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AUTHOR Arnow, Pat, Ed. TITLE Perceptions and Prescr'ptions in Appalachia. INSTITUTION East Tennessee State Univ., Johnson City. Center for Appalachian Studies and Services. REPORT NO ISSN-0896-2693 PUB DATE 88 NOTE 45p. AVAILABLE FROM Now and Then, CASS, East Tennessee State University, Box 19180A, Johnson City, TN 37614-0002 ($2.50). PUB TYPE Collected Works - Serials (022) -- Creative Worxs (Literature,Drama,Fine Arts) (030)-- Historical Materials (060) JOURNAL CIT Now Pnd Then; v3 n5 Fall 1988

EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Community Action; Community Programs; Federal Programs; Interviews; Personal Narratives; Poetry; Poverty; Self Help Programs IDENTIFIERS *Appalachia; Appalachian Literature; Appalachian People; Appalachian Studies; Rural Culture; *War on Poverty

ABSTRACT This journal theme issue focuses on Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty in Appalachia, launched in 1964. Articlesdiscuss the War on Poverty, the people involved, how it succeeded,and how it ultimately failed. One article examines the role of theCouncil of the Southern Mountains, established in 1913. Federalofficials used the council's reputation to facilitate communicationsbetween the Office of Economic Opportunity (0E0) and local Community Action Programs. Council members held OE0 at least partly responsiblefor shortcomings of the anti-poverty effort and found itdifficult to square 0E0's approach with local realities. During the late 1960sthe council underwent radical transformation. Federal relationscooled and money dried up. Since that time, it has been reconstructedand survives as a promoter of ideas and grassroots Appalachianprograms. The magazine includes reprinted news articles aboutthe War on Poverty and profiles former council members. A separatearticle profiles David Whisnant, author and leader of theAppalachian Studies movement. Another profile looks at the life of Sister MarieUbinger, a worker for social change in Kentucky. "Early Days at Keno"consists of excerpts from the diary kept by novelist HarrietteSimpson Arnow when she taught in Appalachian Kentucky in 1939.Another reminiscence reflects on government notions of proper nutrition forschoolchildren during the past few decades. The document alsoincludes poetry, music, three book reviews, and excerpts froma play about conditions in mining communities during the early 1930s. (TES)

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erceptionsan rescriptions in Appalachia with David Whisnant, LoyalJones, Denise Giardina anda special section on the Waron Poverty in Appalachia by John Glen

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t ; Photo\ ot on I rout itnd back o% el Kcimeth NIuria% BEST COPY AVAILABLE CONTENTS Special feature THE WAR ON POVERTY IN APPALACHIA 4 The Council and the War John Glen looks at a noble casualty. olume 5, Number 3 The Council qf the Southern Mountains. Fail, 1988 Loyal Jones and the Council Pat Arnow talks with one who was at the Editorial Board center of the action. hen Ed Cahhell, Pauline Check. The Newspapers and the War Mar ChiltoNke. ltobert J. Did anybody really know what happened? %larat N1oore. Rita Quillen. Fed Waage Where Are They Now? Robert Gipe finds the veterans of a lost cause. INTERVIEWS STORY Director-Rieliard Blathtein David Whisnant: Editor-Pat Arno\k A Lesson in Commodities Born-Again Appalachian Poetr. rditor-Jo Dot Jackson 31 Jane Woodside 13 NILINie Edit Or-Fd SnOddert Marie Ubinger: ANNociate Editor-Jane WiuidNide REVIEWS Evangalized by the Poor SukeripiionN-Ruln Ilausnian Highlander: Tim Boudreau Support Stali-Caroln Cerrito, 18 No Ordinary School Charles Moore. Beek Sancti ield John M. Glen POETRY Guy L. Whom' Margaret I.iu. Cady, Whale\. John Rambo The Hillbilly Vampire Crum Amy Tipton Gray Lee Maynard Now and Then Nlagazine 'm Just Talkin' Denise Giardina 35 Itt alld I itt ii has heen puhlished three Eleanor Brownfield 17 limes a \ ear \ince I9S4 :enter tor Strawberry Flats Brier, His Bookund Appalachian Studies and Ser\ Ices (CASS). Waite, Darrell Haden 19 His First, Best Country

Last lennessee Slate rni \ ersit . CASS is (.ne Letter to Hong Kong Jim Wayne Miller of the state ol Tennessee's centeis for From My 8th-Grade Patt'erliultst 15 \eellence. supportIng artistic. scholarl I .atin Teacher and puhlic \LT\ ice potects in Ilk' relnon. in Alabama, 36 Years Later Old South, New South Suhscriptions are V7.50 per \ ear. (1.00 tor and Gavin Wright institutit Ins and lihranes. When I Had Done It Lorry I). Gosseu Suhnlissions of poetr\. I el lull .;rrl lt:les. Louie Crew personal essa N. Ind pilnitigraphN The Graveyard of Trees CoPCerned 1/4 ith Appalachian lite past and Feud: Hattlelds, McCoys and Social present are \1/4 elconied it acctunpanied b a Malcolm Glass 41 Change in Appalachia addiessed Niarirped ells elope. Altina L. Waller Address correspondence to:Editor,NOV. PLAY Richard Blaustein 38 and Then, Bo \ 191 X0. . Vist Clt Preacher With a Horse to Ride 1 N 17614410(12. (an excerpt) These Are Our Voices FastI ennessee State 1..nie: sit!, N I Lill!, Jo Carson 14 The Story of Oak Ridge in accord \1/4 ith the hellet that ethic:mon:II edited by James Overholt mid mein oppolturities should hi DIARY Charles Moo, e 19 a\ adahle to all iligthle {lesson, idiom revard Itt alle. se \. race. reiriuii. lharohal Early Days at Keno ong in or handicap. (an excerpt) MUSIC The \ e pies \et{ ill them: pa.:!es are Harriette Arnim. 28 The More Things Change those ol the aothors and do not necessalth Larry Bledsoe 40 represeill opinions ol Fast 'ferule \Nee Stale IMIN71, erv,11:. in tit the State Boaid ot Revents. Above and beyond \pet vloby the ( 'enter pir dnnik% far hellion dot it me ,,i//a C'auric/I. I. /.51 Stit Ice% I on It line. It hue .1,/verriti/Ii: Appahichian .1ndie% and .Servit.e.. 19SN. ()'/)e//.Cabet S\aernt kilo/nitwit d tan. 1?ei ( ,Ificve 11, ISSN No. (1896 N193 Alin Read,. .50othei n 111;4i/dna% And Thank., Reteoll 1 a ain %lam( obey%Is liv it,i,,i/ /CW(1 V, 26" \ I,Ift int 'Oh Mid A4iie B/(1( k. 1 ..) LCIIIIQmrievIt 1%41% U Creinlit.//)III 0/ Aemm 1.1 .\pec nI (%WC( /it'll% ph/Mil/it: Mc fume,. of Now and Then. Now and Then / I BEST COPYAVAILABLE From the Director From the Editor For more than 130 years. the Southern Appalachians have In our summer issue, "Insiders/Outsiders." we asked been perceived as a land apart from the mainstream of American people if they felt at home here.Did Appalachia provide a civilization. In consequence, its people have been the object of comfortable niche or was it an alien world'? What was it like to missionary and philanthropic efforts ranging from the be a Jewish Appalachian'? Art Italian Appalachian'? Did those establishment of settlement schools and clinics to the declaration whe .e families had come here generations ago feel at home'? of the War on Poverty and the creation of the Appalachian Some of the most interesting writing we have seen came into Regional Commission in the 1960s. our office on the issue. Social activists of various persuasions have taken up the We knew that once we brought up the subject, there was Appalachian cause as their own, prescribing solutions to going to be a lot to say. We planned another issue to explore problems which have proven to be as complex and stubborn as the territory in a deeper and wider sense, to talk about the "in- the people of Appalachia themselves. Sometimes the alliances siderness" or "outs'derness" of the movements and institutions between concerned natives and enthusiastic newcomers to the that have become a part of Appalachian life. region have resulted in genuine improvements in the quality of A piece of the region's recent history. the War on Pov- life.In all too many other cases, idealism has given away to erty'. became the focal point for our "Perceptions and Prescrip- frustration, bitterness and recrimination. Tension and conflict tions issue. We talked to movers and shakers such as David between insiders and outsiders, between labor unionists and Whisnant and Loyal Jones. We also talked to a contemporary industrialists, between advocates of cultural preservation and missionary. Over the years. these people had come to appreciate partisans of radical social and economic reform, are still part of more and more the complexity of the problems facing Ap- the dialectic of the Appalachian Studies movement. palachia. The region and its people are tied up for better or We have attempted to present in the magazine the complex. worse with the larger world's economics, culture and politics. stubborn realities which persist regardless of the shifting What they offered us were some thoughtful discussions.But priorities of policy makers, philanthropists and scholars. unlike political candidates. the people we talked to didn't have Despite all that concerned insiders and outsiders have done to any simple answers. ameliorate the region's problems. a legacy of shame. anger. What we offer in these pages. then. are the words of some violence, deprecation and contentiotpates refuses to he thoughtful people who aren't about to tell us what to do. They dispelled. Rather than ignore these uncomfortable realities. we will grant us that the problems are complicated. Also, we've have tried to illuminate this history in a balanced manner. compiled some stories. poems. music and photos. These show a recognizing that the values and belief's which sh..pe our nice range of perceptionsbut our contributors would he quick perceptions largely determine the prescriptions through v.hich to tell us that there's plenty more to consider. So we give you we attempt to bring the world as it is closer to our vision of how the tip of an iceberyor to use a more aptly Appalachian meta- we believe it ought to he. phora pebble in Watauga dam, a power line mer one moun- During the past five years. though there have been tain, one patch in the oink. one blossom on the laurel. frustrations. conflius and setbacks along the v.-ay, the Center for --Pat Arnow Appalachian Studies and Services has grown from a promising possibility into a dynamic. positive actuality. In July of this year. the Tennessee Iligher Education and the Tennessee Board of Regents officially declared CASS an Accomplished Center of The Hillbilly Vampire Excellence, confirming the fact that we have succeeded in Many people fullfilling the %arious goals and objectives we have set f,r are confused about hillbilly vamrires. ourselves. Ovec the next five N- ears, we vb ill continue to devote They think a hillbilly vampire should look like ourselves to studying and documenting the social and cultural George Jones in a cape history of this region in a variety of ways, including the or Ricky Skaggs with fangs publication of this maga/ine. While we can't guarantee that our or Lyle Lovett, period. readers v. ill always agree with the ideas we present, we do promise that we v.ill continue to explode stereotyped and They think outmoded pereLptions of Appalachia and to showcase the work the hillbilly part comes first of some of the region's most talented writers and artists. the feeder, not the fed upon. TO continue doing this, we need your support. Indivitiaals For they do not understand subscriptions toN ow and Thenare $7.50 for three issues per that this year: $10.00 for institutional subscribers such as schook and like just about everything else libraries. 1.arger gifts and donations will be greatly appreciated is an outside industry and will help support the work of the CASS F....How-ship come down to the hills in the dark Program. Let us hear from vou soon. Best wishes for a happy for raw material, holiday season and a bountiful new year. Amy Tipton Gray Amy Tipton Gray teaches the History of Country music at Caldwell ichard Blaustein Community College in Hudson, N.C.

2 / Now and Then From the Archives planning in Upper East Tennessee and Southwest Vitginia. The records of the Council on Appalachian Women reflect Through the years people living in the Appalachian Moun- the organization's concern for the needs of women in education tains have been perceived as "backward." "haggard" and and social services as well as its efforts to document women's "gaunt"worn down by years of poverty. Explanations of why issues. The records include information on battered women, a rogion rich in natural resources has lagged in economic abortion, legal rights, health care, education. day care and development have been as varied as the proposed solutions io thL employment. region's problems. During the 1960s. in an atmosphere of social The Archives of Appelachia seeks to collect and pre.serve change created by President John F. Kennedy's call for social tecords pertaining to the political, social, economic and cultural action and President Lyndon B. Johnson's War on Poverty, development of the Southern moue! :ins. Of special interest to many organiz.ations were created to improve life in Appalachia. us are those grassroots and self-help organizations v..hich have One major group of records held by the Archives of Ap- labored long and hard for the betterment of life in the Appala- palachia. the Congress of Appalachian Development/Gordon chian Mountains. For more information about our collections or Ebersole Collection, documents the "perceptions" and the the donation of manuscripts contact Archives of Appalachia. "prescriptions" for change advanced by the Congress and by Box 22,450A, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, numerous other activist organizations. In a report sent to Tennessee 37614, telephone (615) 929-4338. Ebersole. Father Ralph W. Beiting described the condition:: in Norma Myers lhomas and Eastern Kentucky: Marie Tedesco "Destitution (a step below poverty) haunts every valley. Unemployment and often unemployable men sit on too many rickety porches whittling countless curls frAm cedar sticks. Hunger strik.!s at tl,e majority of fawilies....Sickness, the natural From the Museum successor to hunger. is literall;) sucking the life out of a once great people." Perhaps those of us who have lived in this region since birth In reactit,a to thk situation. Beiting's Christian Appalachian have more clearly defined prescriptions than those who have Project purchased 4(X) acres of land to organize a series of moved in from other places. Each of us has his or her own specialized farms which would operate as a cooperative. The particular history, and our perceptions are colored uniquely. organization was also active in the development of community Since joining the staff of the Carroll Reece Museum almost facilities, scholarships for the youth and woodworking and/or 16 years ago, my perceptions of the region have shifted concrete products ':..i.:erprises. dramatically.I have the unique position of putting some of rny The collection also includes information cm such groups as prescriptions into action.It has been a joy w move an entire thi: Council of the Southern Moumains, the Appalachian Volun- program, the appearance of the facility, a group of people, to teers, the Commission on Religion in Appahichia and Highlandereffect changes which one's dreams have fashioned. Fortunately. Center. the Reece .staff perceives and prescribes much as I do and our The Archives zdso holds papers of two individuals active in "machine" hums along in a well-oiled manner. the Congress of Appalachian Development and other self-help Perhaps Dr. C.C. Sherrod perceived a museum on the organizations. Paul J. Kaufman served as a state senator in West campus of East Tennessee State Teacher's College as a Virginia and executive director of the Appalachian r.esearch and prescription, not mil' for the students enrolled, but also for the Defense Fund. keluded in his papers are speeches relating to teaLhers of the region. During his presidency, and through his conditions in West Virginia, proposals for the future of the tireless efforts, the college birthed what would become the region and legal documents from cases involving the Congress. Carroll Reece Museum. The Richard C. Austin Paper: consist of a manuscript which Since its inception in 1931. many of the contributoN to the chronicles the creation and demise ot the Congress for Appala- Reece collections have seen their contributions as movements to chian Development. Austin was the director of the West ,xeserve their heritages; and so they do, Virginia Mountain Project, Llnitei Presbyterian Church in the Our patrons are continually rediscovering the Reece gold United States of Americ.e. mine and, through their presence and their comments, energize The Model Valley'orpora lion Collection contains inform- our creativity, our imagination and our enthcisiasm. Our staff ticm on the corporaticm's efforts to impro. T housing. education takes on the role of the missionary. the explorer, the revivalist, and job opportunities for people living in portnms of Claiborne not ()illy to those who reach out fm our services but to each other trid Campbell Counties, Tenn.. and Bell and Whitley Countie, as well. K. The cultural strength of any region becomes a vital weapon Another collection, Iiuman Economic Appalachian Devel- in the war on novelty. a cruciai instrument to both medical and opment ('orporation (1112.AD), includes puNicity materials about mental health and an essential tool to higner education.It is one special projects and descriptions of the structure of me corpora- that has been recognized throughout the history of the institution tion. wid receives thi.: lull support o1 this university. The First Tennessee-Virginia Development District Records Dr. Sherrod surely realized that his museum would survive contain minutes. administrative files and publications fnmi 1965 and grow and hecome a fundamental par of this region. lie was to 1980. Thi,- ,)rganizaticm promoted cooperation among local a visionary who would be proud, as we we, of what we have governments, gathered research data on ccituniunities, coordi- become. nated federal assistance programs, and encouraged regional Ilelen Roseberry

NOWand Then/ 3 The Councilof the Southern Mountains and the Waron Poverty John Glen

it hilt' l'i'V'(1141/01 in social. educattimal or religious %%art. In ea. as health education. recreation, plibl,Alled bo)k about a center of moun- the area.l'(». neark )ears it func- )outh. and spiritual life. tain act Ilighl,-nderVo Ordinary tioned as a loosel)-organi/ed group of The Council remained a small, finan- Selwol, publiAlled by I. ilivcrAio l're%.% fieldorlsers. business and professional ciall) -strapped tit-gam/anon run h a K clinic ky and reviciunl tli Nix 1. people. ministers, philanthropisr. and rep- handful of part-time staff members until John (11cil real 1.:cd that no olle e v- resentah% es of church missiot, hoards. Iterlo F. A% cr became e \ecutie secre- plored the impact of the ti al. oil Povero settlement schools and pri. ate colleges. tar) in 1951. A)er. a rural Oilologisl on Appalachia in the 19()()%. lie /ownl It held annual conlerences. sponsored the {RiniNeNA Iiampshire %ho taught at thi% recent 111.%101.1 clii 11111)01h1111 cOld1111c1- maga/ine .thiuntain I. lie N U wk.(irked Berea College. as con% inced that the ('111111; .111/)RVI, CI tlhoul ,01)k1,1:4 Iwo) %kith benoolent organi/ations to distrily ('ouncil could best meet the needs of 11. -111e" ('01111(11 Mid the liar- /A W.% me gifts :Ind ser% ices to the poor and cre- Southern Appalachia 11% maintaining a lir.%1101(1.V. ated a number ot commissions in such NI tic! neutralit). avoiding an) identihca-

On a grim 1)ece,iiber morn- ing in 1%5. Iiik in .1. Safford of the Council of the Southern The Papers and the War Mountainsas heading north- This article from the New York Thnes October 20, 196.3, reportedly 11044%1 persuade President lohn F. Kennedy to includc antipoverty measures in his new legislatwe program.. NA est on Route 15 from Whiteshurg. K%. As he dim e Kentucky Miners: tourists who venture into the vast Federal power project through the fog on the misting. area seldom see the pinched similar to the Tennessee Valley A Grim Winter Authority, will end poverty. slipper) road, he NA onderedit faces of hungry children, the Foverty, Squalor and filth and squalor of cabins, the He stresses the need for hr. joiwne% NA as "an idlego; ot idleness Prevail in unpainted shacks that still serve Federal control because he the course of communit% ;Iction Mountain Area as schoolhouses. These dramaticfears the continued growth of in Letcher 0=1%2' I.ike the manifestations of want and local political dynasties. Homer Bigart "The massive doling out of program. the ro;u1 seemed to be Spectisi to The New York Times government neglect are usually tucked away in narrow valleys, Federal welfare money has "a NA riming ribbon- %hich WHITESBURG, Ky., In the the "hollows,' off the main road. financed, and now sustains, a -NA rwrIes seemingh on its n Cumberland Mountains of "Sociologists say the welfare dozen or more crafty, amoral, itect,h1.- Eastern Kentucky, tens of system seems deliberately calcu- merciless and highly effective countywide political machines," 1 he ai l'o% eh% Iii Ap-thousands of unemployed coal lated to corrode morale and niiners and subsistence farmers hasten degeneracy. he told a recent meeting of the palachia alien stirred such face another winter of idleness "The present system has en- Council of the Southern Moun- me Its.Indeed, the antipiiert) and grinding poverty. couraged the break-up of fami- tains, a philanthropic organiza- cartpaign cit ihe! %Os eilliW:ed. This vegion was an early lies," arccrding to Harry M. tion that is undertaking a drive against illiteracy in the main- tr;,1110'91eil ;Ind 1". entrall% victim of automation. fieplaced Caudill, Whitesburg lowyer, by machines, the miners can whose book, Night Comes to the tains. (I% er%Ilehlic11 the CoUnciI (il find no work. Th(ire forced to Cumherlands, has been hailed by "They thrive on the SM1111..111 Mountains. lea% mi.! in live on Governmtt. handouts. critics as a definitive study of the present economic malaise and its %kid. k.troubling questions Escape to the cities is not region... are powerful because the people are helpless. about the possiHnies and proh-easy, for the average miner has No matter how hungry his ne skill for other jobs. He is wife and chilth-en may be, an "The continuance of their lems cit relorm iii th.: deficient in education. His able-bodied man cannot get on influence hinges on the bloated I II" original pmpose of thenative clannishness makes the relief runs, Mr. Caudill welfare program, and they will Council. established in 1913 as Ajustment to urban life explained. In desperation, the oppose by every available painfully difficult. man deserts his famiiy so they means any effort to restore the the Conference of Southern So the mour.;zins have can qualify for relief check, and people to productivity and self- lollnIaIn NA 01 kers. \% as lopro. hecome a vast ghetto of get food. reliance." Huth' the c\cILlii.!eit Ideas and unemployables...The few Mr. Caudill believes only a

