464 brain, 91 stabilizers, 385 SB742457 (5HT6 antagonist), 500 mesocortical dopamine pathway metabolic risk, 173 SCH 1381252 (beta secretase and affective symptoms, 92–94 pharmacologic properties, 183–189 inhibitor), 522 mesocortical dopamine pathway quinidine, 366 schizoaffective disorder, 243–247 and cognitive symptoms, 92–94 affective symptoms, 85 mesocortical dopamine pathway racemic citalopram, 299 and psychosis, 79 and negative symptoms, 92–94 radafaxine, 310 positive symptoms, 85 mesolimbic dopamine pathway and Raf (kinase), 17 schizobipolar disorder, 243–247 negative symptoms, 94–95 ramelteon, 453, 457 schizoid personality disorder, 245 mesolimbic dopamine pathway and rapacuronium, 335 schizophrenia, 85 positive symptoms, 89–92 rapid cycling in mood disorders, amygdala neuroimaging, 122–126 mesolimbic dopamine pathway and 238 and psychosis, 79 reward, 94–95 antidepressant induced, 382 brain circuits and symptom nigrostriatal dopamine pathway, 95 Ras protein, 17 dimensions, 85–86 thalamic dopamine pathway, 96 rasagiline, 327 cardiovascular disease risk, 80–81 tuberoinfundibular dopamine reboxetine, 312 definition, 81 pathway, 95 recurrent thoughts, 395 direct and indirect costs schizophrenia and glutamate, 96–111 Research Domain Criteria in the US, 81 faulty NMDA synapses on GABA in DSM, x dopamine hypothesis of, 86, 89–96 interneurons in prefrontal cortex, use for diagnosis, 474 dorsolateral prefrontal cortex 107–111 reserpine, 34 (DLPFC) neuroimaging, glutamate receptors, 101–102 restless legs syndrome (RLS), 462 122–126 glutamate synthesis, 96 retrograde (reverse) dysconnectivity genes, 115–116 key glutamate pathways in the neurotransmission, 6 dysconnectivity of neurons, brain, 102–106 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (for 114–120 synthesis of D-serine, 96–101 HIV/AIDS), 49 environmental factors, 114–120 synthesis of glutamate co- reversible inhibitors of MAO-A genetic risk factors, 114–120 transmitters, 96–101 (RIMAs), 333–335 hippocampal dysfunction, 123 synthesis of glycine, 96–101 reward pathway incidence, 80 schizophrenia future treatments, mesolimbic dopamine circuit, influence of epigenetics, 114–115 227–235 94–95, 542–543 life expectancy of patients, 80–81 AMPAkines, 228 RG1678 (bitopertin), 232, 234 linking NMDA receptor glycine agonists, 228 RG3487 (acetylcholine booster), hypofunction and dopamine GlyT1 inhibitors, 232–234 500 hypotheses, 111–114 mGluR presynaptic antagonists/ rifampin, 49 mortality rate, 80–81 postsynaptic agonists, 228 riluzole, 384 neurodevelopmental factors, presymptomatic treatments, 235 properties, 379–380 114–120 prodromal treatments, 235 rimonabant, 556, 561 neuroimaging circuits, 120–126 selective glycine reuptake inhibitors risperidone, 48, 162, 171, 173, 385 neuroimaging epistasis, 126–128 (SGRIs), 232–234 metabolic risk, 173 neuroimaging of gene effects, targeting cognitive symptoms, 235 pharmacologic properties, 190–194 126–128 schizophrenia symptoms See also paliperidone. neurotransmitters and pathways affective blunting or flattening, 82 rivastigmine, 526–527 involved, 86–114 affective symptoms, 83–84

