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Family Preservation and Fatalities: the Effect of Policy on Child Maltreatment Deaths

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Family Preservation and Fatalities: the Effect of Policy on Child Maltreatment Deaths University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Fall 2020 Family Preservation and Fatalities: The Effect of Policy on Child Maltreatment Deaths Madison N. Sundberg University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Sundberg, Madison N., "Family Preservation and Fatalities: The Effect of Policy on Child Maltreatment Deaths" (2020). Master's Theses and Capstones. 1400. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/1400 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Family Preservation and Fatalities: The Effect of Policy on Child Maltreatment Deaths By Madison N. Sundberg Psychology, B.S., James Madison University, 2018 THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Justice Studies September, 2020 This thesis was examined and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Justice Studies by: Thesis Director, David Finkelhor, Ph.D., Sociology Professor; Director, Crimes Against Children Research Center Heather Turner, Ph.D., Sociology Department Chair, Professor Cesar J. Rebellon, Ph.D., Criminology, Law, and Society Professor, George Mason University On August 3rd, 2020 Approval signatures are on file with the University of New Hampshire Graduate School. ii Dedication To my dad, for sharing his profession and to my grandfather, for sharing his university. iii Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank my committee, especially Dr. Finkelhor, for their patience and support throughout this process. Your time is greatly appreciated. Second, thank you, Josh, for moving 600 miles away from home in order for me pursue this degree—and another one. I’m grateful to have you on my team. Mom and Dad, thank you for years of tireless support in sports, school, career aspirations, and all other endeavors, no matter how unrealistic they might have been. Dutch, thank you for always letting me bounce ideas off of you and for your last-minute map making assistance. Also, I’d like to take time here to put this in ink: I still have ridden more rollercoasters than you. Nana and Grandpa, thank you for all the support and assistance you have provided throughout my academic career. Thank you for supplementing my grad school budget with well-cooked meals, free laundry, and ice hockey tickets. Go Wildcats! Thank you to all my friends at Quantico. Without you, I would not be walking down the path I am today. Thank you for including me on your cases and research. It has been an honor to work with each of you over the past three summers. I hope I might be lucky enough to cross paths with you all again in the future. A special thank you to Joe for all the support you have provided over the years. Jen W., thank you taking an interest in an intern above and beyond what was required of you. I have appreciated your help on this thesis and for keeping me in the loop when I am away from the office. I couldn’t have asked for a better mentor and role model. Thank you to the Alley family for letting me take over their basement for a summer in order to have the best of both worlds. Thanks to Katie and Andie, who were always available when I needed them most. I am so grateful for my amazing cohort in the MAJS program. It is not often you find a group of people who share joy equally in each other’s successes. I am so excited to see where life takes you. I will cherish the memories made at our favorite watering holes forever. Cheers! We made it. Finally, thank you to all my professors (and Deb!) in the MAJS program. I am very lucky to have met each one of you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................iv LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES ...............................................................................................................vii ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................viii SECTION PAGE I. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................1 Maltreatment Typologies ...........................................................................................2 Motivational Models ......................................................................................3 Neglect Related ..................................................................................3 Care Neglect ..........................................................................4 Supervisory or Environmental Neglect ..................................4 Medical Neglect .....................................................................5 Abuse Related .....................................................................................5 The Unwanted Child ..........................................................................5 Altruistic Killings ...............................................................................6 Perpetrators ................................................................................................................7 Victims .......................................................................................................................9 U.S. Trends of Child Maltreatment vs. Homicides ........................................13 Age as a Risk Factor ......................................................................................14 Gender as a Risk Factor ................................................................................14 Race as a Risk Factor ....................................................................................15 Additional Risk Factors .................................................................................16 Involvement with Child Protective Services ..............................................................17 Factors That May Influence Child Maltreatment Fatalities .......................................19 Preventing Child Maltreatment Through Legislation ................................................20 Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act ...................................................20 Removing Children to Prevent Maltreatment ....................................20 Adoption Assistance Welfare Act and Adoption and Safe Families Act ........21 v TABLE OF CONTENTS, CONTINUED SECTION PAGE Family Preservation Services ............................................................22 State Differences That May Impact Child Maltreatment Fatalities ...........................24 Summary and Need for Research ..............................................................................24 II. METHODS ........................................................................................................................27 Dependent Variable: Child Maltreatment Fatalities ..................................................27 Main Predictor Variable: State Preservation Emphasis .............................................29 Control Variables .......................................................................................................30 Racial Makeup and State Youth Population ..................................................30 Rate of Single Parent Homes .........................................................................31 State Unemployment Rate and Average Income ............................................31 State Political Leaning ...................................................................................31 Average Welfare Expenditures ......................................................................32 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................35 III. RESULTS ........................................................................................................................36 IV. DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................40 V. LIMITATIONS .................................................................................................................41 VI. FUTURE DIRECTIONS .................................................................................................42 VII. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................42 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................44 vi LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. 2018 Child Maltreatment Fatalities by Perpetrator Relationship ......................................7 2. 2018 Child Maltreatment Fatalities by Race .....................................................................16 3. List of Variables Used in Analyses ....................................................................................33
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