Methodsi iL,ilm. those engag-d 1:1. ,4,11-1, Ccir fs:/11 I hi I (

4 / NUS% and Thvn tion with a particular political position. aiu/ uneducated: affluent and satisfied as The Council could then ,er e as a fOrtinl v,ell as the in %%hieh different interests v.ould ham- What the Council staff and Appala- Loyal Jones mer out a reform strategy based upon a chian Volunteers encountered in the consensus of opinion in the region. counties v.-here the) v, orked, howe and the Guided by this "partnership- ideal. Ayer raised serious questions about the ( oun- built the Council into perhaps the most cil's partnership ideal and the War on Council well-know n and influential Poverty itself, par- voice in the southern ticularl) its v.ell- Pat Arnow mountains in the early publiciied Loyal Jones, who directed the 1960s. the umbrella group mum feasihle par- Council of the Southern Mountains for %%hat one Councilhoard ticipation.' of the throrgh its most tumultuous years, memher called a -neat poor in Community agreed to talk about those times. After confederation of liberal re- Action Programs. reading a draft of John Glen's article, gional leadership.- There vere some he spoke on the phone to me from his his picture ot orderly signs ti. prog.ress: home in Berea, Ky. Since 1970, when reform changed dramati- "- road and school im- he left the Council, Jones has been di- call) after President provement projects recting the Appalachian Center at Berea College. Last year he was 1..)ndop 13. Johnson 6:- iiiWhitleV COntlt President Lyndon B. Johnson dared v,ar on pO%ert \ in K.; conuminitcen- elected president of the Appalachian %kiting Toni Fletcher in Inc:. Ky.. the spring of 1%4. Fed- ters pro% iding health. Studies Association. in 1964. It wis here that ;Whitson First he wanted to make it clear eral olficials belie\ ed thatlaunched the War on Pmert. education and other the CounciFs reputi.tion services in NIcDim - that Perley Ayer was not "strictly neutral": and connections could Fe used to lacili- ell Count .W.Va.: a comprehenske stir- tate communication hem een the Office of e) of pm ert)a home repair program I objectedto that particular term. Economic Opportunit) (010). the and a campaign for hot lunches for Perley Was known here aS a person of great nial'al (Mirage. Wheli he Worked agency created to administer the o% erall Schoolchildren in \lingo Count\.W.Va. antipmert) campaign. and local Column- But field reports iii 1%5 and I 966 in. Pr Berea College. he was always nit) Achim Programs. v, Inch %%mild assist creasingl% suggested. as council stall raising issues in the faculty about residents in.2signiii, and cart) mg out member Tom Da% is %%rote. that NA hile Berea s service to initiati\ in Appalachia. Within mo Appalachian residents and reformers disadvantaged peoph.. lle was always )ears after the passage ot the Economic %sere seeing the problems more sharpl recruiting students that he mild truly Opportunit) ct of lq64 the Council had than c\ er betore, -the solutions seem needed an education. arguing On their grim n to an organi/ationitli more than much Wither tm he/la/J.(1nd that educational in,stitutions 40 full-time slat! members Aith an annual One case s here "ma\ imum feasible tended to want to find snulents who hudget of (net InithOn. participation- of the poor ne a got off already had an ethIcation and take then! progallls\ panded rapidl the ground was in Perry County, Ky. In a rather than the ones that truly needed it. I he most puhhci/ed program %%its the 1 think he was a person front AppalaChlan .1 he \ olunteers anot;ter era Who believed it, human ere collegeltitLiit%%Ito telurhi,hed development and human potential, that Rislent kenttick:, -s one Mid k 0.100m by getting a wide diversity of people schoolhouses iIIL1IILIt_'t rCC- together and thrashing out problem.. lei lion dial Ithrar, enrichment el!ort,. you could arrive al a better solution. 1 he Counurs Crinntimit% Acnon lech- That WaS his approach to things, rather mcian, Linnetl actos, the mountain, to than the confrontational approaih that organi/c mid ad% is,L.'onimulith Action grew in popularity glarnig the and :Venues. .\I alent Bonk Iccruited indi .70s. %idoals tor placement iii Communu% Ac- Q: How did you first learn of the tion Program,. ho,pual,_ schools and Council? othei Mstnation. A: /WU.% a AllIdell1 al Berea ('ollege

I he Aso de% eloped an on- from 1950 to 1954. and the Councilv. ,A the WI) naming plos,,tam tot the S. De- just a weak little organLation. partment otI abot and tan orientation ses- course 11 had been i;otwi Mlle(' IV and sion, tor Volunteers uu Set% ke io Amer- 13. PerkyAyer had lwre in 1947 ica (VIS I AI. A Ind\ ellecti%e War on to teach at Berea College. They had Po\ cut% ioAppalachia. .er more or h'5.1 (veered hint to hury the ..houldreflect the CounciFs -partnership Coumil, which had seemed to live methodolg) %%hich in% ol% cs all wimlears heyoml the missumary era that had of socie0.: public add pm ate: dominant spawned U. Perley was a vigorous Perley Ayer recruiting students for and dependent: educated mulct educated. viiirker. and inspiring, and he could be Berea College in the I 950s. BEST COPY AVAILABLE Novi and Then / 5 what Redwine termed "the Christmas All-1=11 The Papers.. . basket-for-the-poor charity worker's Loyal Jones From the Louisville Courier-Journal paradiie.- very persuasive. He went around and editorialpage March 19,1964. Even in those areas where the poor got people interested in it again. The Volunteers are a Bargain became part of the decision-making proc- Council was publishing Mountain Life ess, the broad-based coalition envisioned and Work out of the main administra- Dollars or in People by policy makers still didn't quite work. tive hall here at Berea. Q: How did you get involved with the For collegians, weekends are usu- For example, in Mingo County, W. Va., ally time for relaxing. But during the as the number of blacks and poor people Council yourself? past winter hundreds of Kentucky elected to the board of directors of the A: / spent a great deal of time in the college people have been putting their Economic Opportunity Commission Mountain Room reading. I was always weekends to extraordinary use, taking interested in the mountains. I came part in an organization called Appala- grew, the participation of the "middle chian Volunteers. The volunteers are a class representatives of public service or- from the mountains of North Carolina. sort of amateur, part-time, unpaid do- gani/ations and professions- declined. I read a lot of Mountain Life and mestic Peace Corps. They operate, on Council staffer Safford doubted that the Workand got acquainted with Perley their off days, in the more depresssed counties of Eastern Kentucky, helping to poor were fercing the rich off the board. Ayer. He was then teaching agricul- rebuild and improve homes and school "Rather. I think the rich don't choose to ture in the foundation school, which buildings. And they are by any standard make the effort to sit down w ith the was a high school. Later on, when I a tremendous success. poor.- graduated. he came and said, "How Indeed, everyone who watches the students in action is impresssed by four Council staff members held OE() at would you like to he a roving ambassa- aspects of their operation: The gratitude least partly responsible for these short- dor for the Council, selling subscrip- of the people helped, the students' feeling comings. All too often. they reported. lo- tions to Mountain Life and Work and of satisfaction and their desire to return, memberships in the Council?" But I the tremendous amount of work done per cal Community Action Agencies were dollar spent, and the ease with which the preoccupied with meeting OE() proce- got drafted so I went off to the Army. It Volunteers could be fitted into a domesti dures for receiving federal grants instead wasagood many years later I got out Peace Corps if and when one is organized of organiting communities or exploring of the Army and went to graduate to help in President Johnson's war on school at the University of North poverty... possible solutions to poverty. "I know Excerpt used by permission, it's impossible for anyone on your staff to Carolina and got a teacher's certifi- shed the mantle of being the man with the cate. I was teaching school in Jeffer- money.- the Council's Alan Zuckerman sot, County, Ky.. and Perley came by to report to the Council the Community Ac- told Jack Ciaccio. OEO's district supervi- see me and said he was going to take a tion Program director admitted that he sor of Community Action Programs in leave of ahsence to study rural sociol- "failed to see the necessity. at first, of es- Kentucky and West Virginia. Still. Zuck- ogy at Ohio State, and he ded tablishing a link hetween the poor and our erman said. "it would be far better- if somebody to run the Council for a staff and other local resources.- someone from the agency came to a year. That was in '58. I had intended Evin when the director became con- meeting in Appalachia "and listened to to be a schoolteacher. But I moved to vinced of the necessity of involving the what the people were saying rather than Berea and did that for a year, and poor. his attempts to do No were ineffec- coming in w ith preconceived notions and when he came hack he said, "I'd like tual at best. Poor people. if they were in- forcing them to come to what he feels iA you to stay on." He wa.s. the necutive olved in the ('ommunity Action Pro- right.- director ,:nd I became the associate gram at all, were merely tokens. Council Council workers also found it diffi- executive director. staffei Earl M. Redwine attended three cult to square 0E0's approach to com- There was this little staff that community meetings and saw "folks from munity actionand the Council's role in grew. We got some money from the the hollows- at only one of them. As far implementing itwith the irreconcilable Ford Foundation even before the War as he could see. "No attempt was made to nattlre of manv local conflicts. For ex- on Poverty to do .some things on draw them into the process of the corn- ample, in I lancock Comm, Tenn., corn- education. We had a health worker. munity decision making.- When ques- nmnity action was irtually stymied h., an We had an economic' development tioned about this lack of participation. intense rivalry w ithin the dominant local advisor. Then we got the manpower county leaders replied, according to Red- Republican party. The Community development program, working on wine's report, that the poor "aren't inter- Action Program director was the son of getting job training. We worked with ested. they're !ivy, or not smart enough. the leader of one faction, and neither ht. Iron Mountain Stoneware to hire and or don't know what's best for them- nor the head of the other faction. the local train their workers. selves.- school superintendent. would work to- It didn' t grow much until the early According to Redwine, the poor gether on any project. "Alniost an;thing 1 960s. When the War on Poverty came weren't uninterested, la/y or dimwitted. that one side tries to do in this coLIIIIV in 1965. it blossomed all at once. They were disillusioned. When the Com- automatically be fought hy the other Then the whole political clOnate Munity Action Program failed to produce side.- the director told Toni Da% is. -This changed from one Of cooperation to any tangible results. community groups you can COMB OIL- one more interested in confronting an lost interest. To many Perry Countians. Jack Ciaccio of the 0E0 ack now l- establishment that warn' t doing a vers. the War on Po%ert) hac ',impl become edged that Commtillity Action Agencies good job of running schools or welfare. 6 / Now and Then were often governed by representatives of Clearly the War on Poverty had ex- public and private agencies whose re- posed deep-seated problems that could Loyal Jones sources were needed for fledgling anti- not he easily resolved through the Coun- Perley Ayer was getting along in poverty programs but whose interests cil's twditional emphasis on cooperation years. Ile also was, in part of those were "identical with the power structure" and non-controversial service. Tensions years, debilitated by this disease which or controlled by it. Thus if the War on within the Council increased as staff eventually killed him. There came all Poverty was to he more than "just a series members and Appalachian VolunteeN ar- kinds of conflicts. On the part of the of political plums for the local power gued that Appalachian communities, and young and new staff there was the structures." the poor would have to be especially the poor. must he organized to desire to move Perky off, and there mobilized to "protestlong and /owl-- pursue their own needs and challenge the were some talks about having the about the lousy job that is being done." power of established institutions and hoard retire Pet:ey. Some of us felt Such a policy was impossible in a groups. The first of several confronta- that was going too far. Part of ghe place like Kentucky's Letcher County. tions over this ksue erupted in 1966. Per- staff. 1 included, supported Perley in Edwin Safford replied. By insisting on ley Ayer demanded that the Appalachian separating the Appalachian Volunteers the involvement of locally powerful VolunteeN give their primary allegiance from the Council. The Appalachian groups. OEO had "literally run interfer- to the Council and its partnership ap- Volunteers' method of operation wa3 so ence for the very interests that would proach. The volunteers refused. resigned different from the philosophical stifle a truly spontaneous Community Ac- as a body under the leadership of Milton direction of the Council that they really tion Program." It was at hest politically Ogle. ani: formed a new organiz.ation in- ought to have been on their own. But naive to assume that creating a hroadly- dependent of the Council. 0E0 did not want them on their own. based Community Action Program would The Appalachian Volunteers went on They wanted the stability of this oil erase "age-old rifts" and pull together to spearhead a number of aggressive and organization. 0E0 was largely "people who have angrily opposed each highly successful community organizing responsible for the acrimoniousness. other for years." campaigns in the coal counties of Ken- A lot of us were not necessarily early 1966. Safford pointed out, tucky. Virginia and West Virginia. In the 100 percent in agreement with Perley community action in Appalachia was al- Mountain State's Raleigh County. for ex- Ayer' s views of things. Butthere were ready a battlefield "littered with the re- ample. the young volunteers engineered a some personal loyalties involved, and I mains of grandiose schemes" inought up reorganization of the Community Action think we could see some limitations in by government planners 41/4 ho A ere en- Program by packing its monthly meetings du, waythe younger staffcould go chanted with terms like "coordination" ith more than 200 poor people who about reshaping the system. 'I'he and "mobilization of resources" and elected a new staff and board of directors government is not long going to sought to apply them to a reg.'911 w here imd formed committees to work on edu- support an insurrection against it. coordination was "no more easily come cation. health, road. wzder and other local What the Appalachian Volunteers by than it is in Washington. and where problems. "The spirit of Community Ac- were doing in West Virginiabringing mobilization of resources means hiring tion was stirring in their veins."ro - pressure to school hoards, pritylpals your relatives." claimed Chester Workman, the new and superintendeids to do a bett?r job. orguni:ing against strip miningthese

I < things were justified, I II:ink. Whether - Eidanliaab.*,-". ,.%**4 e,', ag4SWAR4" or not they were politic illy wise in the .172 % COVICMASOME110_01111hi way thy went about it is (mother question. hut there was no question that ,z . these were idealistic young people. There %MYlots of hicalsupport pi E

c.11 the Appalachian Volunteers anun:g the p001 people. the people who lunl sulleredunder dull government. Of Z.'. Coin's(' thee were a 1(11 01 people (111he seallevel who weregreatiy opposed. and somecommunity pCriple ho had a vestedinterest. Governor Sniithof West Virginia really went all Council of the Southern Mountains staff in the mid-1960s, First row to r.): oitt to get the nuiney c141 Miltoo Ogle. Eleanor Ball, Verdelle Vaughn, Martha Abney, Loyal Jones, P.F. fvlany ggf the young povertylighters A)er, Ann Pollard, Bill Suters, Doroth) Crandall, Mace Crandall. 2.nd row: Isaac tended to be doing this as a oneor two Vanderpool, %%anda Farle), NI% ian Fish, um Parrish, Jim Tempfeton, Ann year commitment before they wen1hi Floyd, Nancy Graham, Judy Trout, Nine Work). 3rd row: Dim Lollis, Gibbs graduate school or wen1 hock 10 their Kinderman, S)Ria Forte, Tom Rodenhaugh, Jim BlairIcon Moister. inimiNbusiness. They sometimes .01 Hohnes, Sue Giffin, Maureen Stoy. 4th row: Julian Mosley, .1.1I.T. Sutherland, things shiredup and then weren't there McArthur Watts, Roselea Johnston, Doroth,s Haddix, Diana lia)ne, Pauline to help vvorA ii OW. Smith..lane Harold. liaidd haSfrii lo say a ha of !ham,

Noll and Then / 7 BEST COPY AVAILABLE president of the agency. "They wanted an advocate for people who need help.- Loyzi elonc 3 action, and action they got.- lie seemed more aware than Ayer had But the volunteers would come under been that the Cliuncil had not done people did slay i;1 the mountains. Then firefrom county and state of ficiats in enough to attract tht. poor and working there were a lot who were local. One Kentucky and West Virginia for their in- people. and IT was More open to the idea Of the things I was interested in when I volvement in corn rwers ies over sirip that "protest serves a useful purpose in was dir-ctor of the Coml.l was to try mining, political corruption and fraudu- calling attention to long-standing injus- to balance the staff.I tri NI to have lent welfare practices; the attacks aggra- tices.- Yet he retained he predecessor's maybe half native born, and since there vated iMernal diffeRnees over strategies commitment to theparmt. -ship ideal! "At were so many young idealistic people sonic point. we from everywhere. ti.ell-educated MUNI come to- certainly wanting to do things. we hired ... The Papers gether as al,roup probably about 50 percent from else- FromThe Lexington Leader,Lexington, Ky., August 23, 1966. of human heings where. I think it made a nice mix. Funds Being Misused. ho all suf fer and I do maintain the the C'outu-il was Antipoverty Woikers Tell Federal Officials who all want one JO the mo.a democratic organiza- tions in the country along around 19157, WASHINGTON (AP)More things to he differ- the evening session, said the 'OS, '69. There was this concerted than 300 antipoverty workers Appalachian programs are ent, if we are to who came to Washington at basically good, but added: hring about a soci- iflOrt to broaden its face and include their own expense to talk with "The AV's (Appalachian Vol- et) in v. hich we all community people and poor people. federal officials abont Appala- unteers) and the VISTAs have 13nt I tr,, .1 to get the bow.d fo chian programs wound up in a want to lik e.- been the first ones to do decide wiult it wos the Council was gripe session. anything for us. But even they FA en w ith The workers, from have problems. They're sent in Jones as director, it supposed 10 he.I "'US unable lo do that Kentucky, West Virginia, Ten- like soldiers without weapons. Vtirs het:Wiling les., bemuse the board was divided. I nessee and Virginia, charged "What the federal govern- and less possible decided to that federal funds are being ment does is to give all the mishandled at the local level. money to the enemythose for the Counc;I to Q:How werethe times different than Hobart Grills, Evarts, Ky.,courthouse politicians." accommodate both they are now? like most of' those who spoke at Used by permission. conflict and con- A: It WaA all era of zeal. People were sensus. Younmi trying to do something cibout the prob- and ohjecti% es. The group eventuall) lost people and poor people's groups Vkanted lems in this country. It was a wonder- their Fedt..ral support and ceasi..d opera- glealer representation on the hoard of di- ful time in many ways. Everybodyjelt tions in 1971. rectors and more specif ic. concerted ac- pretty heady alnnit finally being able to The departure of th,\ppalachian tion. Dehates at annual conferences in- do Manething about these problems. Volunteers and the increaNing.1) critical tensified. We didn't do all that should hare been rew of staff memhers tow 'ad the anti- In 1967, Gordon Ehersole of the dime but I think a lot oj advances were pi\ ert) campaign placed the Council in a Congress for Appalachian De\ elopment made. preLarious position. Sonic menthers called on the Council to adopt a resolu- lot of local people were awak- oiled If) the poNAtmlities. They Alin are drifted away, impatient with the Coun- tion asking prk ate power companies to work!. all tite.e community cd's refusal to confront the basic jues- change \ oluntard) into non-profit corpo- lions ahout the sources of povert in Ap- rations. The Council did not act on the people who know how to go down to the state capital and .,,!et some cntioll palachia iind the Johnson Administra- resolution. lea:ing that such political ad- tion's escalating involvement in the war ocac) would threaten its tin\ -e when the local officials wmi. t pa.\ in Vietnam at ie e\pense of the War on status. Rut iii i(MX the Council %cited io attelltion to Meth.The Ww' on Poverty Po\ ert). "endor,e and support- the Poor People's did a whole lot of good in the way of Other illenlhers. stlih as Council Campaign sponsored h) the Southern oPeulug uP PosAthlitles. president Philip Ii. Young, tried to reform Christien 1.ea lership Conference.Uhl, We've had these .great periods of :cal. we, missionar. the ('ouncil fromvithin. Young,alon12 led board memher Olt\ er Ternherr) to ies the vt,,Old and them into the \kith a numher ol board and stall mem charge that the Council v.as sanctioning hers. realuerl that the crinarns of the the a..ti\ ines ol a group whose approach Southern mountains co.' put them on Inchon reservations. nu,se people wcce Council had changcd hut Perle) Aker had bordered on "coercion. innandatiun. and not. "The !Hn i! has come toconsider nev, insonic ift.tances, almost anarch.- on fire to do ,00d. Sometimff they done as intun harm a,s, they ak entws of operation.- Young contended, .1. he pressures thathad been building may hale and in late 1%6. the esecutik e committee sime the beginning of the Vk an on Po\ did good, hut there was that di sire to created a new position for AN. er that !e- ert) Imall) boiled ii', em iii 1969. Nearl) a help. and that WUS Ver.V WholeSonie and lle\ed him ol administratie duties and thousandpeople from o\ er a do/enstates good. IlospitalA and clinicN were named I.o al Jones as esecutie director. Caine to the CollacIrN annual COIllerellt.V jowided. l'hat vi.hole era after the Civil Jones. a North Carolina nati\ e and al Lake. N.C.. inApril 1969Al- war. the first part of the 20th century, Berea ( 'ollege graduate vkho had been a ter passing a hotl -COIllestedresolutionto humbeds selthwleht schools full-tune stall memher sinceI 95X.recog- al 1011 \ et" \ ofle attending the Council's schooR and hospikiR niiedthe need to make the ('.nincil a business meetings totIte. \1hether or not were .1.oleldea doWn here because more -inclusive- organi/ation acting -as the) 11"e pod members. conleience par- C'hristum Pe°Ple elsewhere thought.

