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53 Descarga 22 Gacetilla Fuent Ficha técnica Arenas, Pastor Las aves en la vida de los tobas del oeste de la pro- vincia de Formosa (Argentina) / Pastor Arenas, Gustavo Porini. — 1a ed. — Asunción : Tiempo de Historia, 2009 300 p. ; 22,4 cm. ISBN: 978-99953-816-6-0 1. Etnobiología 2. Ornitología 3. Toba (indios) I. Título II. Porini, Gustavo 598.09801 © 2009 Pastor Arenas y Gustavo Porini © de esta edición, Editorial Tiempo de Historia, 2009 Dibujos: Francisco Rojas Fotografías: Pastor Arenas, excepto las 11 B, 12 B y 26 B, que son de Jorge Meriggi, Gustavo Porini y Klaus Riede respectivamente Diagramación y tapa: Andrea Tutté Imágenes de tapa, contratapa y solapas: Tejidos en lana realizados por tobas de la región estudiada. Representan aves; en la tapa, el suri (Rhea americana). Patrocinantes: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO-CONICET) Secretaría de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sustentable de la Nación, Argentina Editorial Tiempo de Historia Mariscal López 1735 Asunción, Paraguay www.tiempodehistoria.org [email protected] Tirada: 600 ejemplares ISBN: 978-99953-816-6-0 Hecho el depósito que marca la ley No 1328/98 Impreso en Paraguay Setiembre 2009 Resumen Los tobas del occidente de la provincia de Formosa (Argentina) se asientan en una zona que corresponde al Chaco semiárido. Conforman un núcleo de aproximadamente 2000 personas, y se consideran a sí mismos distintos de las demás parcialidades tobas. Sin embargo, están estrechamente emparentados con los “otros toba” así como con los demás integrantes de la familia lingüística guaycurú (mocoví, pilagá, caduvéo y los des- aparecidos abipón, payaguá y mbayá). La subsistencia de estos tobas se basó en la caza, pesca y recolección, así como en una agricultura muy rudimentaria, actividades que aún persisten en los poblados más alejados de los centros urbanos. A partir de inicios del siglo XX se produjo un proceso de cambio cultural debido a la creciente influencia del blanco en su zona. A pesar de estas transformaciones, aún se mantienen rasgos de su vida tradicional así como el uso pleno de su lengua. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de una investigación etno-ornitológica cuyo objetivo esencial es conocer cómo los tobas nombran, perciben, conciben, utilizan y se relacionan con las aves de su entorno natural. Este tema es parte de una investiga- ción etnobiológica iniciada en 1983, e incluye otros tópicos relativos a la naturaleza. El principio metodológico seguido fue el de aplicar los fundamentos propios de las etno- ciencias, con sus dos perspectivas: la aproximación émica (la visión del actor) y ética (el análisis del investigador con sus recursos técnicos e interpretativos). Para llevar a cabo el plan se realizaron trabajos de campo que consistieron en entrevistas, observaciones participantes, colectas del material biológico, entre otras técnicas de trabajo. Para el caso específico de las aves se realizaron también avistajes, observación de pieles, fotografías y láminas de la ornitofauna local. En el gabinete se organizó, ordenó, analizó e interpretó la información obtenida y se identificó el material biológico relevado. Los resultados se presentan en dos cuerpos: I) Un bosquejo de diversos ámbitos de la cultura y de la vida social en donde se sitúan los roles específicos de las aves; II) Un repertorio de especies en donde se detalla para cada entidad todos los conocimientos que fue posible reunir. El repertorio de especies consigna un total de 169 taxones na- tivos y naturalizados y 7 exóticos domesticados. Se mencionan también 20 entidades ornitológicas que no fue posible identificar. Las aves han sido de gran trascendencia en la vida del toba por sus aplicaciones, representaciones y sentidos. Su canto, sus com- portamientos, así como plumas, huevos, huesos, carne, entre otros rasgos propios de las aves, tuvieron —y tienen aún— amplia repercusión en la vida espiritual y material de este grupo humano. La nómina de los capítulos tratados es como sigue: 1) Prefacio; 2) Agradecmien- tos; 3) Introducción; 4) Materiales y metodología; 5) Los tobas y su escenario natu- ral; Las aves en la vida de los toba; 7) Representaciones de las aves; 8) Empleo de las aves; 9) Aves en la subsistencia; 10) Cultura material; 11) Otras funciones de las aves o sus partes; 12) Nomenclatura de la morfología de las aves; 13) Nombres vernáculos y sistemas clasificatorios; 14) Repertorio de aves; 15) Los conocimientos de los tobas acerca de las aves; 16) Bibliografía; 16) Índice de nombres toba y nombres científicos; 17) Índice de nombres científicos y vernáculos en español. Summary The Toba people from the west of the province of Formosa (Argentina) inhabit a geographical area belonging