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2 Molly Moilliet ofAveley Ranch Make an early start on your by Muriel Poulton Dunford Christmas shopping...

6 The Hammond Brothers and Port Hammond BC HISTORICAL NEWS subscriptions are by H. B. Cotton available to anyone, not only to members of a historical society. 9 A Half Century of BC’s Land-Use Wars It is true that the majority of our read- by WT Lane ers are members of societies, but we also have a large number 14 Cottage Hospitals in British Columbia of individual sub- scriptions. The total number of subscrib by Helen Shore ers stays close to 1,100 and we would like 18 Ministering Angels: The Victorian Order of Nurses to increase that number. Ifyou are already a subscriber, please consider giving and the Kiondike Goidrush a sub- scription to someone you know. For by Lynda Maeve Orr Christmas, or just for any reason. 22 On the Trail of the One-Armed Man Our journal is not unique because it deals with the past of British Columbia. by Graham Brazier Our journal is unique because it focuses 25 Token History: The Church Collection Tokens of on history. There is a difference between Holy Trinity Church, Aiyansh “history” and “heritage.” Leo Pettipas, a Manitoba archaeologist, by Ronald Greene also sees that dis— nnction and says: “Simply put, history is 33 Archives & Archivists what happened in the past. Heritage corn- by Kathryn Bridge prises the surviving expressions of those happenings.” 34 Reports: Because ofour focus on history we read Harley Robert Hatfield 1905-2000 in our journal mostly about people and by Harvie Walker their doings and little about “this old house.”That makes BC Historical News dif Sonia Cornwall ferent from other publications dealing with by Eileen Truscott the past ofBritish Columbia. All British Columbians, sharing an in terest in the women and men who made 27 BOOK REVIEWS this province and its communities should 38 NEWS AND NOTES be subscribers to BC Historical News. By finding a new subscriber, by giving 31 FEDETION NEWS away a year’s subscription to someone intrigued by the past of our province, you help pro moting interest and research in British Co lumbia history, and that is the purpose of Any country worthy of a future should be interested in its past. the Federation and its journal. W. Kaye Lamb, 1937 The editor

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000

2

BC HlSTORlCALNEWS-VoI.33 No.4

1150

lambs, 40

rams.

of time birth her the bicycle

had been

invented.

valley Thompson

to he where intended establish April 2000, had 1,350 it ewes,

sheep-ranch the in small—not rvne In province. more five than tall. feet Around the chosen a location the up miles ninety-five North

ants, is the it

largest high—range

took pride in healthy

fitness, although she

was

By

ills. the piratory he time Mary, met had he

owned and by

run his

descend

the

stereotypical

delicate of female the era, had she

to on moved Kamloops, then res refuge for Today Aveley Ranch

still is

2

mother.

far sedate from English drawing-rooms. Unlike serious lung trouble stint his atTrail,BC, from he

lent on notes of memories her

piano

lessons

later a log enriched primitive sa as home coat sail, jump often to cracks. having

After

Moilliet Rendell, who kindily

to become the accomplished in things; finer had her Mrs. skated the seventy Madeline on (“Mada”) lake, miles his using

knobs. In aVictorian she girlhood was expected as he to fought a return against headwind; he

little work than harder polishing the brass bay a door Lake across of Simco nearly and drowning

whom she “very remembered as strict,” Mary did weathered ventures like three miles swimming

Domiciled Anna Aunt and with her maid, farming, metallurgy and had He timber-cruising.

other. way the his across continent various at like jobs

affectionate and lifelong correspondence one with since in arriving had Ontario worked 1899,he in

though separated so up the early, kept an sisters venture. had Tam his matured on own quickly:

elor who uncle few enjoyed a worldly goods. Al any attitude, youthful, energetic for ready ad

Annie to went the a of Oxford to they bach parsonage She were once. at drawn had other each

who had married wealth, raised luxury. was was in than older Mary Tam, years ten Although

stances. Little aunt May, an to lady Shropshire in sent the letters. behind charming

a placed aunt with the tunity maiden meet so his moderate in young and visit to circum relatives

to kittens, was daughter) quote oppor Mary Mary’s the see seized he mother.While there his

‘

(as might one to a good find the Tam 1907 of homes in died litter Atlantic recrossed father for

to been had distributed girls his diary different Moilliet’s.When old an in relatives ofTam pears

only Stephens,” back ap The occasional sending letter another letters. Miss lovely three from

the a was Canada;” of father note,”Got wilds evidently seaman the away, who dearTam,in sailed

two her was he and sixteen,”poor were younger England left her small; sisters when had who quite

a to been nephew Lou’s Aunt was had at she when mother orphaned. dictation writing died Her

secretarial work Mary’s of Part she years. effect, in although sheltered eighteen had, existence

next the her with stayed she for then a led Until she when Moiffiet, had she emigrated. six Louisa

employer, only and suited have first her must was She Mary 1873, at thirty- in Born Penzance

Moiffiets. the with about acquaintance brought between.

the play piano,” and could handwriting legible far scattered and few Clearwater. were Settlers

clear had who help, companion “a for the tisement of from turbulent entrance the upstream

past. region’s

an to adver response Her to just background. her River, Thompson wide the North across

extensive that of writing

comparable

situation a

own found Mary ferry living, cable new a improvement was modern son in culminated have

her to earn of age needing eighteen sole tthe At the and miles), River eighty Raft (some with Thomp North the

wilderness. h Canadian the in the from to Kamloops reached only trail wagon her lifelong affair love

years later for and English her language equip would stamina rough A physical railway. no had valley 1909 the in it

the in nation delight of her lessons, music the Like skirts. divided lowed saw first she when green of Indeed, sea timber.

retirement, combi the al were ladies least at when sidesaddle, riding an rugged was unbroken, route Thompson still

brary

With

service.

her

tried she home, opulent May’s to visits infrequent North can outdoors—the nanas flourish

li and with education

During British). the to (“rambling,” on ba hiking

palm

and trees

is coast that the on mild so

have ley” involved been

strong

was She skirts. long despite tennis of game Penzance of climate southwest of England—the

ing

years

Val

“North in

a vigorous played She tea. for to village next the the beauties soft amid up grew she terior.While

Muriel work Dunford’s

bike a

riding of exercise independent the In— relished Columbian

British from away raw the world

her BA, then completing

T

Mary freedom, their towards increasing step nite a was reared, gently Cornish woman and across Canada)

defi a was women among “safety-bicycles” tired young a Stephens, Mary Tregenna of of (all five scattered now

rubber- of popularity the when Besides By family a 1890s, the raising environment Edwardian complacent HE

by Poulton Dunford Muriel

Ranch Aveley of Moihiet Molly his ranch,”Aveley.”2Just as decisive about his life’s that required ladies to look ladylike, the bride’s At one point her husband partner,Tam was engaged to Mary before he went ankle-length ruffled gowns and wide, plumed hats walked a considerable distance hunting for a second stirrup back to British Columbia.The next year, for her were hardly convenient for backwoods travel. She that he thought was missing future home in the remote bush, he started a 60- said later that on the first big hill she wore out from the sidesaddle, which ac tually by 20-foot log house with cedar-shake roof and new has only one. white gloves picking stones off the road. In a later letter Molly thanks a puncheon floor—logs split in half, flat side up. When after several days they had plodded about her sister for ‘the Dictionary. Meanwhile, his fiancée prepared for her new role two-thirds ofthejourney, the very long, very steep a great joy.” The letter is used by the late by taking a first-aid course called “homeopathy.” climb by Dunn Lake proved too much for their Jack Moilliet’s generous permis She set herself to learn some basic cooking, and handsome team; the wagon had to be partly un- sion. lodged a while on a farm to see how butter and loaded. After they had hauled Clearwater Times, August 1, the partial load to 1995. Devonshire clotted cream were made. One farm the top, it was set down beside the trail while Tam’s uncle and brother Jack ing skill eluded her, however; she never did mas they returned to the bottom for the rest of it. were with them. Because of chest ter milking a cow. The farther trouble, the first Jack they went, the worse the route dete Moilliet had moved to the As in all good once-upon-a-time romances, riorated, until after about eighty miles its two ranch from school-teaching in our heroine faithfully cared for Aunt Lou through frozen mud ruts ended at the banks of the tribu Vancouver. At the start of the First World War he left on one feeble old age until the latter’s death in early 1909. tary Raft River. The Moilliets had to leave the of the first trains through the That March, as soon as she could, Mary set off wagon, storing Molly’s lovely presents in a barn. valley enlisted, and was killed alone on the transatlantic, trans—Canada pilgrim They traversed a crude bridge and continued the overseas. age to join her sweetheart. Habitually deterrruned, remaining fifteen miles on foot, their luggage on Tarn, with an injured leg, managed a heavy the horses, When they finally arrived at Peavine cottonwood dugout canoe all the way downriver. (nowVavenby) where Tarn’s partly finished house Below: Molly Moillet in At Kamloops, where the North and South wasjust on the other side ofthe NorthThompson, 1910 with her ,first baby Thompsons join, he met and married Mary. No they crossed in a boat that was kept moored on andfarm dogs. one is sure exactly when she be came “Molly,” but that probably ac companied the title of “Mrs. Moilliet” as her bridegroom’s pet name for her. The newlyweds’ slow trip up “NorthValley” was an adventure in itself.The dugout could not possi bly transport up Molly’s hope chest and wedding gifts, one ofwhich was the finest make of lady’s sidesaddle from her well—to—do uncle.3 Since the ranch needed a team and wagon anyway, she insisted on buying them at once with her own money— perhaps a little bequest from her ernployer.To find a good outfit they travelled even farther from home, some twelve miles south of Kamloops (in the canoe?—we are not told) to Cherry Creek and the Cornwalls—a happy coincidence for Molly. When they had loaded all her belongings into the wagon, as well as camp supplies, hay for the horses, and undoubtedly extra pur chases from town, they turned north for the week’s drive to Aveley Ranch. Early spring up the valley was chilly for camping. In an era

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000 3 the bank, while the horses swam over. seemed safe to start out. Friday, 19 November, they loaded Fresh from predictable England, Molly eagerly took on “tent, blankets, camp stove, hold-all, trunk,” into a big dugout new challenges. Her second name, like that of her birthplace, with Molly sitting wrapped up in the middle, her feet on a was pure Cornish. Her spirit was that of the tough Celts who, heating bottle. Jack rode in the bow; Tam in the stern, poling backed onto their peninsula, had never been conquered by or paddling as the water’s depths varied. Romans or Saxons; who sturdily hung on to their own native At first the ride delighted Molly even through small rap tongue until the eighteenth century; who rebelled against the ids, but pleasure changed to dismay as they began weaving power of Henry VIII when he ordered their prayer books among ice with very little room to manoeuvre. changed from Latin to English. In her own time Molly had F Twelve] miles from home alas the river was quite watched from the Penzance shores while men risked their blocked.. Tam just managed to turn the canoe in time or we lives launching little boats in unforgiving storms to rescue should have been capsized. And as it was she was too long & shipwreck victims; some never came back. By the time Molly sort of hung on the ice at each end with the running ice bang next saw Kamloops, she would have endured a second North ing against her every moment. Thompson excursion that made her first seem a holiday. Luckily the crisis occurred where all three were able to scramble Penned in a time of copious letter writing, the exchanges onto a log-jam caught by a little island; as Molly turned to among the three sisters, thoughtful, articulate women,4 could retrieve an upset lantern,Tam “sternly said ‘get out at once’— have been a treasure trove now. Regrettably, only one sur so then I knew it was dangerous.”They had to leave the log vived. By great good fortune, in the 1980s a niece in England jam as quickly as possible, for it was “so slippery & difficult to discovered, packed away in an old trunk, a letter that Molly move without the ice between the logs giving way—poor had sent after nine months in British Columbia. Molly’s Ca Jack went into the icy water up to his middle.” Somehow they nadian son,Jack Moilliet5, received it for his personal archives got safely to shore with part of the baggage. The men set up and has kindly shared it—a beautifully understated picture of the tent and got a hot fire snapping, where Molly “had a good her composure in meeting discomforts, even hazards,”back of roast,” while they went to reconnoitre. Although they found beyond.” that more ice gathering downstream blocked any further ca In November 1909, the Moilliets, expecting their first baby noeing, her spirits did not flag: “You would have enjoyed the in six weeks, decided that Molly should go to Kamloops for real strenuous camping out with snow & ice all around, glori the birth. Although it was a season of low water, the North ous fire, things hung out to dry & everything just as old cam Thompson, which was to be their highway, is a major river paigners know how to fix it.” In her opinion, “We had quite a and far from docile. Upstream of Peavine savage rapids roar good night,” yet in the cold dark ofmidnightTam had to rush into Little Hell’s Gate. Since the earliest travellers, the out to chop down a fir tree that was burning fiercely. “The Overlanders of 1862, tried it and lost a man there, it has swal— huge thing fell just between my mink hat & umbrella (still on other victims. present-day Search and lowed A Rescue man the logs) & the canoe.” warns, The next morning, to reach a settler near the wagon road This river is omnivorous. It’ll eat anything, kayaks, canoes... meant struggling three and a half miles, the men with large anything. North of Little Hell’s Gate, the whole North packs, and Molly, in skirt, hat and cape, heavily pregnant. Thompson goes through a spot only 18 feet wide. Logs come Oh my dear that walk was awful & I really out of there peeled.There’s a ten or eleven foot standing wave was a weeny bit frightened. .. . The snow was frozen on top but gave way at at the end of one chute. It’s like hitting a brick wall.6 every step with a jerk. It seemed like 15 niiles. Fortunately for settlement, the river was navigable between At the Raft River Tam first carried all the packs across, ran up Kamloops and Peavine (Vavenby). Molly’s letter describes the and down the bank to get some feeling in his feet after the journey. She wrote, “Having three men to do for made me freezing water, next carried his brother across, again ran to get very busy before setting out.”7 Molly’s cooking lessons came rid of the numbness, and then carried Molly over. When at into their own, for she had done Trojan duty in the kitchen: last they found the cabin, its owner, Fred Cross, was gone but You can imagine how busy I was—made a huge chicken pie & had left the door unlocked as was customary The wayfarers a brawn (we had just killed a young pig) & bread & packed up made themselves at home, with a brisk fire and “some punch coffee brought Jack.. many, many tea & a tin of your lovely by with Hudson Bay rum”; after hot food Molly “had a glorious thanks.That coffee was the saving of us during some of our ex rest” among their blankets. periences. . . .The road was impracticable for sleighing as only Not long before this Tam happened to have had grub-staked the biggest trees seemed to be moved from the track! So we ar his logging; returning the ranged a plan to canoe down while the river was open. Cross $100 for winter’s to cabin, Cross was pleased to keep them overnight.Their third morn The season was far gone for river travel: an early cold spell had ing away from home, the two brothers and he went back to of rain it formed ice that delayed them, but after one day wrestle the dug-out onto the island “which took hours as it

4 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL. 33 NO.4 weighed a ton,” and to back-pack the remaining supplies and at the roadhouse were of great interest to Molly, as was she to Molly’s trunk to the cabin. the visitors.”No one would believe that I had come from 100 The fourth morning Molly got busy at more cooking and miles up—they seemed to think it impossible for a lady to live bread-making while Tam went some distance to negotiate with up there, but it isn’t until you try to get out that you realize another neighbour about a team and sleigh. It transpired that how far off it is.” “old Marty” wanted to get his horses out for the winter, too— That night, Thursday, 26 November, they at last drove up “his ancient horses are his gods”: “Well,” says Tam, “what are to the house where she was to await her delivery. The earlier your horses worth anyway? $300? I think a woman is worth happy coincidence was repeated: it belonged to a Mrs. Corn more than that.” Eventually they came to an agreement, and wall. After Molly had been settled a few days, the first Dr. before it was properly light in the chill November morning Burns, a staunch trail—blazer himself, whose son and grandson (their fifth from home), they started out with hay, blankets, have carried on medical practice in Kamloops, examined her. and all, bundled on a logging sleigh. In spite of deep snow the Past her mid—thirties, she was at a rather risky age for her first road was painfully rough down to the ferry on the North birthing, but he pronounced her “quite all right—very mus