8 / Nms and Then ticipanh voted to estahlkh IleA commk- scinded at the Councirs 1970 meeting at Loyal Jones sions on Black Appalahians. Lake Junaluska. N.C. I3this time the People', Self-11(.1p. Aging and Natural passage of militant resolUttons calling (or -we' vo. just got to do something about Resources. cotntnunit) control of OF.0 programs, the the less fortunate." The> then adopted a abolition Of strip mining These feelings ebb and flow. Most no se; of h las s pro- and "an economic anal- of us grow faint aml get cynical. aml % iding that Council hoard_ThePapers . . . sis that details ssho say it doesn' I make nuwh differerwe. memher,ouldhe 'oss ns' Appalachia" A as But I think we're on the verge of elected direcIls h the FromtheLouisville Courier- hardl,- surprising. And another liberal swing. Journal, September 3, 1967. conimhsions and that late in the anernoon on Q: It would be diffirill to get people ithin three ears 51 per- Poverty an Old Story the final da of the con- so involved like that now, wouldn't it? cent of the hoard 11ould to Mountain Council ference. atter twist par- A:Du. Appalachian Studies Confer- by Kyle Vance he repteentan, e, ot. the ticipants had Iefi. the ence does this to some e.vtent. poor. Se% eral e Berea, Ky.,--...the Council of Youth Commission or- mostly an organi:atMn of scholarly political resolutions al.so the Southern Mountains' opon- chestrated the adoption folks from universities. Here again you passed. demanding door policies sometimes subject of a resolution that made luive an establislurent organi:ation among other things a it to angry criticism. An ex- the "defined operational pression of policy states that it trying to reach Out to other people. and guaranteed annual in- "rejects no group simply goal- of the Council the that' s not always entirely successful. come. an immediate because that group has critics." "democratic public con- The whole businessofgetting groups dras al of I ..5. Ironps As a result, the talent bank trol ill* Appalachia's together# discuss problems. to do Inlin Vietnam and the re- and other programs have brought into the mountaiina a natural resources, hasie better by unworn'else. /WSits limita- channeling of militar few of what (Loyal) Jone9 energ de\ elopment and tions. People are not going to,qive spending into domestic describes as "real characters." transportation." verymuch power if they are in control programs. particularl. in They include leftists with R. Bald's in Llod of of thingsjust as the federal govern- Appalachia. strong views against how things are run in Washington. the Council's board s111- ment in theWaron Poverty was not "Some force e\- Paul Goodman, New York patheticall) e \plained willin( to) allow people to go toojar. as pliided the Council of the author and self-styled anar- that the Youth Commis- wah the ca.w of the Appalachian Vol- Southern Mountains." chist, was the council's key stun \ anted the resolu- unteers. The volunteers upset things speaker at the recent Knoxville board nienthers Charles conference. Among other tion to he regarded as an pretty well, and their junds were cut Counts mused. "and I things, he called for support of "educational tool" to off. onder hm the pieces draft-card burners, and stimulati Q: The Council seems to hare been in can be gathered.- Mem- damned the Great Society as s'otineil the 'worst society." a decline through the lOs and '80s, ber% like Philip Young "We like to havo the members about "the et:0- A:It's a pity. The people who took bras els %elconted the thoughts of all," said director (10111.1C needs and pru ib. over the Council had acces% it, mono "fresh opportunit.s to deal Loyal Jones. "We took a lot of l'tns that racc .\p' and a modicum of prwer. InaAO /Midi ith old prohlems- and flak from the Goodman talk, 1. lo d con- but you will have to agree that PIIiLlti,i. dependSon people' perCeptiOli.s. cheered the "no\ look- of we let Bill Sturgill defend strip ceded. hmes en. that 'hink in those years, poiple of the new the Council-- -"\Vho sass mining on the same program." man members sas the Council alienated some of the People ou can't put neine in William P. Sturgill ii resollIntill as a pohc de- who had been giving, as rf ilwy were old hottlesi" .%d. le, I lor_ head of Kentucky River Coal Sales, Hazard, Ky., one of the cision foR Mg the Coun- bad people just because duPy had ton of the I lighlander Re- larger strip-mine operations... cil "to take a socialistic, mon('y) give. search and Pducation Used by permbednu. d not e en a communis . There' ve been wonderful people at Center e \tilted. nc. stmt." \lore resig. the Council during these .rears.I know Rut others like for- notions tollm ed. they wanti0 dr)a lotOfIhing.v. and Mo- mer Council president Donald R. Fessler The net el feet of the Fontana and have done a lot of things inmaw safety. sa\\ the Fontana illeCting as a CiiIINpirato- .ake Junaluska meetings \;is to make n bringing suits, strip mining, welfare Hal -LikCii Cr.- and Csi Virginia rni e tremel dif icult ran onI to maintain rights. cill:ell A groups, cai:ens jOr piosost Robert F. Munn con the C iiuitti,il as :in organi/ation hut to plc- social a,"I economic On( e. g)'oups demned the actions ol -thoseho io Nen C hate\ er WIC II sill] had in a rapidl they had organi:ed. But unfortunately. reason, moderation and good faith tilt detetioraiimr \Val. on Po\ ert>."I he Nison the j'oundations, even those liberal contempt.- Fearing the los, of hoth Administration took a decidel Ctiol foundations. are fiat as ffrAle as ihvy members and financial support. the hoard nide tim alitte intipm ert N. program. and ranhr. made ( 'ouncil membership open to an - "")chilnneled .APPalachlan 71u, Ford Fourulation was quite one k ho subscribed to its purposes and grants thiough pm ate husines.es, interested in supporting this great \ho collet participated in or contrihuted cal estahlishiwnts. and Lonsulting firms commission structare Of Council to its \ork. but limited soling pris deges lather Ma.. groups like Me council. until the year that the Council jell at annual eonlerenees to those \kW %%Cie In 1,1as 1970 I ap, al Jones presented apart.!Ina if we luid had funds to iegisaffed as members tor al least 30 das the lloald of coninlissionel\\ tiIt \\ hat he support that, we would have had a prim to the meeting,. cons iiered to he -1111Ce LTIl' facing the better chance ()Pio/ding it together. his decision %as piomptl re- ( 'oink II.a lat. k ol mono,. a conflict mei doing something useful, but the Ford No and Then 9 BES I COPY AVAILABLE management principles and a confusion The Council survived--hut just harely. Loyal Jones about purpose and direction. Should it be S".1..e the mid-1970s. it has maintained an Foundation lost interest in it when they "a council of persons of diverse view- active interest in the fight against strip saw that there was some discord. points and economic Ntrata. or a Ningle- mining. insensitive health and welfare Lots of these j'oundations have porpoNe or limited-purpose organization s,v stems, and inequities in the coal and supported lots Of liberal eauses there reflecting a single ideological viewpoint textile industries. But the Council is far fiv a few years and then they.ifind some- and a membership limited to those w hi) from fulfilling its hopes for a broad-has,:d thing else to do. Nupport the purpose andiewpoint that membership. helping to link together Tile Council deserves support and have been eNtahliNhed?" Junesasked. communit groups in a coalition capable they' re doing a lot of things that need Whenthe board deferred an definite de- of slopping theeylollation orAp- support. They really are representing a cision on the Council's future. Jones re- palachia and giving power tn itspeuple. lot of grassroots people that don't have signed. creating w hat was widel,, seen as Ironicall the Council's primar functinn anything else in du, way of a regional a fourth crisis for the Council. once again has become the recognition organi:ation. Yet most jOundations For the nest fewears. the Council and promotinn of ideas and programs have not shown that they' re willingto struggled to reconstnict an organization among grassroots organizations in the re- support that very well and I think that's that reflected us radical transformation. gion. a shame. ft was soon apparent that pursing the The historx nf the Council of South- The ones wlui are trying to hold die strategies and ideals of the lateI %Os ern Mountains offers sexeral insights into Council together have had a lot of through a decentralized structure %1/4ithoui the Lb,namics of reform in Appalachia. financial problems. They have to deal an significant sunirces of financial back flir more than half a centurv. the Council with those rather than progianis. It's ing was aerx formidable task. tended to romanticize Appalachian life bad. Following Jones's re\ignallirn the Council and culture. to sinnoth over the destrue- Q: Have you stayed involved with the boat dAllied a temporar triunlx irate tixe elIects n1indUstriali/ation on the re- composed of anev.\evulkedirector. pun, lbbemoreconcerned\1/4 ith the A: /'ve stayed as a member, a sub- Warren Wright, andt%1/4 o stallmembers. sxmptoms of problems than their root scriber, I get the maga:ine. Julian Griggs and lssac Vanderpool. causes and tn operate\1/4 ithin ideoloyical Q: What did you do after you quit Vx.right. a I.etcher Count farmer and boundaries \1/4hich it def ined as neutralit your job with the Council? self-educated minister whohad seen his but w hicli also confined it to gradual. lim- was offered a job at Berea land rax aged h corporate strip mining. ited and piecemeal rebirms. A: / College. There had been talk at Bffili L'1M !stoned a Council of independent All this changed with the War lin lI/foumlclimli,' an Appalachian C'enter that commissions throughv. hichAppalachian Pox ert . The size and scupe ot its pro- would pull together various academic people could end the region's colonial grams. the issues it ri.ised and the con- departments and coordinate and direct status and assert cnntrol mei. its politics. flicts it sparked hu1leted the nrganization. the commitmem of' du, college toward skeltareprograms. educational s stem and It became uirn ahnut thc ellectixeness ml the region. Eighty percent of our tits structure. the antipoxert campaign. reluctant to students come from du' region. We Implementing theseplans %1/4as an conl nom partisan issues and insistent that have always been interested. So I went tither matter. Of:0 funds had disap eompromise NA as ak \ spossible. The to work few du, college at that time. I peared. and the Council %k as back in sup- Council that emerged in the 1970. ma run the Center but I also teach a ColfplC porting itself w ith membership tees. ha\ e been inureattuned tothe need tor a o: coursesAppalachian culture and hurch iind pH% ate foundation grants. and lough-minded anal%si s of the econi mine Appalachian pro/Vigils. And I run olunteer lahor. The number ofstall and political realities of Appalachia. But ;,.tniiier courses fOr teachers and members dw mdled to fewer than a dozen. the new Omneil possessed its um \kinro- e,huators. Wright's strong administratixe st le and manticpredispositions and found it hard bicus tin the stripmining issues clashed to sustain itself when few supported. Q: Do you think the region is ;fetter off now than before the War on ith the desire foradeninera- wed stall working (in se\ eral Poverty? 1 ronts. In 11)71 Nrignt stepped A: / really think it is, partially because of the pro,grams passed during du, down as eseonive director. Kennedydohnson years. I don't really anu the statiattempted to oper believe that there's wholesale hunger ate the Counuil onaconi . pletelv eplitarian hasis. One now. %he Food Stamp program bus done a good job in trying to feed people ear tater. the Council moved who imuld not have an adequate diet. its Of 1 ice Iroin Berea to A lot of people who are disabled have Chntwood. Va.. located in the support. Welfare fOr most of the states heart ni the central Appala- is not ellou,idi to live on. It's a percent- chian coalf !yids, v, here it age of ti hat it Houk take to live could he ph sicallx close to decently. The employment situation is the core problems of the re- not good, and a lot of the jobs that have git Loyal Jones teaching at Berea College around 1971. come in are minimum wage. We' ve

10 / Nov. and Then BEST COPY AVAILABLE much less understood, polit ed The histor% of the Council and the Loyal Jones agenda. War on Poverty thus underscores the made some gains hut we lag behind the For man% Appalachian residents. the point that an% relorm effort to end pm - nation. Nevertlwless, I think people most lasting positi% e effect of the War on ertii Appalachia must he at least equal are better 41 I think duo citi:enry is Poverty may have been the awakening ot in magnitude and complexit) to the prob- more alert and willing to get involved. an indigellolls grassriMts R'101111 I110% e- lem itself. Q: Would you advocate some of the men( in the 1970s. The v, eltare rights, now-defunct War on Poverty pro- labor. health. education. en% ironmental. grwns coming back to the mountains? cooperative and political action gmups Al. (dell IA prolcAmir A: /think we could he tnore imagina- tlmt 1.1.1'0% OW 01 the antiptALTI1 cmipiwi Stith' tive in welfare-type programs trying to seemed to reflect an understanding that IndIII% l)004, Highlander, Woll the help people to become self-sufficient. communit action. though frustrated a Ilil'el'//y l're%.% ui KelinicA.C% NS() The trend to turn everything over to the decade earlier. still possessed enormous Appalac Awahl. Ile lA now cit tt 1)r4 states is to allow some of the states to mential as a %chicle tor economic. po 011 a I OillprellelMil'e IllAtOry 01 the it fi 011 neglol a lot of their citi:ens in a way litical and social change. Prn'eft 1111 Ippalac that is going to he detrimental to the whole country. We have fttiled to see our children ay G WHERE ARE THEY NOW? Q: Of ail programs at the Council, An Update on the Soldiem in the War on Poverty in Appalachia are there any you'd like never to see Robert Gipe again? A:When you think of how little thay Edwin Safford: Safford, a New Yorker. was one of the few community action were in relation to the problem. I program directors from outside Appalachia when he was in charge of the worth/ say no. The Council spent (lot program serving Letcher, Peny, Knott, and Leslie counties in Kentucky. After of money, but it was really just a leaving Kentucky, Safford returned to New York and worked for a number of pittance. We re talking about a lew years in the Office of Economic Opportunity's northeastern regional office. hundred thousand a year. I thinA one Safford is currently a budget officer for the New York Metropolitan Transit yea .vemight have had a.s mulch as a Authority. n dollars in contracts. But that Philip H. Young: Council of the Southern Mountains r esident in 1966, Young tverymuch for a legl017 Of eight currently serves as an executive with the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) and lives Or HOW State.V. in California. All (y the things were probably Warren Wright: Wright was the first executive director of the Council in the good and involved Sonic people and post-Loyal Jones era, and at last report was still living and farming in Burdine, made some people see things differ- Letcher County, Ky. ently. Julian Griggs: Griggs worked with migrant workers in Indiana in the 1970's and Q:What do you consider was the is now deceased. most successful Council Program.' Isaac "Ike" Vanderpool: After running a multi-county health service A: TheColYerellee organization and working in the coal mining industry in Kentucky. Vanderpool peOple 10.f:ether to Meet 011e allOther moved to Tennessee where he presently operates a marina near Lake Norris. and tOgera bit Of Milton Ogle: Ogle. who helped orchestrate the split between the Appalachian The community (letioil 11101;raMS Volunteers and the Council in 1966, directs Appalred. Inc. a legal services Were 1111pi 'rtallt. pie tilleal ballA WaA di organization operating out of Charleston, W. Va. Wonder/al idea altholigh 01:0 got tired Alan J. Zuckerman: Council staffer Zuckerman is currently employed by the and decided it wasn' se.5y enough. Organization of Industrial Councils, which specializes in representing the dlehaltled U. interests of urban minority industrial workers. The whole idea ol har1111; mmie Tom Davis: An Appalachian Volunteer who worked primarily in Southwest people with Minnui:4 in Iculth'IAIllp and Virginia and Upper East Tennessee. Davis is a part owner of Iron Mountain Affinvint: %oulirall11.1;ahr WI et011011th Stoneware, an artists cooperative, which was originally called I.aurel Bloomery del'elopMellt 1.;roap pro( eA Pottery and received its initial funding t.rom a federal grant as part of the War on able tO trala 1'u/uuliuuuuutS peu iplc'.all ey Poverty. all% 1111%illIpoll(1111 rq the pr)- Gordon Ebersole: Ehersole. a former member of the Congress for Appalachian :MI/11N It-crir Development. is retired and divides his time between Bowie, Md., and a tarm in West Virginia. R. Baldwin Lkqd: Former Council Board member I.loyd. currently directs the Appalachian People's Service Organization of Blacksburg, V. Lyndon ,lohnson: Though he was able to launch far-reaching civil rights Robert Gipe is a freelunce writer living legislation and antipoveily programs, President Johnson's increased in Kingsprat Ile us'cvntly received a involvement in the Vietnam War was extremely unpopular and led to his Master's Degree inAmerican Studies downfall. He did not run for reelcction in 1968. lie died on January 22. 1973. from the liniversity AlaAsuchuseits,

BEST CCk-T AVAILABLE \ow and Then I It WIN, LOSE OR DRAW? What effect did the War on Poverty have in Appalachia? or Was Appalachia better off after the War on Poverty than it was before the War on Poverty?

median families unemploy-population A look at some Appalachian family below pov- ment change Communities: income erty line rate .11

1950-1960 Letcher County, Ky., 1960 $ 2,615 55.2% 11.4% -23.8% lies in the heart of the coalfields. Population 30,687- (Pre-war on poverty) 1960-1970 96.16% white. Major town: Whitesburg (pop. 1,525). 1970 $ 4.406 40.1% 4.7% -23.0% Major industry: Co..1 mining. Agricultural products: (During the war) 1970-1980 corn, vegetables, hay, caule. 1980 $12,702 22.9% 11.9% +32.5% (Post-war)

Swain County, N.C., 1950-1960 1960 $ 2,484 59.1% 6.3% -15.5% borders the Great Smoky Mountain National Park. Most of the county is part of the Qualla Boundary-land held 1960-1970 in trust by the U.S. government for the Eastern Band 1970 $5.186 26,9% 4.6% + 5.3% of the Cherokee.Population 10,283-24.4% Americin 1970-1980 Indian. Major towns: Bry an City, Cherokee. Major 1980 $10.982 23.3% 16.4% +10.8% industry: Tourism. Agricultural products: Tobacco, cattle. horticulture.

1950-1960 Kanawha County, W.Va., 1960 $ 5,862 21.4% 6.1% + 5.5% located in the middle of the state is home to Charleston, 1960-1970 the state's capital and targast city (pop. 63.968). County 1970 $ 8.668 13.0% 4.1% - 9.3% population: 231,414-93% white. Major industries: 1970-1980 chemicals, construction and retail. Agricultural products: corn, tobacco, beef cattle. 1980 $20,367 8.2% 6.3% + .8% Hancock County, Tenn., 1950-1960 1960 2.8% -14.9% which adjoins the Virginia border, boasts no major $ 1,442 78.0% highways, railroads, bus service or fast food chains. 1960-1970 Population: 6,887 99% white. Major town: Sneedville 1970 $ 2,683 55.5% 6.3% -13.4% (pop. 1.110).Major industry; Wood production. 1970-1980 Agricultural products: Tobacco, cattle. 1980 $ 7,830 39.5% 11.0% + 2.5%

1950-1960 U.S.A. 1960 $ 5,660 21.4% 5.1% +18.5% Population: 226,546,000-86% white. 1960-1970 1970 $ 9,586 10.7% 4.4% +13.3% 1970-1980 1980 $19,917 9.6% 6.5% +11.4%

The Council of the Southern Mountains- A Scarred Veteran

Though the Council of the Southern get back on ollr teel.- She ahnos, Guess it doesn't hurt your resume Mountains has faced hard times, it has singlehandedly prmitiees the Council' 64 Antipoverty worker Jay never ceased operation. Due to mime .ear old quarterly inaga/me. Mountain Rockefeller (John D. Rockefeller IV), disastrous programs. h the cad\ 1980. !Ale and Work. With a small grant from who was a fieldworker in the Action the organiiation Owed creditors SI.13,H10, the Babcock Foundation, she is also for Appalachian yonth Program in ln 1984 they filed for baukruptc. "We orking on a mine safety program. 1964, served as gayer* of West came out of that in Juhe. 1986,- reports The Council.Ina IN a non-piofit Virginia from 1977 to 1981 14e's the Couneirs Cath \ Stanley. "The debt is organi/ation. would be glad tor contribu- currently 'West :Virginia's junicer down to $1.200, hich kn't too bad." she tions and subscnhers to Mountain Fite senator. Nays. and Work (5 15.00 per year). Contact the Stank:\ IN the only staff inembcr and ( 'mined of the Southern Mountains at working as a vlthinteer. -until e Lan P.O. Bo \ 118X. Clintwood. VA. 24228.

12 / Now and Then BEST COPYAVAILABLE David Whisnanf A Born Again Appalachian by Jane Harris Woodside

Young Da id Whisnant didn't know Appalachian Studies mokement trom its romanticism. "I was horn and raked in he wil grokk ing up in Appalachia. He formati\ e WI%in the late 1960s. That the Blue Ridge It Iountains of North identified V. ith his hometow n. tid I:nka In% oI ement produced numerous articles Carolina. which hak e kept their hold on .iust outside of Ashoille. N.C. and tkk 0 hooks. .1,/oderni://0.; the me through my more than 2() years of lie identified V. ith the Blue Rklge Mow/hi/neer in 1980 and .4// /ha/ I\ heing away.I felt their hold quite earl in mountains. But his akkareness of coining Ntnive and Eine in 1983Written in a life. hut hak e heen long >ears coming to Innu a distinct region w ith a culture clear. accessihle st le. full of cons it:lion understand it.- worthaluing was a slow. gradual and dr.k humor. good quotes and telling What Whisnant has used his work to Process. an aw areness that came into detaik. hkork has won V. idespread come to ternl 11ith is. 01 cour.e. not Nharp focus. finall and ironicall. onl attention and adnUration in the acadenuc Nimpl the hold \NW 'Mel\ and ancient atter he had spent keilr 11 mg and communik and provoked dehate ahout mountains have lin hunt. He has been teaching college in the flatlanik of the topics ranging from the Tennessee Valle reacquointing himself w it h the culture 11k1w est. Authorth to folk festik als. into %hich he V. as horn in 1938. the Recogni/ing Appalachia as a {MO.` In A personal Nearch mow onen than complicated and dnainic culture of his life marked an important turning point not lies hellind supposedly dispassionate famil engaged in the multigenerational for him. lnnh personallv and Ncholal inquir. Whtsiu..nt i. unusualk NtrUggle to enwrge troll. the ranks of prof essionalkh led to the candid ahout the p.Mid needs that hake Southern NukiNtence farmers to FIX'S ink ol enlent shaped his academic pursuits, In his hecome middle- in the pref. ace to 11.1thle1111.7/111,' class he writes w ith a trace of NI,

