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Skruzdžių Kolonijų Technologijos Vaizdams Apdoroti

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Skruzdžių Kolonijų Technologijos Vaizdams Apdoroti VILNIAUS GEDIMINO TECHNIKOS UNIVERSITETAS Raimond LAPTIK SKRUZDŽIŲ KOLONIJŲ TECHNOLOGIJOS VAIZDAMS APDOROTI DAKTARO DISERTACIJA TECHNOLOGIJOS MOKSLAI, ELEKTROS IR ELEKTRONIKOS INŽINERIJA (01T) Vilnius 2009 Disertacija rengta 2005–2009 metais Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitete. Mokslinis vadovas prof. dr. Dalius NAVAKAUSKAS (Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas, technologijos mokslai, elektros ir elektronikos inžinerija – 01T). VGTU leidyklos TECHNIKA 1675-M mokslo literatūros knyga http://leidykla.vgtu.lt ISBN 978-9955-28-501-4 © VGTU leidykla TECHNIKA, 2009 © Laptik, R., 2009 [email protected] VILNIUS GEDIMINAS TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY Raimond LAPTIK ANT COLONY TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMAGE PROCESSING DOCTORAL DISSERTATION TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES, ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING (01T) Vilnius 2009 Doctoral dissertation was prepared at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University in 2005–2009. Scientific supervisor Prof Dr Dalius NAVAKAUSKAS (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Technological Sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering – 01T). Santrauka Disertacijoje nagrinėjamos vaizdų apdorojimo skruzdžių kolonijomis tech- nologijos ir susieti dalykai: optimizavimo skruzdžių kolonijomis algoritmai, vaizdų apdorojimo metodai ir jų įgyvendinimas lauku programuojamomis lo- ginėmis matricomis. Tikslas yra pasiūlyti ir ištirti optimizavimu skruzdžių ko- lonijomis grįstus vaizdų apdorojimo būdus ir priemones. Atliekama analitinė optimizavimo skruzdžių kolonijomis technologijų literatūros apžvalga, pagrin- džiant konkrečių vaizdų apdorojimo būdų ir skruzdžių kolonijų atmainų parin- kimą tyrimams. Remiantis optimizavimo skruzdžių kolonijomis metaeuristika, siūlomos ir tiriamos originalios vaizdų apdorojimo metodikos. Tiriamos gali- mybės įgyvendinti optimizavimą skruzdžių kolonijomis įterptinėse sistemose, grindžiamose lauku programuojamomis loginėmis matricomis. Pirmame skyriuje atliekama evoliucinių technologijų vaizdams apdoro- ti analitinė apžvalga. Nagrinėjama evoliucinių technologijų raida ir klasifika- vimas, tinkamumas vaizdams apdoroti, įgyvendinamumas bei formuluojami disertacijos uždaviniai. Antrame skyriuje nagrinėjama vaizdų pirminio apdo- rojimo problema, naudojant max-min skruzdžių sistemą. Pateikiamos max- min skruzdžių sistemos, taikant ją vaizdams apdoroti, modifikacijos, pasiū- lomi patobulinimai, skirti pagreitinti sistemos veikimą, atliekami pasiūlytų pa- tobulinimų eksperimentiniai tyrimai, formuluojamos išvados. Trečiame sky- riuje nagrinėjama vaizdų segmentavimo, naudojant skruzdžių kolonijas, prob- lema. Siūloma ir detalizuojama daugelio skruzdžių kolonijų varžymosi grįsta metodika, tinkanti vaizdams segmentuoti. Atliekami siūlomos metodikos eks- perimentiniai tyrimai, formuluojamos išvados. Ketvirtame skyriuje nagrinėja- ma skruzdžių sistemos įgyvendinimo lauku programuojamų loginių matricų įrenginyje problema. Išanalizuojamos įgyvendinimo galimybės, įgyvendina- mas pseudo atsitiktinių skaičių generatorius bei skruzdžių sistema. Atliekamas įgyvendintos skruzdžių sistemos našumo eksperimentinis tyrimas, įvertinama įvairių modulių įtaka vykdomų skaičiavimų greičiui. Eksperimentiniams tyri- mams naudojamas keliaujančio prekeivio uždavinys, sprendžiamas perrinkimo metodu ir skruzdžių sistema, pateikiamos išvados. Disertacijos pabaigoje api- bendrinami darbo rezultatai ir pateikiamos bendrosios išvados. Darbo rezultatai paskelbti 6 straipsniuose: trys Thomson ISI Web of Scien- ce referuojamoje duomenų bazėje, vienas Thomson ISI Master Journal List re- feruojamoje duomenų bazėje, vienas recenzuojamuose mokslo žurnale ir vie- nas kituose mokslo leidiniuose. Disertacijos tema perskaityta 10 pranešimų respublikinėse bei tarptautinėse konferencijose Lietuvoje ir Lenkijoje. Abstract In this PhD thesis ant colony technologies for image processing are presen- ted. Also related to it as ant colony optimization algorithms, image processing methods and implementation in field programmable gates array are discussed. Analytical review of ant colony optimization literature to reason the selection of ant colony optimization and image processing methods for further research is performed. Proposed and analyzed original image processing methods ba- sed on ant colony optimization metaheuristic. The possibility to implement ant colony optimization in embedded systems based on field programmable gate arrays is investigated. The first chapter covers analysis of evolutionary technologies for image processing. Discussed the place of ant colony optimization in evolutionary computation, development of evolutionary computation and classification, sui- tability