605

Index

schizophrenia symptoms (cont.) L-serine transporter (SER-T), 101 sertraline aggressive symptoms, 84 serotonergic hypnotics, 457–458 dopamine receptor (DAT) alogia, 82 serotonin, 5, 237 inhibition, 297–298 anhedonia, 82 and anxiety, 405–406 sigma 1 receptor binding, 297–298 asociality, 82 synthesis, 142 unique properties, 297–298 assessment of negative termination of action, 142–143 setiptilene, 318 symptoms, 82 See also 5HT (5- sexual acting out, 85 auditory hallucinations, 81 hydroxytryptamine). sexual dysfunction, 95 avolition, 82 serotonin antagonist/reuptake shared psychotic disorder, 245 cognitive symptoms, 83–85 inhibitors (SARIs), 322–326 sibutramine, 573 delusions, 81 serotonin norepinephrine dopamine sigma 1 receptor binding hallucinations, 81 reuptake inhibitors (SNDRIs), fluvoxamine, 299 in other disorders, 85 365 sertraline, 297–298 negative symptoms, 81–83, 113–114 serotonin norepinephrine reuptake signal transduction cascades, 9–24 positive symptoms, 81, 111–113 inhibitors (SNRIs), 302–309, 405 activation of CREB transcription prodromal negative symptoms, 83 California rocket fuel (SNRI plus factor, 16–17 subcategories by symptom mirtazapine), 363 forming a second messenger, 11–13 dimensions, 83–85 desvenlafaxine, 307–308 G-protein-linked systems, 11 treatment, 83 dopamine increase in the prefrontal hormone-linked systems, 11 schizophrenia treatment cortex, 305–306 ion-channel-linked systems, 11 early discoveries of antipsychotic duloxetine, 308–309 kinases, 11, 13–18 drugs, 131 effectiveness in postmenopausal molecular mechanism of gene psychotherapy and atypical women, 308 expression, 18–24 antipsychotics, 226–227 effects of NET inhibition, neurotransmission trigger for gene See also antipsychotics; atypical 305–306 expression, 18–24 antipsychotics; conventional in triple action combination neurotransmitter first antipsychotics. (SSRI/SNRI/NDRI), 362–363 messengers, 10 schizophreniform disorder, 245 milnacipran, 309 neurotrophin-linked systems, 11 and psychosis, 79 venlafaxine, 306–307 phosphatases, 11, 13–17 schizotypal personality disorder, 245 serotonin partial agonist reuptake phosphoprotein cascade triggering scopolamine, 350, 523 inhibitors (SPARIs) gene expression, 16–18 seasonal affective disorder, 245 vilazodone, 300–302 phosphoprotein messengers, 13–16 second-generation antipsychotics. serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors potential targets for psychotropic See atypical antipsychotics. (SSRIs), 290–300, 405 drugs, 11 second-messenger formation, 11–13 citalopram, 299 range of genes targeted by, 18 sedating actions common features, 291–296 sequence of messengers, 10–11 atypical antipsychotics, 171–173 discontinuation reactions, 298–299 targets, 13 sedative hypnotic actions effectiveness in postmenopausal types of, 11 atypical antipsychotics, 171–173 women, 308 silent antagonist drug action, 36–37 sedative hypnotics escitalopram, 300 simvastatin, 49 addiction to, 559 fluoxetine, 297 Sinequaan, 342 selective glycine reuptake inhibitors fluvoxamine, 299 single orexin receptor antagonists (SGRIs), 101, 232–234, 413 in triple action combination (SSRI/ (SORAs), 463–464 selective melatonin agonists, 457 SNRI/NDRI), 362–363 SLC1 gene family transporters, 29, 33 selective norepinephrine reuptake paroxetine, 298–299 SLC6 gene family transporters, 29, 33 inhibitors (NRIs) SERT blockade, 291–296 monoamine transporters, 32 atomoxetine, 312 sertraline, 297–298 SLC17 gene family transporters, 29, 34 reboxetine, 312 unique properties of individual SLC18 gene family transporters, 29, 34 selegiline, 327, 333 SSRIs, 296–300 SLC18 gene family vesicular self-injurious behaviors, 85 serotonin toxicity/serotonin syndrome transporters Selinco, 559 risk with MAOIs, 335–339 psychotropic drug targets, 34 semagacestat (LY450139), 521–522 serotonin transporter (SERT), 6, 142 SLC32 gene family transporters, 29, 34 SEP-225289 (triple reuptake blockade by SSRIs, 291–296 sleep inhibitor), 365 psychotropic drug target, as a psychiatric “vital sign”, 444 Serentil, 131 29–32 effects of slow-wave sleep, 463 serine hydroxymethyltransferase serotonin vesicular transporter, 29 sleep and wakefulness (SHMT), 101 SERT. See serotonin transporter. arousal spectrum, 445 D-serine synthesis, 96–101 sertindole, 49–50 role of histamine, 450–453 D-serine transporter (D-SER-T), 101 pharmacologic properties, 215 sleep/wake switch, 445–453