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"04 ti..c ....A -. ... ,,4', ,:: --.. .00. a 6-1,t._;,trf,-. 4.-1 , .."-.,,, ,- ..-. , , q Ar..),"*k ;, - 4,11e% ,..n. Zi15,1ii.: .' ' 'tog' ''''::, -4: 0 .1.' ..., ^4..41,1,6; .' .' ,`,,;- ''S.;:ZA-.1,.....,...,4 dibt.4 ,....' ..e, ' . A VV 0177,-ti.i,:c On.\-"' i, tak4 ..-.A` "P.-.1',5.'::...'P.C..''',' -. - c., ' 1 '., .'- ,,,....-.-,,, ',.1'4,...5, `',!. WE'''. "-.,' '---c 4'77444c ' .;15. 1,114_--4-4;,.4/40.-,-,:':P1 eter:r. Enka Village, N.C., David Whisnant's home town, outside of Asho ille, around 1950. Nom and Then / 13 BEST COPY AVAILABLE professionals. a struggle \hich onen ere ver\ anxious. in the \kin\ s that most pirents. the Whisnants placed a great deal insisted that the young denigrate and parents of their generation weft. about of \ alue on education. All four ot their reject their birthright. Ills work in an \ thing that would compromise or sons lett the compain . tov,n tO attend Appalachian Studies has been an weaken what little hit of apy, ard social college and elit on to get ad\ anced examination ot the forces that led to his and economic mobtlit the\ could degrees. alienation from his m%n culture. en\ ision for their kids.I don't blame Another w a the \ tough against The circumstance, ol his earl \ them tor that. The were pertectk losing ground 1 a. to be sure that their childhood w (liked against de \ eloping n characteristic in that respect ot people in children acquired cultural markers that sense of regional identit ."The famil that period.- y.ould prepare fhem tor upw ard had little mone. We didn't ha\ e a John and Mar\ hisnam are both parents "ere `LT\ er ak are otthe reliahle car. So I \.is at least Id Or I I bright. able people w hoere horn into w\ their kids dressed, talked. the kinds \ ears old before 1as e \ en out ot the hlue collar families. \Iar\ N adoptke int music the listened 10. the friends their mountains.I.:\ en out ol the state. We lather was a da laborer in the kids associated w ith. the schools th,.. ne er had people come toisit Us. sta\ construction industr\ Inman! N went to.- For e listening to ith us Irom other places. So in the sense paternal grandfathei lett the famik countr\ music broadcast mei. WSM as that an aw areness ot the specialness ol Rutherford counts lam in 19(10 to 1ork discouraged because ot its associations one's on region is a comparatke lor 50 \ ears as a bins drier in Asho ith rural life. w ith lower class reness. I didn't hike that.- So between his parents.\k orkmg class -uncultured- people. "The did not hike nother isolating force w s the ori:ins and the fact that the came of age the means to send UN Off to boarding Baptist Chinch. Whisnant's \ ears ot school or to Europe to do ink ol membership in the West Ashe \ ille those sort of acculturating iindi Baptist Churcl.ovLs a inn \ed sociali/ing things that pare influence.( )n the one hand. he more mone can do. kWhat the muses. "I think it communicated to did do w as to he \ er conscious and UN that there v.ere other-th.ings more \ er anxious about the kinds of important than itist oUr personal influences we %%ere suhject to in the comfort. that some sense of ser\ ice en\ ironment V, here \1e were.- to other people \kits important. Schools also did their share m Those things wcre presented in a the process Whisnant calk cultural \ er moralistic and depolinciied and stripping. lieas tanight from therefore alienated wa\ hut the\ textbooks chosen b hureaucrats mmn ere no ertheless presented. So I Raleigh. hooks w hich simpl ignored think the I irst \ ague sense of social local histor> and cultu,-. But the concern that I hadas generated and most immediate and potent sustained 1-k the Baptist Church.- perpezratois Of alienation w ere his How e \ cr.ith Us sights set on sehoolMales. especially atter he sa ing souls and the next world. the transferred from the counk into the church itself rarek took note of Ashe\ ille cit s stem for high The Whisnants in the mid-1940s. Das id is the school. important current e \ ents. For second tallest child, in the dark jacket. instance. Whisnant notes the Throughout hisoutfit Whisnant felt ..egregated church no er discussed the during the DepieNsion. neither of like an outsider, sitting on son, 1954 Supreme Court decision ordering Whisnant's parents could afford the imaginar horder line.In Enka. b \ irtue school integration.-So. in one sense. college education thatoalt: ha e more of being the son of a w hi,c. collar \corker. what the church didas to insulate us firml secured their claim to mennh...rship he perceived himself as heing a rung or from a variety of really important social in the middle class. ahove his \corking class peers. But and political realities that \%e should hike Whisnant's father(Irked for in Asheville. he ne\ er quite measured up. been aware ot. We should have been Ameri:an Enka. a Dutch-owned textile mic er quite fit in101 his fellow students. talking about these things. Instead.ou compa,k as an engineer w ho made up ho consulered themsek es sophisticated know , we were going to Baptist training for his lack ot formal education with and urbane. union sessions and talking in a ver\ years ot on-the-job experience.But in "The wa I talked. the wa I dre,..ed. superficial and disconnected win\ about theI 9t,1s. during one ot the textile the friends I had, the church I went to all the Baptist missionar work in Nigeria. industr sM cycles. John Whisnant were nrakers of a culture that was And we had no notion of where Nigeria lost hisjoh. lie had spent 27 \ earsith stiginati/ed.It wasn't a stigmati/ing that w as.- the compam. came Irom outside the region.- Whisnant From his earliest das. WInsnant v,a. Such precariousness in their own emphasi/es. "It win. a s!igmati/ing that encouraged to leave behind his [Lai \ e lies made his parents take seriousk -the existed acro,,s certain cultural and socio- culture. Ills own parents. WhiNnant now threat ot losinghat little hit they had economic houndariesithin the region. realites. were important agents of this and ot slipping hack even t urther into In a w a ,it was the old city/countr cultural alienation. Or John and Mar\ their working class origins,their son dispard Whisnant. he Na -My parents ohser\ es. lake man Depression .era Whisnant's new peers \1 ere a product 14 / No%t and Then BEST COPY AVAILABLE Of Asheville. -Ashev \ as up and American literature at Duke t rniversits. (his personal search for a lost cultural self coming, sou know. And it wanted to be After earning his Ph.D. in 1965. he could pose the questions w hich his that ss as 2' arrised at the link ersitv of Illinois to take scholarship set ahout answering.

oundL..d in the late I rlr centur) up his f irst reaching Job. in the English At the Morgantown meeting. Asheville w as an old cits for the department. participants asked him where he intended mountains. Bs the 19th century. it had Some time before, Whisnant had to go frtim there. "And I remember being established itself- as an important regional come acro's Thomas R. 1:Ord'she very surprised because I really had no commercial and tourism center. 1 his cast kil,'1011: A rUITC.\ intention of doing an) thing with it.I had to its character meant that the city had a and hegan reading about the region. But simply written the article. But then I did COnstant 'milli\ or he,.population, not his regional identity finalls coalesced hegin to think about it.''Eventually he often found in the rest of Appalachia. during the middle and late hnshtle on began talking to the Ilniversity of With the presence of long-established. the junior faculty at Illinois. As the Tennessee Press ahout the possihilitS of substantial Catholic and Jew kh various social and political mos ements des eloping hls Ideas into a book, U the communities. for e \ample, the cits app i.,red on the hori/on. Whisnant fall (IfI ()72, he had left Illinois. moved des eloped some degree of cultural listened and read and thought and back to Durham, N.C., and \ as under pluralism. rethought and was politiciied.lie read contract to Tennessee to produce a

Rut Ashes tile was not quite sure Ilarn, \ 19(12 \tads al the coal manuscript. ss hat to doith the mountanulture iiidustr5 e \ploitation 01 Eastern the end of 1975, he had i Wished surrounding it."I think the fact that Kentock Night (*()Illc. to due Mnde/l/Linf; the :1/u/tit/a/nee/. (jetting Ashes ille was a tourist center Meant that 'wriberlands and looked at his home the volume published. however. took five %k anted to he able to sell itself as a region ss ith new eves. years. As the cop) editing k as nearing cosmopolitan area." ohsers es Whisnant. The f irst huh of this nok completitm. management changed at that it \kits ala s in some coiisc!oLisliess \ as an article published in Tennessee, and the new director \sass emharrassed ahout local culture. ..ourth in the fall of I97(1.iii demanded that Whi,nant remove the "Part of its strategs for doing that "Finding Ness Models for Appalachian chapter on the l'ennessee Valles \ as to depreciate local culture.It did that Des elopment.- he observed that planners Authority (TVA) or his contcact would he at the sante time that it also tried to use believed that if Appalachia would just cancelled. Whisnant refused iind began that local culture in a commercial 1k It urbaniie and industriali/e. all would he the long process of finding another \% as vers glad to have the Southern Vaguels hut sincerels. \,)v hisnant puhlisher. Finalls in 1980, Appalachian I lighlands I landicrift (iuild there and to argued that '' hat we must do is find Consortium Press produced the hook. has e the Mountain Dance and Folk ss as s ol alleviating the real human ,t.b/derni:ing the illomaincer is a Festis al there hecause thoso were hig problems of the region (hunger. disease. .ies Of case studies of organi/ations that draw 5 f(hr tourists. So it's a schiis int ant mortality and all the rest )ithnut tried to promote des elopment m the relationship that Ashes rIle had with those turning the region itself into a mirror region. including the TVA. the Council of cultural ss stems.- image of the hadls flawed larger culture.- the Southern MountainS and the 1)uring his high school das s iii "Finding Ness Models" found for the Appalachnan Regional Commission, AsheVilie. W liisnarit s liori/ons CR' Higlish professor a ne\k audience. Whisnant a,serted that underlsing these broadened.I ie traces hif irst, set-%f aint Short!) af ter the article appeared. radical agencies el forts to improve the life of thi stirrings of regional consciousness hack Appalachian activist Rob liurladge "hacks% ard- mountaineer was realls to those das%k hell he went tu the ins ited Whisnant to a meeting of the cultural drama, a struggle hem een two Mountain D;nice and Folk Pestial and l.nion of Radical Political Economists in opposmg cultural ss stems. That drama the annual Guild craft fair.Still, the Morgantown. W. Va. There Whisnant got plased out in images. message Ashes 111c gas e him about kika talked and listened to petioleithsiuiiilar For e \ample. in a 1940simage k as that %khile he might come f rom concerns. perspectis es, senses of Mission. TVA-produced mos ie, "The Valles ol It %kits .1 dt.11Clent One. Reflecting on those dass, he wrote in Tennessee,- the mountaineers walk in 1956. Whisnalll elli011ed at aI 9S0 article, "It was a Ile%k e perience slumped mei% look f urtRe. %k ear bib ieorgia Tech in Atlanta asart t(1r inc.I was used to reading (and trs mg m('ralls and griffins dresses and Ilse in engineering cooperanse \tudent.(Il to ss me) scholarls articles on literature m tumbledown houses. I hese are operatissnldellts helpCddill then %k Inch the function of the first Inoninte technological primins es \kiln start like a Wilton b% belk ccii t.'t)iiiito %kas usualls to demonstrate that. despite deer at the sound of d minute of the school and working in industu\ as all appaumtl o helnung L.% !deuce to the tumhling of a hulldoier," Whisnant Intent.tic he commuted bet ss een (*teorina Lontrar.MI\minute piece of anal Nis ss ri tes. and Enka ss here he winked in hi \ lathc(s had, inf act. nes Lir been undertaken before plant. lin the more he got Into his anti \\ Milsi need! id of hieing aroutlindt";::::1\11-;111sgi'Ll'11)11.1.1.11).L\q'L"\1111.11:I'sristlkli.L.I'llIkandiii studies, tfti more he reah/ed that heing undertaken now reali/e that there chaige. "Thes comprehend the N\ stern ells2.111cer asn't the %kit\ he %k anted aN NO Milli]IVO/work to he done ,.as and conimand the technologs, as their spend the rest ul his loc. 'Alien iii hos e\ \\That \\ as especialls fingers know ingls trace charts. hluepnnts junior \ c.tr. he %k on both the Danforth ml e hilarating was that he no longer felt and scale inodek. Their hands tun oudrow \ ikon fellow \hip\ ul ,;.0 on to that hi, personal and pi otessional Iies hulldivers and sv, mg crane hooms graduate school. he decided to studs had to eist compat (mem,. against the sks. and their feet guide them

NONand Then / 15 nimbly along the high steel.- In the contrihution to the effort to describe the Campbell Folk School: and Texas-horn movie. then. according to Whisnant. politicx of cultural interaction bow ccii Annahel Morris Buchanan and

"TVA is prcijec.eL a., the savior of a the region and the rest of the count I'). k ich mond. Va.. composer John Powell barren land and a ruined and spiritless -cultun: must inevitahly he who organiied the White Top Folk people.- What wax happening in reality construed in political terms.- he xv rites in 1931 toI 939. Festiv"i from xx as that planners and technocrats k ere the book 'N conclusion. "evpecially an In Whisnant's estimation All Thal i\ imposing their 0\knattics ano encounter between two cultural NysteniN N( tive and tine is a more sans{ yingork allies and heliefs they considered that are sociallx or economicall than lik first hook since it is w ritten front superior. on the indigenous population. unequal.- During the early part of the a more complex perspective. And the these century. then. the manipulation of culture stor) of cultural intervention Is a complex as the Appalachian Studies' mox enient's was a totfl used to establish power. one.Whisnant acknowledges that sonic infane). its first phase. Dur;ng that time. Powerful northeastern industrialkts were Appalachians helped to exploit the "I think Nke raked a lot of er) important aided in their exploitation of region. and others, that lured by the ions. No \k adit N tho Nem No promise of a hetter life. mountaineers ohvious that nobod) reall) thinks about oftenil liriglparticipated in then. (Mil them anmore.- he laughs. "But then cultural stripping. the) k ere things that had to he argued The cultural emissaries all claimed to laid); Npecificidly. alue mountain culture. but in fact the) "For example. the literature up to the onkalued their romantici/ed irnages of mid-1(Thns essentialk talked ahout the mountain culture, images k hich reflected isolation of the Appalachian region.It Da id their middle and upper class standards. k as the standard tack to take. Well. k Whisnant So at White 'Fop. tor instance. the) began to look at the region in terms of its in 1948. presented local square dances but urged linkspoliticall). c.conomically. Nociall the performers to try to get their sw ing und cultumll) to the rest of the countrx right. k ork on the loom twk and couldn't pailicularl) in the senNe that the region thex please leave those meralk at home? had been used bx the rest of the countrx Cultural inter\ entionists often revixed for \cr.\ NelliNh purposes for 200 years.- (king or dead cultural forms, then What emerged was not a picture of the tinkered with w hat the) found. At the AG_ region as a quaint enclave eager to be lindinan School. they encouraged brought into the 20th centurx. hut the mountain women to start weaving again. region as an internal colon) w hose then supplied them k ith traditional natural resources had heen pillaged ti) Scandinax ian patterns. So the sub\ erted northern industrialists. indigenous culture in the name of trying "We sketched. described. anal\ /cd to preserve it. that whole Net of links between the region .1/11hati \WM' recek ed and the oukide.- he notes. referring to the general critical acclaim. Still, if fok feel work done h) Appalachian scholars On his viek of mountain culture is too the impact of coal, land. kk ater pmker and siMplistic. that he fails to recogni/e the timher interests. missionaries. educator,. forces tor change endemic in Appalachia. labor organi/ers and developers. "We Long-time Appalichian air\ rsiI telen essentiall) Net aside that old assumption Dm id I.e\k is notes that in Aillhat At'citne and of the region's isolation. One simpl) hisnant Ine, he doesn't gix e us the thoughts and can't speak in those terms any more." in 1987. reactions of Appalachians to the cultural The other important contrihudon of 2 missionaries' k tifk. "Nati\ e people k ere ?1/ the )oung Appalachian Studies 4 making changes themsek eslie didn't Movement \ aN to reformulate its cultural gke the local people credit. lie onk histor).;p to that point. "a number of the mountains' human and natural focused on external forces.- people were doing a lot of good resources h cultural missionaries, most In general. she k Ishes heould descriptive documentar) work on the of ten well-intentioned and apolitical broaden his locus. She is most troubled culture and the region.- Whknant fell it \ men xx ho Hexer questioned the justice In his selectix it) when it conies to was time to h.\ to "bring together the of speculators hux mg up land and then culture. what she sees as his to documentar) cultural kk ork and the inure turning around and selling it at exorbitant deal \ ith the "new folk.- people name to political perspectives Ilual been prof its to northern coal and railw a the region but influenced h,) popular NenNitlied to hv working with a interest5. culture. Mies or rock music for example. completel) dif ferent Net of people.- Whisnant focused on cultural Nonetheless. she sav N. lie is a ruod Written k hilt: teaching in the American workers Katherine who came iloin thorough researcher, lie ha., a good Studies department at the l;niversit) of the Bluegras, to found the I Iindinan critical nund. lie has /eroed in at looking Maryland's Baltimore campus. All "hat 1\ School; N xx Englander ()Ike Dame at insutions which at reeled the lidtke Native an(1 t ilk Whisnant's Campbellho started the John C., indigenous culture. and he ha.. done .1

16 / Now and Then BEST COPY AVAILABLE great service.- puts society's welfare ahead of individual politics was to his current work on a From the outset. v. hile renewed h) private property righk. -And I don't see hook on the cultural policy tin:, plitics of his work in the Appalachian Studies those shifts on the hori/on. And I think Nicaragua. ntmement. Whisnant wasn't alwa)s any kind of regional solutionfor the And ,o. as the Appalachian comfortahle with what he was hearing. Amaion hasin or Appalachia or any other Movement continues to evolve, it will There w aS the Matter of definition. -I regionk going ha\ e to he predicated evolve. hy and large, without David remeinher e\ en at an early time. ha\ ing on those unalterable limits.- Whisnant. Ile is certainly not leaving the some serious reservations ahout the Whisnant has traveled some dktance field entirely behind. "Fhis fall. he began region that those people w ere projecting. from his view in "Finding New Models- a !icy, joh in the Eingiish department at the What the) called it \as Appalachia. hut that his region can serve s it lahorator) Lniversity of North Carolina in Chapel %Olin it as reidly \as the Eitstern tor more Illinlaile and viahle alternative !fill where he will teach courses that deal Kentuekv and West \Virginia coalfields. lifestyles. Appalachia k not simply an ith Appalachia as N-ell as courses

And I had not grown up in a Coalfield. I internal colon) which can sit\ e itself from incorporating his recent work on cultural had no cr seen a coal nitric.I knew insensithe and greedy outsiders h\ politics in Nicaragua. ahout unions at the time because reclaiming local control 0\ A. its own David WhisitilltIlas made important there was not one at the plant \here in) at fairs.It k a complex, intenkpendent contrihutions to the Appalachian Studies f ather worked.It \kits the 'textile industr). part of a glohal system. movement. But Appalachian Studies has It was a whole different scene.- When he finkheq ..1// That IA NtalIT also ,erved him well--intellectuallv. I I Is douhts grew and deepened. -I alld I inc. he hegan to feel restless. "All politically. Ivrsonally. For through hk think in some s e got trapped. There that I kneVh at the time as that I had said work on the region. he has searched fOr \\ as it kind of nimantickm about a lot at the niiijai things that I then had to say and reclaimed much of his lost cultural that earls rhetoric. There \ a ifat Of ahout the Appalachian region and thatI self. the parts of himself so many poople paranoia.hich in some \\ a) s was felt that Ias heginning to echo myself. urged him to jettkon so that he could justified hecause. Lord knows. the region And I didn't think that was \ er) health) better himself md nse ahme Ilk Origins. had heen evploited tor a hundred )ears at iii terrns of my own intellectual or has heen the scholarl) work spurred h) least. But I think we \eren .1 as a \ are of political growth. So I thought it was time that search that has made lus reputatim. that as \: might have heen. We weren't to do !something eke.- that 11.IN secured fOr himplace itmon; as self-critical as \ke might ha\ e been. tie took up the stud\ of Spanish "for thc milks of middle class profes,ional. "On the one hand. we were tr)ing to hole variety of reasons. partly having analwe all th(se strong. functioning lo do w ith some old feelings that I still links. very dysfunctional links.- he ha\ e ahout my own provincialism. in) All That Ls Native & Fine: The Politics of corrects himself. laughing. "hetween the parochialism.- Whisnant wasn't Culture in an American Region iA available regitm and the rest of the country. and itt quite slire v. here it was all leading. frnin the I Inver-v.1v nf Nnilh Cart)lina PreAA. the same time we \\ ere arguing a kind 01 "I do remember feeling a good &al (*Impel l SI 2.00 rpaperbthAi. old fashioned romantic Appalachian ol the same kind of excitement. the same Modernizing tlie Mountaineer: People, exceptionalisn We were tr)ing to have burst of energy and enthusiasm about it Power and Planning in Appaku hia it hoth that I felt v. hen Ifirst started tl'e availalth Mini Appalachian Comm-mon We \\ ere trapped in the \1'011g Appalachian Nark. And it was oartly for ProA llneIle. -\;(...10)- S1(1.95 ipaperhat questions.- he observe,. -We reall \ that reason that I trusted what \:1.- needed to won\ less aholit the region as a happening. trusted the d)nannc.- Where region than we were.- Warr) mg so much it all led. almost ine\ itahly for a person .lanc R inidAide IA a f( IHorist(mil about the region a, a region often saddled \\ ith hk intense and earnest inteicm in the intwementith kolationkt hlinders .4.v,oeiate editor f!,'. Now and Then. thin proposed narrow and ultimatek unworkahle solutions to the region's I'm Just Talkin' problems. -People in the earl\ 70s \\ ere talking about coal as an anemia' \ c energ\ Like oysters making pearls from pain, I:lea/tor source instead at f oremw ail. W 1. sure. We wrap our families in vacs. i a up to a certain point that can he seen as a We place nacreous words, layers of !anguage native ol ..11Ianht. stop-gap solution.- But Whisnant tiliere Alit, !low Around the hurts and griefs believes that hecause of env ironmental and 014.% a.% Until the spiky shape is smoothed, cwisulerations. it is not a viahle itikwer Encased in stcry. all (WW1 (Illd ci either to the nation \ energy prohlem or At(IV Manager. to the region's economic w oes. Slightly iridescent when polished, She/W.%been "We have to get beyond that. And They are prized, perhaps, reading and we will not get beyond it regionall) until And we're accounted raconteutb writing Aince the there are some national and even By those who hear us talk. age of .1; tar international polio shins.- What --Eleanor Brownfield Whisnant adVneitteS some Vann of social democrat:). some systeill hich .11==11111%. Now and Then r 17 2 Sister Marie Ubinger Evangelized by the Poor by Tim Boudreau

