Geohydrologic and Water-Quality Assessment of the Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation, Missouri, 1994-95
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Geohydrologic and Water-Quality Assessment of the Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation, Missouri, 1994-95 By Jeffrey L. Imes, John G. Schumacher, and Michael J. Kleeschulte_______________ U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4270 Prepared in cooperation with the DIRECTORATE OF PUBLIC WORKS, ENVIRONMENTAL DIVISION, FORT LEONARD WOOD MILITARY RESERVATION Rolla, Missouri 1996 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director For additional information write to: Copies of this report may be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey 1400 Independence Road Branch of Information Services Mail Stop 100 Box25286 Rolla, MO 65401 Denver, CO 80225-0286 CONTENTS Abstract................................................................................................................................^ 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................^^ 2 Purpose and Scope....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation History and Facilities................................................................................ 5 Previous Investigations..................................................................^ 5 Environmental Setting .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Climatology............................................................................................^ 6 Physiography and Topography.................................................................................................................................... 6 Soil Types and Distribution......................................................................................................................................... 7 Geohydrologic Framework........................................... 7 Structural Setting......................................................................................................................................................... 8 Bedrock Geology and Stratigraphy............................................................................................................................. 10 Fracture Patterns and Karst Features........................................................................................................................... 10 Ground-Water Hydrology..............................................................................................................................................^ 12 Ground-Water Levels High-Base Flow.................................................................................................................... 13 Ground-Water Levels Low-Base Flow..................................................................................................................... 18 Vertical Ground-Water Flow........................................................................................................................................ 20 Dye-Trace Investigations of Fracture and Conduit Flow............................................................................................ 20 Surface-Water Hydrology...................................................................................................................................................... 33 Methodology................................................................................................................................................................ 35 High-Base Flow Stream and Spring Discharge........................................................................................................... 37 Low-Base Flow Stream and Spring Discharge............................................................................................................ 37 Ground-Water Discharge to Streams........................................................................................................................... 40 Water Quality......................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Methodology................................................................................................................................................................ 42 Quality Assurance........................................................................................................................................................ 44 Regional Ground-Water Quality.................................................................................................................................. 45 Spring-Water Quality................................................................................................................................................... 52 Surface-Water Quality................................................................................................................................................. 59 Streambed Sediment Quality....................................................................................................................................... 62 Summary and Conclusions..............................................................................................._^ 62 Selected References........................................................................................................._^ 64 FIGURES 1-3. Maps showing: 1. Location of the Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation and 17 solid-waste management units identified as potential sources of ground- or surface-water contamination.................................................... 3 2. Bedrock geologic formations at the Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation.............................................. 4 3. Distribution of sinkholes and springs at and near the Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation.................. 9 Contents 4. Generalized geologic sections trending northwest to southeast across the Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation...........................................................................................................-^ 11 5-8. Maps showing: 5. Altitude of shallow ground-water levels at and near the Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation during high-base flow conditions................................................................................................................... 17 6. Altitude of shallow ground-water levels at and near the Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation during low-base flow conditions .................................................................................................................... 19 7. Injection and recovery points for dye-trace tests T103-01 to T103-07 and historical dye-trace tests at and near the Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation.............................................................................. 22 8. Distribution of charcoal packets placed in surface water and springs for monitoring of background dye concentrations at and near the Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation............................................... 23 9-15. Graphs showing spectral analysis of fluorescent material extracted from activated charcoal packets placed in: 9. Shanghai Spring during dye-trace test T103-01............................................................................................. 25 10. Miller Spring during dye-trace test T103-03.................................................................................................. 26 11. Miller Spring during dye-trace test T103-04.................................................................................................. 27 12. Shanghai Spring during dye-trace test T103-05............................................................................................. 28 13. Roubidoux Spring during dye-trace test T103-06.......................................................................................... 29 14. The pumping station spring during dye-trace test T103-07 ........................................................................... 30 15. Shanghai Spring during dye-trace test T103-07............................................................................................. 31 16-19. Maps showing: 16. Probable catchment areas of selected major springs at and near the Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation..................................................................................................................................................... 32 17. Stream discharge measurements for the high-base flow seepage run made on the Big Piney River, Roubidoux Creek, and selected small tributary streams in December 1994 at and near the Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation.............................................................................................................. 34 18. Stream discharge measurements for the high-base flow seepage run made on the Big Piney River in February 1995 at and near the Fort Leonard Wood Military Reservation...................................................... 38 19. Stream discharge measurements for low-base flow seepage run made on the Big Piney River, Roubidoux Creek, and selected small tributary streams in September 1995 at and near the Fort Leonard Wood Military