Thompson.There, the previous day, men had laboured chop cular—& none the worse for all the knocking about .. . ping a channel through the ice for the crossing, As soon as Tam was satisfied on that score, he and Jack turned yet it took six men three hours to get the thing to work northwards to hike the ninety-five wintry miles back properly. Then they had to cut down trees and brush to get the to Aveley ranch, Within not many years, trains would cover in horses and sleigh on. I sat like a queen in the sleigh—it was so several hours the trip that had taken them a full week. Just a funny, only we were a little anxious.Then began the long weary month before they had left home, Premier McBride had signed road of Mosquito Flat—all snowy and desolate and no stopping the contract that would bring Canadian Northern rails from place for about 25 miles. We crawled along. Yellowhead Pass down the North Thompson valley to Mail destined for the upper valley went to Chu Chua Post Kamloops. Office, fifty miles north of Kamloops, and was haphazardly The Moiffiets’ first baby was born 30 December 1909. delivered farther on by any settler who chanced by. The Although Molly appreciated the security for her baby out in Moilliets had travelled only an hour or so along the east side what she called “civilization,” she was desperately lonesome, of the river when they met a couple bringing”four long lovely not for England, but for the ranch. “Can’t tell you how home letters” from Molly’s sister. This brightened the trip, as did a sick I am feeling & long to be at home to look after Tam.” halt for cocoa and a hot-water—bottle refill at a logging camp, Throughout her letter, which she had written shortly after where the men “were such dears.” arriving at Mrs. Cornwall’s, one is struck by her gift for mak ing much of small felicities, and light of drawbacks—the On again—getting dark, where, though the moon wasn’t up, the epitome of pioneer character. With no reflections of the hills in the water [of Dunn Lake] were too time for recrimina wonderful to describe & weird to a degree. Finally just before tions she found reasons for gratitude to the various helpers eleven, beginning to pour with rain, we reached the along the way: to the doctor”who was most kind & consider MacTaggarts’ stopping place & store. ate,” toJack,”who fitted in so well, & was so jolly & kind,” and most of all to the husband for whom she was pledged to the Those good people, roused from sleep, provided a warm wel demands of a new country. “I can never tell how resourceful come, food, and beds, with all the soaking-wet wraps hung up & wonderful Tam was to me.” to dry. In May, 1911, their second baby, a nine-pound daughter, The sixth morning of the journey Molly enjoyed “a deli was born after her parents had successfully canoed all the way cious breakfast in bed,” while listening to worried debate in down to Kamloops in a dugout so narrow that it needed out the next room about the safest way to take her to town. The riggers for balance. lower part of the valley evidently had little or no sno for On that comparatively easy and uneventful trip Molly’s only Tam hired a wagon and team whose owner promised to drive “portages” had been by the Heffley riffles, as she picked her slowly and carefully. Sacks of hay surrounded the seat in the way past the stench of rotting carcasses where cattle had fallen middle. “Tam kept all the jar off me when the road was too through the spring ice. Afterwards, her paramount concern awful & got his arm & elbow quite rubbed raw poor man. was simply that she “looked a fright.” Sunburnt from the bright First I thought I couldn’t bear the roughness, but gradually reflections off the water, and carrying a big burden on her got used to it.” small frame, she had been mortified to step ashore in full view That day saw the Moilliets eighteen miles nearer Kamloops of a leisurely Sunday crowd in Riverside Park.’-’” when they stopped at the “Lewis” (Louis) Creek roadhouse. The seventh morning they got away early and arrived at “the The Moilliets also make an appearance in North River, Muriel 14-mile house,” now Heffley Creek, by noon. November elec Dunford’s new book on the history of the North Thompson valley tions were underway; the hustle and bustle ofvoters gathering from pre-contact to the Second World War, published by Sonotek Publishing Ltd. ofMerritt, BC.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000 5

6 No.4 -VoL.33 NEWS BC HISTORICAL

Land

Title Office

Records

States. had pre

Meanwhile 1864,William October in

Surveyor General’s Records,

chives, Pitt Meadows Archives, to he remain,” to trying consider would farmed. being Robert the still is Codd. Lionel United It

Victoria Museum, City Ar

British no Columbia

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the find he a course in if from fore of “should the receiving year patent that Dominion his Sources:

for He be to on surveyors June to hold admits railroad projects. 1889 until on that the property

he and 668) mentions prospect had (No. ter of his receiving employment the Grant Homestead

coming to make was an out af John ters dykes. with honest hand-built livelihood...” Hammond,

knives. William that wa his flood in intention writes viable a eight farm, years fighting into

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mining men, it the and crown vacant, remote, of Americans—some un-surveyed was latter fairly

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B. (Retired) B.C.L.S. Cotton, H. By

and

Hammond Port Brothers Hammond The ______- empted district lot 278, a 147—acres parcel of land fronting on the Fraser River. Sixteen months later he pre—empted the adjacent property (district lot 279) of 164 acres in company with John Edward Bell.William must have worked his own two pre emptions concurrently withJohn’s, as he acquired Certificates of Improvements in a few years, al though both brothers are said to have lived on Codd Island at first. Access from William’s to John’s holdings would be by boat via the tidal Katzie Slough, which led at the time to the South Lillooet River, thence by river to the farm. But whatever arrangements the two brothers made, there is no doubt that the Hammond brothers were an exceptionally industrious pair and knew Courtesy BC Archives F-022i7 good land when they saw it. They were not in Whether intentional or not, the adoption of Above: First CPR the least daunted by the rigours of hacking out a the Burrard Inlet route for the railway in 1879 Station at Hammond living in the bush. makes the land holdings of the Hammond broth around 1898. Unknown photographer They were also well informed. It seems that ers quite interesting. If the line along the north from the time of Confederation they were aware side of the Fraser were to be close to the bank, it of the benefits that a transcontinental railway would pass through William’s property, and iffur would bring.Williarn Hammond would certamly ther back it might well go through John’s. When be able to make an educated guess as to its possi Onderdonk’s massive projects started to take shape ble location. He began to visit Victoria in 1872, in 1880, the CPR’s ham line went right through taking on surveying for a living.Wiffiarn worked William’s district lots 278 and 279. In 1882 the mostly underJoseph Hunter, a well-known civil railway company not only began construction, engineer, at the time mainly engaged with work but also arranged for the use of part ofWilliam’s for the Canadian Pacific survey on the future rail property to build wharves to land supplies and way. For the years 1878—1879 William was listed materials for construction. in the Victoria City Directory as “Surveyor.” In With their holdings the centre of industrial 1879 William went to Britain where, on 23 Oc activity, the Hammond brothers were not slow tober, he married Francis Gertrude Reade. He to act; on 3 August 1883, a town plan of Port returned with her to live in Victoria. HammondJunction was deposited at the Regis John Hammond must have felt the need to trar—General’s office in Victoria; a subdivision of move his home base, as on 28 February 1872 he parts of district lots 278, 279, 280, and 281.The acquired district lot 243, a tract of 179 acres, ly owners of the properties were now William and ing on higher ground about half a mile north John Hammond, and Emmeline Jane Mohun. and quarter of a mile east ofWilliam’s holdings, John Edward Bell’s name no longer appears as receiving the crown grant in June 1879.William’s co-owner of district lot 279. Emma Tod, remar property was by now becoming the centre of a ried to Edward Mohun in November 1878, gives small growing community The adjoining prop her name as Emmeline Jane Mohun, labelling erties to the west (district lots 280 and 281) had the remainder of her large property “Hazeiwood been acquired by Emmeline Jane (Emma) New Farm.” Her husband, Edward Mohun, was a civil ton, the daughter of retired Hudson’s Bay Com engineer and a Dominion Land Surveyor, so it is pany ChiefTraderJohnTod, and district lot 277, not too surprising that he was retained to make to the east, by John Mclver, an ex-Hudson’s Bay the survey of the new townsite, but there is little Company employee and early pioneer in the Dis doubt that the Hammonds planned the layout. trict of Maple Ridge. The Hammond brothers It was a shrewd move. Over the next few years built their house on district lot 279, William’s the townsite came into its own, becoming an Hammond’s property. It is now a heritage build important supply port where steamers connected ing, still standing at Westfield Street and Maple the railroad toVictoria. According to reports there Crescent in Hammond. was “a large wharf and long freight sheds, a turn table for turning locomotives, a spur—line from

7 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL woo the wharf to the main land to transfer freight, William Hammond and his wife continued to express, mail and passengers, a water tank, and live in Victoria, and they had two sons. These office for the construction company’s telegrapher. Hammonds seem to have had little connection In town, three hotels, several boarding houses and with the townsite in later years. He was not listed doubtless several bars took care ofnew residents.” again in theVictoria City Directory as a surveyor, In the railroad era, fourteen trains a day passed but is known to have worked as assistant engi through Hammond, all but the Transcontinental neer for the E & N Railway in 1884, and latterly stopping. In the townsite the names of the sub as a draftsman in their office in 1887. He died of urbs of London, England were well represented. cancer on 9 February 1891, aged only 48 years. Streets were called Ealing, Dartford, Wanstead, In his obituary the Colonist noted that he was a Kingston, Chigwell, Bromley, and more, while highly esteemed citizen, a man of good business the street fronting on the mill site remembers habits and ability; respected by all who knew him. the English county ofKent. Provisions were made He was buried in Ross Bay cemetery, and in the for a children’s playground, to be kept unfenced, same plot lies his second son,Wilhelm Martin C. and even a bandstand. The first CPR station is Hammond, who died aged 11 months. shown in the original plan, halfway round the As the automobile age progressed, Hammond’s big curve—on the outside, a somewhat danger residents became less dependent on the railway. ous situation. The station was moved in 1910, After the SecondWorldWar the occasional sound after being completely inundated with wheat of the telegraph key tapping might still be heard when two boxcars derailed. in the inner office of the station building, but John Hammond continued living on the fewer and fewer trains stopped at Hammond, and townsite. Tired of being single, he eventually finally none at all.The post office, opened in 1885, married a mail-order bride from Boston, Mass., was the last to drop the word “Port” in the town’s and they lived in a house at the corner of Lorne address; “Junction” had been dropped long be Avenue and Waresley Street in Hammond. It is fore. The steamer landing only lasted a few years, said that he played the violin, liked gardening and but a sawmill took its place, and industrial activ duck hunting, and, when he became a member ity has continued throughout the years.The mill, of council for Maple Ridge, that he was wont to now run by International Forest Products Ltd., fall asleep at meetings. After he died in 1909, his was once noted as the largest cedar operation in wife sold his property and moved back to the the world.’” United States.

Right: This photograph, taken about 1884, shows John Hammond in the centre, visiting the cottage of a Mr Clapcott, perhaps the person standing to his right side. The Coquitlam r u,

Star,8May 1912. Courtesy Maple Ridge Museum P 4303

8 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.33 No.4 A Half Century of BC’s Land-Use Wars ByW.T. Lane

HAVE watched with pride—and sometimes the passing of the statute, noted later, “It should William (Bill) Lane, isa despair—the evolution ofplanning and land- not have been unexpected that the Act would retired member of the I use regulation in this province over the last have to be abandoned when claims for ‘compen Law Society of BC and half century. The following is (only slightly ab sation’ far outstripped the value of the ‘better the Canadian Bar breviated) the text of a talk I presented on 19 ment.” Association. He served June 1997 to the Municipal Law Subsection of Surprisingly, in North America the first steps as municipal solicitor and prosecutor the BC branch of the Canadian Bar Association. in anticipation of modern city planning can be for the Municipality of Rich At the time I tried to dispel the notion that fifty traced to King Philip II of Spain’s 1573 decree, mond,as chairman of years ofmumcipal planning law and practice (both the Law of the Indies. He outlined procedures the British Columbia public and private) might be a bit dull by noting: for establishing communities in the New World, Land Commission, as “I will ginger up the talk with anecdotes taken including colonial California. Slaughterhouses Director of Regional from the mouths of dead politicians and the were to be located on the outskirts of town and Development for the memos of pensionable bureaucrats.” the streets were to be oriented so as not to be Greater Vancouver To put order into this varied material I will windswept. Later, in the United States, hit-and— Regional District, and touch briefly on the start of modern planning in miss complaints led to the prohibition of specific on numerous govern Britain and North America, the growth of the uses, such as the storage of gunpowder in Boston mental committees planning process in BC, and the widening scope and the building of dangerously flammable tene and councils. of provincial planning legislation. ments in NewYork City In Los Angeles—an un

T START OF MODERN PLANNING IN likely place for the triumph of limits on private initiative-the law BRITAIN AND NORTH AIv1ERICA ofnuisance, triggered by a con stant flow steam The squalid housing that had grown up during of from an immigrant’s laundry; justify the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain pricked was used to land use controls. A similar concern in TOronto the conscience ofpeople like Ebenezer Howard. led to “districting,” a both— sides—of—given—streets zoning. In 1903 he launched the Garden city Move type NewYork, ment which advocated channeffing urban growth In where the rapidly growing city, wedged between large into new communities that combined the ad bodies of water, faced the same geographic constraints vantages of town and country. Letchworth, near as downtown Van couver, authorities London was planned (as an altruistic private en were forced to adopt what was likely the first overall deavour) for 30,000 persons with a central urban zoning law in North America. Interestingly, it was a lawyer who area of 1,200 acres and a surrounding agricul spear headed the action. The idea was not sold tural belt twice the core size. Howard’s ideals must as a device to enhance community amenities have influenced both the CPR in its pre-First but rather to protect individual property World War development ofOld Shaughnessy and values. To this day the height of skyscrapers is limited only Dr. Frank Buck’s efforts to get Point Grey Mu by the strength of the underlying bedrock—the nicipality to adopt plans that produced both effi cluster of towers in mid-town and at the tip of cient and pleasing communities. Manhattan is the result. When next in that city The most courageous—and naïve—attempt to one should visit the Museum of the City of New overcome the habitual criticism of conventional York at 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St. for graphic zoning, viz, that some owners were winners while portrayals ofwhat NewYorkers faced before town others were losers, was the adoption by the Brit planning. ish Parliament in 1947 of the Town and Country Planning Act, commonly known as “The ‘47 Act.” Ti GROWTH OF THE PLANNING PROCESS [N BC It attempted to apply the concept of”compensa— In 1909, in reaction to wasteful practices in tion and betterment” whereby the person whose the resource industries, the federal government land was zoned for a more valuable use would appointed Clifford Sifton to chair a newly cre pay cash into a pot to compensate less fortunate ated “Commission of Conservation.” Sir Wilfred neighbours.A friend of mine, who was present at Laurier, an avid conservationist, saw to it that three