There.N the Skier the broad tr nu deed.It has long been \tarifa tmnger rok s the lite she led in a proponent .1 an unninied minerak l'ittshurgh. She FementherN it as a ta \.hich it AA ould pro\ ide more sheltered e far renuA ed hum money to coal-rich counties. the da -to-dii\ struggles of most Before she mu\ ed to Appalachia. people. Uhinger sr1s she had some ague ideas Iler mu\ e earN ago to the Of V. hat to e pect. small. isolated communit ol Fleming- She knew ot the pm ert that e\ isted 764 ..4is Neon opened her e \ es a the 00- A in parts of I:astern Kenti Ick>it.lough world works. In J remote Kentucks haseot.il \hat he had read. Nhe count tar from the centers of power, 'fgel/r. thought it \kould he more AA ide.preach. she learned on a \ er\ personal le\ el She is still ania/ed b the tremendpus about greed. and how pimer and influ- contrast between rich and p::Nrfor ence can at fed those w ho ha e negher. " instance. at seeing a statel home ne The idea to set up a mission in to a shack. I .eteher CountAk aN not hers. Nhe says. She also e \per ted Lu !Ind some anti- Another 111111 [WM her ( 'atholic Bene- sentiment among her neigh- dictine order, \Or) had spent IlIlle Ill horsand she did. Appalachia, proposed it.l'hinget \sent Man of her neighbors greeted the onl after much priter and delibei Benedictines' am\ LI ill Ileming-Nr.on trim. with Nuspicion. if nor outright hostilit. '1 had no big e\pectations came The order N\ as certainly neN\ and here nul for am great hol \ reasons or differeilt.I hdiger esti-nates oril to con ert people to the Church.- stk_, 200 practicing Catholics Ike in 1.:hinger recalls. -I had no grandiose corporations behind them, are a nig part of the count. plans to make lite hetter. not a the problem- Easlem Kentucky and the She recalls one local man \Nlio hid hi, workaholic iplit I'm not a messiah rest ot Appalachia. she sas. -There's lit) faCe k hell lhe MUAkene near. liven her But she is a woman ...onitilitted to Millie% I'm decent schools or decent health niechaP.A.'. 'A hell asked b a stranger tor change in a region she sas has sultcred care.I'd like to think we could attract the directions to their home. pretended he'd too long at the hands of outside InteNsts. industnes it we had decent schools and Ile\ en heard ot the sisters. KentucklaN makers, o'len dominated other ser\ ices Mit communities elseN\ here I-Iventuall, her neighbor. tlre Vs ti.ed h coal interests. often Alm\ Ak hat she takc for granted.- to them. There waN alCuliNpoken turn- sees as abuses to '.:ontinue. Los.al peopleorking It r N\ around"; some ot the prejudices hroke Broad form needs allo \N mineral ehan.r.is ke t,1 idle\ rating the region's (low n. Some locals, including her net- ners-----otten coal inter...',is controlled proirlems, I:hinger 1 es. door ii,"iglihor, became good friends. h\ multinational companies-to use She \%rirks frirhange through Ken- 1.4.-i.iger has ak a) from the NA lizite er means necessar\ to c it del coal tuckians tor tl"" t. onlmormeafth, a stereotpes many outsiders hold of the from beneath a homeow ner", proper i grassroots group that stri \ eS III npoNker region's peopl.... She believes that the These means inefude strip mining. Ta \ greatest stereotpe al flicting Appalachia local citi/ons. The orgatil/atir.. rum policies kcep coal-rich counties thromr.11- locusing It torts on an dillC idment on is that its poor little deslre to im- out eastern Kentrick irtuah1 \ bankrupt. prove their conemon. the No\ ember ballot to 1111111 the ahusestt "I think coal companies. and the big -I.\ e ne er Mel i1.1 (Me (Ill V. ellare 18 Now and Then BEST COPY AVAILABLE v notuned to he One fare,- she sax,. call: "Rand Aid" v.ork. She likens third-generation x \draw -There are Nome Vs ho Aould he upset recipients to third-generation !lap, ard that xxe're not out heating the bricks to griuluates. Poor education zind poor self hring people into the Catholic ('hurch.- image feed off each other. Failure, hke she point., out. liut she praises her order Strawberry Flats success, hecomesi Mesh. lc. for stressing presenee over prosclti/- Iler religion iind lifestyle seldom set ing. her apart from her neighbors. She makes While she's disco\ ered prohlems. Saturdalast no secret of her vitwk. though :he is it hit she sa s she's also found great personal On Strawberry Flat, shy 01 publieux.I. ;hinger and her sisters strength in Appalachians. She remains Ethmer Arnest, 21, keep a lo\\ profile. The% don't knock on optimistic ahout the future of the Attempted to ride doors, unsolicited, of tering their set.% ices. region. His fourwheeler Still. slte says. v,ord gets out that their Appalachians are caring and lox lug. help is axadahle. she sax,. 1 Ite> ha\ e time for mu: Up Anvil Ridge Her xell.kept home is one in a long another. Time to tell stories and to At an angle of Fox\ of one-nine coal camp houses that listen. The are YerY personal and Eighty degrees. line the main road leading x est out at personable. ver people-oriented.- His "all-terrain" Fleming-Neon. Onk the bright hlue Yet she sees a dichotom. in the \\ a!, Vehicle lost traction, paint outside iind the makeshift chapel the see themsek es. Man hokl them- inside distinguish it Iron her neighhors'. Nei es in lox% regard. One v.onian she Flipping backward and 111 the distame. a mountain. as sides x\orked \\nil said it mattered little that over several times gouged out h a strip mine, stands hke a her hushand \\as heating her. Down the incline, sk! scraper ox er the tax\ ii. "If he's heating on ink:, he's just Breaking his neck FAen todaY. ha\ ing lixed in Letcher beating on nothing.- she told l:hinger. Count!. for nineears, she i,. acutek -The\ vs ouldn't ha\ e that lox% self And crushing his skull. tre of her positudi as a non.natixe. esteem x\ere it nOt for exploitatixe pov,- Arnold, dead on arrival For that reason, and hecause of her ers that hike come into the area mer the At Jefferson Hospital, personal philosoph. she is reluctant to ears." L 'hinger sax,. Leaves no survivors. ti.to tell Appalachians lum they shoukl -At the x er core Of ill> heing is a Services are Monday improY e their lixes. heliel that eYer..,ont. is as important as I ler tithe in Appalachia has taught her ex \Tx one else.l'xe seen so many At two at Boston Valley the importance of accepting others' people tramped on. Worth is flat tied to Community Church alues. e \ en x hen the conflict xx ith her heing the Pope or the president.I % ant With interment in the (ix\ n. For example. she knox s of 11( Ales to break that helief that selt-v,orth is Church cemetery by \%ithollt indOor plumbing hut v, ith a sat- tied to prestige, money and pov, er The Clingbeard Funeral Home. ellite dish. She is realistic ahout liox much she hat bothers man> hoisit tile can accomplish alone. Pallbearers are region.-.;\ iot of people \\ ant to ha\ cn't torn dm\ n any great Members of the 'straighten out' the area.- she sa sil mountains. l'ou probahlx couldn't 1111 a Strawberry Flats to let it he. Don't tr to change people's page xxith my real recogni/able sue.- Four-wheelers Club. \ dues. That 12oes tor e\ er \\ here. not l'esses..hinger sins. just here in Appalachia.- liut she points to «rgui Hied efforts She's seen her share ot xolunteels and one.on-one xxork, he,ping her -Walter Darrell Haden come and go. She's skeptical aNait the neighbors biuld their self -esteem. as chalice tor long-term change \\ hen leasons of hope. AO1 outsiders ir to "pull all the strings.- As 1 hat she has learned ahout herseit an outsider. th,..\ has been the most memorable aspect ol at lea\ iiti. at v. ill.111;11 option is less het lite in Appalachia. i111;1111e those Ilan e to the alC.I. "I'xe been helped more than l'x e \ offid stax as long as n1 .lienedle helped.- I.hinger sax s.....Ye been e \ alt ticult 1 Arden ha% IN tii o (cot her poet tune 0)111111MM> doesn't coerce MC to gehied bx the poor. touched h\ the nian\ oll« 0111011 lie'clit;,Irt owl,/ ol 1111111I feel 1 iollItt do mow 11\ es that I .x L. touched. NI'/If, I/ ill /UN liall1c )7(114lie else \\ here.- I. I teeu sax s. "\1,1\ be that's \kII\I "am" SL" to" /la% ell leadill'O it/ ill% Plictil ill NC" \luch al het nine ut((\is Tem .1, ;() MOW >CMS ii) 4. llowli) 1. All.sNiNoppl execunx e cooldinator tor ihe Calluflu. iiic/.0 AallNaN/1c the /ll'1 CoMminee ott App;ilachia. a post she «MI NC c tit the I MI ass11111ed iii .1111\. She also WW1s dreA clitic\Nec at 11th 211 Will and reNldents %%o1kin12 umard their ( 'IF Ds. /MN NOI ea 0N bi/Ahil INt cit RI 1) ( )1(.1 'N neMorksith othei ciii/ens groups .ind / iii, 8()If(ll call I\ itcpol al( till- \mfr, tilllottel sli 19.`NA iii the poor. sick and .1.:ed\\ hal \he Chillicothe l;azelle iii 1111,.\\cc at

'NM% and Then19 PERCEPTIONS AND PRESCRIPTIONS NOW AND T 4.:

.r+ . at'2....

The Tennessee Valle) Authorit) was a huge public works project intended to * bring Appalachia out of the Depres- sion and into the 201 h Cent or) b) %FAL, r 4 pro% Wing electricit) to homes .ri throughout the mountains in the 1930s. Thk malt worked at the Douglas Dam.The photo was made for the U.S. ()tlice of War Informa- tion by Arthur Rothstein, 1942, This is probahl) a good representation of a long-held vision of The reality would have to include this. (Photo by \ppailidlia. (from the Elizabethton Star, 1967) Ken Murray, Southwest Virginia, 1987).

t-'11 ^ 4- Y:,,;`,4:;1,..!\` --

5

41_ ".-

A-

1

"SAF.L.

:Cd ;t4

\ 'I Corndia anderbilt opening \ ander- hilt 111111W 10 III(' public in

1930. I he mansii,n. whichAA, irs built in 1895. is the only publi( trust operated for pi% ate profit in the Its ILL 30,000 acres m Buncombe nt ( A she% ale), drew 650,000 %isitors this %ear (from Jul) '88 to July A nurse for the frontier nursing Service assists a The Appalachian Volunteers, who were college 'So), most of whom paid $22 fli mil in Eastern Kentuck) in the 1930s. students working on weekends, repairing stove in a each or admission. one-room schoolhouse in Eastern Rentuck), 1960s,

20 Now and Then Now and Then / 21 BEST COPY AVAILABLE BEST COPY AVAILABLE Letter to Hong Kong From My 8th-Grade Latin Teacher in Alabama, 36 Years Later

Vowed I would not let another week Pass before I wrote. Rack from ( 'harlotte for my last checkup tor n1) e I had surger) there io November. 1)1(1 not reali/e I could not see colors correetl) until the first cataract was gone. I see fine 11MA.

Don't know from whom ou hear in tokn. hut I'll tr, to 4 to list those \ our Mother's Mends who'e ako (lied:

Evelyn (57 )rs.). died Thursday after a three-Yr. valiant battle with cancer. Ralph from cancer about a month ago. tie had a lovely second wife. Ilarriet, his daughter lost one of her sons in the Sen ice before Christmas. She is di\ owed.I Ie dropped a bomb. The\ were loaded. Mary Frances was found dead in bed last fall. She was Van'N ster110111er. Fred and his \kite k ee brutall) murdered in March. Mr. Mill is gone. Garvin gone. Clarence is s1111 here. in body onk. Pimr thing. Virginia (Mrs. Fred Sr.) is gone. lieu house. in front of Clarenee's is kacant Sunny Sr. is gone. Poor Timm)). his w ite. is senile, and so pathetic. Dr. S. (Donald) has Parkinson's disease. The\ don't talk about it, but )011 Can surely tell it. Nlar in has cancer all over him. Pitiful. .1.110111iis is in Ven poor condition. Rose still hangs on. Doris is gone, as is ('atherme.

Nl garden is '.er Felt\ now. but so full of k eeds. e spent todm watering it. .Ano the) all have liaptit appetne,.. I can't \\ OH\ in it like I used to because ot a bad hack and tool and S( Iears ! iet the tellow 10)111111e 1:ellIM ship Ilotise, alcohOhLs. to help me and the\ are prem good for the most parl. eino\ 11. and so do m) friends.

\Vhat do \ ou think ot all the \lethodist ahoul deletniV -01Marit Christian Soldiers- 1111111 the hinnal.' And the Is.aptish gum-R.111T ahoul tt hal is and 1511l Irae ill the Bible? I wo Allgi151 ihRiles spending precious tulle on such sill. thinv,s

Ii 22 !Ntm and TIwn B the way. our minkter resigned on Sunda For m part. I ani delighted. we could get a little more mature fellow than we hike had. And in Charlotte. the minister of the largeNt Bapti.t Church hale,t the Baptist and going to 1-wcome an Epi.copal pric.t!

Oh e Justin R. iN in London w ith ii Iker trawl:int, doing \ er) Poor hlaiel i. here .m needle. and She wit\ u er there for three month,. JuNt nnurned. in !del.

What are \au doing during the acation? I'd lme tu see011. I'Mhome tor good. I think. Can't take all th :. running around an> inure. l'In Nurel glad I did all In\ gatkling w hen I w a. \ MI11120. i.el Int.' hear {ruin >on.

Fondl.

Mrs. M. When I Had Done It,

-Bow Back did it.-I allowed. as guiltle .. a. ins phantom.

COLIM more teasonahl ha\ e Naid. "Great-great Granddadd did k- it I had known chronological mythologic.. had charted In chromaome, like an a.trologer'. ance.tral

Perhapin an earlier lite, I. a eat. hack arched, shrieked. Perhap, I stalked Notre Dame.

-Bow Back did it.- I repeated. Me parents seemed not to hclioe. -Bow Back did it. reall.-

Their NInihe iIN not nice. I knew that they had not seen him.

-Louie Crew

JI

Idime ("rot. (it Lic Id Atm /btu; ha% pliblolied over (V)() hi% peiiVrohillie .SitliA1)01% (bonus l'ICN%.1)(111)11./9715 and .Withumlii I.e.%Non.% I9S7i. (*vett ha% ethied of Collet,,c hogrIi (Ind Alai or\ I rom 19.`%'?-s7, (atlived in etile in ..161. Ile lout;h1 in Bei,iiii and ill ('IuneAe Univer.NIA llong Ile Nay.% that -I.eller lloilL; kom; Ironi .SI lirade 1.tdin I eat her- L;rett In.% Appalachian childhood.

Now and Then/23 Preacher Witha Horse to ikLe Ride aplay by %. Jo Carson -

In early /931during the depths of the Great Depression Harlan County, Ky.. coal miners orgaized anumber Ina.sx prote.stA, MarelleS and Walkouts'. agitating fOr a living wage.But the union they hoped would represent them the United Mine Workers. had privately joined the coal operators and local officials in thWarting the organizingdrive. Tension.% flared. and on May 5, three mine guards and one miner were killed in a gun battle, and the county becanw known as "Bloody Ilarhin, The leadership of the organizing drive was arrested on charges stemming from the shootings, 'The Communist-led National Miners Union stepped into the void. but by October their efforts. too. were flounder- ing. In November. the NA/11:' brought novelist Theodore Dreiser and set.en other writers and activists tohold unofficial hearin,gs in Harlan to revitalize the or,vani:ing drive and bring attention to the abuses of miners and the injustiCe.s and poverty in the coalfields. The committee hoped that the hearings would pressurethe local power structure and moneyjOr striking or blacklisted miners. The strategyjaliej. he miners lost the battle. and the coalfields i).1. Eastern Kennicky remained non-union. Preacher Witlt a Horse to Rideis bused on these events. Afler a Vaitvoity of Kentucky archivist Aparked my interest in the story, I read extensively about the pi:ice and time, about the CommunLyt Party, die unions, fhe InitNic. the church. I read most all of Dreiser's published work and talked to people who renwmbered 'the troubles.' There was so much that wanted telling.I was warned once that a Writer must not ronfu.se the facts with the truth. I started trying to write this play about people who lived a chunk of history in the region where I live and work, the remark passed bv me lightly.It does not pass lightly anymore. These etcerpts are adapted from the hearing .seqUenee.S which are interspersed through the play. THE PEOPLE /lookip-eat Itherne.s prrmaning I could Ina Aorcts in the MOLLY JACKSON:A National Miners linion orgam/er. a muiiit/i.tif th().se peorle whom' real nanics I me,: including trained nurse. midwife and radical woman. People described Molly Jackson and Theodore Dreoer. Holt BesAn:.., her as having such intensit ,. that she was frightening. SIk was others who Ape. at the hearing% are cr inlpf 'Atte.% vi real peoplc 50. looked okier. atul real .storie.s. 11011' IWSSMAN:One of the forces hehind the Coal Opera- THEODORE DREISER:The American novelist who w rote tor's Association. which was developed, in part, to fight the An American Tragedy, .sister le. and other now-classic. 11MWA, They really got scared with the National Miners hooks. By 1932. he was 61 and had already written his best I. 'Mon. work. He had become a crusader for the working class at the WITNESSES: Ceeil Pow ers. Callow aI lohhs and other expense of his art. residents of flarlan County.

24 / Now and Then BEST COPY AVAILABLE 4 THE SETTING JACKSON: She eats. There are those that don't eat hut what Onstage is a simple set for the hearings held h Weiser and the they beg. The heg from her. Her husband ain't been ,..onmiittee benches are like those sometimes found in older, blackliswd. poorer churches. and there is a rough tahle. CECIL POWERS:Ile's a scab. Ile signed achow dog contract a

THE HEARIM;S and stuck h it.NI name is Cecil Powers. DREISER: Mr. Cecil Powers. Has. e you ever signed a THEODORE DREISER: M name is Theodore Dreher and I dog contraet? am here w ith the Committee for the Defense of Political POWERS: I signed so eral w hen I was w orkm'. Prisoners. We ha\ e come to Kentuck) to test free speech DREISER: What does it mean? and the rights to assenthl. rights guaranteed h the POWERS: It means ou won't join no union while vett work oiistitutionol this nation. rights whk.h, according to for that compan. reports. ha\ e been ignored in I larlan Count... DREISER: Someone spoke of a blacklist... ALNT M OLLY JACKSON: You are here to listen to the POWERY,:I seen 'em run to the hooks and look w. hen a man stories on the star\ in' people and carr 'em out w ithou so asked about work. ho come hack and the sa. ''ou can't the rest of the world V ill know ve're d in' here. get no w ork.- The done it to Me. DREISER: The Cimernor ot Kentuck has promised there will DREISER: Do ou know wh? he no reprisals tor anthim..2 !hal is said at these hearings. POWERS: I heard ii w as hecause I joined a union. FIRST V OICE: The go\ ernor don't here... 11011 1 BESSMAN: Ile joined the National Minersni(m. SECOND VOICE: he go\ ernor's got interest in coal... POWERS: I joined the i:MWA hut the hacked out when we DREISER: We hae a detachment of militia to guarantee our needed 'em. And the National Miners L:nion come in and salet. the put up soup kitchens and the gt\ e us tents.I joined FIRST \ ,'OICE: Who's gonna he here when ou're gone? 'em. JACKSON: NloII Jackson will he! DREISER: Tents? DREISER: We sk thatou he as straighttorward as po,sible in POWERS: I ain't got a house no more. We was e icted.Ilie Our answers to our Ltuesuons. cold tn that interest wewill NMI; gike us a tent. ask that ou wear onour name that w hat \ on sa is the DREISER: You're planning oii living the winter iii ;I tent? truth. Who w ill he fiNt? POWERS: I reckon. There ain't much place to walk to with a INohod\ woman and four children. JACKSON: alk. \ ou got to talk. Somelloth 's got to get up BESS \IAN: The house Mr. Powers It\ ed in belongs to the here and start! owner of the mine he was \1/4orking at when he broke his ohod contract and joined the union (to Powers) And \ on struck. if I rememher... POWERS: \Ve did. BESSMAN: The ow icr will gRe that house to a man who will work. A WONIAN: I\kill tell the cotnniittec \1/4 hal I know hut Iwill POWERS: A scab. not tell ni\ name. BESS \IAN:It is polio deternimed b the Coal Operators JACKSON: \Hu ha\ sa\our name. ISSOCIZURIIL WOMAN: \Ihusband still has a job and he'd lose it it the:, POWERS: Mr. Bessman. didon kri'm sour Coal Operators was to will LH ou \\ e hae had one dollar in the Association is killm' people. last lour' das to IR e on. ni. husband. in sell, and three BESSNIAN: Mr. Powers, didou knowour NMI' is a (*mil- chihlren. [Minkt orgam/ation and rukocates tho sci/ing of pri% ate DREI.ER: How do on distribute that mone'.' properl ? \V( )\1.A.\ :\Ve e on beans and we don't get no dinnk r. POWERS: As a mutter ot tact. I do. DREISER: What do on call dinner. noon or night? BESSNIAN: And ou -wined them. WONIAN. \Ve ha\ e hreakfast and we would ha\ e dinner an POWERS: At First.I didn't .gke a damn what rt was.I joined it [loon. I Ira\ e breaktast and I put rip a little lunch tor Iniu to 'Or the rood. But there comes a lune V hen a man ain't got take to work. And he works lwal.I'll tell \on what I had to lio more he can lose.It's the time w hen an animal you're a- put in libucket this mormn'.I here was a little cooked huntin'll turn around an' fight. Well, a man'll fight, too. pumpkin and fat \kink: Alld \1/4 hal 1/4c had 101 light now. And it'll he the Communists rill bor. hrea:stast was \1/4 mei- gra\and black collet:. F.SS MAN: kose are dangerous words. DREISER: What is water gra\ PO\\ FRS: WS a dangerous man said 'ern. WONIAN: \Vater and grease and a little limn. CALLOWAY I IORBS: NI\ name is Callow a\I Iohns and I ()REISER: \\That did >our gke the children? WONIAN: 'the\ ilon't get nothin' alld die don't 11c1 no dinner either.

