SWALLOWTAILS Ugyen Wangchuk Institute of Environment and Conservation © Copyright UWICE 2012

Guide d l e i

F to the SWALLOWTAILS Ugyen Wangchuk Institute of Environment and Conservation © Copyright UWICE 2012

Citation : Karma Wangdi, Sherub, Bumthang, UWICE

Disclaimer : Any views or opinion interpreted in this publication are solely those of the Authors. They are not attributable to UWICE and the Royal Government of Bhutan; do not imply the expression of UWICE on any opinion concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities.

Design by : Sonam Dorji Printed at : Kuensel Corporation Ltd.

ISBN:

Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation & Environment Lamai Goempa Post Box no: 155 Bumthang : Bhutan Telephone: +975-3-631926 Fax: +975-3-631925 Website: http://www.uwice.gov.bt UWICE

The Ugyen Wangchuck Institute for Conservation and Environment is Bhutan’s first research and education In- stitute for environmental conservation. We seek to un- derstand and uncover the ecological, socio-economic and policy dimensions of biophysical systems and their impact on human ecology. We pay special attention to understanding climate in Himalayan ecosystems.

We conduct professional courses for both national and international participants in the areas of conservation biology, sustainable forestry, water resource managemen- tand socio-economic aspects in addition to offering one year certificate course inEnvironment, Forestry and Con- servation. We envision offering research based higherd- egrees in the above fields in close collaboration with the Royal University of Bhutan and other International Uni- versities.

3 4 Contents

Acknowledgement 5 Introduction 6 Habits of Butterflies 7 How to use this book 9 External Anatomy 10

Species Details

Bhutan Glory 14 Bhutan Ludlow’s Swallowtail 15 Common Blue Apollo Brown Gorgon Lesser Batwing Common Batwing Golden Birdwing Common Birdwing Glassy Bluebottle Common Bluebottle Red Helen Yellow Helen Tailed Jay Common Jay Great Jay Veined Jay 5 Common Mime Lesser Mime Tawny Mime Great Mormon Common Mormon Blue Peacock Krishna Peacock Paris Peacock Common Peacock Himalyan Common Raven Common Redbreast Tailed Redbreast Common Rose Spangle Lime Butterfly/Swallowtail Common Yellow Swallowtail Four Bar Swordtail Six Bar Swordtail Spectacle Swordtail Spot Swordtail Five Bar Swordtail Great Windmill Rose Windmill Common Windmill Lesser Zebra Great Zebra

6 Acknowledgement

The Ugyen Wangchuck Institute of Environment and Conservation would like to dedicate this book to the elinghtened leadersihp of the Wangchuck dy- nasty in the conservation of Bhutan’s environment. It is thorugh thier visionary guidance that such books on Butterflies are produced as a result of thier effort.

The recent rediscovery of the Bhutan’s Ludlowi Swallowtails prompted us to produce this book as not much of of the species has been known .We therefore like to acknowledge the Department of Forest and Park Services for giving the opportunity to study such rare species. The team from Tokyo University and USA provided various suggestions and identifications of Butterflies.

7 Introduction

8 8 Habits of Butterflies

Seasonal variation: Many species of butterflies show seasonal variation during the year. The species produced two different forms which have different markings, colors and shapes. They are better demonstrated in Himalayasv where spring and Autumn broods occur and you can ob- serve two distinct forms.

Camouflage mimicry: Butterflies generally have brightly colored upperside wings. When the close vthier wings, the underside is usually dull in shape, color and pattern which are perfect for comoufalge purposes.

Protective Mimicry: Many Butterflies accumulate toxic and poisonous chemicals from their larval food plants. They are usually bright colored which are meant to scare away the predators. Common Rose and Common Wind- mill are two such species which feed on Aristolochia which is a poisionous plants. Some other butterflies mim- ic these toxic species in appearance through their wing patterns, colors and shapes although they don’t feed on poisonous plants.

Patrolling and Hilltopping: Some males of butterfly species have territorial behavior and remain associated with certain assorted food plants. These males usually perches on prominent positions such as tree tops from where they make sorties after flying objects. If they view a receptive female below, they start courtship and intruding males are chased away to defend their territory.

9 Basking: Butterflies usually bask in early morning sun and in the evening before sunset as they are cold blooded and do not produce metabolic heat to regulate the body temperature. Flying requires very large amount of energy and is possible only if the flight muscles have reached a temperature of 30% C. So therefore they gain the temperature by basking in the sun.