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000 Opposite page: federal cabinet ministers, nine provincial minis-. prehensive protection grew again as some of the “I choose indstead to be ters, and twenty members at large, including one short—term restrictive covenants granted to the photographed on the huge professor from every province that had a univer RoyalTrust began to expire. As a result, the prov topographic model of BC sity; were to serve on it.With foresight that today ince adopted the Shaughnessy Heights Building at the PNE. My reason seems remarkable, the objectives of the commis Restriction Act, SBC 1922, c.87. The area was was to show the public how sion included a mandate to the province was infact a provide the national still to be subject to Point Grey zoning if the relatively small “archi and provincial governments with the most up— provisions were more onerous than those in the pelago of habitable land” to-date scientific advice on human as well as natu statute. It must have been one ofthe few hands- in which towns, roads, and ral resources. on provincial or state zoning enactments in North farms had to share the In due course, the efforts of the Vancouver America. warm, narrow valley- Branch oftheTown Planning Institute of Canada The role of the legislature in the 1922 statute, bottoms. It confirmed in my crystaffized local political sentiment into persuad although initially to cease in 1925, was extended mind, as nothing else, how ing the province to pass the Town Planning Act, from time to time up until, I believe, 1978.Thus, important land use SBC 1925, c.55. It authorized, but not mandated, it wasn’t until decades had gone by that owners planning wasfor British municipalities including the City ofVancouver in the area could obtain a change in zoning with Columbia.” to adopt zoning bylaws regulating land use and out getting a statutory amendment. Sometime the location of various types of buildings. after 1978, the CPR sent me the approved de Perhaps the first comprehensive bylaw in sign plan of my own house—albeit a mirror im Canada was adopted by the old Municipality of age of what was built in 1927. In any event, the Point Grey in 1926 and replaced by a more ef “enshrinement” in the hands of the legislature of fective one in 1928.The impressive and detailed what would have normally been delegated to lo Bartholomew Plan was completed in December cal government may have raised the prestige of 1928. It had been commissioned by theVancou the whole process. However, with the coming of ver Town Planning Commission as a “compre the Great Depression (1929—1939), followed by hensive Town Plan for the City ofVancouver and the Second World War, interest in landuse plan a Regional Plan of the contiguous or adjacent ning evaporated. Wartime federal Orders—in— territory” As a result, a detailed plan was made Council even displaced the sacrosanct provincial forVancouver and Point Grey. Shortly afterwards, legislation preventing rooming houses in on 1 January 1929,Vancouver, Point Grey and Shaughnessy! South Vancouver were amalgamated. This sim After the lengthy struggle against Nazi Ger plified planning the city. many had ended, the Canadian government in By 1914 the CPR’s first Shaughnessy Heights structed its Central Mortgage & Housing Cor subdivision had proved attractive to Vancouver’s poration to invest heavily in new home mort affluent. Many had moved out of the downtown’s gages as part of the country’s post—war recovery West End to the spacious, carefully designed sub plan. However, the Corporation soon became division of curving streets between 16th Avenue worried that its investment might be prejudiced and King Edward Boulevard. The area, however, by hasty or ill-considered neighbourhood growth. was part of the old municipality of Point Grey In what seemed like a replay of the enthusiasm where, generally, a grid pattern of streets and generated by the 1909 federal Commission on smaller lots prevailed. Some ofShaughnessy’s new Conservation, the CMHC organized and partly residents feared that large lots as yet to be sold by financed a citizens’ group called the Community the Royal Trust Company on behalf of the rail Planning Association of Canada. To further the way in Shaughnessy Heights could be further association’s efforts CMHC financed one paid subdivided. Apartment houses and rental suites CPAC employee in BC, the redoubtable Tom might flourish, as they had in the West End. McDonald. In reaction, a group of newly—established resi At the time CPAC was established in BC, there dents petitioned the province to turn Shaughnessy were, I believe, only two professional public plan into a separate municipality The government ners in the province: Sandy Walker in Vancou wisely refused but, by way of compromise, ver—employed by theVancouver Planning Com adopted a private statute, the Shaughnessy Set mission—and Mr. Doughty-Davies with the tlement Act, SBC 1914, c.96. It enshrined the province inVictoria. Most municipalities had no “single—family structure and no further subdivi zoning bylaws hence volunteers from the CPAC sion” concept. However, lobbying for more com were asked to “explain” zoning to town councils

HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.33 NO.4 10 BC as far away as Prince George. Peter Oberlander (first head of Also, Richmond pioneered comprehensive subdivision con UBC’s School of Community and Regional Planning), Lew tracts (underground wiring etc.), land use contracts (possibly Robinson (later head of UBC’s Department of Geography), the first); a sign bylaw that dealt with appearance —not merely as well as Tom McDonald, were ready to jump into my car on safety—banished billboards.The municipality went on to buy short notice and head for the scene of the most recent call for and develop the 600—acre Brighouse Estate that generated sites gratuitous advice. One anxious mayor even asked our opin for a new city hail, cultural and athletic centres, Minoru Park, ion about the actions of a municipal worker who, upon being the Brighouse Shopping Centre, an industrial estate and a asked to dump a bucket of chlorine each day in the town fully serviced residential neighbourhood. After a Vancouver reservoir, decided that official enquired about seven buckets, once a these unprecedented week, would do as well. subdivision standards, BC’s Town Planning his council referred the Act of 1925 was our matter to their Town first comprehensive Planning Commission. statute to let communi The considered opin ties regulate land use by ion, I believe, was “It district or zone. While wouldn’t be fair— this could have we’ve never asked any amounted at law to le developer to do that in gal “discrimination” it the past.”This explains was authorized by the the total lack of legislature (presently sidewalks in the CPR’s s.927 of the Municipal subdivision on the old Act) no doubt on the Quilchena Golf Course grounds that it was for site. the greater good of the More than fifty years whole community. As ago at UBC I heard Dr. noted, both Point Grey HarryWarren expound and Vancouver City the theory that if the were quick to use zon Nechako River could ing. But in my early be diverted westward to days as an advocate of the coast at Kemano, a urban planning I found huge hydro-electric a distinct reluctance on power generator could the part of municipal be built to capture the clerks of smaller com down spill. In 1953 the munities to dabble in Aluminum Company any statute other than of Canada, having taken the Municipal Act— advantage of this geo “their bible since birth.” graphic fact, established Eventually, the problem was solved by incorporating the Town a town at nearby Kitimat as a site for Alcan’s aluminum smelter. Planmng Act into the Municipal Act. The company engaged me to draw the first zoning bylaw for For years the Municipal Act had provided that a council this planned-from-the-start community The challenge lay in could by bylaw require that highways within a subdivision be the fact that construction of the town was planned to go ahead cleared, drained and gravelled. After protests to government before the land survey was completed. This resulted in the that gravel roads were no longer appropriate in some com need to use weird formulae to establish the required separa munities, the statute was changed to read “and surfaced” which, tion between buildings. I learned later that other, established as Richmond’s solicitor, I took to include asphalt paving, curbs towns— presumably without the advice of a solicitor—had and gutters, as well as sidewalks. Later, the right to require “borrowed” the text of my bylaw without alteration, no doubt these was specifically added to the Act. A former Reeve of to the endless confusion of builders. With the compliance of Delta told me that his council was reluctant to adopt the new the Alcan planning consultants Meyer & Whittlesey of New standards “because, considering the extra costs involved, it might York, and recognizing that a zoning bylaw was used exten prevent the home owner from buying a television set.” sively by non—legally trained people, we endeavoured to clarify

B.C. HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000 11

12

No.4 NEWS BC HISTORICAL -VOL.33

teetering. teeter-totters

Taylor, was the Regional

Act,

SBC Parks

1965,

(now the c.43

the between School

Board

to Municipality and the the get

tem be could

established.The

by result,

guided Reeve Clarence

and Schools Municipal Act

an

plus agreement operating Act)

nical committee

see to

a if

regionally

park administered sys

ion

two

amendments took problems (Public statutory it

pal I parks. to was asked

work

an

on

intergovernmental tech

large corner a of

school un liability ground. and of Because

tion, of course,

there

a

was

munici of well—established system

to a

tot have

the on in small lot municipal placed Richmond

boards (see:

Garibaldi

Act

Park

SBC

In 1926-27 addi c.25).

tory

amendment! effort an contrasts

mine of with early This

by established

the

but province,

by administered independent

and agency

a bureaucratic

statu single without cooperation

ministered directly by

the

a province, and few

other parks,

by The of

achieved astounding

all that is permits.

was

thing it

to 1965 Prior

a there

was

parks mixture of ad provincial

variety to a for was the portance shopping” “one-stop public

in the

province.

im Estuary

of An adopted. was objective plan Management

created a

for precedent

cooperative multi-municipal planning

an In ernment

funds. provide six which of agencies,

1994

a ated

under

professional His Jim geographer, work Wilson.

gov

36

twin

involves Burrard

former Inlet for

(BIEAP).The

districts

in of that part the It into valley—came being. oper

a

spawned Estuary Program (FREMP), Management which

land Regional Planning of forerunner District—the regional

the creation my long

River of was after Fraser participation,

in Governor Council was the a needed.As Lower result, Main

result, perfected in

The Fraser and

River the

final Estuary.

ber

as involved, councils the as the approval well of Lieutenant

along

concerns and about government cial,

local development

thirds the of board of regional mem the two-thirds members,

provin way a federal, coordinate to find to committee level

plan, of “unorganized including two- approval territory”The

tn— a served on I results. the

to of led other unexpected duties

structure that a ultimately the regional of adoption enabled

Some Board. the for prepared Transit Rapid plan Rail Light the

set 1960 RSBC. out c.255, conservatively power the balanced

epic work—and Lash’s Plan—Harry Board’s Livable Region

planning Act, the 723 to areas. of 720 Sections Municipal

the the to public duty of I explaining the had capacity this In

enable regional to groups of create municipalities adjacent

information. and public parks, regional social housing, ning,

to the cabinet member, have Herbert government Anscomb,

plan hospital planning, some regional for overall responsibility

BC and friend old Tom an persuaded McDonald political

with District, Regional Vancouver the Greater for opment

LEGISLATION

Devel Regional of Commissioner as I served later, Much

OF THE PLANNING PROVINCIAL SCOPE WIDENING THE

vice.

de county alternative the than of province the politan areas city’s effective the voice decision in making.

non-metro use land planning—to government—including as an place took its was department created. The planning

local bringing of problem the to solution better was it vastly a entity a separate debate, After engineering some department.

opinion my In away!” miles well go 500 all would that hoping the under placed or separate a body be was should whether it

and Victoria in button a pushing of tired got me,”I told once settled be to matter only additional The was made. decision

he As being. into Districts Regional brought which c.28), the which at meeting city council at was I the ofVancouver.

1965 (SBC Act of Municipal the Part XXIV to City Districts” the by was made that do A to decision bellwether halls.

Regional (2) “Division added He jurisdiction. direct his city and town be within — up set that ate departments planning

under thus was and which of municipalities, the land outside appropri it became of the professionals, emergence With

called they as territory,” “unorganized in living were people the in innovation profession.

a of million quarter a than more that Campbell Dan ister and excellence both encouraged have conferences and nars,

Min Affairs Municipal to apparent had become By 1965 semi it publications, its that fact testify the to can and touch in

America. North in anywhere perhaps I Canada—and keep member, honorary an As BC. of Institute Planning the

in implemented plan parks regional successful and ambitious of founding the to led of profession growth the 23 years.The

most was the it opinion my In Hankin. by Rick managed is for at School the and practice law lecturer in course planning

ha.), (9,400 form enlarged in today, that plan initial the pared a being of pleasure I the had districts. regional towns our and

pre Pearson Norm and Vic Parker Planners the GVRD. of for consultants and staff obe to planners demic backgrounds,

system park regional vast varied and the is example notable A of aca a variety with people of to training the contribution

Act].” 789 (l)(g) current the of [Section parks. erate—regional timely very a made Planning and Regional Community of

op and establish by byla district—may, regional a title], rent School UBC’s planners. trained professionally of responsibility

[cur Act, (Regional) Parks to the “subject read, to amended the largely became and finally councils; their unteers advising

was Act Municipal the districts, regional creation of After the vol of groups official stage, with Commission Planning Town

province. the by partly funded were purchases Land involved. the into progressed Buck; Frank such Dr. as activists, edgeable

governments the of local representatives were members The knowl few a with started BC in planning Community

Valley. Fraser Lower the in established boards was parks such poetry modern like it said looked wag Some value. equal of

first of One the c.345). 1996, RSBC Act, (Regional) Park clauses subordinate listing and by vertically indenting meaning At the local level, the Municipal Act s.945(4)(a) now au Minister’s Advisory Committee on Heritage, I am able to re thorizes a council to “designate areas for the protection of the port that after years of diligent work his staff has come up environment” in its official community plan. Some time ago, with a well crafted Heritage Conservation Act, RSBC. 1996, reflecting growing public concern about the impact ofindus c.187.A “Heritage object” may be “personal property” while try on the environment in Crown land, the provincial arm of a”Heritage site” may be “land, including land covered by water.” CPAC asked me to approach the minister responsible for the Tied in is s.945(4)(c) of the Municipal Act. If you wish to be old BC Power Commission to question the wisdom of dam disabused of the thought that our aboriginal heritage is con ming the river that was to become Buttle Lake without first fined to totemic art, enter St.Eugene’s Church at the St. Mary’s removing the forest cover from the area to be flooded. The Reserve north of Cranbrook for the incredible sight of a lav matter was important because the lake would extend well into ishly furnished gothic church in the “high chaparral.” Strathcona Park.The government agreed, despite the fact that The Islands Trust: In 1974, prior to the adoption of the this conservation measure had not been required upon the Islands Trust Act (now RSBC 1996, c.239) an all-party com creation ofLake Wilhiston behind the then recently completed mittee of the legislature recommended a law to protect “the Kenney Dam built to bring power to the Kitimat smelter. unique amenities and environment” ofthe Gulf Islands.There Unknown to most British Columbians was the work done were no incorporated towns on the islands, hence policy mak during the early seventies by federal and provincial soil scien ing of the sort necessary to protect what one expert described tists on the Canada Land Inventory Their Land Capability as the very northern extremity of the California climate belt maps were invaluable when the Land Commission was cre was split among several Electoral Areas forming parts of a ated in 1973—to which I was appointed as the first chair.The number of Regional Districts. initiative, which was largely misunderstood at the outset, re The legislated solution was to place land use control in the sulted in angry demonstrations in front of the Legislative hands of a unique body of elected trustees whose main con Buildings. One elderly widow, with acreage in the Agricul cern was to set overall policy. Special responsibilities regard ture Land Reserve, telephoned me asking anxiously, “When ing zoning on a given island were given to “Local Trust Com do I have to start farming?” WA.C. Bennett, then retired, mittees” which included the two “Island Trustees” from each warned all farmers not to sell their holdings to the Commis island area. Recently, as places like Ganges grew into signifi sion. Of course, no such mass purchase was contemplated, cant centres, the Ministry asked me to conduct public hear only the odd isolated parcel for which the owner claimed ings on Salt Spring and report on how a suitable form of there was absolutely no market. incorporation could be designed that would be compatible The purpose of the Agricultural Land Reserve was to en with Trust policy, yet satisfy local aspirations. sure that regardless of what local zoning was or was not in At the time I was appointed to the Land Commission, David place, quality farm and grazing land would not be lost. We Looy, a Globe and Mail photographer, asked me to stand for a must add that the quality of farmland is made up of a combi picture on the old Quilchena Golf Course, which would serve nation ofsoil and climatic factors. Up until the creation of the as a make—believe “farm” background. I chose instead to be ALRs municipal councils-had the habit of considering locally photographed on the huge topographic model of British zoned farmland as a “site warehouse” for future urban devel Columbia at thc PNE. My reason was to show the public opment. The five percent of the province in the ALR is of how the province was in fact a relatively small “archipelago of surprising value to some food producers. One rancher com habitable land” in which towns, roads and farms had to share plained to me that BC Hydro, without consulting him, had the warm, narrow valley bottoms. It confirmed in my mind, widened the tote road across his vast grazing lands by about a as nothing else, how important land use planning was for British metre. As a result, the rancher had to reduce his herd because Columbia. of the loss of grassland to the bulldozer. At the end of a half century of what I call the “land-use Years ago, at the time “Habitat” was held inVancouver, Re wars”—in which I am proud to have served as a foot sol publican Governor Dan Evans—who had tried to get legisla dier—I believe that the practitioners of municipal law both tion with the same objective passed in Washington State— public and private, and their colleagues the planners, as well as told me that when he asked one of the Socred cabinet minis UBC’s School of Community and Regional Planning have ters what his party felt about the BC statute the reply was: achieved a notable victory. In fairness, I must add that out “You can’t un—ring that bell!” standing politicians of every stripe deserve the Croix de Perhaps no area of land use regulation has caused more Guerre—some with Oak Leaf Cluster! And I attribute the soul-searching than the defining and protection ofwhat vari motivation largely to what I describe as the “civic patriotism” ous groups call “our heritage.” As a one—time chair of the of our people, triggered as it is by the endless splendour of this Archaeological Society ofBC as well as of the local branch of province.’” the American Institute of Archaeology I had some personal concern about this matter. Finally, as a past member of the