10%% and 'Hien / 25 r.; don't live in no company house.I live in a house ,41 helonged to niy daddy before he died. lie died in a mine. That's the 41av poor men die around here.Ii left me his house. And my wife keeps a little garden AF fr/ '! grin' the summer and puts things by so Ve ain't .'IA starvin'. I'm hetter off than most. I know that. But my house has been searched four times. There's thugs that conic in w ith guns vl hen You ain't got one theY took al; ours already and they split open mattresses and diairs... s .s DREISER: What are they looking tor? HOBBS: Papers. They ain't got no 11 arrani. tiler:: ain't no bother with a 11 arrant no more. and the\ stand the r±: children up against the wall and try to get 'cm to tell 1VZ, on their daddy . DREISER: What papers? ." ,C

HOBBS: To prove I'm we...g for it tution, or literture , to pro% e I 'itt Ommiunist. 5C` :111( Op -.4 ; DRHSFR: Did theY find them? The National Guard in Pineville, Ky..circa 1931. HOBBS.I ain't in Jail. Four tniies I been searched. and then mY house was shot up. Si\ of 'em come driv in' hy in three cars, one of 'CM vv ith a machine gun and they shot up 1 It oke lip !hit moriiiii 1he itHr\ibllie I ever lhlil ill my house. MY vv ife and hildren was at her mother's. they would 1111'111e. 11-01..\1 blue\ 1 ever 11(1,1 Ill likelY died if they'd a heen there. And me, first shot conie 110.1, 11.1111 41 hiiiin' by me and I run out the hack and up the hill. and I 111 111e. ,V01 Li 10ii 10 via 101. 010,0i (Hill imiler..% see 'em sittin' vv orkin' that machine gun, and I know 41hn dune it. Write that down. anybody that 11 ants to.NI\ name is Callow ayI lobbs and I knovv vv ho shot up my ;She speaks.) You could hear some ol die vv orst stories You house. ev er heard. I can tell 'cm 'cause I seen 'em and I lived 'cm and I JACKSON: I'm gonna sing yi iluns a song.It conic to me and helped hury the children I pulled into this vv odd as a granny woman. Bury 'cm out in the hack yard. Four on a good week, se\ en on a had. A grave a day. It's Just a little hole though. it's babies we're a.hury in'. (She sings.) I sung it in New York and Chicago Yv hen we was try in' to on- Oil raise some money, and I am honored to sing it here at these ti 011 hul.4b(111(I II Ork% Ill (1 (-001 111111e. lie 100,1% erel' hearin's held hY Mr. Weiser and this committee. (She stngs.) tt 1011 1111'1111.t1h110111010 1110 001 111111e. lie 100(11 Oil (Ter. 111(.0 lle Quet 10 111C 0111«' 11h11 CIV11111.and I;('it thetheil ()/ 1.111AOLI am/ /in ti can-. I L.'0I the111111'41. 1.0';';("(1 1;111(.t. Flu Aotl and I'm ti can-. I t;rd 111e 111111'41.1 0 Pei" 111 th I" kel I" hi". the I Heed i(te She speaks.)I am a ConlinUnisi.I helong to the National Miners '11.1011.I ain a Communist hecause I love America. hut I do not loy e the thing the capitalist , do not love money Good For One-Way Trip love my comrades. my hiothers and sisters iind then yhildren and capitalists i 'en, in Kentucky .I'd he ashained to he a capitalistOld man [Ion Bessman should he ashamed of the KENTUCKY-TENNESSE LI N E Coal Opelators Association.'d he ashamed. I'd he ashamed to Overlooking Historic Cutnberland Gap he workin' in coal right now. Rut it am 't no shame to Ix. p Pineville Transportation Co. and it ain't no shame to he hungry. (She ,ings.) Incorporeal .1//110L101111'11 111111e ( 001 ( 001pt 11'111. Li Hi/ /0 (VI ( (1 RESPLENDENT LINCOLN% FORDS, PACKARDs (I( (II.// /Wait. Special Service For New York Writers I/I Ille 11(010'11 10 ( 001 t11111)t 111111it hint ed (limn 11CiIilt A card printed by the coal interests. lt was union sup- (Uhl ( 1111(1,01 Ole (1., 11111. 101 bre(01 porters who got one way tickets. (Sh(' speaks.)I )))11't urder the mountain Don't

26 / Now and Then BEST COPY AVAILABLE An- Bloody Harlan Keeps Fighting In 1972 Harlan County faced another bitter strike. It was intended as the spearhead of a new attempt by - 111441 - United Mine Workers of Ameika to organize Eastern Kentucky. - feb,"-tt-"?'"":""' There was no easy victory. The pickets at the Brookside mine met with armed opposition and strike- breakers. The strike was peppered with several armed

'11. , 1"A`°' - il..o. picket-line confrontations and half a dozen shooting incidents and beatings. The situation came to a head ;vetc ,..,...... ,. when a miner, Lawrence Jones, 22, was shot. He died 7' August 28, 1973. A mine foreman was charged with Harlan County, Ky., 1972. the shooting. On August 29, after 13 months of striking, Eas- nohod%go un(ler the mountain ;igain till the mono stops tover Mining, a subsidiary of Duke Power, signed a jinglinin the operators pockets. till there ain't no fat on them contract with the UMWA. The union president at the like there ain't no fat on us. till the ain't got no clothes to keep time, Arnold Miller, called the accord "a message to %;trin and no shoes. 1)0 %ou hae shoes? Don't go under the every nonunion coal operator in thu land that coal- mountain again tillon get a decent place to lie and fair credit mining families have had their fill of death-trap mines, for %%hat ou load. and if that don't no er come, then don't no a starvation wages and meager benefits in return for their co undci ihL mountain again! (She sings.( labor." The documentary film, Harlan County, U.S.A., (1(1/ "Pera/i'v% fell you Ihe Ininiff.% Nue% ar no/ directed by Barbara Kopple, covered the events of the \ II bad. strike and won the Academy Award for best documen- ( flat IS Ill len \MI the 111110..!1\ Nile.% (Ire Ilia tary in 1977. `a)bad. Shortly after the contract victory. Brookside began

tire flit' "III" NH" /1" 1111111 "'HMO" 11(1(1' laying off workers. Today, that mine is closed. Arch of Kentucky is the only union mine in operation in (JACKSON steps dim n. DM...1SRoilers her a hand, she Harlan County. The coalfields of Eastern Kentucky takes it.) remain largely non-union.

DM...1SFR: Ididn't get our name. JACKSON: I am MoIl Jackson.called Aunt N1oll Jackson. The Center for Appalachian Studies and Services is pleased to announce publication of In Place a collection of Appalachian Writers The %I'm; Kentucky Miner's Wye's Hungry Ragged Blues Ito.% edited by Ronald K. Giles wolf cii by oth' JciekAini. with fiction and Poor!! by

oine 14 the &Omit:\ moteridt I\ adapted /rim! I he,41,,re We- Pat Arnow. Tamara Baxter, Robert boi,;1/4 Harlan ,%liners speak Bray. Jo Carson, Suzanne Clark. David K. Fenner. John Hart. Greta l leb-rg. Don Johnson, Michael Joslin, Thooias D. Lane, Jeff Daniel Marion. Nell McGrady, John Morefield. Judy Odom, Pat E. Salyer. Bonny Stanley bC% We% being thNOWandThen Pi/d/.1ediff//'/1 (/ and Fred Waage.

MO1Wr/igif, Pile/ and Pe/1.107ner/OM/ .Ilda;10//.//., /e/ln. In Place is available for $4.95 through I \c (ippc,i, (I &Uri rut AnuthernExpusure's CASS. Box 19180A, Johnson City, Tenn. 'IlkXI1,1 till 37614-0002. The book may be ordered using the forni in the back of the magazine.

No% and Then / 27 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Early days at Keno excerpts from a diary Harriette Simpson Arnow moor-

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Ps Harrietternocc, 411 %isiting the scene of tAr'L her first leaching 47 post. near Burnside, K. This picture m as math . her friend, Bernice Mitchell. in

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, the publication of . - 0. Ammo 's first wf; IV+ r noNel, Mountain ...1 Path, N% hich mas

"`AZAO.- based on her - A,7 9--- Ir.1, experiences in this "a ilri,...... -2 .3 . school.

28:Nam and Thvn '4 BEST COPYAVAILABLE Norelist Harriette Arnow aml lwr husband Harold moved la a farm near the fire alarm. and the traffic. Oh. Mabel Burnside. Ky.. in the Jan of /939. "Ilwy were iwwlylveds who (beamed can say p'liceman. traffic. curb. fire they could run (I subsistence farm and Will(' in their spare time. A alarm. after me as prettily as you please. chronicle (1.1. the first Jew chaotic days. excerpted from du' author's hut in her eyes there is something troubled and uncomprehending. Mabel char.\,appeared in our last issue. The Pllowing m.,nmer, the County has never ridden in an automobile or Board of Education. knowing dun Arnow had been a teao her. asked her talked over a telephone or seen a movie to teach in the one-room school on the upper edge al her larim It would or seen a train or heard a fire alarm or mean S90 far seven months work beginning in .1 ulyVie accepted. and seen the glimmer of an electric light. chronicled du' eXperieliCe in her diary. The i.s excerpted from Then I w ish that same man could teach ii). third grade children. two her entries.: unin.ually bright.httle girls. that particular June 29 %arnish the% might have had V, hen the) language lesson in w hich the children are I am tired tonight V, ith a dull brown left the factor). most V, ithout shelves tor asked to write sentences about a picture taste in ni% mouth. The Teacher,' hooks, and initialed. toothed and jiggered of a little girl feeding a very Funny big Conference kkiIN like nmst of the others I and jagged hy .jackkni% es. In the center looking sort of pig out of a %cry little e'er attended both in the countr% and of the room stands a great rust) double- looking china howl. They giggle and cit): unspeakahl) dull. remote as the stars bellied stove. V% hde in the front crookedl% wondered wh) the pig didn't turn the from the quick hot li% es of the children clinging to the wall hy three tacks is a 11) bow I over. All the pigs they had ever we deal w ith. weighing mc dov, n as el% er specked likeness of George Washington. seen would do that. We compromised %kith the same old thought that the Painted under this likeness is a four-foot and w rote sentences about our Good educational s)stem exists for itselt. or strip of blackboard. the paint put on so Neighbor's hogs in the schoolyard. worse %et. for some intangible something long ago that in most spots it is dull When I think of these textbooksused 11. like a future half planned in the half- hrow n instead of black. rural children all mer this state. textbooks baked mind of sonic eNeentiVes known as Today. in addition to the children I so patentl% written never a V% hoop 'educators.Children of the masses are had at %arious times under or about the tor the needs of or interests of rural dosed %kith that the% V% ill need to make house two hogs. three calves. two nu1 Ies. children. I get a sickness in m) stomach. ti.em contented citi/ens of this future. a mare. two dogs. and one fat black hen Almost nothing was said of children. that had to be showed out at intervals. July 16

however. The time was taken chiefl% b) Ilk' greatest trial 0: t IaeLIa) was Teaching is a sore burden. Once I a bright )0ung man from the State second grade reading. After six months am there I like the work ? ell enough but I Fducatim Department w ho spent a long the children had naturally forgotten much do hate to he away from home.I could while in telling us how to keep our record of their i'eading vocanulariesa ver% can a thousands quarts of stuff. and still books, but V% hen asked questions 11) sonic different onc indeLd from their ordinary have a great deal left. of the pu//led teachers got tangled up on talking vocabularies---and the lesson The calves are gone again and we are his answers and finally had to he straight- presented especial difficulties since it V, as afraid they w ill he in the corn. Harold got ened out b% a beginning teacher fresh all about a birthday cake w ith candles. the long burned-out strip fixed but there from Normal School wIlL had just learned The) couldn't imagine such a thing as a is another stretch of old rail fence down all about record keeping. hirthda) cake with candles, nor could that a blind elephar could get through. the) seem to understand just V% hat a July 9 candle V%as. Such is the blotting effect of July 23 'Fired and through late w ith ni civil/ation. Their great-great grandpar- I don't gliess %se V % i II RA i Se our working--the first da) of teaching went ents. some doubtless living in the same budget after all. Two letters came in the smoothl) enough. The children don't houses they now life in. doubtless knew mail. one of them from the count% school quite seen) to kno%% %% hat to make of me nothing but candles. Now they know superintendent saying he had just been to as a teacher. and I am not certain how to nothing but coal-oil lamps and carbides, Frankfort and that the woman with whom treat them as pupils: smart enough the% I have been corresponding about a are, but backward in their learning. 12 certificate said I could not get one. Fighteen came today. scattered through More and more I gnash 111) teeth at Hence. he felt it his duty to remind me all the grades from the primer to the w hate% er grinning fiend. from that hell that I would not get paid either for the seventh.I have all classes. prepared ,specially for teachers. w ho put time I had already taught or tor an) more 'I he building is small w ith walls that it in the minds of some educational board I might put in. ha% e noer known paint and a floor that to adopt the textbooks I am trying to use. The other letter was from the woman has ne%er seen oil. no toilets, a rickety Just once I wish one 01 those men in Frankfort.I can get a high school teacher's desk, a badly tattered Bible. whoever or w hatever he is had to try to certificate hut not one permitting me to two maps. a globe, a little old homemade teach little se% en year old Mabelthe teach in the elementary grades. Tbe recitation bench. a homemade water whole of mv first gradethose lessons in education laws have been changed.I will bench. and MO short COV, s of old seats her reader having to do w ith the poImc- have to have art, public school music. and and desks. loog since unblemished h) an) man at the curb, the stop and go signals. a course Ill the teaching of hygiene.

Now and Then / 29 Imagine my having to have art and liarold greatly protested my sending looking into far corners of his mind and music. My children did not know a it. They- would. he said. upon the receipt holding quite still a sheaf of papers while single song learned from a teacher. of it. not only refuse to give Inc an three different peoplejoh holders fromt They've never had a drawing lesson in elementary certificate. hut take aw ay the the state and in no way- connected 1k ith their hves, What I find especially galling high school one as well. the educational system--explained and is the fact that for the last several years re-explained the steps we should take if the school has been taught hy an old man July 30 there were any in our communities who had not even a high school educa- After a pleasant hlackherry jaunt we deserving of some one of the various tion. hut because he made a first c lass came home late and tired: a neighhor forms of workmen's compensations certi ricate years ago w hen they vo :re still brought the mail. and I guess 1 ill recently- put into force hv the state. having teachers examinations. some kink change all my plans for a hig canning Dusgusted. I finally len. in the law lets hint co..Oinue teaching eY en season. There were two letters from the: though he has never heard of art. certification woman. In one she said I August 14 had hurt her feelings in My letter: in the The day s seem shortening last, the July 24 other she told Me she was giY ing me a sun slipping southward around the rim of I went to school long enough to teacher's certificate for either elementarY the hill: hut still enough daylight to do a check the textbooks and dismiss. I or high school, said certificate g000kl for little after school.I have about 65 quarts suppose we will have to go into Somerset life. of apples canned. some herries. and am and see the superintendent and turn inin only started on my tomato canning, about record hook and No forth. hut that can August re.tact date iude( ipiwnib/c) I 4 quarts. And 1 %%mild like at least 5(t or wait until I catch up on nty gardening. Yesterday. another day wasted- .kir 60 or more if I can find the time. Time is blackberry picking and apple calming. least such w as the prospect v., hen v, e telt a higger prohlem than tomatoes. Last night Ilarold and I were aw full% early in I lenry (the Ford) for the county 'Fry mg to teach a one-room rural Nue but tonight we feel much better. We seat--a teachers' meeting and pay day. I school. eY en a small one such as this. might as well do what we planned to do left my monthly report at the superinten- demands continual stretching of lime. all last vo inter:sell off about half the dent's office and went to the meeting. Four o'clock comes and I ha\ e not done ciittle early this fall --they are a good dreary enough it voas: no word of the half the things I wanted to klo. Maybe we e have our major items of food. million and one problems that confront all didn't get to sing----my YOice is oldie fuel, shelter. and proY ender for the of us teaching alone In little schoolhouses Poorest and I k110\1 little of pahlie school animals in sight for another year. The wrestlingith these damnable textbooks. 11111,1c----hultI am determined that they money 1 Made from teaching was to ha\ e the children, parents itliahle enough. shall know at least "Amenca- and -\1\ gone for improvements on the larni and hut not too conscientious about sending Old Kentucky Ilome" before I am the payment of halt the !mortgage. The children to school on t;tue orry ing finished w ith them. Then I like to tell my mortgage can V% ait and many of the oy er a harefooted six y ear olds in snake- oungest -printer. tio a and second- a improveinents. such as fixing the house infested playgrounds. pinning up clothes. story during language period ey or\ day and a good deal of fencing. can be dune iodining and bandaging cuts, pricking and that takes more time than the sched- with what materials ke have on hand. boils. ()Inning up hair so they kon't he ule allows.They are so backward m all N1ostlI am tin ire angry than Cross eyed. tr 111g to teach them to eat arithmetical coombinattons. None except line\ ed. I boiled ott and on all day tomatoes andcahhai2ek hell theil health the se enth grade knew that they liYed iii thatIs k hen I had the hale. he sad-eyed In,o)k, ad\ ise oranges and spinach and Pullaskl (ounty in the 1 ilited States ot pltm man \+as here working and I had to they can't get oranges and spinach Amermea. tor how to tell time or read a get dinner for himand llaioldand then do keeping them out ot the trees. not letting calendar or that a man named Franklin some work in my late garden that rel used them chase the mules or tide the pigs or )elano ROOse ell is president ol these to w au any longer. condi them by the tails, keeping the 'lilted States these children nol

hornets out of the house, lighting the thes know ing the naine ot their Country.. its Jul 25 in a hous.e yy idiom screens. try mg plesident. its Ilag tor anything to1 Its yy asted: tiled I:011 but I fedi .11 des)erately anol oily\ ay s lam Ii imi to see ihe geography or its husk)! yscalVel peac:e ith tIleot li mid whey col like a world through their eyes and wondering Npeak 11112 ol person yy ith acute constipation al tcm a In a dumh t tidoll.oI ka % hat im .1N it IN Vokell the inajorit ot its inood session in a toilet.IYY rote a thinks ;the out %%lien he tells ink. thatSo citi/ens sensible !.1% e joak. Ilucr to this laklyyy Ito Hanoi,. Drake went to set and robbed the I look at them: clulohen many times

has been 'inYestigating' my case: theme is Spanish lot gold enoughto go ;:mound die and s.onlik'l on thelll. polido o el dlelr ho enom m the letter, noir an...thing Mai w on RI.Fail 110 el' N.1%\ the Ne:I.I lc !ley ei 1 alines as men and yy is the least unlad like. \VI, it pu//les saw piece tot gold and Spain to Inni Is a IN \\ h in the world that woman told me blob on a little map I cut lioin the _\ ot in the (must place I eolild 1/el Ille eettilftale }H)k Inh.\ renoYed. She ought to ha% c know n the teacheis meeting thew memething about the rekitmements. kids neyer%wid tol all this om any Omic I st.tt, ulI Ian menu \m,o ie/Nes lea.t I pot sonic satistakhon perlaiiiiiit2 too the phy sik al basis tot niv letter too hem. the .ount% stem: the stipetintenticht 30 No and Then 4. f11,14

,

1 _All A Lesson in Commodities Dot Jackson

Hothouse To's% nship, \Ir. Kisselherg could not drk e to our other da .and she scoot ock ard,

school am a\, I lis "%Model %10tild 1101 almost to the creek, hanpag up her bones

\Ve got a letter at our school todm. el'ONN the fOullOg. ;(lulle:IIIK's V. hell II IN along the %;i\. Some ot the big hms \Vett it came McAllisters Store, %1 here ICC e neark cannot gacross it our made a packsaddle to tote her back dOV.ii most eer\ bud\ gets their triad because ri nsek es. across tlk' corn t ield and got l'nele teeling about the gIA...nnent like some St am Nri \11, Louella ho is our Tomni Inteh up his mules and carry petIple lk). a I ..S. inailhm don't stand too leacher supped `.. the suire this her home. She is all bunged up. her arm much Ill a chance to keep astanding. So because the school as tiut ot matches to is ill a stinl/. \ she is not come back. trIll d 101 Ill peOpje keep light the stme. And Mr. John gke her I !me \Inss Ruth.I led kid tor all or \IL Kisselherg dri es around on his thts iettei. Ii %%its to the Principal ot tins. mail oute in Ins 1 \lodel I:ord. he brings .1ohn\sl.)1S.chool. ('ulherso.n Sl) Miss 1.01Idlii takes the tiraie and

the mad out rrl Culhelson post of lice .1 is something else. I rum I opens up the em elope.It is from the hich is ahout t,ur miles trom I lothmse. don't koov. I lined States gmeiment. ShL r.ad, it to I le ,,ples aiinrii and carries then- mail to as the principal.is Miss I.ouella? She people ho ha\ e too hard 1)1 a t itrie to) teaches fourth grade through the erghth. 'Dear Princtpal: sit\ s. 'Due to (ome It) the store to get It. And he pick, Atter thatou lime to 12o to Murph,.. Ou the prertand poor Anti-mon our up then n and takes it to the mill on IN It Miss Ruth Carroll? She teaehes tirst students 1t.' : ill be ,:nding ( ommoditles the rumung hoard ot iris nitomobile and thunigl; third. on the other side ot tile to) our school lune'rroom. he first brings hack the meal the net dri too. Ile parution. shipment has been made and iii arrive ill carrrat some place it ou realk Rut it\'.' e to) Iht e a principal to ilium a te Lid\ s.IONtIlletIMIN tor piepa- ha e to get there. But most people's mail open up this letter here toda. \liss Ruth ration uII he included.- he lea es at NlcAllister 's Store and the i out. She lost huh ot a laurel limb I can't FellIelllhel ItII is the letter old man John McAllister hands it out. chmhing up the st.hoolhouse path the saS \Med. ahllUt -11111(1raiii.V. IIIitii