Gully-bottoming: Some butterfly species congregate in large numbers in shady areas and riverbeds during the hottest time of the day to cool themselves and avoid des- iccation. These large congregation also helps them to at- tract females.

Floating : This phenomenon has observed in just few species like the Jays. The species slowly glides over surface of shallow, non-turbulent, slow running water in forest streams under shade to cool themselves in hottest time of the day. At certain times, they float on the surface of the water for a few metres along with the current before flying away. The water flows from their smooth metallic scales thereby keeping the butterfly dry.

Mud-puddling : Males of many species of butterflies as- semble on spots of ground contaminated with animal urine, excreate or even human sweats. They absorb es- sential minerals such as sodium that has been lost during copulation in the form of sperms. The excess aborbed water is thrown out of the abdomen in the form of drop- lets. Some species exude water to moisten the dry ground surface on which the minerals are present and suck the minerals thereafter.

10 How to use this book

This pictorial book consists of 42 species of Swallotails butterflies that are found in Bhutan. While there may more unidentified species, the present list atleast gives readers the current status of the species. Each page con- tains the desciption of the butterfly. Attempt has been made to provide the dorsal and ventral view for easy indentifcation in the field. To aid ameteurs, a skeletal description of the external anatomy of the butterfly has provided. Whereever possible, pictures of the butterflies on thier host plants has also been given to grasp the natu- ral behaviour and habits. The maps provided also give a glimpse of thier probable habitats in Bhutan.

Please do note that the wing span of the buterflies has been provided so that readers can estimate the size of the butterflies.

We hope that you enjoy the book and happy butterfly watching!!!

11 External Anatomy

Head Thorax Abdomen Prothorax Mesothorax Ocellus Metathorax Antenna

Labial Palp

Proboscis Spiracle Trochanter Spiracle Femur Tibia Tibial spine Tarsus Metatarsus Adult Thorax Abdomen Metathorax Mesothorax Prothorax

Ocelli

Antenna Spiracles Prolegs Proleg Anus Thoracic legs Larvae

Head Prothorax Eye Prothoracic spiracle Proboscis Labial palp Mesothorax Foreleg Antenna Metathorax Wing case Spiracles

Genital aperture Anus Cremaster

External structures of Adult, Larva and Pupa Pupa 12 Parts of Butterfly wings and thier venation

Forewing Hindwing

Apex Costa Base

Apex

Costa Cell Termen

Cell Termen

Discal Area Base Dorsum

Dorsum Tornus Tornus

Forewing Hindwing

Apical Prothoracic spiracle Subapical

Costal vein Postdiscal Subcostal vein Median vein

Discal

Submedian vein Marginalarea Post basal

Costal vein SubcostalMedian vein veinSubmedian vein Basal area

13 14 Details Species

15 Bhutan Glory Species : Bhutanitis lidderdalii

Status : rare Author : (Atkinson, 1873) Wingspan : 90 -110 mm

16 Life History of Bhutan Glory

Egg

Instar

5th Instar

Pupa Adult 17 Bhutan Ludlow’s Swallowtail Species : Bhutanitis ludlowi

Status : endemic & endangered Author : Gabriel, 1942 Wingspan : 90 -110 mm

18 Common Blue Apollo Species : Parnassius (Tadumia) hardwickii

Status : common Author : Fabricius, 1908 Wingspan : 50 - 60 mm

19 Brown Gorgon Species : Meandrusa lachinus

Status : common Author : Westwood, 1841 Wingspan : 110 -130S mm

Swallowtails were named after seeing the bird Swallows whose tails are similar to the Swallowtails.

20 Lesser Batwing Species : Atrophaneura aidoneus Status : common Author : Fabricus 1787 Wingspan : 112 -116 mm

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different -fe male forms. 21 Common Batwing Species : Atrophaneura varuna

Status : common Author : Westwood, 1842 Wingspan : 90 -110 mm

Swallowtails were named after seeing the bird Swallows whose tails are similar to the Swallowtails.

22 Common Birdwing Species : Troides helena

Status : common Author : C. & R.Felder, 1865

Swallowtails were named after seeing the bird Swallows whose tails are similar to the Swallowtails.