B.C. HISTORICAL NEWS FALL 2000 13

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No.4 NEWS BC HISTORICAL -VOL.33

1917-1919).

some and support doctors

gave encouragement

(1914-1919); and

Windermere the case he hospital. reached when Another sary

Ashcroft Ganges (1913-1919); the of development Order

of

Victorian Nurses,

neces double

was amputation road

— unfinished

Barkerville

(1912-1913);

tors and

associations medical

fought initially the

an 70 over engine

an on crushed

badly riding miles 1910); Quesnel (1911—1919);

and a survival on national level.While many doc one be who hands to treated, both had man tances 1905—1910); (1907- Fernie

head (1905-1915);

Rock Bay A personal dis long have the of large support and come enabling patients number its financial growth

Kaslo (1903-1919);Arrow-

were without water. drinking and cottage hospital movement their

unqualified

Reveistoke

(1901-1919);

6

they days

two building

last for barrels in fall and later the Countess gave 39 Minto Ibid., district nursing

to in fact,

case one In 16

was the brought the

1947), water

at eral that time. 3 Both Countess and Aberdeen

Southam (Montreal:

Press,

be to of other carried having parts to Hospital. the

Ishbel of Aberdeen, the wife the

gen governor

50th Anniversary 1897—1947

the the of being

building in water and

basement

Order

torian

of

in Nurses Canada: Council the by Women,

chaired of President Lady

of lamps, oil supply times but only the often

and

4 John Murray Vic Gibbon, The

before Vancouver

a chapter

national of meeting

light some in no Western the of work towns: small James Macaulay

a

Council from placed ofWomen the

resolution

Mrs. and Duncan Mrs. Gavin nurses which the under realize can the difficulties

Press, 1957).

the members two of the of chapter Vancouver

part this think of in the that not do people Canada

Women Ryerson (Toronto:The

British cottage started hospitals after Columbia I to rooms patients. accommodate order in their of

the of History of National Council

out turned in being the halls, the nurses often and to care settlers In Canada. regions in of remote L. Rosa Shaw, Proud Heritage:A

was formed Council 1894. in

they placed cots being over-taxed, all are ceptions gram, nursing hospital, providing and medical,

The

Women’s Vancouver

2

ex two or one with past the year: in tremendously

a (VON) nursing pro district national initiated

in 1890. Victoria

West increased the has in of hospitals work the The

in Jubilee 1888,Royal Hospital ties. 2 of the In 1897 Nurses Order Victorian

City Hospital in in Vancouver

West. the the in hospitals communi in to life quality of local families

in 1863,St. and Luke’s Hospital

the

to

by

annual

visit her of the up Women, gained impressions cause improving took often Cariboo in Hospital Barkerville

in Royal 1859, Westminster her of gives overview an Ottawa, VON the in of Council the as groups, Local such Women’s

Columbian New in Hospital

of

superintendent the by second Margaret Allen, organizations. respective

the example, For Royal

written 1904 for to VON Board the nual and Report their activists, social terested communities,

from An the An excerpt ated other by groups. of work in combined the through remote areas

oper were or hospitals municipal tals for developed became these were camps. Cottage hospitals

hospi other the also formed were in municipalities logging remote after in accidents suffering

and grew As communities hospital. municipal brought who were from horror patients stories

a into was turned when it until 1908 heard operated often city hospitals nurses matrons, in and

Vernon in hospital cottage to The followed. 6 soon nurse centres. Doctors, people nlarger in mouth

hospitals cottage Other Henderson. 5 and Bena word of by came regions and remote populated

McKay nurses,Annie with two 1898, in in in Vernon un living and workers families by perienced

established BC was hospital in cottage first The ex hardships and needs of particular Stories

other means. or any by horse, boat, hospital regions. remote the in available

the reaching emergencies, or for surgeries called were None Columbia. 1 of British built-up regions

or was needed when doctor attended basis. A more the of some in available only pitals were

part-time a on employed been have a may cook general hos Small few were injured and sick the

and orderly usual features.An the were a kitchen caring for for Resources camps. and ging mining

and ward, patient a room, operating ing. small A log and canneries in as well as settlements most

nurs 24-hour BC. providing in and by hospitals or two nurses one in homes family the in lacking was Sanitation

nurses in ested pioneer staffed patients, ten to seven housing buildings, primitive. extremely or missing entirely either

is teacher, she inter

small were hospitals The 1919. roughly was until supplies food and water, of milk, Protection

public and health nurse

1898 from lasted Columbia of British hinterland contagious diseases. from similarly, especially fered

a Service. As retired

the in hospitals cottage of phenomenon

The

suf population Native British of Columbia.The

Referral

Researcher

action.

ing community regions frontier and urban throughout population

of charge the Historical

A

grow the of much for basis the formed support settler the to death sometimes and

jury

in Society Historical

This support. positive gave

industries

resource in brought accidents and illness, eases, the of Vancouver ber

in

employers and workers Also Order. 4 the to dis contagious century of turn the the T a mem Shore is Helen

by Helen Shore

Columbia British in Hospitals Cottage was a trapper, whose Left: Queen S Hospital, camp-fire burned his Rock Bay in 1905. bed of boughs and himself severely, having to walk 16 miles to the nearest house, by the time he reached it he was badly frozen, in this condition driving 30 miles to the hospitaL I think these two cases I have cited will give people a little idea of how necessary the Cot tage Hospitals are to the people of the West.7 The cottage hospital at Courtesy Archives of Anglican Provincial 5ynod of BC #634 Rock Bay is selected here as an example because of its remote and eral cases of men who had died before medical Gibbon, The Victorian Order of isolated location, the variety ofpeople and groups aid could reach thern.The Board resolved to send Nurses, 60. involved in its development, and also because of a letter to the honorary president of the VON, Ken Drushka, Working in the 14’bods: A History of Logging at, the surviving historical records. The construc Her Excellency Lady Minto, wife of the gover the 1/Vest Coast (Madeira Park tion of this cottage hospital illustrates cornmu— nor general.They also began to plan for publicity BC: Harbour Publishing, 1992) 50 nity action at work. and ftindraising. letter A was sent to all the lum “Victorian Order of Nurses Vancouver Island’s abundant fir and cedar for ber mills in the area to find out their opinions of Greater Vancouver Branch, ests behind Rock Bay, Sayward, Campbell River, location and to elicit their support.° Positive re Minute Book No. 1,Juh’ 1898- and Courtenay attracted logging entrepreneurs May 1905.” BCVictorian Or sponses were soon received. Support for the idea der ofNurses Archives,Vancou and a large work force. The Hastings Mill Com came from the Loggers Union, the Pacific Coast ver. pany was one of the largest sawmill companies Lumber Mill Company, and Robertson and ‘“Another strong advocate was John A.ntle,Anglican clergyman, operating in the area. Rock Bay became the Hast Hackett Lumber Mill.A.ll the responses requested who knew first-hand the plight ings’ main logging camp on the BC coast. The prompt action. of men living in small commu nities along the coast. He had first camp ran under the direction of contractors Possible sites suggested for the cottage hospi sailed the BC coast as far as or semi-autonomous foremen. Camps were set tal were Lund, Rock Bay, or Shoal Bay. Rock Alert Bay in a fourteen-foot up near water and skid roads were pushed inland. Bay was chosen as the best site. One hundred boat, the Laeersvk, and was con vinced that the Christian Oxen hauled the logs out.8 min and thirty miles north ofVancouver on the east istry and emergency services Plans for the cottage hospital in Rock Bay coast ofVancouver Island, Rock Bay had more must be extended to these re started on Friday, 8 August 1903 in the Hotel loggers employed than any other location on the mote areas. He wanted the church to be involved in estab Vancouver at a meeting of theVancouver Branch coast.1° Mr. R.H.Alexander of the BC Mills and lishing reading rooms and li of theVictorian Order of Nurses. TheVancouver Trading Company—formerly Hastings Mill— braries to support the social side branch, formed in July 1898, was experienced in to the churchy work.A turn said that his company would put up a suitable ing point for Antle came in planning new ventures.At this meeting ChiefSu building for an emergency hospital for the use of 1903 when the freight and pas perintendent Charlotte Macleod and the board theVON. senger boat, Cassiat entered Vancouver from a logging camp planned for a cottage hospital in Rock Bay. The The Queen’s Hospital in Rock Bay was opened with four dead men on board. meeting was presided by Sarah McLagan, pio 3 July 1905 in the presence of VON board mem One man bled to death in a neer newspaperwoman, activist andVON board bers travelling from Vancouver. The national boat trying to reachVancouver, another had died on board for president. Others present were Mrs. Macaulay branch of the VON had provided $500 for fur lack of medical attention. In (past presidentVONVancouver board),Archdea nishing the hospital; the Vancouver branch was jured loggers in the forest were rowed Out to Pentreath (Anglican minister), Margaret by their friends con responsible for the nurse’s salary; the Daughters sea in a desperate attempt to flag Clendenning (superintendent, Vancouver City of the Empire provided the necessary linen sup a passing ship and get the in Hospital), Sister Frances (matron St. Luke’s Hos plies. During the VON board’s visit to various jured man to hospital. Doris Andersen, The Columbia is Con, pital, Vancouver) and other VON board mem logging camps in the vicinity, the Secretary col ing (Sidney,BC: Grayl Publish bers. Miss Clendenning suggested that a cottage lected donations of $91.50 from the loggers for ing, 1982). John Anile became hospital be started up the coast at some central the purchase of a cow for the use hospital. a VON Vancouver Branch of the Board member injanuary i905 location near the logging camps. She told of sev On Sunday, 9 July Archdeacon Pentreath con- (VON Minute B,iok.Julv 1905).

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000 15 Miss Allen, Chief Superintendent of the VON, paid visits of inspection to the branches and cottage hospitals. She re membered in particular the visits to Rock Bay and the trip on a small boat, the Cassiar, which carried straitjackcts to the hospital as part of its equipment, since delirium tremens was a not infrequent form of illness, among the lumberjacks in that region.The conditions were very primitive. The strain on the nurses was terrific.1’ Rock Bay had no resident doctor. By an arrangement worked out between the VON and the Anglican Church, a doctor on the mission boat Columbia included Queen’s Hospital in Rock Bay on his rounds.The Columbia was a hospital ship travelling from the Seymour Inlet to Rock Bay along the northern shores of Queen Charlotte Strait.ii The Rever end John Antle, captain of the mission Courtesy Archives of Anglican Provincial Synod #647 boat, enlisted Dr. WA.B. Hutton—a

Above: 1906 - Dr. Dan! graduate of the University of Manitoba and ducted a morning service and a service of dedi Hanington sitting on the former Medical Officer with the Canadian troops steps hospital. cation for the opening of the ten-bed hospital. front of the in the Riel Rebellion—as the first ship’s doctor Standirng are nurses Jean About 50 loggers attended the service, some from of the Columbia Coast Mission. Dr. Hutton Sutherland (right,) and far away. After the service there was a tour of the served as surgeon for both the Columbia and the Alice Franklin (left). hospital. hospital.13 After Dr. Hutton died in the 1906 sink In 1905 Jean Sutherland was head nurse and ing ofthe tug Chehalis opposite Brockton Point,’4 Alice Franklin her assistant. Other staff included Dr. Daril P Hamngton, a graduate ofMcGdi Uni a housekeeper, an orderly and a cook (see table versity came to take Dr. Hutton’s place. 1). The Queen’s Hospital was a small wooden The monthly patient records for the Queen’s frame building surrounded by logs cut in the Hospital provide little information about diag clearing. The interior was plain: a ward of ten noses or treatment. From another source comes iron—frame beds, tightly made in the traditional a story on the condition of one patient treated.A style, one bare light bulb hanging from the ceil I Gibbon, The Victorian Order cf logger had jumped from the rear of the logging ing, an oil lamp on a bracket at one side of the Nurses, 41 train, wedging his boots in logs, the train backed 12 Andersen, The Columbia is room. The operating room was brighter with Contin, 1. up, knocking him down, and its wooden brake 12 more windows and again a bare light bulb hang Ibid., 24. beams hitting him over and over. An arm and leg ‘4A memorial cairn to mark the ing from the ceiling, instruments, and supplies in were broken and his head needed 37 stitches.’5 event is located in Stanley Park. cases along the sides of the room. Some records survive showing occupancy and patient days for Queen’s Hospital: Dec. ‘05 Jan. ‘06

— Hospital staff and salaries in 1905: Table 1 Queen’s Total # of hospital days 135 179 Superintendent Jean Sutherland $40/month Lady Total cases nursed 15 15 Emily Yates $20 Housekeeper Outpatients 63 38 Orderly J.A.Biddle $25 Cook Margaret Laycock $25 ForJanuary 1906 the records show five ticket Orderly(Aug,21) A.J.Wadsworth $25 holders and the amount of $55 paid by patients. Nurse (Nov.27) Alice Franklin $35 Ticket holders were patients who were part of a Nurse (Nov.) Sara Cruikshanks $35 prepayment scheme instituted to pay a monthly 30 Nurse (Dec 6) Laura Tyner $ sum to the hospital to make free care possible Sara Cruikshanks $45 Nurse (April 1) should the need arise, an example of an early pre

16 BC HISTOPJCAL NEWS -VOL.33 No.4 paid insurance plan. in 1906 (from overwork, according to Rev. John IS Anderson, The Columbia is For March 1906 the records show Corning, 25. 14 new cases, Antle), the Rock Bay loggers made a coffin to 16 Gibbon, The Victorian Order qf 24 cases nursed, 6 medical cases, 11 surgical cases. transport her body to the mainland, lining it with Nurses, 38. There were 42 outpatients. Dressings sent to spirea and other wild flowers they had collected. 17 11 A Century qf Cari,g:The His tory if the Victorian camps were 16.The total number ofhospital days In 1910, a fire burned Order of Queen’s Hospital.A new Nurses in Canada. (Ottawa: was 204.The hospital was then staffed with two hospital, “St. Michael’s,” was built in 1911 and VON Canada, 1996), 40. nurses and one servant. Patients paid $151. As the Columbia Coast Mission took over manage the records indicate, the nurse saw to it that dress ment and operation of the Rock Bay hospital ings were provided to logging camps and outpa from the Victorian Order of Nurses. tients were seen on a regular basis. The establishment and operation of this cot The VON nurses were prepared by the most tage hospital at Rock Bay shows the rewards of up-to-date nursing education of the time. After teamwork and community participation in bring graduating of three-year hospital diploma pro ing hospital and district nursing to the hinterlands grams, they entered the six-month VON pro ofBritish ColumbiaThe value ofinfluential part gram in Toronto or Montreal, preparing them to ners, the sharing of a commitment, and the co nurse patients in their own homes.16 The nurse operation of many key players was as important managed a patient’s care, provided hygienic and then as it is today. Once the cottage hospital was comfort measures, cared for post-delivery and post in place, it was the nurse—often on her own or surgical patients, applied dressings for burn pa with one other nurse—who played the critical tients and accident victims, cared for babies and role in making the cottage hospital a success. She children, cared for dying patients, and comforted was the only professional present on a 24-hour and supported family rnembers.The nurse worked basis, she organized and oversaw the hospital’s co-operatively with doctors and other hospital operation; working in remote and isolated re workers, kept hospital records, and saw that a clean gions she made the decisions and provided pro environment was maintained. fessional care in a wide variety of situations and ChiefSuperintendent Margaret Allen remem under the harshest of conditions.’’ bered ho when head nurse Jean Sutherland died

Left: Ward in Queent Hospital, Rock Bay.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000 17 Ministering Angels: The Victorian Order of Nurses and the Kiondike Goldrush By Lynda Maeve Orr