606

Index

sleep deprivation, 350 and vulnerability to depression, 273 chemical neurotransmission problems associated with, 465 BDNF effects, 268–269 process, 6 sleepiness brain atrophy and depression, direction of communication, 1 causes and consequences, 465 268–269 dysconnectivity genes, 115–116 mechanism of action of wake- effects of environmental stress, 273 experience-dependent development, promoting agents, 466–469 effects on glucocorticoid levels, 114–115 problems associated with sleep 268–269 location of, 1 deprivation, 465 effects on the hippocampus, location of neurotransmitter, 1 problems with cognitive 268–269 number in the human brain, 1–2 performance, 465–466 effects on the HPA (hypothalamic- postsynaptic elements, 1 slow-wave sleep pituitary-adrenal) axis, 268–269 presynaptic elements, 1 effects of, 463 stress sensitization of brain circuits, synaptic vesicle transporters, 29–32 smoking 409 effect on CYP450 1A2, 48 substance abuse tapentadol, 340 social anxiety disorder, 405 mood disorders related to, 251 tardive dyskinesia, 95 treatments, 416–417 substance addictions, 543–563 tasimelteon, 457 social phobia, 327 alcohol dependence, 551–559 tasofensine, 365, 571 sodium/chloride-coupled transporters, and the mesolimbic dopamine temper dysregulation, 386 29 reward pathway, 542–543 temperaments sodium oxybate barbiturates, 559 mood-related, 238 wake-promoting agent, 468–470 bath salts as synthetic stimulants, Tennessee mood shine (mood- sodium potassium ATPase (adenosine 563 stabilizer combination), 385 triphosphatase), 31 club drugs, 563 Tercian, 131 sodium pump, 30–31 development of compulsions, terminal autoreceptors solanezumab, 521 541–542 5HT1B/D receptors, 159–160 solute carrier gene families. See SLC hallucinogens, 561–563 tetrabenazine, 34 gene families. inhalants, 563 tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), 346 somatization, 575 marijuana, 561 thalamo-cortical glutamate pathway, SORA-1 agents, 464 nicotine, 547–553 106 SORA-2 agents, 464 opiate addictions, 559–561 THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), SORAs (single orexin receptor sedative hypnotics, 559 561 antagonists), 463–464 stimulant addiction process, 543–547 theophyllin, 48 specific neutral amino acid transporter toluene, 563 therapeutic window (SNAT), 96–98, 100 substance-induced psychotic disorder atypical antipsychotics, 152–154 SSR 241586 (GlyT1 inhibitor), 232 and psychosis, 79 thioridazine, 131 SSR 504734 (GlyT1 inhibitor), 232 substance use disorders, 385 thioridazone, 49 SSRIs. See serotonin selective reuptake subsyndromal/ultra-high-risk thiothixene, 131 inhibitors. psychosis prodrome, 245 Thorazine, 131 Stablon, 342 suicidality thyroid hormones, 385 STAR-D trial of antidepressants, 287 antidepressant induced, 382 as antidepressant augmenting statins effects of lithium, 372 agents, 350 drug interactions, 49 suicide, 85 possible mood-stabilizing Stelazine, 131 in adolescents, 386 effect, 382 stereotyped behaviors sulpiride, 131, 168 tiagabine, 33 impulsive–compulsive dimension, pharmacologic properties, 211 tianeptine, 342 574 supplementary motor area, 474 tic disorders, 95 stereotyped movement disorders suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), impulsive–compulsive dimension, impulsive–compulsive dimension, 313–317, 457 574 574 Surmontil, 342 Tofranil, 342 Sternbach criteria for serotonin suvorexant (MK-4305), 463–464 toluene, 563 toxicity, 335 SV2A transporter, 34 topiramate, 384–385, 559, 564 Stevens–Johnson Syndrome, 376 symptom endophenotypes, x–xi properties, 379 stimulants, 468 SYN114 (5HT6 antagonist), 500 Tourette’s syndrome ADHD treatment, 487–493 SYN120 (5HT6 antagonist), 500 impulsive–compulsive dimension, effects on appetite, 564 synapses, 1 574 use as drugs of abuse, 491–492 asymmetric type, 1 toxic epidermal necrolysis, 376 stress, 365 axoaxonic type, 1 tramadol, 339–340 and depression vulnerability genes, axodendritic type, 1 transcranial magnetic stimulation 269–273 axosomatic type, 1 (TMS), 350–351