23 Golden Birdwing Species : Troides helena Status : common Author : C. & R.Felder, 1860

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different -fe males. 24 Glassy Bluebottle Species : Graphium cloanthus Status : common Author : Westwood, 1841

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 25 Common Bluebottle Species : Graphium sarpedon

Status : common Author : Linnaeus, 1758

Swallowtails were named after seeing the bird Swallows whose tails are similar to the Swallowtails.

26 Red Helen Species : Papilio (Menelaides) helenus Status : common Author : Fabricus, 1758

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different -fe males. 27 Yellow Helen Species : Papilio (Menelaides) nephelus Status : common Author : Westwood, 1845

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females.

29 Common Jay Species : Graphium doson

Status : common Author : Felder, C., and R. 1864

Swallowtails were named after seeing the bird Swallows whose tails are similar to the Swallowtails.

30 Great Jay Species : Graphium eurypylus Status : common Author : Fruhstorfer, 1903

Queen Alexandra’s Birdwing (Ornithoptera alexandrae) is the world’s largest butterflies and has wing-span of 250mm.

32 Common Mime Species : Chilasa clytia

Status : common Author : Linnaeus 1758

form dissimilis

form clytia

Swallowtails were named after seeing the bird Swallows whose tails are similar to the Swallowtails.

33 Lesser Mime Species : Chilasa epycides Status : common Author : Hewitson, 1862-66

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 34 Tawny Mime Species : Chilasa agestor Status : common Author : Gray, 1832

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 35 Great Mormon Species : Papilio (Menelaides) memnon Status : common Author : Fabricus 1787

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different -fe males. 36 Common Mormon Species : Papilio (Menelaides) polytes

Status : common Author : Cramer 1775

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different fe-

37 Blue Peacock Species : Papilio (Achillides) arcturus

Status : rare Author : Westwood, 1842

38 Krishna Peacock Species : Papilio (Achillides) krishna Status : common Author : Moore, 1857

39 Paris Peacock Species : Papilio (Achillides) paris Status : common Author : Linnaeus, 1758

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 40 Common Peacock Species : Papilio (Achillides) bianor

Status : common Author : Doubleday, 1842

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different -fe males. 41 Himalyan Common Raven Species : Papilio (Menelaides) castor Status : common Author : Westwood, 1842

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different -fe males. 42 Redbreast Species : Papilio (Menelaides) alcmenor Status : common Author : C. & R. Felder, 1775

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 44 Common Rose Species : Pachliopta aristolochiae Status : common Author : Fabricus, 1775

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 46 Lime Butterfly Species : Papilio (Princeps) demoleus Status : common Author : Linnaeus, 1758

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different -fe males. 47 Common Yellow Swallowtail Species : Papilio machaon Status : common Author : Moore, 1884

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different -fe males. 48 Fourbar Swordtail Species : Graphium (Pathysa) agetes Status : common Author : Westwood, 1843

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females.

49 Sixbar Swordtail Species : Graphium (Pazala) eurous Status : common Author : Heron, 1899

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mor- mon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different females. 50 Spectacle Swordtail Species : Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus Status : common Author : De Niceville, 1886

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different

52 Fivebar Swordtail Species : Graphium (Pathysa) antiphates Status : common Author : Fabricus 1787

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different -fe

53 Great Windmill Species : Byasa dasarada Status : common Author : Moore, 1857

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different -fe males. 54 Rose Windmill Species : Byasa latreillei Status : common Author : Donovan, 1805

The Mormons were named after the Mormon sect of America who practiced polygamy. The Common Mormon were first butterfly to get the Mormon name as they have three different -fe males. 56 Lesser Zebra Species : Graphium (Paranticopsis) macareus Status : common Author :Godart, 1819

Bhutan Glory Bhutan Ludlow's Swallowtail Blue Peacock Brown Gorgon

Common Batwing Common Birdwing Common Blue Apollo Common Bluebottle Common Jay Common Mime Common Mormon Common Peacock Common Redbreast Common Rose Common Windmill Common Yellow Swallowtail

Five Bar Swordtail Four Bar Swordtail

59 G

Glassy Bluebottle Golden Birdwing Great Jay Great Mormon Great Windmill Great Zebra

