The Influence of Workplace Culture on the Continuing Professional
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The influence of workplace culture on the continuing professional development of emergency medical services providers in Saudi Arabia: an ethnographic study Submitted by Yousef Mohammed J Alshahrani A thesis submitted to fulfil the requirement of the Doctor of Philosophy degree Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Nursing School The University of Adelaide July 2020 DTT<ÅÁ‚<ÏÖÁâE JJJ<> In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious the Most Merciful “… and my success (for setting things right) can only come from Allah. In Him I trust, and unto Him I always return.” Quran, surah Hud [11:88] This thesis is dedicated To my beloved dad, may Allah have mercy on him Mohammed Jabbar Alshahrani (1925–2010) For his sincere and lovely fathering and raising me well when he was alive To my beloved mom, I wish her good health and well-being Haya Abdullah Fawaz For her continuous prayers for me and for her great patience when I was abroad and far from her To my wife Aysha; and children Mohammed, Rola and Tameem For supporting and accompanying me anytime and anywhere I travelled to throughout the journey of this research To my brother Abdullah; and sisters Fatimah, Muneerah, Muhrah, Nouf and Aysha; and their children and grand children For their continuous verbal and emotional support until I completed this research and for taking care of my mom while I was abroad Words are not enough to express my deepest gratitude towards you all for your encouragement, motivation and patience while I completed this research. iii Table of contents Table of contents Table of contents ................................................................................................................... IV List of figures ......................................................................................................................... XI List of tables........................................................................................................................... XI List of photos ......................................................................................................................... XI Abstract ................................................................................................................................. XII Declaration.......................................................................................................................... XIV Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................ XV Glossary of terms .............................................................................................................. XVII Chapter 1: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Introduction to emergency medical services ................................................................... 1 1.2. Overview of the healthcare system in Saudi Arabia ....................................................... 5 1.2.1. Overview of EMS in Saudi Arabia ............................................................................ 6 1.2.2. Roles of EMS providers in Saudi Arabia .................................................................. 7 1.2.3. Regulation of EMS providers in Saudi Arabia ......................................................... 8 1.3. Purpose of the study ........................................................................................................ 9 1.4. Research aim ................................................................................................................. 11 1.5. Research question .......................................................................................................... 12 1.6. Research objectives ....................................................................................................... 12 1.7. The significance of the study ........................................................................................ 12 1.8. Theoretical framework .................................................................................................. 13 1.9. Assumptions .................................................................................................................. 13 1.10. Outline of the thesis structure...................................................................................... 14 1.11. Chapter summary ........................................................................................................ 14 Chapter 2: Literature review ................................................................................................ 16 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 16 2.2. Search strategy .............................................................................................................. 16 2.3. The big picture .............................................................................................................. 19 2.4. The influence of workplace culture on the CPD of healthcare professionals ............... 22 2.4.1. Workplace enablers of CPD ................................................................................... 22 2.4.2. Workplace barriers to CPD .................................................................................... 26 2.5. The influence of CPD on workplace culture ................................................................. 28 2.5.1. The influence of offering adequate CPD opportunities .......................................... 29 2.5.2. The influence of inadequate CPD opportunities .................................................... 31 2.6. The influence of CPD on healthcare professionals ....................................................... 32 IV Table of contents 2.7. EMS providers, workplace culture and CPD ................................................................ 33 2.8. The gap .......................................................................................................................... 34 2.9. Chapter summary .......................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 3: Methodology........................................................................................................ 35 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 35 3.2. Choice of methodology ................................................................................................. 35 3.3. Ontological and epistemological position of the researcher ......................................... 37 3.4. Philosophical underpinnings of ethnography ................................................................ 39 3.4.1. Background to ethnography ................................................................................... 39 3.4.2. Culture .................................................................................................................... 42 3.5. Appropriateness of the utilised research methodology ................................................. 44 3.6. Chapter summary .......................................................................................................... 45 Chapter 4: Methods ............................................................................................................... 46 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 46 4.2. Study design .................................................................................................................. 46 4.2.1. Preparation to enter the field ................................................................................. 47 4.2.1.1. Gatekeeping ................................................................................................................. 48 4.3. Study setting .................................................................................................................. 48 4.4. Participant groups .......................................................................................................... 50 4.4.1. Participant selection ............................................................................................... 51 4.4.1.1. Inclusion criteria .......................................................................................................... 51 4.4.1.1.1. Group 1: EMS providers ..................................................................................................... 51 4.4.1.1.2. Group 2: The administrative staff ....................................................................................... 51 4.4.1.1.3. Group 3: The training staff .................................................................................................. 51 4.4.1.2. Exclusion criteria ......................................................................................................... 52 4.4.1.2.1. Group 1: EMS providers ..................................................................................................... 52 4.4.1.2.2. Group 2: The administrative staff ....................................................................................... 52 4.4.1.2.3. Group 3: Training staff ........................................................................................................ 52 4.5. Data collection..............................................................................................................