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2015 Recidivism Study

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State of Arkansas Department of Corrections June 29, 2020 To: Arkansas Board of Corrections From: Wendy Kelley, Secretary I’m pleased to share with you the Recidivism Report produced by the Arkansas Department of Corrections Research and Planning Division. Recidivism affects everyone and there is no single cause as to why one reengages in criminal activities. This report presents a mixed picture of recidivism rates in Arkansas from offenders who were either released from an Arkansas Department of Correction facility or an Arkansas Community Corrections facility or went flat. The data provided here should be interpreted as descriptive in nature only of offenders released during 2015. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive view of recidivism from the 2015 Release Cohorts and the data provided here should be interpreted as exploratory and descriptive in nature. Readers are advised to use caution when comparing recidivism rates with other states as well as the state’s definition of recidivism which impact the numbers. In addition to updating the overall trends in recidivism such as age, race, gender, time under supervision and education among other variables, this report adds new measures of recidivism. These new measures include recidivism rates by sex offense status, security-terrorist threat groups, as well as, a breakdown by gender and top five offenses. These measures will assist the Department of Corrections in its continued efforts to prepare offenders with appropriate programs and services to return to society as law-abiding citizens. In an effort to reduce recidivism rates, the Department of Corrections provides various treatment programs, reentry programs, work opportunities, educational opportunities and vocational training while providing for public safety and carrying out the mandates of the courts. Ultimately, our goal is to help offenders successfully return to their communities. As Secretary, I’d like to thank all of the staff involved in the compilation of this report and the work to prepare our population to succeed. 2 Table of Contents Letter from Secretary…………………………………………………………………………………. 2 Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………...………………… 3 Methodology………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 Executive Summary……………………………………………….………………………………….. 4 Summary of Key Findings…..………………………………………………………………………... 5-6 Recidivism Rates Over Time…………………………………………………………………………. 7 Facility Release Type…………………………………………………………………………………. 8 Release Type…..……………………………………………………………………………………… 9 Release & Reincarceration Rate by CCC Facility…………………………………………...……….. 10 Return Type…………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 Recidivism Rates by Gender………………………………………………………………………….. 12 Recidivism Rates by Race…………………………………………………………………………….. 13 Recidivism Rates by Age at Release………………………………………………………………….. 14 Time to Recidivate Events…………………………………………………………………………….. 15-18 Violent vs. Non-Violent Recidivist…………………………………………………………………… 19-21 Recidivism Rates by Sex Offenses……………………………………………………………………. 22 Recidivism Rates by Security/Terrorist Group……………………………………………………….. 23 Education Level at Release…………………………………………………………………………… 24 Recidivism Rates by County of Conviction………………………………………………………… 25-29 Recidivism Rates by Program/Class at Release………………………………………………………. 30-31 Recidivism Rates by Offense of Incarceration……………………………………………………….. 32-36 Recidivism Rates by Military History………………………………………………………………… 37-38 Supervision Sanction Program (SSP) Recidivism Rates……………………………………………… 39-40 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………. 41 Picture Collage.……………………………………………………………………………………….. 42 Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………………. 43 3 Methodology: During the 2019 legislative session, the Arkansas General Assembly passed an Act to transform state government. Effective July 1, 2019, the Arkansas Department of Corrections consist of the following entities: Division of Correction (formerly the Arkansas Department of Correction); Division of Community Correction (formerly Arkansas Department of Community Correction); Corrections School System; the Board of Corrections, Office of the Criminal Detention Facility Review Coordinator, along with the Administrative functions of the Criminal Detention Facility Review Committees; Administrative functions of the Parole Board; Administrative functions of the Arkansas Sentencing Commission and Administrative functions of the State Council for the Interstate Commission for Adult Offender Supervision. Our goal is to continue to have a service-minded culture, and by working as one Department, to strengthen our ability to be a science-driven/data-driven team dedicated to continuous improvement. As such, we have combined the 2015 