“I love history,always T WAS the event of the season, a glittering soi and nursing aid in those districts.”This plea and did.” Lynda Orr, who is ree, attended by the cream of society On 12 the desire of other councils to establish a memo assistant programmer I May 1898,Vancouver’s most prominent citi rial honouring the 1897 jubilee of QueenVicto at the Burnaby Village zens gathered at the home of Mrs.J. C. McLagan ria captured the attention of the national presi came from Museum, to bid farewell to four nurses of the Victorian dent of the Council ofWomen, Lady Aberdeen. Ireland in 1973. She Order, before they departed for the gold fields of The creation of a distinct nursing order based has a degree in history and women’s study theYukon. Among the guests in the flower-filled upon home visits, theVictorian Order of Nurses from Simon Fraser rooms of the McLagan house were the officers seemed a perfect solution to both requests. University. of theYukon Field Force, “whose dark uniforms Lady Aberdeen lost no time approaching the made a pleasing contrast to the graceful daintily— government and bringing her remarkable organi robed women.” So successful was the event that zational skills to bear, for the idea was very dear it was “past seven before the guests could tear to her heart. However, not every one in the coun themselves away.” try was as keen.The conservative press automati The nurses, accompanied by Faith Fenton, the cally criticized anything with which the famous correspondent ofToronto’s The Globe, had Aberdeens were connected, and the medical pro been continually feted byVancouver society since fession ranged solidly against it. Canadian nurses, their arrival from Ottawa on 24 April. They had struggling to achieve professional recognition, been met at the station by a delegation of the were not at all pleased by the idea of a nursing Local Council ofWomen (LCW), ofwhich Mrs. order staffed by unqualified personnel. Lady Ab McLagan was president, and once the nurses’ erdeen, realizing the nurses had a valid point, de identity became known, “the ladies attracted a cided to use only trained nurses in the Victorian great deal of respectful attention, the noble char Order, although this greatly increased the overall acter of their mission adding to the interest felt cost and effectively ruled out any hope of gov in their personalities.” ernment support. A very special mission it was. Lady Aberdeen, Undaunted, LadyAberdeen mounted her own wife of the governor general, had personally cho publicity campaign to counter the negative press sen the four nurses: Georgina Powell, Rachel coverage. First she sent an appeal to the school Hanna, Amy Scott, and Margaret ?ayson, as the children of Canada asking for their support in first contingent sent into the Yukon by the Vic the Queen’s name: torian Order of Nurses (VON). In 1898 theYu If the Queen herself could appear in your kon was the destination for many men hoping to schoolrooms and ask you to do something for her, strike it rich in the gold diggings of the Kiondike. what a rush and competition there would be to The mission was the subject of much discussion do it. Well, Her Majesty has—she has said “Make since it was considered a strange place to send this a year ofjubilee to the sick and suffering of respectable women. However, Lady Aberdeen was my dominions.” no stranger to controversy and fully understood Lady Aberdeen’s next move was to enlist the help the value of publicity for the fledgling order. ofDr. AlfredWorcester ofHarvard who persuaded It seemed appropriate that the citizens ofVan— the influential doctors of Ottawa to change their couver were able to participate in the nurses’ glo minds. Dr. Worcester reassured the medical es rious send-off, as the whole idea of a nursing tablishment that: “Victorian nurses are trained order had originated with the Vancouver Local nurses, before they begin district visiting. And Council of Women. Distressed by the “dangers this means that they are trained to know their and hardships encountered by women, who in own proper sphere, they know too much to in their greatest hour of need were often miles from terfere with the physicians.” The doctors were medical aid,” theVancouver Council proposed in no doubt most relieved to know the nurses knew 1896, that the “Dominion and Provincial Gov their place. ernments take earnest steps to establish medical

BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.33 No.4 Left: Thefour Victorian Order nurses who took the Kiondike Ti’ail and Faith Fenton, correspondent of The Globe, who joined the nurses on their trip.

3 .. Courtesy BC Archves.D-O6932

Lady Aberdeen had the audacious and brilliant idea ofsend for the nurses: “cocoa, compressed tea, essence of beef, com ing four nurses to theYukon:”. . .nowhere could be more re pressed beef and vegetables:’ She even had the entire list of mote or more likely to need nurses than the Yukon and no supplies published in the newspapers. No doubt the public where would success be assured of more publicity.” On 28 was intrigued by the lengthy list of sleeping bags, long fur March 1898,Lady Aberdeen wrote to The Globe outlining her coats, endless kinds of boots, sou’westers and outfits of “neat plans, noting that the nurses were fully aware of the hardships brown suits made with bloomers and gaiters in the style of a they would have to face,”. . . but [they] count[ed] the oppor natty bicycle suit.” One can almost hear the gasps of shock tunity of succouring suffering humanity a joy and an hon from astonished readers. our.” The whole event was a masterpiece in public relations and The four nurses would accompany the troops of theYukon ensured that the mission remained in the public eye. Reporter Field Force as far as Fort Selkirk. The decision to send the Faith Fenton would accompany the nurses on their trip. Ap troops was prompted by concern for the maintenance of Ca parently Lady Aberdeen’s letter outlining the plan to send the nadian law and order, in an area facing an influx of foreign nurses north convinced the editor of The Globe that readers miners, many resenting Canadian mining regulations. The would be intrigued by Fenton’s accounts of the nurses’jour commissioner, fearing that “it would be the easiest thing in ney. Doubtless he agreed with E.E. Sheppard, the editor of the world for a few bold men to take possession,” urged the Saturday Night, that “trifles such as would hardly be read if government to take action. written by a man become thrilling and picturesque as an epi The Canadian government was asked to provide safe pas sode in the life of a woman.”Whether Lady Aberdeen had any sage for the nurses from Vancouver and in return the nurses say in the decision to employ Fenton as a correspondent re were asked to attend any soldiers who fell ill.The government mains a mystery, but she knew Fenton quite well. Fenton had did not pay the travel expenses for the nurses. Lord Aberdeen often been in charge of publicity at the annual conventions of took care of most of the cost and Lady Aberdeen, in her ca The National Council ofWomen and, when she was editor of pacity as president of theVON, made the travel arrangements. The Canadian HomeJournal, Fenton offered the Council a per She thought of everything. On 28 April she wrote to Sara manent space in the journal that “was under the direct per McLagan, inVancouver asking her to procure a list of supplies sonal supervision and control of Her Excellency.”

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000

20

No.4 NEWS BC -VOL.33 HISTORICAL

atTeslin. Company boat Development built Canadian byThe of Trade trail of that while the avoided admitted this hardship

a steam on to The was transportation arrange able Anglican, States by territoryA pamphlet Board published theVancouver

Evans as The Colonel was party dred miles. fortunate, advance from permission to the United American enter authorities

four hun about of a and Teslin Fort distance Selkirk, between they would the travel than seek “all—Canadian rather route”,

waterways to various the still troops and negotiate had the selected the capital as of the had It that been territory. decided

as nurses by the over was no journey means the However, to andYukon Fort rivers had been tentatively which Selkirk,

the at rived beginning ofJuly. to Glenora, then to overland the and Teslin Hootalinqua down

ar by Payson and accompanied, Hannah Margaret Rachel Their by route by took them to boat steamer Wrangell, river

Fenton and tent they its discomforts.” life “weary were and with opal sky,” the and nurses left theYukon. Vancouver for soldiers

days, fourteen taken tramp on had l2June.The reachedTeslin On 14 Saturday, an May, lay “as under sleeping Vancouver

Amy Scott and Powell Georgina with The party advance of capital investment a so in city a future.” bright with

aid. their came to some until miners night, uncomfortable settle to down will and a be live large will there here assuredly

most a and spent group rest the of the from separated became citizens optimistic that were “many Kiondikers the of returning

They party. the advance with travelled Scott and Powell Amy gold the mine and for Many Victoria. ofVancouver storekeepers

Georgina incident. not without was the However, journey her. a unless to they a had year’s had be proved veritable provisions

with

kitten

a bring to even Fenton any managed meals. cook the to (NWMP) Police Yukon bar from entering prospectors

or

supplies their own to carry have not nurses did that the by city young the The the West North decision Mounted

be noted

on should

the by trail, the it miners suffered

ships to had prosperity much brought the cerning for Klondike, it

the

hard

experience not and did nurses the soldiers While con anything Of with was enthralled Vancouver course

and saloon keepers.” genuine.

the way hotel of in a occasionally the or dollar two putting and deep is labour they under which the order and nurses

way the to by the and

these the patients of docks .the themselves joyed gratitude around man. a sauntering hugely, strong .

to habitual neglect careless the or accident, overwork, by trated en and the city they owned night that “at Province reported

pros

or miner, help packer from for an appeal camp, without Daily stay, the Vancouver short their troops up’ The enjoyed

in established day a rarely .we are

the

trail. over

slow

. journey soon was taken hill the on of point every vantage packed and

this in idle not are Order ofThe Victorian The representatives

was station “the them, to huge crowd welcome out turned

nurses. the of work the course of and time, MayA 11 on Vancouver in arrived Force Field TheYukon

of standard by lack caused the confusion trains, pack and packers lives.” into their

of vagaries fauna; the and flora local the described She readers. sorrow of perhaps toil of and bring much years will next three

her

to that appealed life about curiosity insatiable an sessed the one. ordinary no is their mission who realise . . women

pos she dominion”—but of the nurses,”look[edl doorway sunset the west, be to the that reported Daily World som, The

the of Queen young “a as bright Vancouver she described Blos May the play of performance a benefit At Park. Stanley

effusive— be somewhat to tended Fenton a As writer, World. in drive a for went all they 30 April, on Saturday, and Council

The Daily andVancouver’s Globe The Toronto’s both in lished the Local of meeting executive an they attended on Thursday

pub were articles Fenton’s 1898 November to FromJune Governor, Lieutenant the guests of day as the the Victoria in

of relief. a sigh heaved colonel the doubt No sateen. spent they 27 April, Wednesday, On made. Fenton nurses and

black of band a on sewing by skirt alter her to persuaded ally the move every practically of was kept informed Vancouver

eventu was weakness”, physical our producing not if creasing evident. was influence her the newspaper, of management day

by

in direction, every in progress our “impeding as skirts day-to the in involved not was Sara and World, although Daily

long

described once who reform, dress of a fan skirt. Fenton, l4zncouver the had founded husband her and In 1888,McLagan

green

dark her under bloomers wearing not was she as rified in. believed she causes the publicize a to chance missed never

hor

was

Force Field ofTheYukon commander the Evans, nel who McLagan, Sara with stayed Fenton the limelight. into

Colo

costume, travelling short—skirted her in appearance first thrust themselves found the nurses and Fenton InVancouver,

her made

Fenton to preserved.When be had still Propriety bring.” could

north. journey their on ary hands tender comfort the and districts mining of our tions

bound

one

than more crossing were Payson and Scott, Hanna, sec mountain the of loneliness the of She spoke “feelingly

Powell,

Fenton, by convention. as by clothing their much as VON. the of aims the outlining and the nurses praising licly,

constrained

were women when at time a and that bear,” could pub speaking group the of only member the was frequently

women

sinewy

and most strongest only the that a strain ing, Fenton meetings. the arranged of Women Councils Local The

climb and

springing leaping,

tramping, we went

wrote:

way.

the along . interviews and . of “. meetings schedule a busy had

Powell,

Georgina nurses, the of The one World Daily in lished they as the of troops ahead coast. the travelled They west for

pub

article an In themselves. for soon discover would nurses by train Ottawa left Fenton, by Faith accompanied nurses, four

the that

fact a hardships,” particular its “it own had passes, the the when April 18 by place in were arrangements All the They arrived in Fort Selkirk on 25 July. However, The Anglican That same year, the discovery of gold in Nome, Alaska, was wrecked while attempting to return to Teslin, and so the prompted an exodus of miners bound for the new Eldorado. rest of the party was forced to make do with smaller boats and As the population of Dawson began to decline, so did the scows, frequently running aground on the sandbars. “Then need for the nurses’ services.The original plan ofmaking home the fun began, all hands had to tumble overboard up to their visits had proved unpractical in the Klondike, so despite the waists in ice—cold water and pull and haul for about twenty fact that the nurses had done sterling work in the local hospi— minutes, till at last we swung clear and went on our way, damp tals, the decision was made to recall the VON from the but rejoicing.” One of the most frightening moments occurred Klondike. On realizing she would be transferred, Georgina at the Five Finger rapids, when two scows swung broadside as Powell also resigned, as she was engaged to a sergeant in the they entered the fast water,”but at the last minute the current North West Mounted Police. She too served in South Africa, changed and they plunged through the channel.” On 11 Sep in the same unit as Amy Scott. Faith Fenton also remained for tember the small flotilla arrived in Fort Selkirk. a while in the land of the midnight sun and she continued to Some of the troops went on to Dawson to assist the North write for The Globe until her marriage to Dr. J. Brown in West Mounted Police in combating lawlessness, the rest stayed 1900. behind to finish the construction of the barracks. Georgina So the story of these five women and their epic trek to the Powell had already gone from Fort Selkirk to Dawson to take goldfields of the Yukon ends here. Undoubtedly it was a great charge of The Good Samaritan Hospital, where a typhoid success. Apart from all the lives they saved, they succeeded in epidemic was raging. In a letter to Lady Aberdeen, which was firmly establishing the VON as a viable enterprise. Branches reprinted in the newspapers, Colonel Evans explained that in were formed in communities all across Canada and women Dawson house-to-house nursing was impossible and as the who previously found it difficult to obtain medical aid came newly completed hospital was overflowing with patients, to rely on the Victorian Order nurse. Their success also had Powell’s arrival was truly providential. Colonel Evans added: significant if less tangible benefits, since women across the The work of the Victorian Order in Dawson is a great one— country were empowered and inspired by their example. c’ their presence with the force has been invaluable.. .1 do not know how we should have fared without them. Here [in Fort Selkirk] Nurse Scott holds sway and not only the force but the BIBLIOGRAPHY surrounding countryside realise and appreciate the value of her Backhouse, Frances. Women of the Klondike. presence. Vancouver: Whitecap Books, 1995. Berton, Pierre. Kiondike. After four weeks of round-the-clock nursing, the exhausted Toronto: McLelland and Stewart Ltd, 1972. Georgina Powell herselfcaught typhoid. Fortunately help was Cherrington,John. Vancouver at the Dawn. at hand as the other three nurses arrived in Dawson three days Madeira Park: Harbour Publishing, 1997. later. In Dawson Payson took charge of the Grand Forks hos Coates, Ken S. and William R. Morrison. Land of the Midnight Sun. pital “if the miserable building could be so called” where she Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1988. slept on the floor”in an atmosphere thick with tobacco smoke.” Downie,Jill. A Passionate Pen: The L4fe and Times of Faith Fenton. To Scott was sent to the barracks hospital and Hanna remained ronto: Harper Collins, 1996. with Powell at the Good Samaritan.Typhoid was not the only Disher, Arthur L. “The Long March of the The Yukon Field Force,” scourge. An outbreak of scurvy proved to be a considerable The Beave, Autumn 1962. French, Doris. Ishbel and challenge. For severe cases of frostbite the only solution was the Empire: A Biography of Lady Aberdeen. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1988. amputation of the affected limbs. Here 1-lanna’s “services to Gibbon,John Murray. The Victorian Order of Nurses in Canada. surgeon were invaluable.” the Montreal: Southam Press, 1947. The lack of basic sanitation and decent housing, coupled Greenhaus, Bereton. Guarding the Goldfields. Toronto: Dundurn with the overwhelming amount ofwork, made for trying times, Press, 1987. so much so that six weeks after her arrival, Margaret Payson Lang, Marjorie. “Separate Entrances: The First Generation of Ca left theVictorian Order and obtained a position with the post nadian Women Journalists” in Rediscovering Our Foremothers, ed. office. She later married a wealthy miner and raised “cats and Lorraine McMullen. Ottawa; University of Ottawa, 1990. dogs to her heart’s content.” Saywell,John T. Introduction to The Canadian Journal of Lady Aber Rachel Hanna also left the order, as she wanted to remain deen. Toronto:The Champlain Society, 1960. The J’ancouver Daily Province, 1898; at the Good Samaritan Hospital and was apprehensive that if The Globe, 1898; The Daily World, 1898; Victoria Daily Colonist 1898. she stayed with the VON, she would be transferred. In 1899, OTHER SOURCES Scott, who never physically robust the Amy was as as others, McLagan, Sara. Unpublished diary 1898. was sent home to recuperate from an operation. She later served Personal Letters of Sara McLagan in the possession ofDoria Moodie. in South Africa during the Boer War. Special Collections, UBC:Vancouver Local Council of Women, box 5, file 9.