607

Index

transcription factors, 18–20 valproate, 341, 372–373, 384, 386 Vivactil, 342 leucine zipper type, 20–21 for mild mania, 383 vocational rehabilitation, 227 tranylcypromine, 327 in combinations of mood stabilizers, voltage-gated ion channels, 52 trazodone, 322–326, 341, 453 383 structure and function, 67–74 insomnia treatment, 457–458 mood-stabilizing properties, voltage-sensitive calcium channels trial-based therapy, 353 373–375 (VSCCs), 9, 71–73 triazolam, 49 possible mechanisms of action, subtypes, 71–73 trichotillomania (compulsive hair 373–374 voltage-sensitive sodium channels pulling), 575 possible side effects in women, 385 (VSSCs), 9, 68–71 tricyclic antidepressants, 49, 159, 312, side effects, 375 volume neurotransmission, 6–8 342–346 valproate sodium. See valproate. vortioxetine, 159, 162, 365, 500 antihistamine properties, 460 valproic acid. See valproate. interactions with MAOIs, varenicline, 385, 500, 549–551 wake-promoting agents 339–340 vascular dementia, 504 amphetamine, 468 potential for death in overdose, cognitive symptoms, 85 armodafinil, 468 343–346 vasomotor symptoms caffeine, 469 side effects, 343–346 in perimenopausal women, 307–308 gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), trifluoperazine, 131 vasopressin 1B antagonists, 365 468–470 Trilafon, 131 venlafaxine, 48, 304 methylphenidate, 468 trimipramine, 342 extended-release formulation, 307 modafinil, 466–468 triple reuptake inhibitors (TRIs), 365 properties, 306–307 sodium oxybate, 468–470 TriRima (CX157), 335 venlafaxine XR, 307 stimulants, 468 Tryprizol, 342 ventromedial prefrontal cortex Xyrem, 468–470 tryptophan, 142 (VMPFC), 122 weight loss treatment, 463 tryptophan hydroxylase, 142, 346 in schizophrenia, 122–126 Wellbutrin, 298 tuberoinfundibular dopamine vesicular acetylcholine transporter women pathway, 95 (VAChT), 29, 34 bipolar disorder and mood tuberomammillary nucleus, 452, 463 vesicular glutamate transporters stabilizers, 385–386 “two pips and a rip”, 154, 162 (VGluT), 29, 34, 115 possible side effects of valproate, 385 pharmacologic properties, 211 vesicular inhibitory amino acid type 2 diabetes transporters (VIAATs), 29, 34, Xanax (alprazolam), 5 Alzheimer’s disease risk factor, 515 397 Xyrem, 468–470 typical antipsychotics. vesicular monoamine transporter 2 See conventional antipsychotics. (VMAT2), 30, 86, 142, 258 Z-drugs, 341, 453–455, 559 tyramine in the diet vesicular monoamine transporters zaleplon, 341, 453, 455 interaction with MAOIs, 331–335 (VMATs), 29 ziprasidone, 49–50, 159, 162, 171, 342 tyrosine, 86, 257 vesicular neurotransmitter metabolic risk, 173 tyrosine hydroxylase, 86, 257, 346 transporters, 29–32 pharmacologic properties, tyrosine pump (transporter), 86 proton pump mechanism, 34 196–197 SLC18 gene family targets for Zoloft, 298 unipolar depression, 237–238 psychotropic drugs, 34 zolpidem, 341, 453–455 distinguishing from bipolar subtypes and functions, 33–34 zonisamide, 384–385, 564, 571 depression, 250–252 vilazodone, 159, 300–302, 365, 405 zopiclone, 453–455 violence zotepine, 48–50, 171 vabacaserin, 159 impulsive–compulsive behavior in pharmacologic properties, 190 Valium (diazepam), 5 psychiatric disorders, 574 zuclopenthixol, 131

608