Release Cohort Recidivism Report for the Division of Correction and the Division of Community Correction. Since we are consolidating recidivism reports, it is important to note that the methodology was changed to accurately report the data. Also, numbers given for previous years are from recalculations using the new methodology, rather than previously reported results. All offenders who were released from an Arkansas Department of Corrections (ADC) facility, Arkansas Community Corrections (ACC) facility or who flattened their sentence from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015 are included in this report, with the following exceptions: • Offenders who died or were executed have been omitted from the calculation of recidivism rates. • Offenders with a new sentence in states other than Arkansas have been omitted. • Offenders convicted/sentenced in Federal Court. • Offenders convicted/sentenced in another Country. • Unless otherwise noted, the number of releases reported reflects the number of unduplicated inmate releases. Executive Summary The Arkansas Department of Corrections defines recidivism as a criminal act that results in the re-arrest, reconviction or return to incarceration of a person with or without a new sentence during a three-year period following the person’s release from custody. Research suggests that three years represents a reliable and consistent ending (validation) point for tracking recidivism, where an inmate’s first three years in the community represent the period of greatest risk for reoffending. Recidivism rates are calculated using the nationwide correctional standard timeframes of 6-, 12-, and 36-month follow-up periods. The data for this research was obtained from the ADC electronic Offender Management Information System (eOMIS). This reports summarizes recidivism rates from the Arkansas Department of Corrections facilities. Policy changes in 2013 impacted the rate of returns to the Division of Corrections for parole violators for the 2014 release cohorts. However, this Report shows that there has been a slight decrease in the rate for those cohorts released in 2015. Overall there was a 1.96% change from 2014 to 2015, 2.08% change in ADC Releases from 2014 to 2015 and a 2.95% change in ACC Releases from 2014 to 2015. 4 Summary of Key Findings This study shows that the DOC’s 3-year recidivism rate is 49.17% of those released during CY2015. The overall recidivism rate for offenders released to supervision was 50.53% over three years, while offenders who discharged their sentence recidivated at a much lower rate of 31.68% (Tables 3a-3c, pg. 9). Of the 10,629 offenders released in 2015, 46.52% violated their parole and received a new sentence, 44.24% violated their parole due to a technical violation and discharged offenders recidivated at a rate of 9.24% (Tables 5a-c, pg. 11). (Note in the summer of 2015, the revocation rules were changed by the Board of Corrections which should lead to better rates for 2016 releases.) Overall, male offenders have consistently returned to incarceration at a higher rate than female offenders in Arkansas (Tables 6a-6c, pg. 12). DOC overall, the data shows that African American releases recidivate at a scantly higher rate (Tables 7a-7c, pg. 13). These findings are consistent with research which consistently finds an inverse relationship between age and recidivism. Younger offenders are more likely to recidivate compared to older offenders. In regards to the 2015 Release Cohorts, offenders aged 25-34 made up the largest group of released cohorts and offenders aged 18 to 24 had the highest recidivism rate (Tables 8a-8c, pg. 14). Tables 9a-9c and Figures 2a-2c as well as Figures 3a-3c delineate the average number of months offenders released in 2015 remained under supervision. The data illustrates that offenders who returned to incarceration did so overall in the first 13 months, accounting for 55% of all the recidivism during the 3 years studied. On average, the 2015 recidivist spent 13.17 months in the community before returning to prison (pg. 15 -18). SB 260 of the 2013 Regular Session defines recidivism as a criminal act that results in the re-arrest, reconviction or return to incarceration of a person with or without a new sentence during a three-year period following the person’s release from custody. This study does not include data regarding re-arrest due to such statistics being unavailable from the Arkansas Crime Information Center (ACIC). 5 Summary of Key Findings-continued Tables, 11, 12 & 13 reflect recidivism patterns for offenders convicted of violent offenses (as defined by A.C.A. 5-4-501 d(2) effective in 2015) as compared to those convicted of non-violent offenses. For this study, Residential Burglary was considered a non-violent offense. The legislature reclassified Residential Burglary in 2015 making it a violent
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