No%andThen/ 31 BEST COPY AVAILABLE is Mks !parch,' says it ahout the letter. sometimes. But everyhodv else goes tb no more sUre about this then the rest of But any way, at f irst we do not know the spring at the edge of the woods, and Ils. what to think. we get ottr milk jars that were warm f ruin But she borrow s a Barlow r1 one And then there i., this other TVA the cow When We started out this of the big hoys and stabs the tot.:f the kid. his name is Kyle and he is like me. morning, and they are free/Eng now from ctins. She gives a can of milk to Jack he has spent Most of his f irst nine years heing in the spring. We sit on the hank ofCole :in t! a can of grapefruit juice to living in tht.. Ilats, where our daddies hau ihe hranch and eat our slah meat hiscuits Randall Carter. and she takes up the ,o work until the TVA. Kyle starts to and boiled eggs and baked sweet dipper f rom theovater pail. and they start giggle.I say it first. "Commode-ities!" Potatoes, splh down the middle v. ith the round I say. But I am gi rig so much chunks of fresh hutter stuck dhwn inside. Down the row s thev go. Jacks fills nohodY hw Kyle u:erstands me.I think and our apples and fried pies. and Wonder the dipper with that canned milk. and the Miss Louella may-he catches on. She among gursek es ahout The victim has to drink. Randall fills the looks like slw is trying not to laugh v, hen Commodities. dipper with that sour grapefruit juice, and she shake,. the hickory at Kyle and me. the victim has to drink that, too. We have heen around. Kyle and me. Ikeember 8. :941 The expressions and the noises make We have lived in houses w here there is us hope they Will run cut before 'Iur turn. and water pipes and y011 can Japan dropped a homb on our ho: s But they don't. Punch - Crunch go the hear Th1.one Ranger and the Grand ()I' yesterday-. Aunt Rosie heard it on her elns. Kids are running for the doorway. Opry on the radio.I low can these other battery radio and told ever\ hotly that ith elti!lber running down their chins. kids know how funny it is. lls ruing come along the road.It was so much It is our first le..son in life as the these Commodities. When theha\ e ext.itemtmt over it that We had most Nlountain Poor. never 111 their Whole entire IR es seen a forgot about The Commodities. We had a Ctmmaxle? prmer meeting out in the Yard this CODA But in the Lunch Room? It sounds morning not too different than We twirl sort of nasty. to me. always do before we take up school.Ii December. 1971 The I.unch Room part itself isort W rhI he sometimes that we W ill sing of strange. We have Miss lamella's "Ama/ing Grace,- and "I Shall Not Be A nutrition expert from Michigan is room and Miss Rutl.'s. cut off from it. Moved,- and someboth w ill say lecturing to college students ahout the We have a wood stove and a Woodpile Scriptuie. tind somehody V. ill start the prohlems of her Work in the North around it in each room. We have hooks shouting. anti it V. ill he a V. hile before ('arolin i [fills. "You cannot :imagine the along the wall to hang our coats and a things quieten down enough that V e Call things I ha e seen.- sa1s the oracle. "I httohshelf. and a shelf for the v ater have seen ebilt1ien iii Mat'...1 County huelset. and a shelf for our dirtier pails. quit...tcr today; some of our Who litr,e ne...r tasted orange juice.- We have five rows of douhle desks in hoys are nearlhig enough to have to go And I think hut don't say, Lady. our room. There is a hig girl sits in the to war. My hrothen is IS. We pray. have seen children from Miehignn V. ht. desk W ith me V. W ill not gh into her And we have just got inside and in have Ile\ er picked a blackb"rry. rie r name hecause if I say anything ahout her our seats V. hen we see ot.t. the V. indoW Used a rock to knock a perf .ct ple front in this world she w ill heat me up. She old man and a mule come up the paM. a tree. tie\ en waded ill an kcreek to fill say s so. hut the Lunch Room part. .1 here are tw o boxes, slung across. the the upturned hosom of a shin \kith fox nohody know s. mule. Miss 1.ouella and the big boss go grIpcs or sprung sW eel chinquapins from Am V. a) we are too excited about a out and help the old man get them dow n. the hu Ptkag.t: of something coming to us f rum "C.S. Department of Agriculture.the If (al. I say.had meant for orange the I..S.io erment. and We can't keep boxes sav on them. juice to he as ito;sponsahle as blood. Our minds good on our fractions and our The Commodines. these ridges would litpe been co o. cued decimal points.So Miss Louella takes We all gather around Whilt V. ith orange trees. Or wewl old all he up a hook we like called Stories From 1.ouella pries ime open: moing to Florida. Instead of the other The Oueras, and reads to us allow a ma. A case of evaporated milk. a) amund. named 1.0-livn-Grinho marries a gi.1 She opeh.. the other: named Elsa w hi, flow ing golden hair.It A case of uns\t eetenedgrapefruit was a had mistake. W nen Elsa tries in jute:. /)()/ ./i/ck Am/.OW' r111TC.V1011(ICIII 110111ts get Lod kn.( bin to tell her w ho his There is a packo! inside. V. ith k/i1, ..X.( .isul repw.t.'r fill the mama and daddy are. and w hy they piettnes of children w Eth their chests l;recnvilk Nt WA-Piedmont. didn't come to the wedding. h.: gets mad poked out and leg-bones how ed from (.0111111ruhlicA- /A and hops on his swan and paddles away rickets. There are pictures of toothless (III ' dual happeliCti /111c 1111 hlrever. stringy -headed children w ith pellagra. clad(l1,'clAWOrk111.1; fin. Ihe 1.1 :1 as many And then we quit for dinner. Nearly There ttre instmctoms: .secoird Ihoutgils its I have (11)(mlIt .4 everyhody hrmgs their dinner. A couple 'Each child in your lunch program is um'ii1;0110 Isrrell.1 itlil ol the AIL%I he of the hig kids walk hackLow n the to consume one set\ ing of each itt coidit ts its act iirale us child/10(0 mountain to McAllister's Store and get (*onimodit each Lt..'the letter sas. menwries thol tzi) luck47 sear% C hid

Neill Chocolate drinks a hanaka flips MissLouella sa . She is

32!Nov and Then Rev ews Highlander: mountains to help common people fight buildings, residences and zi lihrary. After for econonne and political power over the sae confiscated Highlander's No Ordinary School, their ow n destinies.I lighlander was property. all physical assets V,ere sold t estahlished in an era \\ hen sitell idealists atmi)n for less than $50.000. 1932-1962 often used religious language of the social As a place of culture. however, iligh- by John M. Glen gospel and political Izinguage of socialism lander Was rich. 1;n1 ike most other University Press of Kentucky to describe the betterorld forhich thev el forts h) outsiders to help people of the worked. The) shared John Dewe)'s opti- Lexih.qton, 1988 tvgion. Ilighlzmder promoted respect for mism for the capacit) of education to Appalachian music. crafts zind folkways. s3n.no Coar(tco\ er) transform societv zind make it beuer. Oral history, singing and storytelling N11 les [lotion. a native of V, est Tvo- V, ere COIIII11011 leaturCs tlf.IIS educational (.L11 I.. Osborne !lessee, is the central personalitv of programs. Integrated meetings brought hinder. In his )outh. he did communit\ southernhite and hlack culture together, tt ithdenim-ran( e (ire Hi (I ser\ ice on behalf of the resh\ terian promoting respect zinc1 pride fOr posIIII)II 111(11 .4C1.% iii Church in rural areas of Appalachian 'Flie illustrious friends of the school 1%(1%. WI:C/110 II 1)(' 101(1111(111(111(01iimil. Tennessee. Ile rt.'t limedthereto start added to the rich culture. Eleanor IIIsM. IIii 1):"1111)11(1,1()IV (Irffill1111(11C(I /i\ Ifighlander afIer seminar) training zit Rowse\ elt and Pete Seeger. for e \ample. «11111(111111. Mon Sennnar ). sttRi in sociolog\ at the closel \ identified theIllselVesith High- l(ilL ////1.1. ni \ ersit \ of Chicago and tra\ el zihroad lander_Dr. N1artin Luiher King.Andrew .1/41/1/11Wit./it 1)/ Mir/)i)W to see the folk schools of Deimmrk int(' Young and other black leaders of the civil thelr curriculum for teaching participator\ rights movement attended V, Orkshtlps / (WII If comet skills of dennwrac\. staff turno\ er iighlander zind supported its mission. /, //e WI( ill atI lighliinder \\ as alx\ ;1)5 comnum. The idea of I lighlander can be h)rt0I1 sUl ed On for the duration and. stinui'..d up in three parts.First. tor '111.11: ina change. in the Sorn though retimi for Nomc time. I I\ es there America to li \up to its democratic be ACCUrate Itsii nines are su II. ideals.thev,orking class, rural mountain changed. h. somehoth, mer the ohjec- 'Ili,: original htnne ofIiiphlander \\ as people :Ind people of' color must ha\ e nons of somehoth else. in Grunt') (ount \on land dimmed h access to economic and political power. Like the South in general. Appalachia \\ ealth\ he :factor. 'Hie schoolitself Set:midl ). popular education is a potent has seen its s.lare of social change. .1 never consisted of more than a few force for making American democracy last fin %ears hzoe heen itness It i. t ninistakable progress um ard equalit) 41111 and nick:used llcmoirac . in the L-ominu- -'. 4- nit) and \\ orkplace. although not \\ ithout -t? t much conirm ors\ nd resistance. 11, John Glen has \\ mien a hook about these changes and about the contril talons znatie b) a group of people. a place and an idea hno\\ n as Highlander. Vinner of- the Appala:.hian ..\artt. the htnikL'"1"1"es th ounding of I lighlander Foll. School r. near (hattanooga in 1'02. the eark . fig fledgling work in stint \\ ith unions ;inn liitii eooperati \ es. os influential role in IPIOSNINNUMMINUMB) - Ia.§ El the h 11 rights movement and the , unrelenting hounding b\ segregationists, 4,3 moceope opponents ot organi/ed lahor and others _ \\ h teared II ighlandei v, as a conuntintst "I"t"PgRIN taining School. n e)ilo!_me -.fi e\ atter the statt.'osedI 10,Inda 111 196 I. 'Is the school reopened in Knov \ ille 111177.1111' 0 the IIIk iu\ arid (he'd ed .tuside Ne\\ \\ hew it remains in Fllflfoda. Glen describes the people of High. Lindei as a small ssorimew ideillists. M les Horton looks on as Sheriff Elston Clay padlocks main building of the mostk ouisidsav high'v educated. Ilighlander l'olk School in Grund, rount, Tenn., 1959. \\ no cam to the south-o. 10:m1.'1/4.11Jan Nos% and Then/33 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Reviews work, as illustrated by Highlander's Glen is clear, however, in attributing most written the definitive work on 110- citizenship schools in the 1950s which of the hysteria over Highlander to racial !ander, but he has provided a well- resulted in large numbers of black people bigotry, vested interests among union researched, valuable addition to the registering to vote. Thirdly. America can leadership and similar sentiments. literature on the school's historic place in be a better place, can hemadeto he a Nta everyone will like the book. Southern activism. In a time when such better place. by the people themselves. In Both devotees and opponents of High- best sellers as Robert Bellah'sHabits of fact, it must he by the people themselves. lander can complain that their perspec- the Heartand Alan Bloom'sThe Closing Paternalistic liberal solutions to local tives are inadequately developed, and of the American Mindlament the passing problems imposed by supposed experts with some justification. The problem from our culture or idealkm and commit- from Washington (or wherever) are to be may be that Glen's historical approach, ment to conununity. Glen's book de- resisted as just as destructive to democ- grounded in the empiricism of social serves careful reading. For there is a racy as paternalistic conservative solu- science, does not lend itself to communi- place on a hillside in Appalachia where tions. In this respect. Highlander can be cating passion. idealism and community have never seen as standing for a self-help approach More importantly. Glen misses a passed away. It is a place called High- through education decades before it good chance to assess the utility of I ligh- lander And it is no ordinary school. became fashionable to discuss such things lander's sociological view and methods. during the Reagan presidency. Critics might ask what is the lesson of Running through all three aspects of Ilighlander for a class analysis approach tarry ().thorn('1.% Chat/WWII 011he the idea of Highlander is a certain socio- to society's problems. The boo', is p.sycluIlogy department at Carson- logical view of society which emphasizes suggestive that the approach is too Newman College in Jefferson ( ity. Tenn.. social class as a fundamental explanatory simplistic. Without further exploration, which t.% /0Caledehthe slime Cemnty as device. Change is possible only when the however, this issue remains obscure. IliQhlander. lie writes on Appalachian status quo is destablil d through a crisis Then, too, by focusing on the ts.sues related to teaching. rural adult situation. The crisis need have nothing to school's operation only through the early education and childhood development. do with violence. Rather, it is a state of 1960s, the book understates Highlander's heightened awareness of a social injustice more recent and successful work in Highlander Center Today coupled with an expectation that change combating toxic wastes. in conducting is possible, occurring at a time when studies of land ownership and in helping Highlander Center still believes in democratic values are brought into sharp to organite cottage industries and educa- education. "if we don't educate the focus, as during a strike or boycott. At tional cooperatives in Appalachia. Just community, things will never change least in its early days, therefore. I ugh- this past Deceruher, Ifighlander spon- in Washington," says Mark Harris, lander saw crisis as an essential prerequi- sored the composing of a book on popular Highlander's current administrator. site to social change occurring along class education feawring Horton and the Environmental health and eco- boundaries. And those v.hose privileged renow ned Brazilian educator. Paulo nomics are the major issues that the status is threatened b) change can he Freire. In contrast to the impression Highlander-trained grassroots leaders expected to resist it, so that class conflict en hy the book's epilogue. I lighlander want to confront in their communities is inevitahle. and Mles Horton are 1.er) much alRe in the 80s. There ha% e heen other hooks ahout and well. thank )0u. Highlander also sponsors cultural lighlander. Glen's w ill he rememhered And contro%ersial. A recent feature and political programs such as a recent as a coherent account 01 the school's first article in the Knos tile News-Sem/net trip to Nicaragua and a workshop of 311 \ cars composed Mit OI what must ha% L. commemorating I lighlander's contrrhu- music, dancing and stories in Eastern been a ha) stack's w orth of notes. clip- nuns to the cm\ il rights mo% ement dro a Kentucky. pings and other archi al hits and pieces. loud and angr\ response from some For more information about this Altogether. henes (Aer 2.1100 souriesii leaders.1 he famous picture from the non-profit organization, write High- his notes. including inter% iew s and a 1°Y.sns or \I: !forum and Dr. Martin lander Education and Research Center, %ariet) lit published materials. .uther K irn at a "ClnIUMInist trainiog Route 3, Box370,New Market,Tenn. *I he hook also permits a hetter under haol'' reappeared in racist tractidek 37820,orcall 615-933-3443. standing of contrmersial distributed inI tnifi as an ef ort to reputation. dkcredit official 1,:cogintion of :cing's ,tre You Opinionated? Although ( ;len linds no support tor bl,thda....Despite the fact that I lighlandei and Then ncoll cici an \ official communist conuection. there as nominated for ,he Nobel Peace Pri/c 1 ei-leu el 0/ App/////i ///an hookA. pel %kits enough utopian and socialist rhetoric (theear 1.ech Walesa won) and that //////. and l'et (fro/A..Cend information by stall and supporters earl) on to alann N1% les I lotion set.% ed as L'Onstillailt tO the about yourself and our arealutcret many reasonable people as to what the State Of I eilliessee iii establislung its .ticawl, 111 torv,photr)graplo. school %1/4 as really up to. Of COUrse. Menu.% training prognim. such comm. . !Inc a;I.theater. at110-1thi. socialism ain't communism, but in the %ens) and OppOsition COlitlillie. tirill. Chad, ell.lac; (Mire. et( .1 to the

South this distinction often eludes people. hus, John (den ma% noi ha% e editto.

34 / NOV1 and Then Rev i ews The characters in Crum are as dis- truth has its share of problems. Bui the Crum gusting as the language. There is troubles of the region are here sensational- by Lee Maynard Preacher Piney. who molests women as ized and the inhabitants dehumanized. Washington Square Press he baptizes them. Benny Musser, who Crumreads as though it were Iitten in New York regularly exposes himself and mastur- an adolescent snit over past slights, a bates in school. Ralph Parsons, "big. belated attempt at revenge against a place $6.95 (paperback) mean and not too smart.- Luke, the where the author passed a few unhappy restaurant owner, who picks his nose and growing-up years. Denise Giardina wipes his fingers on the apron with which There is nothing wrong with the book he holds hot dog buns. Just w-hen you thought it was safe to that a good case of writer's block Then there are the women. Women be from the mountains, when reruns of wouldn't havt:. cured. and girls are first described by what their theBeverly are hidden away bodies look like and how well they on Sunday afternoons and cultural diver- copulate. According to the narrator. Denise Giardina wrote ;thout early strife sity is fashionable .wing conies a book "Ilalf the girls in school who rode the bus in the coalfields in her latest novel. like Crsun Not since the movieDeliver- home flicked some guy in the back seat Storming Becven. ancehave I encountered a more vicious portray::: of Appalachian mountain on the way.- Ruby Harmon is most people. notable for removing her bra and rubbing against the narrator in class. Elvira Brier, His Book Crumis the work of Lee Maynard. Prince is described as having "a better all who spent his adolescent years in the and real-life Crum. W. Va.. where his father round body" than Ruby. Elvira's mother strips in front of the narrator. then was a high school football coach. Crum His First, Best in both fact and fiction is located on the urinates. Yvonne, the only "good girl" Country Tug Fork River, which borders Kentucky. at the book's beginning, ostitutes herself in order to leave Crum. The nameless narrator describes the by Jim Wayne Miller setting on the very first page. Even the high school English teachcr Gnomon Press merits the following introduction: "Miss "When I was ±,,rowing up there the P.O. Box 475 populathol (orlon. Thatcher was short, plump. plain, clean 219 Frankfort, Ky. 40602-0475 human heikgs. two sub-humans. a fe and smelled good. She also had the most delicious tits we had ever seen...there was platoons of assorted dOgA tit fraN/ OM' CU/ Brier 1988S 8.50 (paper) /ha/ / paid (mention 10. a retarded mule no way oti could completely hide a pair $16.00 (cloth) like her,...they led the way down the and a very vivid image of Crash Corri- Country1987S 7.50 (paper) gan.AI firvf there ivere nowhores, hut hallway whenever she left the classroom, later on I got to watch one in the making. and they were the first things to enter the Pat Verhulst room when she returned.- As a woman nm unincorporated' the rotad and a writer. I'm not sure whether to be Jim Wayne Miller's literary alter sign scud at the edge of town. It should ego. the Brier, has never been a favorite have said 'unnecessary.' The place is more ofiended by the sexism of thi.s novel or the sophomoric style. with this reviewer: h seemed to depend located deep in the bOlve/S (q. the Appalci too much ( n bourbon, fishing stories and ehnnis. on the hank of flu Tug River. the I was asked to supply an advertising blurb after readingCrumin galley form. swapping jokes with the other good old urinary tract of the mountains. ;Vow boys. lie spelled feller and holler with an urnw is Kentucky. I refused. as did at least one other Appa- lachian writer I've spoken with. Still, r. to show t:iat he was reall:country.and "Lye in Crum was one gay. mad he flaunted the hard-drinking macho whirl of abjet-t ignorance, emotions seven laudatory quotat:ons adorn the cover of this hook. Noted writers such as stereotype that has made the real-life spilling over emotions. se.1 tel malifestations of the type so difficult for e, and sometimes blood spilling oVer William McPherson, Bret Lott, and John Calvin Batchelor have lent their names in the women of these mountains to survive. Besides, every reader knows that This Qening is a good inoication of piatsc ofCrum.But none of the seven is a woman.' Nor are any Appalachian Brier is really the voice of Dr. Miller. a things to come. The novel is littered with man with an advanced degree iii a fort ign references to human excretion and v.riters quoted. lani.uage and a job at a University. so the descriptions of sex devoid of love and And v.hat these males from ootside the region have to say is telling. "The country witticisms sometimes seem a heavy on smarm. "Across the river was little bit forced. InBrier. Ills Book, Kentuck). a mysterious land of pig story of a hillbilly childhood spent in such deprivation that only the make- Miller's protagonist still displays some of filchers,- we are informed. and the word these less-than-convincing characteristics. "Kentuck- is ever after accompanied hy beli ve of a child's eye makes it believ- a'-.1e,- one says. "Too authentic to particularly in a poem called On Tram- this dubious description. If the reader is mel Creek." Brier shares some bourbon supposed to be shocked, boredom is the doubt.- adds another. Sure. What is and a lot of feller feeling with a stranger, actual response. most offensive about this book is that the coal mining region it pretends to depict in in a dry county. on the church steps. Now and Then / 35 Reviews Drinking makes him a little bit sentimen- Miller's love for the land and his sorrow to C/eslaw Milosl, it treats the theme of tal. 11..uess. because the Brier muses in the face of abandoned farmyards and the poet in exile, and keeps returning to a empty farmhouses. A similar style, a concept that prevails in the best of /tint 11100..\ntioing.s beteen mixture of rueful wit and serious protest, Nliller's writings: enlivens "Small Farms Disappearing in There tire iwo could lie .0.1ingei. than the law!, Tennessee,- one of the best poems in this One .minellA like appleA "if (Inv \kite: hmi "hay the ced(11.41(iving.i. were broken. dry numbe, fi/ \mollelille.s.see 101111\ 1 he other reek.% 11 1(frol(10. Anyone can smpathi/e with a wen' towed Alt ilk' brain We Millen- teacher or businessnmn who loves to Iliti Itili(ldeveloper..\ m1(.4,1,1017 tine imagine himself escaping from the of lice llth\ tool IhiMier. (if the it orm tower to pia> outlaw with the bank tiller (1 1)(1114 real people out in the unspoiled rural 7 here are Itur) eVer.l eraintry. countrm side. But something in this reader the to lin estiQtlie there are Itro his/or/es. tm ants to tug on the sleet e of Brier's rooAlen I here on' 1111) 01 even down home denim jacket and whisper. (111(1 ( int bo,.!:"" au "Listen. Buddy, this gut on are 111)\. There are two Or more of et el.\ man. some kind of a schoillteaeher 10 Ise and e'er\ woman. too: and it seems to me pretending to be sonleune 011 is,not.- The shit.> is no Joke at all, hut the that Miller is at his best tm hen he mt rites This is not to sat that a poet must lightness of the st le makes it easier to \\ ith the full anibiguit\ of his situation in write only trom his own autobiograph \ read: this is the task Miller sets for mind, as an educated and \\ ell-trat eled or stick to his own station in lite. Cer- himself in -The Brier Plans a Mountain man who appreciates the traditions of his tainly the imagination permits each of us Vision Center.- name region. and who tt ants to awaken to enjm many identities. and the use ot a his readers so that the\ can Join him in mask has been well dot:loped and Ill'. (Ire( (1111111('1141 ("1( 11(11041ln,, 1.111('- tr,m inc to preserm e them. defended bm nlan \ fine poets. Yeats. John colorca t!,1(1%\e\ lici That sense of ambit alence and Herr> man, and William Carlos Williams 111(111110(1c ¶:e1111c t Illittit i it1111 ambiguitt enriches Miller's stor. //t.s among them. But there altma s seems to 111(' 111111(1' s CIT. lle,/ The narrator is be a hidden note of condescension. and liAc ti lcirs. 11111M; up their teacher. a scholar, and a 't rater. ho tall, perhaps of apolog>. when the poet makes 11(111.11011 W1111 in lute tm ith a foul-mouthed. \ ulnerahle a hig point of hemg lust as common and 111C11. itest s is///i Aiti\\ loll . woman who loves countrm music.It he earth as those picturesque characters he like Irma dm! mocks the simple-minded 1. rics or a claims to identit with. I ('ol' Comma> 'I'm ittt song, she reminds him But these ttm o recent publications of that -Comma \ knows some things \ OLi Ntiller's hat e forced me to take a I hie onllblnanni) in understatement dttn't!" Roma is a stereOR pe. in a m a\ : and slower look at his work. nd with and implied threat in this passage iS par a hard-bitten lemale redneck. a !hunk \ erm tetm lapses. the poet seems to hat c ticularlt et Veen \ e. And the desire to onk tm ho has been "rode hard and Alm\ ed an Increasing depth and credi atm aken and magnitt awareness, in the poll up V tiand has "the saddest e\ es" hihit . In "Cistern.- part ot a longet minds of the readers, but also in the mind the narrator has et er seen. lie refers to poem called "Comm.\ People.- he id the tm Fuer. Is a recurring theme. In -A her asa deep well 01 a tm oman- and a produces an unsentimental \ ernacular zind in se\ eral other poems, the -n rod in a m (swan.- and he seems to see st. he \\ itholn am tricks tif spell 1141 on speoket "Conies suddenl awake- at het more as a means than as an end m dictum: hlght. his mind leellini! \\ ithi Ilmiqdits, hers.21t More a sm eel cur\Wad nooic \ ',Inns. 01, sinip1). happiness. Attempt- than an Inth !dual P ()man. I hi. Ioi tInt.\ hit 111(- 1111(1,1C1 (cl ing to record t!iis experience. and help his But the roader likes Roma, and the leaders share it. is one mark ot a read \ narratin lets hei him again and Iiii)4111'4 111)01 (1.1(11111111k \ aluahle poet. dgam, reminding lum that lite is more i)i) \OM( thiin; ieiComing id Age- thisphas,.. dns omplicated than the ideas he has leaf ned S(1/t/14/11. theme ot awakening al its best and much I nun hooks, and that the countrt and ( MC II II mole. Bitted \ Intin direct. this gospel songs he has alwa.\. scorned mat ,c1 ()111 Ili\ pue1115 delliMstrates \Idler's ahilut to contain some ol the secrets hie has been 1)0111 tii\t edge his\ le tow ard the comic. ;ma\ searching tor. An AWL: 1111\11 from the poignant or Mane. A iumpleiek The stort laded scnd this re\ km er sans! \ poem, 11 is a tnati.Th tor the inosi out to but the conylete works it Com\ a [0\1111111c and spare. disillusioned \ piece in Inc Ttm .but it did make me respect Jim :old comic. passages like these come\ -The ()ufll l f Cunsilenie." Dedicated Wane \Idler's \mime a lot more than

