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LAC™ Linde Ammonia Concept Putting our engineering and operational expertise to work for you Direct path to ammonia efficiency with LAC™

Most operators of ammonia plants face Linde is the only company worldwide that More flexibility for you: similar challenges. On the one hand, they designs, owns and operates hydrogen, would welcome greater flexibility – over both synthesis gas and ammonia plants using its →→ Wide feedstock envelope – extending their feedstock envelope and their choice of own technologies. LAC thus builds on the from natural gas and hydrogen-rich gas to possible co-products. And, on the other, they unique, hands-on insights Linde has gained naphtha and heavy fuel oil need to optimize plant economics. as both engineer and operator of ammonia →→ Clean syngas generation provides (NH₃) plants over the decades. This standout co-product flexibility (e.g. hydrogen, Linde Engineering developed the Linde concept eliminates the inert gas “ballast” carbon monoxide and methanol, Ar, N₂, O₂, Ammonia Concept (LAC) specifically to meet during syngas generation and further CO₂) these challenges. Not only does it increase intensifies ammonia synthesis. A streamlined →→ Higher capital efficiency – fewer units process flexibility compared with conventional process flow also enhances plant reliability required, lower gas flows and less “ballast” ammonia processes, it also enables a smaller overall. (low CAPEX) equipment footprint for maximum capital →→ Process efficiency gains enabled by inert- efficiency. The vast, long-standing experience Linde has free syngas generation (low OPEX) gained in this area enables it to customize all →→ Cost savings with lower losses LAC builds to individual feedstock, co-product, →→ Less maintenance with smaller footprint process efficiency and cost targets. and reliable design →→ Plant designs customized to individual needs →→ Low capacity standardized plants available

Comparison of conventional NH₃ process with Linde Ammonia Concept (LAC™.L1)

CO₂

Desulfur- Primary Secondary CO₂ Metha- Ammonia Feed HT Shift LT Shift NH₃ ization Reformer Reformer Removal nation Synthesis

Purge Gas Air Separation

Temp°C Downstream of this point, the flow rate of a conventional plant is 30 to 80% higher than that of the LAC process 1,000

800

600

400

200 LAC™ Process Conventional 0 Plant

–200

Desulfur- Primary Isothermal Ammonia Feed PSA NH₃ ization Reformer Shift Synthesis Cost-related factors • Number of temperature changes Nitrogen • Temperature levels Air Unit • Flow rate • CO₂ removal optional • Volume of equipment & catalyst requirements

Efficiency-related factors • Heat exchange losses • Pressure drops LAC.L1, the Linde Ammonia Concept for light hydrocarbons, consists Pure nitrogen (N₂) generated by the N₂ unit is fed into the process essentially of a state-of-the-art hydrogen plant with a: flow directly before the NH₃ syngas loop. This reduces the load on the syngas generation plant by avoiding air inerts and introducing the N₂ →→ single-stage isothermal shift reactor (ISR) exactly when it is required. →→ pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit →→ standard nitrogen unit and Overall, LAC reduces the number of process steps by avoiding three →→ high-efficiency, purge-free ammonia synthesis loop catalytic steps, eliminating the need for CO₂ removal and overcoming the need for a purge gas recovery unit. Following feed treatment, Linde’s high-efficiency top-fired primary reformer converts the hydrocarbons into syngas containing mainly hydrogen (H₂) and carbon monoxide (CO). Because no air is introduced to the process at this stage, inert gases are kept to a minimum – as they are limited to the gases resulting from the respective feedstock composition. This reduces the syngas cooling chain footprint.

Proof of concept

Built almost 40 years ago and still in operation, the first LAC was based on a liquid feed. This concept is still successfully deployed to this day.

The design includes an air separation unit, which also produces the pure oxygen (O₂) for the gasification process. A downstream sour shift increases the H₂ yield. Linde’s RECTISOL® wash unit removes sulfur compounds and CO₂, which can then be used for downstream processes such as urea production. The downstream cryogenic N₂ wash unit reduces the inerts to the lowest achievable levels with H₂ losses of less than 1%. This further increases process efficiencies as the gas stream already has the N₂/H₂ ratio required for the NH₃ synthesis loop.