B.C. HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000 21

22

BC NEWS NO.4 HISTORICAL -VOL.33

the of Chief

Somenos village

a as and conse ter HBC to written in “s” the which in officials

sions Olsen portrayed Thomas

have seduced the intended a of bride Cowichan 7. is identity further evident For let one of text the in example, two on occa

1907.

Iroquois named “Thomas Quamtany” may who

Douglas’ confusion surrounding man’s the

?“‘anaimo

Free

Press,

30, March

of victim shooting the was a actually mixed-blood

Antony”

and

“William Antony.”

River Came by irs Name.”

6. named Thomas Williams.” Mark Bate, alleged Olsen “How Chase the that the man injured as both “Thomas Williams

7,BCARS

the

described injured “a as man British Subject

correspondence

to before referred he

August, 22

5. Government

308,

Record v.

spondence the with Colonial Secretary, Douglas name “Thomas all eue in used he Williams,” which BCARS.

Friend, 1

October 1856. for toria emergency medical attention. In to corre various British on officials. settling Before the

4. Annie Deans, to Letter a

had been brought by Cowichan Natives to on Vic August, 22 Douglas

flurry a wrote letters of 1962.

a severely wounded who, man 22 on August the 1856, man. the Shortly of The God,” victim the after arrival Daily C>l’nist,lSJuly

Antoine..

Who He Played

Vancouver Island, misrepresented the identity of the secondly, by nature sustained

injury the of

3.

W.

H.

Olsen, “Tomo

Fort Victoria

as and Governor the of Bay Colony Cowichan and, toVictoria of 1856 of August in 1973.

his dual Daily capacity Free Chief of for Factor Press, the 5 from name in HBC brought the about October h man the of

Governor’s

Friend,”

Nanairno

London.

According to Douglas, Olsen, by ten in in acting uncertain Douglas he which

appeared

and

John

Cass,

Guide “Indian

pany Headquarters and

Colonial the

Office

writ on in letters firstly, rests Quamtany factors; two p 41—111, footnote 109 101,

The Osgoode Society, l994),pp to deceive his superiors at Bay Hudson’s Com to Douglas obscure of Thomas identity the

I Susan and Lewthaite

(Toronto:

1856

James Douglas deliberately

contrived

simply James by anglicized an used pseudonym

tiee, Jim ed Phillips, Loo Tina

Olsen first speculated the in that summer Olsen’s of was theory Williams” “Thomas that umeV Crime and CrirnitsalJus

the

of History Canadian Law,

vol— been forty almost T since years HAS W. a among H. of number writers. 2 and scholars

British

Columbia,” in Its Essays

acceptance recent secondly, gained has in years

it

ternational Homicide in Early

James Is Law and rts Columbia,” British Douglas, Better of Father Than In Yours:’

Hamar

Foster,

“The

Queen’s

tation “Sir as man known the of became who

p 1989), 26,

29, footnote and

repu has it the for Firstly, reasons. consequences

pedition (Vancouver: Press, UBC

the Island I’ancous’er Ex Explorirg of couple a for of worthy is examination closer

ed. Hayman, Brown Robert and

hypothesis Olsen’s almost of lapse the years, forty

provenance.” also See John

of spite In the in “squatter” a as CowichanVa.lley. the material of is “unknown

subsequendy,notes some of that well as as subject, British a was being described

Significantly, however, Mackie

who was for substituted Quamtany,” “Thomas

supports Olsen’s speculation.

London, Wiffiams” “Thomas to reports name the Service Records also (BCARS)

Colunibia rhvsand Archives

in that, suggest to on Native. other went Olsen

Home” Vertical British File,

an with been dispute a who in involved had

in material the “Adam Grant

toria: 1984). Native single a by Mackie capture to simply that whites, notes tled

thesis, (M.A. University

ofVic—

unset territory a troops of movement into sive

Island,

Vancouver 1849—1858,”

a

mas

and money of large a

expenditure upon pany Capital:The of Economy

Land, Indian Labour Com and favourably ol look would htBritish that authorities

Somerset

Mackie, “Colonial

doubted but assailant,

punish to ious Quamtany’s

See 2. particularly Richard

anx was Douglas Olsen, to According “Toma.” 1963.

10 tween

January 4 and

April as well as Tomo,” “One-Armed and Antoine,”

The Ladysmith be— Chronicle

I

Anthony,”Tomo also answered pany, to “Thomas

series of articles in appearing

Com

Bay Hudson’s years

the in many Historical service of a Society, 1963) also

‘. .‘

W1M

44

Wheel,

(Chcmsinus: Chemainus

his throughout who Quamtany, Thomas preter,

• 1

WH. 1.

Olsen,

Over

f? the Wafer

inter and guide Iroquois for fondness ticular the

par a had Douglas that was theory Olsen’s

history. the point Colony’s in that to

Island.

expedition military expensive most and largest

home on man Den

the be to what justify to

was order in

identity

ver Island his from

Quamtany’s concealed Douglas that speculated about colonial Vancou

further Olsen ambush. 1 from shot was quence Graham writes Brazier

by Graham Brazier

On Man One-Armed the the Trail of “Williams” appears to be added later and the first Evidence to the contrary, however, is abun Ouamtany without his left arm. (1)The illustration on the back “Antony” appears above the line of writing and dant. For example, Annie Deans, who, though cover of Water Over the Wheel then is crossed out. Apparently alerted by Doug she didn’t record whether she actually saw the depicts Tomo with a rifle in his las’ uncertainty; as well as some striking similari injured man, noted in a letter to a friend that “he right hand and a short stump extending from his left shoul ties of the name “Thomas Antony” and “Thomas is getting all right again—the Doctors set his arm der. (2) Writing in The Ladysmith Quamtany,” Olsen noted that the injury sustained so about a week after he was shot, the Governor Chronicle in 1963, Olsen noted could well have been the one which caused the went off 8 In other words, according to Annie, that since “the loss of his left arm, the half-breed Iroquois loss of one of Quamtany’s arms and the reason despite the seriousness ofthe injury; the man who [Tomo] had acquired abnormal he became known as “One-Armed Tomo.” Au suffered the gunshot wound at Cowichan Bay strength in the one that re mained.WH. Olsen “The Face gust Jack, a Cowichan elder, who told “the story did not lose his arm. Furthermore, HBC em ofTomo Antoine (PartVl: Gold as it came from the lips of his elders,” appeared to ployment records show wages paid to both “Tho Bullets)” The Ladysmith Chroni offer support to Olsen’s conjecture for, accord masWilliams” and “Thomas Quamtany” for work cle, 14 February 1963. 8. Annie Deans, Letter to a ing to Olsen, August Jack said that Tomo was performed in the FortVictoria area between 1852 friend, 1 October 1856. shot by a Chief“in the arm, and the bullet goes and l855. in addition,a number ofsources con BCARS. right through and makes a big hole in his chest,” firm that the gunshot victim was not a “half- 9. 1 am indebted to Bruce M. Watson for the following ref and then a medicine man packed his wound with breed Iroquois” but rather a “white man”just as erences to HBC Archives cedar bark before taking him to Victoria in a ca Douglas had described him in correspondence records:York Factory Abstracts ofServantsAccounts (1852-53), noe where the doctor was unable to save his arm with HBC FactorJarnes MurrayYale.’° The Rev FortVictoria Abstracts of Serv and had to cut it off.3 erend Cridge, HBC chaplain, who along with ants Accounts (1853-54,1854- Olsen’s hypothesis is further bolstered by the Dr. Johnstone tended to the man’s wounds, de 55, 1855-56). 10. Quoted in Foster, “The fact that the first reliable reference to “One— scribed him as “a white man... [who] recovered.”1 Quee&s Law Is Better Than Armed Tomo” appeared only a few months after Also, according to the daughter of Comiaken Yours,” footnote l09,p 102. shooting. The entry in the Nanaimo Journal ChiefLo-Haar, the victim ofthe shooting was “a 11. Edgar Fawcett, Some Remi the niscences of Old Victoria (Toronto: of the Hudson’s Bay Company for 21 Novem white settler.”2 Neither description would fit William Brigga, 1912), p 251. ber 1856 indicated that “One—ArmedToma [sic]” Thomas Quamtany. 12.B.M.Cryer,”Legends ofthe Salish”, (undated typescript) was “engaged at the mill which now goes night At least one contemporary writer has suggested BCARS, p 3.1 am indebted to and day.” Furthermore, the injury suffered by the that, because evidence of the presence of white Chris Arnett for this source. man Douglas referred to as “Williams,” was to settlers in Cowichan in 1856 is not conclusive, 13. See Foster, “The Queen’s Law Is BetterThanYours,” p 64 the right arm and side, and there seems litde doubt Douglas’ characterization ofthe victim as “white” and footnotes 108, l09,p 101. that Quamtany was missing his right arm. Annie arouses the suspicion that, as Olsen alleged, the 14. For reference to “John Metchosin at the Governor might have been engaged in a “cover Humphrey” see E. Blanche Deans, a resident of the district Norcross, The Warm Land time, described the wound of the shooting vic up”in order to justify his planned course of ac (Duncan: Elizabeth Blanche tim almost exactly the way August Jack had. She tion which involved mobilizing over four-hun Norcross, 1959), 1,98, and RI. Dougan, “Cowichan: My Val man brought to Victoria from dred ofHer Majesty’s troops.’3 By most accounts, reported that the ley” (ms. 1973) BCARS p 118. Cowichan “had been shot in the right arm just however, the earliest white settler in the 15.W Kaye Lamb, ed. “Diary below the shoulder, the ball shattered the bone Cowichan Valley was John Humphreys (or of Robert Meirose”, B.C. His torical Quarterly, v. 7, 1943. See and went into the right side.”4 Two sources con “Humphrey”) who arrived, along with two un entry 10 September “John In firm that Quamtany was indeed missing his right named friends, in 1856.’ Quite likely, one of the stant 14 D[runk], Thomas friends was Thomas Williams, for both Williams Williams 14 D[runkl Jack arm.Victoria City jail records show that in 1867, Humphrey i4 D[runk],” and 6 when he was charged with selling liquor to Indi and a “Jack Humphrey” had worked together at October “Jack Humphrey, & ans and was admitted to jail under his anglicized the HBC’s Craigflower farm, nearVictoria, for a Thomas Williams dropped work.” name ofThomas Anthony, he had his “Right arm brief period in 1854. According to Robert 16. Chris Arnett, The Tcrror of off at [the] shoulder.”5 In addition, Mark Bate, an Meirose, the unofficial chronicler of events at the the Coast, (Vancouver: Nanaimo, recalled that “One farm, they also drank together on at least one Talonbooks, 1999), p 54. early settler in 17. Joseph William Mackay, ArmedTomo’ was an extraordinary man,. .he had occasion, and, what is perhaps more significant, “The Indians ofBC” The B.C. lost his right arm, and it was surprising with what they both quit work and left the farm on the Mining Record, 1899, p 83. Williams’ con 18. Lamb, ed.”Diary of Robert celerity; and power he could swing an axe, or use same day.’5 Subsequently, though Melrose,” 20 August 1856. tools—an auger, for instance, with his left hand.” tract with the HBC extended into 1857, he did 19. 25 August 1856, Nanaimo Journal, BCARS. °Though it is far from clear that Olsen was aware not draw wages after 1855. It is entirely possible 20. Hudson’s Bay Company of all the evidence outlined above,7 on the sur that Thomas Williams grew disenchanted with “Records on the Affairs of Fort face it appears that his theory thatJames Douglas working for the company for one reason or an Victoria, 1852-59,” September attempted to deceive his London-based superi other and in order to avoid being compelled to 1856, p 198-9. BCARS. ors is at least plausible. honour his contract, and to stay out of sight, he

23 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000 21. Olsen wrote about the in drifted into the Cowichan area, along with Jack pears that Quamtany followed Douglas’ direc cident three times. Each time, his description grew less spe Humphrey (or John Humphreys), where they tive and served on the expedition to Cowichan, cific. On the first occasion he “squatted,” just as Douglas indicated in his cor as accounting records show that, in September quoted August Jack at length respondence of 22 August.’6 of 1856, and enclosed Tomo’s name in “T. Quamtany” was paid 4/17/11 side the quotation marks, stat It appears that shortly after their arrival in the (pounds sterling) for his role “in the expedition ing thatTomo was much feared Cowichan area, both men became romantically to Cowichan to capture and punish the Indian and disliked by the local involved with Native women, Cowichans and that he was shot Humphrey’s rela who attempted to murder the man Williams.”20 by a young Chief before being tionship with the daughter of a Quamichan Chief In summary, it seems, that in spite of the words taken to Victoria where the is well documented and endured for many years. attributed to AugustJack byWH. Olsen,21 a pre doctor had to cut his arm off. (Olsen, “Tomo Antoine.... He Unfortunately for all concerned,ThomasWilliams ponderance of evidence supports the conclusion Who Played God”, p 8). On the was apparently attracted to a young woman who that Thomas Quamtany and Thomas Williams second writing, in January of had been betrothed from childhood toTathiasut, were two different men 1963, Olsen altered the quote and it was mere coinci in a number ofminor ways and a young Somenos chief. It was subsequently dence they each suffered serious injuries to their also substituted the words ‘this Tathlasut who was identified as the man who right arm and chest. Certainly, they followed sepa fella” for “Tomo” (Olsen,”The fired the injurious shot.’7 Face of Tomo Antoine. One- Robert Meirose, who rate trails subsequent to the events ofAugust 1856. Armed Tomo,” The Ldysniith clearly knew Thomas Wiffiams from the time he Williams took up residence inVictoria where he Chror?IcIe, 31 January 1963). By had spent at Craigflower farm, left no doubt that lived in a boarding house onView Street. He had the time Olsen wrote about the incident a third time, the most Quamtany was not Tathlasut’s victim when he a couple of brushes with the colonial judicial compelling piece of evidence named Williams as the man “shot through the system before returning to the Cowichan Valley that Thomas Ouarntany and arm by an Indian” in his diary entry of 20 Au in 1862 where he settled on Thomas Williams were the 175 acres. 1856.18 same person was omitted alto gust Quamtany’s skills as guide and interpreter con gether: neither the name “Au At the time of the shooting,Thomas Quamtany tinued to be in demand and he was subsequently gust Jack” nor any of his words was under contract with the HBC. Records show employed appeared in Water Over The on numerous exploring expeditions on Wheel, OlsenI only published that he arrived in Nanairno in January of 1856 Vancouver Island, culminating in 1864 with the book. Though Olsen seems to and worked at various jobs, until 10 May when Brown Expedition, which completed its work have lost confidence in his source—perhaps August Jack he took part in an overland expedition to one year after he survived a charge that he had objected to the particulars of Clayoquot.Then on 25 August a “Canoe arrived murdered his wife. Most significantly however, the words attributed to him in with [a] Despatch from the Governor ordering the allegation that James Douglas was involved the first quotation—it didn’t cause Olsen to change his con Thos. Ouarntony [sic] to proceed at once toVic in a “cover-up” operation in the summer of 1856 clusion. toria to act as interpreter; a white man having seems untenable.” Forfrotuotes 16—20 see been wounded by a Cowichan Indian.”19 It ap pres’wus jsage.