Himalyan Common Raven

Krishna Peacock

Lesser Batwing Lesser Mime Lesser Zebra Lime Butterfly/Swallowtail

Paris Peacock

Red Helen Rose Windmill

60 S

Six Bar Swordtail Spangle Spectacle Swordtail Spot Swordtail

Tailed Jay Tailed Redbreast Tawny Mime

Veined Jay

Yellow Helen

61 Scientific Name Index A

Atrophaneura aidoneus Atrophaneura varuna

Bhutanitis lidderdalii Bhutanitis ludlowi Byasa dasarada Byasa latreillei Byasa polyeuctes

Chilasa agestor Chilasa clytia f. dissimilis & f.clytia Chilasa epycides

Graphium (Paranticopsis) macareus Graphium (Paranticopsis) xenocles Graphium (Pathysa) agetes Graphium (Pathysa) antiphates Graphium (Pazala) eurous Graphium (Pazala) mandarinus Graphium agamemnon Graphium chironides Graphium cloanthus Graphium doson Graphium eurypylus Graphium nomius

62 Graphium sarpedon

Meandrusa lachinus

Pachliopta aristolochiae Papilio (Achillides) arcturus Papilio (Achillides) bianor Papilio (Achillides) krishna Papilio (Achillides) paris Papilio (Menelaides) alcmenor Papilio (Menelaides) castor Papilio (Menelaides) helenus Papilio (Menelaides) janaka Papilio (Menelaides) memnon Papilio (Menelaides) nephelus Papilio (Menelaides) polytes Papilio (Menelaides) protenor Papilio (Princeps) demoleus Papilio machaon Parnassius (Tadumia) hardwickii

Troides aeacus Troides helena

63 Checklist of Bhutan’s Swallowtails

Sl.No. English Name Scientific Altitude (m) Name 1 Bhutan Glory Bhutanitis 1800-2500 lidderdalii 2 Bhutan Ludlow's Bhutanitis 2000-2500 Swallowtail ludlowi 3 Blue Peacock Achillides 500-3000 arcturus 4 Brown Gorgon Meandrusa 1000-2200 gyas 5 Common Atrophaneu- 600-2256 Batwing ra varuna 6 Common Bird- Troides 600-2200 wing helena 7 Common Blue Tadumia > 3000m Apollo hardwickii 8 Common Blue- Graphium 143-2800 bottle sarpedon 9 Common Jay Graphium 200-1500 doson 10 Common Mime Chilasa 500-1200 clytia 11 Common Mor- Menelaides < 2200 mon polytes 12 Common Pea- Achillides 500-1800 cock polyctor

64 13 Common Red- Menelaides 555-2000 breast alcmenor 14 Common Rose Pachliopta 500-2500 aristolochiae 15 Common Wind- Byasa poly- 500-2000 mill euctes 16 Common Yellow Papilio 2500-3500 Swallowtail machaon 17 Five Bar Sword- Pathysa 450-2000 tail antiphates 18 Four Bar Sword- Pathysa < 2000 tail agetes 19 Glassy Bluebottle Graphium 400-2500 cloanthus 20 Golden Birdwing Troides 500-2500 aeacus 21 Great Jay Graphium 300-1600 eurypylus 22 Great Mormon Menelaides 250-1100 memnon 23 Great Windmill Byasa 267-1200 dasarada 24 Great Zebra Paranticop- > 700 sis xenocles 25 Himalyan Com- Menelaides 214-1200 mon Raven castor 26 Krishna Peacock Achillides 1000-3000 krishna 27 Lesser Batwing Atrophaneu- 200-1500 ra aidoneus

65 28 Lesser Mime Chilasa 500-1500 epycides 29 Lesser Zebra Paranticop- 500-1200 sis macareus 30 Lime Butterfly Princeps > 700 demoleus 31 Paris Peacock Achillides 867-2300 paris 32 Red Helen Menelaides 145-2200 helenus 33 Rose Windmill Byasa latreil- 1500-2500 lei 34 Six Bar Swordtail Pazala eur- 500-1500 ous 35 Spangle Menelaides 200-867 protenor 36 Spectacle Sword- Pazala man- 1000-1800 tail darinus 37 Spot Swordtail Pathysa 150-2000 nomius 38 Tailed Jay Graphium 300-1500 agamemnon 39 Tailed Redbreast Menelaides 1000-2100 janaka 40 Tawny Mime Chilasa 1000-2700 agestor 41 Veined Jay Graphium > 700 chironides 42 Yellow Helen Menelaides 137-2500 nephelus