for image processing, implementability. Presented dissertation tasks. Second chapter covers image pre-processing via max-min ant system problem. Proposed max-min ant system modifications, adapting it for image processing. Suggested system processing performance enhancement modifications. Perfor- med suggested modifications experimental analysis and presented results wi- th conclusions. Third chapter covers image segmentation via ant colony op- timization problem. Proposed and described based on multiple ant colonies competition methodology, suitable for image segmentation. Performed experi- mental analysis and presented results with conclusions. Forth chapter covers ant colony optimization implementation in field programmable gate arrays problem. Analyzed implementation possibilities of ACO. Presented pseudo- random number generator and ant system implementation. Performed experi- mental analysis of implemented ant system performance and various internal MicroBlaze units influence on it. Experimental analysis of ant system perfor- med, using traveling salesman problem, which is being solved by a brute-force and ACO methods. At the end of chapter presented results and conclusions. Work results were announced in 6 scientific papers, where 3 papers are referred in Thomson ISI Web of Science, 1 paper in Thomson ISI Master Jour- nal List, 1 paper in other reviewed scientific periodical publications and 1 in other scientific publications. Also results were presented in 10 conferences in Lithuania and Poland. Žymėjimai α, β – jautrumas feromonui ir euristinei informacijai c1,c2 – pagreičio konstantos C – rasto kelio ilgis Cbs – geriausio iki šiol rasto kelio ilgis Cib – iteracijos geriausio kelio ilgis Cbest – iteracijos geriausio arba geriausio iki šiol rasto kelio ilgis C∗ – trumpiausio kelio ilgis d (di,j) – atstumas (tarp miestų i ir j) η (ηi,j) – euristinė informacija (tarp miestų i ir j) F – tikslo funkcijos reikšmė fi (f) – tinkamumo funkcijos (visų chromosomų įvertinimų vidurkis) j – dalelės dimensija k – skruzdės indeksas L – genų eilutės ilgis (mper) m – (perkeliamų) skruzdžių skaičius n – miestų skaičius nvid – vidutinis skruzdės pasirinkimų skaičius kiekviename mieste ( k) – nelankytų miestų aibė (pasiekiama skruzdei k iš miesto i) N Ni N sek – sėkmingų eksperimentų skaičius νi – esamas dalelės greitis νi,j – i-tosios dalelės j-toji greičio dimensija 7 8 ŽYMĖJIMAI Pc – chromosomų sukryžminimo tikimybė Pm – geno mutacijos tikimybė p (pi,j) – tikimybė (iš miesto i pasirinkti miestą j) pmax (pmin) – viršutinė (apatinė) tikimybės riba ppas – pasirinkimas kiekviename mieste ρ – feromono garavimo koeficientas r – skruzdės rangas rn – atsitiktiniai skaičiai [0; 1] σvid – vidutinis absoliutus nuokrypis s – spiečiaus dydis τ (τi,j) – feromono kiekis (tarp miestų i ir j) τ0 – pradinis feromono kiekis τmax (τmin) – viršutinė (apatinė) feromono riba start τmax – pradinės padėties feromono viršutinė riba k ∆τ (∆τi,j) – paliekamo feromono kiekis (tarp miestų i ir j) best k ∆τi,j – iteracijos geriausios arba geriausios iki šiol skruzdės ∆τi,j t – laikas T – kelias T bs – geriausias iki šiol rastas kelias Vprd (Vgal) – pradinis (galutinis) nespalvotas vaizdas Vx (Vy) – vaizdo dydis x (y) ašimi w(∆Θ) – skruzdės krypties koeficientas pagal judėjimo kampą ∆Θ W (τ) – skruzdės jautrumo feromonui koeficientas xi – esama spiečiaus dalelės padėtis yˆi – geriausia kaimynų padėtis yi – geriausia dalelės padėtis Santrumpos DLPLM – daugialustė lauku programuojama loginė matrica DSK – daugelio skruzdžių kolonijos GA – genetiniai algoritmai KPU – keliaujančio prekeivio uždavinys LPLM – lauku programuojama loginė matrica MMSS – max-min skruzdžių sistema OSD – optimizavimas spiečiaus dalelėmis OSK – optimizavimas skruzdžių kolonija Turinys Įvadas ................................................... ......... 17 Tiriamoji problema . 17 Darboaktualumas ....................................... 18 Tyrimųobjektas ........................................ ..... 18 Darbotikslas.......................................... ...... 18 Darbouždaviniai ...................................... ...... 19 Tyrimųmetodika ......................................... 19 Darbo mokslinis naujumas ir jo reikšmė . 19 Darbo rezultatų praktinė reikšmė . 20 Ginamieji teiginiai . 20 Darborezultatųaprobavimas .............................. 21 Disertacijosstruktūra.................................. ....... 21 Padėka............................................. ........ 22 1. Evoliucinių technologijų vaizdams apdoroti apžvalga.............. 23 1.1. Optimizavimo skruzdžių kolonijomis vieta evoliuciniuose skaičiavimuose ......................................... 23 1.1.1. Evoliuciniai skaičiavimai ir jų raida . 24 1.1.2. Evoliucinių skaičiavimų technologijų klasifikavimas . 26 1.2. Evoliuciniai skaičiavimai vaizdams apdoroti . 26 9 10 TURINYS 1.2.1. Genetiniai algoritmai . 27 1.2.2. Optimizavimas spiečiaus dalelėmis . 30 1.2.3. Optimizavimas skruzdžių
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