Linde Ammonia Concept (LAC™.H) with liquid feed

COS,H₂S

CO₂

Non-Cat. Ammonia Heavy Feed Feed Treatment Sour Shift RECTISOL® N₂ Wash NH₃ POX Synthesis

Heat Integration

O₂ Air ASU N₂ Overview of LAC™ options:

CO₂ Removal CO₂ (optional) H₂ Feed Primary Isothermal Ammonia Feed PSA NH₃ Treatment Reformer Shift Synthesis LAC.L1 ASU Air N₂ (N₂ Unit)

CO₂

Feed Primary Cat/Non-Cat Isothermal N₂ Wash Ammonia Feed CO₂ Removal NH₃ Treatment Reformer Oxidation Shift Unit Synthesis LAC.L2 NH₃ ASU O₂ Syngas Air (N₂/O₂ Unit) N₂

CO₂ Removal CO₂ (optional)

Purge Gas

H₂ Ammonia H₂-Rich Gas PSA NH₃ Synthesis LAC.L3 ASU Air N₂ (N₂ Unit) COS,H₂S

CO₂

Feed Non-Cat. Sour CO₂ Removal Ammonia Heavy Feed N₂ Wash NH₃ Treatment POX Shift (RECTISOL®) Synthesis LAC.H ASU O₂ Air (N₂/O₂ Unit) N₂ References

Project Country Capacity mtpd Year of Start-up Feedstock Co-products Remarks on Concept

Bharuch India 1350 (Revamped: 2000) 1981 Oil CO, Methanol LAC.H for heavy feedstock Dalian China 1000 1996 Oil – LAC.H for heavy feedstock Vadodara India 1350 1998 NG + Naphtha Ar, H₂ + N₂ LAC.L1 Moura Australia 230 1999 NG – LAC.L1 Phosphate Hill Australia 600 1999 NG – LAC.L1 Jilin China 1000 2003 Oil – LAC.H for heavy feedstock Daqing China 250 2005 NG – LAC.L1 Jubail Saudi Arabia 615 2016 NG CO, H₂ No isothermal shift due to CO product Togliatti Russia 1340 2017 NG H₂ LAC.L1, H₂ extraction Rock Springs USA Confidential 2017 NG – LAC.L1 Salalah Oman 1000 2020 MeOH-Purge gas – LAC.L3, no syngas generation due to H₂-rich feedstock Plant engineering at aglance Core competencies +49 7445 89 Phone: 4203, www.linde-engineering.com/contact inquiry: team: plants gas synthesis and hydrogen our with touch in Get Discover how we can contribute to your success at www.linde-engineering.com world. the in –anywhere best needs their fit that services and components plants, the to deliver Linde on rely always can Customers components. and plants processing ofgas construction and management project design, the in step every covers company The conditions. all under operate that solutions develop specialists engineering Linde’s designs, to customized standardized from to world-scale, small- from Arctic, to the desert the From theMaking impossible possible level. next to the performance asset take consistently we services, support and operational remote and on-site to offer technologies digital latest the Leveraging revamps. to full repairs and maintenance –from way ofthe step every customers supports team service PLANTSERV® LINDE The lifecycle. plant entire the along extends to innovation commitment This expectations. profitability and reliability customers’ our to exceed services and technologies process innovative offers Linde company, engineering and operator plant integrated an as ofLinde synergies unique the on Building needs. ofindividual understanding in-depth an to gain customers our with closely We work lifecycle plant entire the along excellence Operational processing. metal and to electronics fertilizers and petrochemicals through refining oil and gas natural –from industries multiple across ofcustomers success the in role indispensable an plays expertise processing gas proven company’s The flows. process innovate and productivity lifecycle plant to enhance customers with closely collaborates company the relationships, business lasting trusted, Favoring globe. the around projects engineering plant 4,000 than more delivering 140 successfully for years, technologies processing gas optimizing been has Linde efficiency capital maximum for plants process reliable Delivering processing of gases and Your production for the partner → → → → → → → → RECTISOL® and LINDE PLANTSERV® are EU-registered trademarks of The Linde Group. Trademark registrations and their status may differ from one location to another. Copyright © 2019. Linde AG. ©2019. Linde Copyright another. to location one from differ may status their and registrations Trademark Group. Linde The of Group. Linde The trademarks of atrademark is EU-registered are LAC™ AG. Linde of PLANTSERV® LINDE trademarks and are word Linde RECTISOL® the and logo Linde The Group. Linde The within companies by used name atrading is Linde → → → → → → → → Air separation plants LNG and natural gas processing plants Petrochemical plants Hydrogen and synthesis gas plants Adsorption plants Cryogenic plants Cryogenic Carbon captureCarbon and utilization plants Furnaces, fired heaters, incinerators

→ → → → → → → → → Component manufacturing → → → → → → → → → Spiral-welded aluminum pipes vaporizers bath Water vaporizers Air-heated Liquefied helium and tanks containers Cryogenic storage tanks columns Cryogenic exchangers heat Plate-fin exchangers heat Coil-wound Coldboxes and modules → → → → → → → Services → → → → → → → Operator training Operator inventory part spare and operations plants, for reviews Expert contracts service Long-term and immediate repairs troubleshooting Operational support, Spare parts Plant relocations Revamps and plant modifications

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