to the semi-arid Chaco region. A group of about 2,000, they consider themselves different from other Toba groups. However, they are closely related to those ‘other Toba’ and to other members of the guaycurú linguistic family (mocoví, pilagá, caduvéo and the extinct abipón, payaguá and mbayá). Traditionally, the subsistence activities of the Toba have been based on hunting, fishing, gathering and a very precarious basic agriculture, still carried out in those villages most distant from urban centres. The beginning of the twentieth century marked the onset of a cultural change process due to the increasing influence of white people in their area. In spite of this transformation, some features of their traditional lifestyle persist, as well as the full use of their native language. This work presents the results of an ethno-ornithological investigation aimed mainly at knowing how the Toba name, perceive, conceive, use and relate to birds in their natural environment. This subject is part of a broader ethno-biologic re- search carried out since 1983, which includes other nature-related topics. The meth- odological principle used was to apply the ethno scientific methods, with their dual perspective: the emic approach (the actor’s view) and the etic approach (the analysis performed by the researcher through technical and interpretative resources). The investigation plan was carried out through field work consisting of inter- views, participant observation and biological material collection, among other tech- niques. For the specific subject of birds, these also included bird watching and obser- vation of skins, photographs and pictures of the local ornithofauna. The information obtained was subsequently organized, analyzed and interpreted in the researcher’s cabinet, where the biological material collected was identified as well. Results are presented in two sections: I) An outline of the diverse cultural and social spheres in which the bird’s specific roles are situated; and II) A species direc- tory which details all the information gathered for each entity. The species directory comprises 169 native and naturalized taxons, 7 domesticated exotic species and 20 ornithological entities that couldn’t be identified. Birds have been of great importance in the life of the Toba people because of their usage, representations and meanings. Their singing and behavior, as well as their feathers, eggs, bones and meat, among other features, had – and still have – ample implications for the life of this people. The list of chapters is as follows: 1) Preface, 2) Acknowledgements, 3) Introduc- tion, 4) Materials and Methodology, 5) The Toba and their Natural Environment, 6) Birds in the Life of the Toba, 7) Representation of Birds, 8) Usage of Birds, 9) Birds and Subsistence, 10) Material Culture, 11) Other Roles of Birds or their Parts, 12) Nomenclature for Bird Morphology, 13) Vernacular Names and Classificatory Sys- tems, 14) Bird Directory, 15) The Toba’s Knowledge about Birds, 16) Bibliography, 17) Index of Toba and Scientific Names; 18) Index of Scientific and Vernacular Span- ish Names. Contenidos PREFACIO . 12 AGRADECIMIENTOS . 15 RESUMEN . 17 INTRODUCCIÓN . 19 MATERIALES Y METODOLOGÍA . 21 Trabajos de campo . 21 Entrevistas . 22 Informantes . 24 Observaciones personales . 25 Registro de la información . 25 Notación de las voces . 25 Ordenamiento y tratamiento de la información . 26 Material biológico . 27 Pieles . 27 Avistaje . 28 Colecciones ornitológicas y fotografías digitalizadas . 29 Cantos . 29 Revisión de colecciones de museo . 29 LOS TOBAS Y SU ESCENARIO NATURAL . 31 La Naturaleza . 31 Hábitat . 31 El rio Pilcomayo . 32 La vegetación . 32 La fauna . 33 Cambios en el ambiente . 34 Las aves: fuentes de referencia preliminares . 36 Los estudios socioculturales sobre aves en la región . 36 Presencia de las aves en la narrativa oral toba . 38 La sociedad toba . 39 Etnografía . 39 Demografía . 40 El territorio toba . 40 Cambio cultural . 42 El idioma . 43 Organización social . 44 Los gentilicios de los tobas . 43 Jefatura . 45 Trashumancia . 46 Subsistencia . 46 Cultura material . 47 Distribución del trabajo y la producción . 47 Enfrentamientos bélicos . 48 RESULTADOS I. Las aves en la vida de los toba . 50 Representaciones de las aves . 50 Las aves como anunciantes . 50 Ciclo anual . 57 Ciclo vital . 61 Las aves y el mundo sobrenatural . 63 Cosmología . 63 Seres sobrenaturales, Dueños, Madres y otros personajes . 65 Chamanismo . 66 Hechicería . 69 Empleo de las aves . 72 Las aves como materia prima . 72 Carne . 72 Huevos . 72 Grasa . 73 Cueros . 73 Plumas . 74 Huesos . 74 Pico . 74 Patas . 74 Uñas . 75 Nidos . 75 Aves en la subsistencia . 76 Caza y recolección . 76 Recolección . ..
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