Erratum

BC Historical News, Volume 33 No. 2 “Nanaimo’s Malaspina Murals.”

Author Phyllis Reeve points out that the photo credit of EdwardJ. Hughes’ mu ral of “Captain Galliano sketching the sandstone ‘Galeries’ on Gabriola Island” should have been: “Courtesy Schwarze Photographers, JVaiiaimo Archives photo col lectioji.”

.—7s ‘1

- ‘ >*.,__‘ ,

. —---

24 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.33 No.4 Token History: The Church Collection Tokens of Holy Trinity Church, Aiyansh by Ronald Greene

ROUND 1900 the Nisga’a community of Aiyansh was located at the head of navigation of the Nass River in Anorthern British Columbia.The river flows into Nass Bay and the Portland Inlet. Two miles (three kilometres) up stream from Aiyansh was another community, Gitladamiks e’: (Gitlakdamix). Until not too many years ago the only way in hi or out of the area was by water. I; The story of the token is also the story ofReverendJames B. McCullagh. He was a missionary working on behalf of the Church Missionary Society with headquarters in London, England, a society that is related to the Church of England. S When the Church first came to Vancouver Island and British Columbia the Diocese of British Columbia was formed. As I the population of the area grew; responsibility for certain parts of the diocesan territory was carved off. The Diocese of Cal edonia was formed in 1879 and the ReverendW Ridley was appointed as the first Bishop of the See.1 Under Bishop Ridley several missions were established: on the upper Skeena, Hazelton in 1880 and Gitwangak in 1882; on the upper Nass, atAiyansh in 1883; and on the coast, at Kitkatla in 1887.James B. McCullagh was selected as the missionary to go to Aiyansh. McCullagh had a very English vision of a church with a tower and spire, at the end of the main street with the forest and mountains rising behind. He appealed to friends in Eng land and received 200, but when he sat down to work out the cost he realized that he would be able to build just a very tiny church for that amount, and that freight up the Nass River would consume fully half of the money. Ultimately he hit upon the idea of using the funds to buy a sawmill to cut lumber on site.The raw material was everywhere around him, tion. There were 88 communicants Above; Holy Ti’inity he could eliminate the freight, and produce lumber for the on opening2 day. The offerings were Church, Aiyansh. church, for a school, and for houses. He therefore added what generous and McCullagh stated that he could afford to the funds received and purchased a water- when the collection tray was passed driven sawmill. to him he, The efforts to harness the river’s flow failed so when he could hardly lift it on to the took a trip to England in 1891—1892 he raised enough extra Holy Table. Each person’s offering funds to buy a boiler and engine in order to run the sawmill was in a small canvas bag with the he engaged a written on the by steam. Once he had everything at Aiyansh name and amount Rev. J.B. McCullagh, The skilled white man to come, erect the mill, and to teach “my outside.The offertory amounted to Aiyansh Mission Naas Rives Brit Indians” to run it. When they could do that he handed the one thousand three hundred and ish Columbia (London: CMS, eighty-nine dollars, or about J25O 1907) McCullagh uses the mill entirely over to them on the condition that they produce, speffing Naas, a usage which has .1 have no hesitation in saying as required, the value of the mill in lumber for the church, been replaced by the spelling that every twenty—five cent piece in school and mission house. By 1893 the mill was running and Nass. the above collection represented a 2JWW Moeran, McCullagh of own building material. producing the community’s definite act of self-denial.”3 Aiyansh (Edinburgh & New October 29, 1896 saw the church opened officially. It was York: Marshall Brothers Ltd.. 1923). named Holy Trinity Church, a name taken from a church in McCullagh’s biographer, Moeran, that McCullagh, The Aiyansh Mis Cheltenham with which McCullagh had some early connec wrote that the amount of day’s sion, 55.

25 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000

26

33 HISTORICAL BC NEWS -Voc. No.4

nia,

April

2000. 17

Nass rivers. Flooding occurred

Skeena, the along

Archivist,

Diocese

of

Caledo—

had risen

very along

high

both

Skeena the

and

Aiyansh

possibly as as early until 1896 Letier from Cliff 1917.c’’ Armstrong,

6

Rupert),

7

December wet very 1917. By month. November

river the levels to have been Holy in used the Trinity in church

Daily The

i”Jews

(Prince

September The

1917 of

turned out to be a Church

Collection which one tokens, known

of is s/on, 56,

affordable

offering each Sunday. McCullagh, we in Finally, TheAtyattsl, have summary, Mis record two of the

the “tickets” would have permitted tion an of Bartholomew’s was church fire. 6 destroyed by

have a represented great sacrifice. introduc The and Gitladamiks older were records when lost St.

piece, cent even the smallest coin available would all fortunately surviving of Aiyansh the records

Since smallest the coin in circulation a 25 was Gitladamiks which started been 1911. had Un in

the cannery store to obtain various their needs. installed in Bartholomew’s St. at church

year. of Much this pay would have spent been in tings Holy of Trinity Church removed were and

end

of season—essentially the pay one day per the loss.The west some window and interior fit

in

ing cannery. the They would paid at be the Aiyansh Gitladamiks to to recurrence a avoid of

come—the men

fishing

and

the women work decision was to made relocate the of community Bronze 21 mm 3.9 grams

that provide would their main source of in cash intents the was ofAiyansh village out.The wiped

spring was hunt, the late summer salmon run it miles. 5 was the Overall extensive, damage to all

While Indians the might cash obtain their from would were float the down for carried river

isolated with opportunities few wage for labour. carcasses walks, anything of that and cattle horses,

in our Secondly, sense. community the was very feet four water. metres) (seven of Houses, plank

probable, that “tickets” the to he tokens are refers nity more under submerged were twenty- than

“token” son’iewhat interchangeably quite so is it water metres) commu of parts other of the and

and lish the use do English “ticket” word the and

in House sion 10 under Aiyansh (three feet was

H•

the Firstly tion. Reverend McCullagh Eng was Gitladamiks. its By near banks Mis the the

20th

I

Reverend’s The may words

some need explana November through Nass of the broke River

18 th

cutting On off Rupert the sea. Prince by except frayed.

the Thus expenses running of are the de church

takes who Service

or the

by

there. if myself am I tow’.o or Site STATIots. S1issiot NW. Co,tsi-, IC.,

in entered a Reader and book signed the for by

32

at their back I in value face cash.The is amount then

4 P 4 \

‘. I-. collection vestry in counted he them takes a the after

Ii

-I..’

‘‘5 tSiANos I keeps in a he the box, tickets are tickets and when

CRLOTr

pay-day again. comes cash The these received for

fr ;“

may as tickets annual she he the until require or

5’

On

money many each sells the to Autumn, as person in

-.

Indians as and banker, acts who, when who have the T5MP

/

‘O66a - the cent. five Wardens of by kept is tickets and one 0

I

COL’fll . f.JAOKSPJ

Q

I

two-and-a-half tickets supply Wardens. A cent, of

—.

by conducted the curious a principle on is but it

O tO

i collection a Nishga. At is Service is there each in

in sermon the present for English, read the but are

too, Lessons, The facility. equal English hymns with

Book the people sing and Prayer English use the

I

(

\‘ _‘_s

-

when have English the the evening service In we in

srJ

the responses. rendering about heartedness

\“ NOR

no the half is there while organ, at presides tive

0 PH

.

a Nishga, na and in Lessons the read Readers tive

r’SY”oi EP6Uk

Na praise. of true and spirit the in heartily sweetly

LkL

sung being hymns and chants the Common Prayer,

The Book the Nishga use people tongue. Indian of

eshri

in

the conducted Service always is mormng The PY 3K

tion. 4 LAF(L

arrow shows The Aiyansh. (‘iL/N

TLMt /

F/’

f

collec method of unusual a Sunday and

most

Aiyarish Mission, 1907.

CARPf7QS3rni”%

//\

\!

typical described

a

McCullagh Reverend The j McCullagh, B. The

Church!

the of

building Stations

Mission

Rev. from

3O’ 132’ 13S 36’

— - 34’

cost direct exceeded collection special the slightly Right: of the Map Book Reviews Books for review and book reviews should be sent to: Anne Yandle, Book Review Editor BC Historical News, 3450 West 20th Avenue,Vancouver BC V6S 1E4

R.WSandwell Perhaps Beyond the City Limits: Rural History the strongest essay of the collec Beyond the City Limits: Rural tion isJean Barman’s “Invisible in British Columbia. Women:Abo History in British Columbia. riginal Mothers and Mixed-Race Daughters R.W. Sandwell, ed.Vancouver: University of REVIEWED BY CLINT EVANS in Rural Pioneer British Colurnbia.”Despite British Columbia Press, 1998. 320 pp., Illus. its academic sounding title, Barman’s essay is Nanaimo Community Heritage $85 hardcover, $27.95 paperback. Commision clearly written and it manages to tackle a REVIEWED BY CLINT EVANS Columns, Cornices & Coal; the number of potentially contentious issues in Heritage Resources ofNanaimo. Beyond the City Limits represents an attempt a balanced and non-partisan manner. After REVIEWED BY GoRDoN R. ELLIor by a group of university scholars to broaden reading Barman’s contribution you will no the focus of academic history on British longer accept the arguments that all pioneer Betty O’Keefe and Ian Macdonald Columbia. According to the editor, Ruth ing women were white, that academics are The Sommers Scandal: The Felting Sandwell, British Columbian history has tra incapable of writing a coherent sentence, ofTrees and Tee Lords. ditionally concentrated on urban and indus and that academic articles are categorically REVIEwED BY KIRK SALL0UM trial themes. When rural issues are explored different from the articles that grace the pages Shirley Campbell they are usually cast within the context of of The Beaver or British Columbia Historical Our Fair: the Interior Provincial urban dominated, capitalist development.This News. Exhibition.’ Its First lOOYears. has led to a blurring of distinctions between Having described some of the strengths REVIEwED BY ALICE GLAIsivILLE rural and urban and to the notion that Brit of Beyond the City Limits, a few criticisms are Columbia in order. The first Tom Henry ish has developed in the absence concerns the introduc of a distinct rural tion. Sandwell’s introduction is Small City in a Bt’ 14illey: the tradition. In an effort to marked by counter numerous references to Story of Duncan. these misconceptions Sandwell ar theories and theo gues that “rural” must be elevated to sta rists, by tortuously complex sentences and REVIEWED BY ADAM C.WALDIE the tus of a discrete “category ofdescription and by excessive academic jargon. It is, in other Peter Johnson analysis”, one that cuts across more traditional words, a perfect example of what is wrong Glyphs and Gallows; the Rock Art categories of analysis such as class, race, and with all too much academic history today. of Clo-oose and the Wreck of the gender and one that will shed new light on The editor seems to be guided by the mis John Bright. the social, political, and economic history of taken notion that academic history must be REvIEWED BY PHYLLIS REEVE the province. unintelligible in order to be considered pro Dick Hammond Her book represents an eclectic collec found. This is a real pity as her introduction Haunted Waters:Tales ofthe Old Coast tion of thirteen essays covering topics as di alone is bound to scare away a large propor REVIEWED BY KELSEY McLE0D verse as Aboriginal history codling moths, and tion of the book’s potential readership. pimping and prostitution in Depression-era A second serious problem with the col Leigh Ogston, Ed. Prince George. Some of the essays are nar lection is the editor’s claim that it represents Researching the Indian Land rowly focused and will have limited appeal “rural history” or an attempt to discover an Question in British Columbia. to people outside the academy. Others ap “authentic British Columbia voice”. Several REVIEWED BY Moc MACLACHLAN pear to have been written with a general of the articles are not really about rural top BrianTitley readership in mind. Richard Mackie’s article ics at all, whereas others display a profound The Frontier World of Edgar on cougar hunters on Vancouver Island, for ignorance ofrural conditions, rural activities, Dewdney. example, is eminently readable and it will rural people, and rural space. What, for ex REvIEwED BY Ci-Ii&LEs Hou “ring true” for anyone familiar with rural tra ample, is “rural” about youth employment in ditions on the Coast. Ken Favrholt’s article Williams Lake between 1945 and 1975? Is on agricultural settlement south ofKamloops this not a study of urbanization, albeit in a does a wonderfuljob of explaining the pres small town setting? Similarly, is it very mean ence of the old abandoned farm houses that ingful to describe the predominantly male dot the landscape on either side of High society of the gold-rush-era Cariboo as an way 5, and David Dendy’s account of codling expression of”homosocial” nineteenth cen moths in the Okanagan is a “must read” for tury?” True, an absence of women forced anyone interested in the history of the pro men to wash their own socks and to bake vincial tree fruit industry or the problems their own beans,but what is surprising about facing the widely publicized sterile insect that? People do not need to be guided by release program. convoluted feminist theories to discover that

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000 27 men will act differently in the absence of view ofthe city’s historical development from for example, seems to have been mainly a women, that gold miners were forced to its Aboriginal roots to its beginnings as a Hud residential area, though some houses are on perform tasks that they would have shunned son’s Bay Company post, through the arrival what was once farm land later “subdivided back home, and that drinking, gambling, and of coal miners in 1854, to its name change by the colliery for use of its workers,” but violence were prevalent on the gold fields from Colvile to Nanaimo—a corruption of one very plain two-storey building, a good where work was hard, recreation was lim the Coast Salish word Snunéymuxw—and on example of a “once common” local store is ited, gold was plentiflil, and the law was thin through almost one hundred years, period now a home, as is a small and pleasant look on the ground. by period, with eleven sketches of charac ing brick house at number 1881 on pleas Beyond the City Limits is best regarded as teristic buildings, one for each period. Each antly named Jingle Pot Road. Another an uneven production that illustrates the of these eleven appears later as a photograph “prominent landmark” is the school built in strengths and weaknesses of academic his and in comments making up the main text. 1914. tory today. Ruth Sandwell does, however, Following this short introduction a single In Newcastle homes are also of most in deserve considerable credit for drawing at good map indicates the relationship of the terest, the oldest built in 1898 for G.L. tention to a much-neglected dimension of six districts of the city one to another, and, Schetky, an insurance agent who was also British Columbia’s past. Because of her en thankfully, throughout the main text, imme the United States Consul. The Northend ergy and enthusiasm for the topic, academic diately before the commentary on each of district is less finely defined: a pioneer log historians will find it increasingly difficult to the districts, a really adequate map lays out cabin built on Bowen Road in 1872 at the portray British Columbia as an essentially the streets ofthe district next to be discussed. delta of the Nanaimo River; Our Lady of urban place. Most ofBritish Columbia is rural Immediately following the short histori Good Counsel Roman Catholic Church in nature and the rural areas continue to cal overview, for example, a map of the built in Lantzville in 1938 but later moved to generate the bulk of the province’s wealth. “Downtown & Old City Neighbourhood” 4334Jingle Pot Road; Pacific Biological Sta British Columbia’s international reputation leads into concise descriptions of buildings tion residence of 1928 at 3190 Hammond has always been largely based on its rich and in that oldest part of the city; a part you too Bay Road; the Beban house built around varied rural heritage, and it is high time that might have ignored while rushing through 1930 also on Bowen Road; and Northfield people in the southwestern corner of the or bypassing this city on your way to School of 1920, being somewhat reminiscent province took stock of the fact that the tra someplace else.And those short descriptions, of the later Superior Schools, but more at ditions, culture, interests, and concerns of usually two or three to a page, along with tractive in outward appearance. rural British Colurnbians have long been dif pictures, indicate the heritage importance of The fifth and sixth areas ofthe city; South- ferent from those of their urban them. The 1897 Rowbottom cottage— of end and Chase River, have fewer heritage counterparts. ‘“ which we had earlier seen a sketch—appears sites, although Southend has several elegant Reviewer Clint Evans is a historical consultant as “The Miner’s Cottage” along with a short houses of late Victorian style. and part-time instructor at Okanagan University description of it and something about Altogether, 124 different justifiable sites College. Frederick Rowbottom who emigrated to appear in this slim volume on heritage build Nanaimo in 1872 fromYorkshire and by 1890 ings, seventeen sketches of architectural de Columns, Cornices & Coal; the Heritage worked for the Vancouver Coal Company. tails, and seven maps, as well as contempo Some of the buildings are old, some new, rary photographs by Donald Luxton and a Resources of Nanaimo. some remodelled and some moved, all dif coiourfiil cover painted by Fred Peters.Apart Compiled and published by the Nanaimo ferent, all historically and architecturally in from a few grammatical infelicities, this im Community Heritage Commission, 455 teresting. peccable publication does exactly what it Wallace St., Nanaimo,BC. 90 pp. Illus., maps. The Earl Block on Church Street, built was intended to do. For that reason it could $15 paperback. 1897—1898,”is a proud surviving example of stand as a model for almost any city, town, REVIEWED BY GORDON R. ELuOrr. the brick—faced commercial buildings of village, or cross-roads commumty in the