36 / Nim and Then Reviews hcfore.It's Even a .long Inn, -.nee an a competitive tailor market a's em.ted writer couldrite a stor aboui a man Old South, New ele% here. When emancipation falling slow Iv in love with a woman v South: de.troed the .lae $Aealth of the any conviction at all. and thk Southern lahor li rdN. it created a ne fa.hioned !me stor is a plca.ure for that Revolutions in the clas's of landlords implicitl interested in reason. F. en hetter is the ten.ion Miller maintaining the chcape.t hired labor. he create. how een hi. narrator'. ie of life Southern Economy pressure from v. ithin the South to keep and Roma's. wage. Irw reNtricted labor''s mobilit) to Since the Civil War nuwe el.o here it hough the Great .She \1101ted 111111 e0111h1d1( 11010. by Gavin Wright Migration of 1915 weaken's tin. argument pojnied oil! lii 'iiii Amin. ilthiv .soine hat 1, reduced incenti es tor othc;. he'd written he'd 'Ira, \id the emded Basic Books. Inc.. New York. 'labor to moe South. diNcouraged capital lid/ Yel he'11/Iled «101111d. III 1988 ine.tment and induNti Ian/anon. and 111111er\Ille\, tlIrop(', 411eit lii S9.95 (Paperback reksue maintained a lahmu. market that did hot people wore 11% idea of 1986 hardcover) Interact nationall.ince it v.a. Ntagllallt 111(11V1d11(11\. ano ncompenti e. The idea that the pwhiem originated v ithin the South \A ith Roma a. hi\ minor. the narrator Larry D. Gossett hehe. all 55 00tR% and.'s concept ol d begin. to changehe rememhers iiItwe Southern "colonial econoin" dommatetl tinIlk' re.ted largel oil hi\ ( tliii right ;wino e. Nomething and held hack h oukide Interest., lo e for water. "and reall/ed hi. old Ime nh thi's hook that ha's long heen needed. The ( ireat Depre..ion .ered as .111 w a's actuall a tw in liie ot women and Ile ha's built a brulge hetcell the equali/er lor die region', diNtinciRenevs, ater. For the> merged in hi. nund." A th.ciplines of economic's and hktork howoer. and Wright .ce. the South onlan reading ma ince at the ah.trac through the medium of comparame fmall reionung the I. mon not in !MI5 tion and generaniation Ntatement economic liktor. hut in the 100.. The New De:. time in olc.. hut launche's of f from Wright lsue` trollV. \\ demands for good. and Ner ILL.\ !hi. into a rhap.odic h mn to women. economkts that the application of modern follow ing the two world w at. and the w ;der. and Ime. that quite Itwel and aNsumption's and characteriNtk. to the pa.t hurgeolung cwIl right's intweinent m the thotoughl conincing. ma re.ult in gro.. error..Ile then warn . South all contributed to the deNtruction ol Meditating ahout Ime lead's him to hi.torian's that ignoring Nomennie's the region'. di.tinctwe and retaidetl labor reflect on the change's within hmkelf. and complev ectmoinic theone's ina create econom and created the "to olution" the.e are ionced in a beautif ull suhtle inkleading hi.torical concluNion.. SVright that led to the New South. paNNage that illu.tratc's the charm of this then integrate's economic theor k 1th the 5Vright'. ma appeal at lust .tor: liktor of the South and pre.ent a tre.h glance to he limited and cen interpretation ot economic monocau.al. but itis tat nom ilus 1 1r leheembereil 1.01(1111...; do elopment. in.ight. are prottione. pow el lul and allow hum I /liII iiter (/ /04( WO/ lie ako accomph.die's a ieniarkahle far reaching. F.Lonomft In \ti twn. of the rilll 11110 Id\ er% ol Ian iii kid in gh. mg us. a %olume that is ea to Souil cannot ignore the .111:1:111ellk

(1111.111:.: Wit nd under.tand hde at the Name pleselll iii thl When andlIR

111(.11 iii dn. 1(111. I, hell the top /mei time incorporating the tahle. and % C(ft0Incl. lake !Urged ;A el-die lop I igui e.. 111\I'l \MIL I() 1)0110111. Ill(' /ugh MI lie pre.ent's detailed eidence that the

Imee loe Ihe l le it (I (1 econonw of die ():d Sown wa's separate (ilI Min; Ill ei- // lie had 1)eeli 111()%1 and di.tinct from the natumal and timid (Oil )(111\it'1l 1% a ..1(1,11(aft\not le, end\ 110% villains,i/ thatit ilt economic..Ail ol the traditionatt - I oill'ionci .11ole I mt 11%/Lilo!) Hoie,:e argued 1..tie. hi\ 110 %! ihl% Phu( e. the Impact of .I.wer. I . /IC I\ 1,)! a I'll I I

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economic doelopment m the Solidi. iruplt 1% buff ,11 Me Roma ha's helped him come how, continued low income loci. for Southein .51tIle PI Moll SliIcIP I.",'11 19.V) and he end. the .tor with a rou.ing worker's and o en the more rcecni hoom go.pel concluNion. It''s it line .tor..indit time- in the Southern Nunhell can be mark's a new .nength in Miller'. wrinnr. acc"rillog to \A e can all look forwitrd to more. under.tanding the South''s di.tinct labor market and regional ecotionw. Rut 11, legitc did not endIth the CI\ It 55 al.

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\ms and .11ten37 Reviews

lifestyle and a new mercantile and Feud: Hatfields, industrial order which was penetrating the perceptions of Appalachian people a McCoys and Social Appalachian hinterlands following the hundred years later. As Waller asserts, Civil War. the feuds served to accentuate the Change in Waller marshalls an impressive array supposed inferiority of Appalachian of documentation to show that the culture and the consequent need for Appalachia, 1860- antagonists in the feud were not clearly cultural uplift programs by outside agents opposed along family lines (there were of civilization, including teachers. 1900 Hatfields who supported McCoys, and ministers, nurses and industrialists: vice-versa) nor were they unequivocally by Altina L. Waller mnumaineer'S Way Of lifetheir University divided by loyalties to the Union and Confederacy, although she does not Ile.vibility and relayed schedules, of North Carolina Press completely dismiss that possibility. their lack at ambition, and their Chapel Hill and London, 1988 Instead she suggests that the mountain excessive independencewas seen as 532.50 (cloth) $12.50 (paperback) feuds of the post-Civil War period were an obstacle to cultural primarily caused by overpopulation and enlightenment as well a.% economic overcrowding. There was diminished progress. Appalachians, like the Richard Blaustein opportunity for land ownership because Indians belnre them. Wrath/ have In of the tradition of dividing land equally alter their entire way of and Altina L. Waller's highly detailed. among heirs. The conflict was also culture to fit in. or they would have rigorous re-examn.0(1 of the infamous accentuated by the rise of the southern to be removed. The Jeud WaS Hatli.:Id-McCoy te x)ints out the lumber industry and the general ,convenwnt Way of emphasi:int; the difficulty of separating history and movement of Appalachia into a global point that mountaineers Were legend. As Waller observes in her market economy. SaVageS Heed moderm:ation, introduction, the popular stereotypes Essentially. then. Waller sees feuding bah etonnmic and cultural. surrounding this notorious event have as a violent expression of the frustrations largely overshadowed its actual history: of Appalachian people experiencing Thus the stage was set fbr the declining social and economic autonomy. establishment of mission schools, rural We all knnw of the Ilatlields and From this perspective, Devil Anse clinics and folklife revival efforts as well McCoys. Inr 14'e Ve encountered lathield and his followers are portrayed its relatively recent developments them in cnfinc strips, popular song. as defenders of local autonomy in including the War On Poverty and the MMUS, televisinn. Indeed, they opposition to the McCoys and their Appalachian Regional Commi.ssion. have become such an entrenched part friends who supported the entry of These movements follow-ed the continued filytholngs and fnlklnre that many powerful outside interests into the los.s of social and economic autonomy by Americans ae surprised lo diAcnver Appalachian region: Appalachians and their increasing that the Jeud actually happened and dependence on the vagaries of national that the Jeudists ii ere real peap/e. 1.() this new elite, Devil /lase and international markets. 110l1lt alh. the e.t11(101,1' represented parnchialiSill, fahhara Culturally speaking. one of the alc 10/00.1 'egend /I/de/Wade/We. harkWardae.1.1, and enduring consequences of the post-Civil /WA gmtvii up arnuml the lIatfields ultimately resistance to pro.iy-ess. War feuds has been the perpetuation of an and 114c('nys has nbscored Their participatinn in the attack on mhiguous sense of identity which onsideranon nl the leud as a sereneo him was ninre a I-eke-nem of modem Appalachians are still trying to historical event. innuntain culture than a persnnal sort out.Indeed, the development of vendetta. Ironically, Devil Anse had Appalachian Studies a,t field of study Waller's objective in this study is to UMW 10 stand for the 1.1,010rall1 can itself be seen as an an,ipt to come io demonstrate that earlier interpretations of (i1)1011(110111AI IllSlead 01. ternis with the comple\ sen,c of pride the Hatfield-McCoy feud were based on allth111011.1 entrepreneur he l'eanS and shame which colors the self- erroneous premises. She attempts to WaY LIM defeat WU.% necessary less perceptions of southern nlountain people. prove that the feud was neither a for ye-meanie- gain than fin- the Though difficult reading ill places. this manifestation of familial violence inevitable March into Appalachia nt work deserves the serious attention of supposedly ingrained in southern what they had come ta think ol as itnyone concerned with the Appalachian mountain culture nor an extension of civih:atum. region and its people. guerilla warfare which continued in various sections of the Border South after The sensationalistic journalism Appomattox. She views it as a localized which exploited the Hatfield-McCoy feud Richard Blaustein directs tlie (*enter for expression of conflict between an oldt.r helped to establish the comic-savage Appalachian Studies and Services at self-sufficient hunting and fanning hillbilly images that still shape our HSU.

38 / Now and Then 4 Reviews These Are Our Voices John Rice Irwin, who founded the surrounding countryside where not Museum of Appalachia in Norris, had always included. The Story of Oak Ridge already been moved once to make way The contributors are a diverse group 1942-1970 for Fontana Lake "I remember (upon including poet Marilou Awiakta, Georgia receiving notice to move againI the potter Charles Counts, housewife Ruby Edited by James Overholt anguish of my father and mother.-Jane Daniel, ETSU graduate Thomas Children's Museum of Oak Ridge, Alderfer remembered the difficulties that Thompson, one of the engineers who was came with eviction from the family farm, in charge of the Manhattan project. Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1987 "...hecause of' war shortages. few vehicles General K.D. Nichols. and scientist $19. 95 (hardcover) were available to move household Alvin Weinberg. possessions, farm implements. harvested l'oice.x is organized into two time Charles Moore crops. and farm stock.- frames, "Wartime" and "Post-War.-

t CliCe.%is a collection of 66 essays by Perhaps the benefits. of building a Writers contributed verse, essays and 44 xx riters about the history of Oak Ridge. weapon that saved American lives and even a short play. From government I:ach was directly affected hy the Oak creating a city that was to become very secrecy to building the churches. irom Rnige project.Many lived there during (tIot litlx:axklets tu "ro(i)c"(:rx1 movies to the telephone system. from the the war ears. !fere is a refreshing. frontier experience to the politics of original look at people and change as decision. science, authors talked ahout every described hy the participants. Jim Wayne Miller. in his essay uses aspect of their lives at Oak Ridge. As an outsider.I always thought a kev word, "provisonal,- to describe the )fr sis easy to read aod contains Oak Ridge had been here as long as any phenomonon of Oak Ridge.Except that many very well-chosen photographs.I other eastern town.I was surprised to this provisional town became permanent. would have liked to read more about the learn that Oak Ridge was a planned cit In the post-war years Oak Ridge scientists and what they thought about the huin in less than a year. in 1942 became a modern, (like r Los Alamos, N.M., and Ilanford. Wash.) progressixe city. Oak During World War II. the uranium for the Ridge had the first 4v Kf first atomic homh was manufactured here integrated schools in ir as part of the top secret program called Tennessee, (in 1955- Z gat 1, the Manhattan Project. 5(). The Arts Council c We know now just how close the got its start w ithout Germans Aerc to perfecting the bomb government funding. and the crucial part plaed by Oak Ridge At one time the e in building the ultimate . capon.The population topped t- hook descrihes how people Mere recruited 75.00(). r a -Cs to this instant cit.xfrom across the nation In 1964, Margaret 6:4'erf' # and lived in somewhat chaotic conditions: Mead made a "t; the housing was less than Aonderf momentous nip to Oak -1 't.t :e- C.. streets were mudd. there . ere no phones Ridge.Mead 0" .4zt considered the high al/c in the houses and new spapers were ZJ:lj censored. schoolers conceited, ill.44*/ Those authors w ho eame trom inconsiderate and Y-12 plant, 1945. This was wherethe uranium for the outside the region Arite that the Fast -blase ahout our citx 's first atomic bomb was refined. Tennesseans were friendl.x.hard Aorking role in the historx of and generall made the newcomers feel at mankind." She home underer.1 rigorous conditions. At berated the xhildren as ".xoung results of their work. not just about the the same time the xx riters report some aristocrats." One of the essayists. Bonnie immediate 1ives lost or saved hut about resentment of the intrusion, the Lee Dingus. ponders in her essa.x if the dawning of the Nuclear Age. displacements. the secrets anu the Mead had been correct. But Dingus Overholt admits the hook was not arrogance sometime displayed b.x the notes a paradox. The "hillbilly- image intended to he comprehensive. And the scientif ic group. became applied to the -former- outsiders occasional gaps do not detract from the Some of the authors xx L re t hose 1). their association with Tennessee. exLellence of the writing. whose homes and farms were I he heritage of East Tennessee no appropriated to make wax f or Oak Ridge. longer escapes me. or my f.annIN.- she The uprooting left a had taste. hut a, discovered. Yet. Oak Ridge was a world ('Iltirles Moore works for the Center fin. Overholt remarks, the time of war eaused unto itself.II had its own itek spaper. Appalachian .Studies rind .ervice% and jin. a lot ot uprooting. Some East churches. telephone exchange. schools the Quillen-Dishner ('ollege oi Medwine Tennesseans must have felt picked on. and cliches. 1 he p,:ople fri)in the library at ETV"

Now and Then / 39 BEST COPY AVAILABLE The More Things Change : Larry Bledsoe s. The More ("Wage, the More they last stay the same, i.V au 01(1 saying you have heard, pothablv many tinies. Larry Bledsoe WI Ol(' this ong in the early 1970s. l)uring that timehe wa.v geuing adjusted to being out of the Nary, playing 111115te With hiS brother ToMMyand : SOlIgN. Talking with him todayhe says he was a little more cynical then: lie says. -age can rub oil some rif thoserough edge.s.- Tommy 13Icdsoe and Rich Kirby recorded -The More Things Change- on their record album Twins, (Swallow Tail Records). ye heard other performers yibging it including Km,xvilli musician onny I Iouston. It's a song with a good nu,lody and definitely something to Z: think about. OC Lorry Illedsoe workv fOr th( Kingsport, Tenn.. fire department. 7 Ed Snodderly _ :7.

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The More Things Change The\ were blinded k the light The rich folks got theIllone Now they Just stared(Altso helplessly The\can also has e the blame he%orldkeeps getting older And seemslike a ciAing shame We could Iced the world, But we'd rather And hme keeps ticking on That the more things change !lase our rockets and Jet planes We keep Nearchmg forthe illINVsers he more they just sta thesame. Now are we just a world of fools Lord, we've been searching for so long, Being led hy the insane Are ke really any closer now The empirehad arulei And do the nmre things change Thanke \re w hen we first Caine .And Nero was his name The more they just the same. And do the more things change But he just sat there and fiddled The more they Just stay- the same. While the s orld was all a-flame Oh Lnid. I thought my heart would break Recra (led hsTriln litedwe (ma Ric4 Ku 1).1 Eli sent the prophets When he played that sad re:rain oh the (Awn Twins, (.(c.p. 1956. In lead the children through the nntht The more things change Swalln I?ecrd.s. P (1 1101 10. But Vhellthe darkness lifted. The inure they just Nut% the same. I ale Moue. La. 71155'6.

40 / Now and Then fg..!!4

The Graveyard of Trees We nlove ainong fir trees long dead and bleached starker than the granite they cling to. high on the ridge scarcely below timberline. h e trees stand, leaning l(Mard the rke and pitch ot sunlight. as they had when their I :anches spun ihrant needles. devouring light. The rise into the w Md. a graveard of bones. upright .4101( ohn (ilth ia 111(11.11 plibllqW(/ OW/ on land the\ have aka\ s held. skeletons i ii 01/101" IlW Wit lller(Irl :thing the trail we follow iii tlns dream 10111.11(11. Z.1111(' 3. /IC dile( I\ ilie n I HIM; ot trees pretending not to hcw hat the seem. proLfl,1111I)/the C'elller/INIlW (.101111.4- :111A al ..110I111 Pea% 1 Mt el \III. 4 Malcolm Glass BEST COPY AVAILABLE 4111,,i4 . -no ,

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Bertha Jones first heats, then strains the milk, One of the first steps in the long and laborimis process that 'Tsui!. in a Narieh Pt (lairs products. Blending the old NaNs vith the ne%%, she novt uses her refrigerator for the IleNi phasecooling the milk. In her Imith. she remembers, the milk was cooled "in a little log spring house built mer the spring. Although she has a inicrowa%e. she saNs she isn't a big fan. "I don't use it a hit. Just to bake potatoes and reheat coffee and sausages.