The appearance of this short paperback downtown Nanaimo ‘sVictorian era”. Nearby, province. ‘“‘ booklet brought with it both a sense ofpleas the Great National Land Building, designed Reviewer Gordon Elliott is a member of the Vin ure and a sense ofshame. Pleasure because it and built by the Dominion Realty in 1914 couver Historical Society does so much in a short space to lay out a as a Bank of Commerce, stands dramatically sense of the history of Nanaimo for people at the north end of Commercial Street; its The Sommers Scandal: The Felling of who have been, again and again, in, out, classical front bowed out, and “with a deep Trees and Tree Lords. around, and through that city without really projecting cornice supported on four fluted Betty O’Keefe and Ian Macdonald. Surrey, having seen it; in the not-having-really-seen- giant order Doric colunms.” Such interweav BC: Heritage House, 1999.192 pp. Illus. $16.95 it lies the shame. In fact, one hopes that this ing of facts and impressions lead readers into paperback. short booklet might become a model for seeing something new in these heritage struc REvIEwED BY KIRK SALL0uM. heritage histories of both small towns tures they had passed so often yet had never short Robert Sommers was an early organizer for and not-so-small cities throughout this prov really considered. the BC Social Credit and, later, a rookie poli ince which is only recently becoming inter Following the central area, the core of tician.As Minister of Lands, Mines and For ested in its own historical sites. the old city and still the centre of town, ests, he was one of the most powerful indi The organization is exemplary. The first come the other five areas, each with its own viduals in the WA.C. Bennett government. five and a half pages give us a quick over- essential map and characteristics. Harewood, His actions as minister were relatively short

28 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.33 NO.4 lived. Sommers resigned from Cabinet be elicited and documented makes for a good floated most of the bonds for the S and 0. cause of accusations of questionable behav read. O’Keefe and Macdonald conclude the This site became the locale of the future iour. Later, he served two years and four book with two contemplative topics regard Interior Provincial Exhibition (IPE). months in jail after being convicted of con ing the governance of this province: one fo Expanding to a three-day show in 1932 spiracy and accepting bribes while a BC cuses on the moral and ethical behaviours of at the height of the Great Depression, the Cabinet minister. politicians, and the other revolves around BC fair experienced a further expansion in 1974 O’Keefe and Macdonald masterfully out forest policies and practices.As with the me to a four-day event. By 1988 the show en line the Sornmers scandal. The authors en dia coverage of the Sommers scandal, this larged to a five-day event following its des capsulate the scandal using government, book provokes debate and reader opinion.‘-“ ignation as a class “A” exhibition in 1982.A court, and media documentation, supple Reviewer Kirk Sallouni is an educational consult splendid agricultural hail was completed in mented with people’s recollections. Discus ant living in T4rncouve BC. 1906 and in 1960 a new grandstand with sions on relevant events, such as the devel dining hail below the bleachers was opened. opment of the forest industry and govern Other grandstands, Our Fair: the Interior Provincial Exhibi a new agricultural com ment policy at the time, assist the reader with plex and the horticultural building have been tion: Its Firstioo Years. appreciating the details of the Sommers af added to accommodate the increased Shirley Campbell.Armstrong, BC:Armstrong fair. growth.The grounds, the buildings, the race Advertiser, 1999. 174 pp. Illus. $23.95 paper The authors suggest that it was Gordon track, the quality of exhibits and livestock, back. Gibson, a Liberal MLA, started the ball roll and the entertainment have all been targeted REVIEWED BY ALICE ing in the legislature. Without mentioning GLANVILLE. to become even better. Attendance in Sommers by name, Gibson accused the Any thought that Our Fair would be a rather creased to 55,000 in 1993, to 86,000 in 1998, Socred government that “money talks and dry compilation of facts and statistics, is dis and 95,000 in 1999, making the IPE the largest has talked.” The House deemed these alle pelled after becoming absorbed in the con agricultural fair in the province. gations inappropriate and Gibson became tents of this delightful book. The lists of tro A progression ofmany relevant and lively “the first MLA ever ordered out of the B.C. phy winners, presidents, life members, etc. and photographs (almost 200) spanning the cen legislature.”As a form ofdamage control, the a relevant timeline are there, but documented tury not only provide an attractive window government appointed the Land Commis in the appendices for quick reference. An but also attest to the depth of research sion to probe Gibson’s charges. People in index is also included. Shirley Campbell has achieved by the author and her advisors.The volved in money transactions with Sommers done a masterful job of chronicling the de researchers have used The Armstrong Adver immediately began assessing their files. Oth velopment of the Armstrong Fair—the Inte tiser extensively, a reminder of the impor ers distanced themselves from Sommers, in— rior Provincial Exhibition (IPE). tance oflocal newspapers in recording his cludingWA.C. Bennett. Although the book follows the develop tory. Interspersed throughout the text are O’Keefe and Macdonald outline the ment of the fair starting in 1900, the author interest boxes of vignettes, mainly quotes events that led to the lengthy trial and sup takes us back to the Overlanders of1862 when from the Armstrong Advertiser, adding another ply a lucid analysis of the complicated court Al Fortune pre-empted land at Enderby, fol dimension and providing further insight into case. The reader finds out that though other lowed by Moses Lumby near Enderby in 1870, the phenomenal success of this fair. accused individuals escaped a guilty verdict, Martin Furstineau at Lansdowne in 1873, Price The Wagner Shows, formerly Gayland, the Sommers scandal altered their lives. The Ellison in PriestValley in 1876, and Benjamin became a substantial part of the entertain authors address a host of questions that Young a short while later. These men and ment for many years with MarkWagner him evolve from the trial and convictions of others, with the same pioneer spirit, all real self being an enthusiastic supporter of the Sommers and Wick Gray (a major character ized that they had rich, productive land. It IPE. Prominent politicians and entertainers in the Somrners affair). was from this soil that the challenging exhib have shared the podium over the years.The The media played a substantial role in its to the Armstrong Fair would come. names of Mat Hassen and his son, Matt S. making public the story ofthe Sommers scan Immigrants from Eastern Canada, United Hassen, are synonymous with the dal. O’Keefe and Macdonald provide back States, Europe, and Asia joined the First Na Armstrong Fair. Their combined record of ground as to the relationship that each po tions people in the Okanagan and brought 59 years as secretary-managers have given the litical party had with the media. Before and with them their favourite seeds and breeds fair the necessary continuity for network during the trial, media reports provoked oflivestock and their competitive spirit. This ing and building the reputation of a first public debate.At its conclusion,”almost eve “winning combination of people” gathered class fair. ryone had an opinion of the trial.”The out in 1900 to decide who had the best produce. With directors who were alert to the come of the Sommers affair made history: The actual site of the Fair was determined needs of all branches ofagriculture, the IPE The Province newspaper maintained that it was following the completion of the CPR across continued to grow and to flourish whereas the first time in the British Commonwealth Canada. A number of wealthy businessmen some other fairs did not. The directors en that a cabinet minister had been convicted and farmers formed a company to build the couraged “outside competition,” and this of conspiracy to accept bribes. S and 0 Line, a connecting rail link from prevailing competitive spirit, along with a Information collected from major players Sicamous to Okanagan Landing. Arriving at strong beliefin the educational value ofag throughout the decades following the trial, “the island in the swamp,” they parked a box ricultural exhibits and displays, contributed including an interview with Sommers, adds car beside the tracks and called it Armstrong, to the “general improvement and produc to the story’s intricacies. What the authors in honour ofWE. Heaton-Armstrong who tivity of the entire community.”

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000 29 To quote from the book: Nestled at the foot of the CowichanVal Glyphs and Gallows; the Rock Art of The phrase ‘Where farming comes first’ is the ley, in the rain shadow of the Island moun Clo-oose essence of the Spallumcheen district histori tains, the Municipality of North Cowichan and the Wreck of the John cally and today. It is a guide to policy making had the warm, sheltered climate to become Bright. in the Official Community Plan of the present the breadbasket of British Columbia. Indis PeterJohnson. Surrey, B.C.: Heritage House, municipal government. Farming is the trunk tinguishable from the surrounding munici 1999.254pp. $18.95 paperback. ofthe tree and the IPE is the enduring branch. pality is the City of Duncan itself not un REVIEWED BY PHYLLIS REEVE. The story of early families in Spallumcheen like the civic anomaly of the City of North and of the townspeople of Lansdowne and Pete Johnson breezes ashore with an entou Vancouver encircled by a district of the same Armstrong brings the creation of the IPE into rage of students and tourists. I don’t know name.At various times it has been called the present history. which he enjoys more: learning some new city of toterns, the dairy capital of British thing or refreshing it with his own enthusi The book is a well-written, inclusive account Columbia, and the sweet-pea capital of asm and teaching it to someone else. His ini ofthe IPE, a remarkable achievement which America. tial encounters with petroglyphs on Gabriola today stands as a testimony to all who have The author, Tom Henry, is a native of sent him questing on the outer edges ofVan contributed over these hundred years. Duncan and a graduate of its school system. couver Island and sleuthing in the depths of The author and her excellent research Presumably this intimate connection is at least the Provincial Archives, attempting to un comrruttee worked on this volunteer project one reason for the freshness of the anec cover a link between a set ofAboriginal rock for the Armstrong and Spallurncheen Mu dotes he relates, and for the caring way in carvings and an historical murder mystery. seum and Arts Society and have more than which he describes the various ethnic com— The word “art” in the title indicates adequately fulfilled the purpose of this his mumties. For example, he mentions that a Johnson’s appreciation of petroglyphs as an tory of “Our Fair —“to discover its origins, son of a large Chinese family started out in art form heavy with symbolic and likely acknowledge its evolution and to inspire its the fanuly corner store, and ended up one shamanic implications, with roots deep in present direction,”’ of the top photographers for Playboy Maga tradition and history. He looks at them with ReviewerA lice Clan yule, a member of the Bound zine.An older brother became a pharmacist, eyes accustomed to looking at art, and reacts ary Historical Society, is aforiner president of the then a senior officer in the Canadian Armed to the “plethora of metaphorical images and British Columbia Historical Federation. Forces, and, on retirement, mayor of symbols that took me to places I did not Petawawa. Similarly he notes that Frances know I wanted to go.” But at Clo-oose on Kelsey, who as head of the United States the West CoastTrail the carvings depict sail Food and Drug Administration Small City in a Big I4illey: The Story forty years ing ships. How can we read these records of of Duncan. ago prevented the marketing ofihalidomide European arrival? in America, the Tom Henry. Madeira Park: Harbour Publish was daughter of a Major Joy Inglis, in Spirit in the Stone, (Horsdahl Oldham ofthe ing, 1999. 182 pp. Illus, maps. $36.95 hard CowichanValley.A new high and Schubart, 1998) interprets them as ref school and a newly discovered cover. planet have erences to cargo and part of the wealth of been named in honour of this distinguished REVIEWED BY ADs C. WALDIE. the sea. Presumably shamanic power could daughter of the valley. call in cargoes as it called in fish. ButJohnson This beautiful volume looks like a small cof SirJohnA. Macdonald made but one short thinks them a factual account of events. fee table book, though it is much, much trip to British Columbia, in 1886,to hammer In February 1869 the English barqueJohn more. Its 182 pages encompass some of the in the traditional last spike of the Esquimalt Bright came to grief on the rocky coast near liveliest prose and most interesting photo-. and Nanaimo RailwayThere were to be three Nootka Sound. Soon the Victoria press graphs and line drawings this reviewer has in stations the Duncan area, but at the last printed rumours of bodies found on shore, seen for a long time. It could well be read in minute Premier Robert Dunsniuir, the coal some decapitated. The revelation that several an evening by anyone even remotely inter mining baron, decided to eliminate the one women and children had been aboard fired ested in this unique Vancouver Island town. at Duncan’s Crossing, as it was then known. the good colonists’ tenderest feelings, right Covering a span ofthe first hundred years The locals put up such a protest that, at the eous indignation, and thirst for revenge. of the hundred and thirty seven year history last nunute, Dunsmuir relented and restored Johnson suggests that unscrupulous traders of Duncan, it relates at once the anatomy the plan for the station. seized the opportunity to instill sonic useful and development of this thriving commu The author won the Bill Duthie B.C. terror into the Aboriginal people with whom nit Interwoven in the fabric of this history Booksellers’ Choice award for 1999 for his they had to deal. Inquests and Grand Jury are the stories of the Native people, a dis Westcoasters: Boats that Built B.C. This delight were duly called, but the real trial was by tinctive Chinese community, a smaller Japa ful volume on Duncan and the Cowichan press and public opinion. By July, the formal nese one, a hard-working East Indian group, Valley should put him in the running for verdicts were in and two Hesquiat men were and the purely British phenomenon of the another honour. ‘“ hanged for murder. “long stockings.” British Columbians have ReviewerA dam C. Waldie, BA, MD died in May Johnson finds loose ends, suppressed clues long referred to this latter group as “remit of rhis year. and room for reasonable doubt all over the tance men.” It is a good account of the cul case, and works out links between the John tural legacy of these turn—of—the—century Bri,ght tragedy and the Clo-oose glyphs, de pensioners from the British Army and Navy spite the distance between locales. He gives and victims of the laws of priniogeniture. us speculation at least as credible as the “cvi—

30 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.33 No.4 dence” which convicted Katkeena and John What did he really experience? Were some Anayitzaschist. of the characters and happenings a product Johnson’s murder mystery, set in a some ofimagination? The real impact ofthe tale is Federation what unsavoury oldVictoria, moves at a rapid at least partly taken away by the disclosure and engrossing pace. His personal journey toward the end of two separate incidents: In and engagement with the rock carvings in one, a family who have lived in the area for News vites a thoughtful, even meditative response, years deny that there is any house in the but the action doesn’t stop. Johnson’s head location. Here would be a fitting place to JULIE STEVENS OF UBC WINS or legs, or both, are always on the move. end the story. But it continues with the writ BRITISH COLUMBIA HISTORICAL The final chapter “Revelation and Des er’s parent returning to the site and finding FEDE1TION ScHOIsHIP 1999— ecration” pleas for protection of the the remains of the house. So we are left 2000. petroglyphs through education rather than wondering if the house was a total illusion, FitNcEs GUNDRY restriction of access, arguing, “If the federal or if it was known to neighbours who pre announces that the government, through its National Parks Serv ferred to pretend the house and its occu BCHF scholarship this year was won ice, invites the world to experience the West pants did not exist. Take your pick. by Julie Stevens, a fourth-year stu dent at the University CoastTrail, then I believe it has an obligation “Svendson and the Taxman” is a narrative ofBritish Co to raise public consciousness about the rock of the amusing outwitting of an income tax lumbia with a double major in his art of First Nations peoples.” official. “That’s Nothing”— the chronicle of tory and English.The title ofher es Johnson’s book should help raise some an only too typical character polluting his say is “Letters from Montney: an in consciousnesses. It’s also a lot of fun.’” surroundings with his ego. “The Deer and sight into the rural teaching experi Reviewer Phyllis Reeve lives on Gabriola, Silence” give shivers up the spine. One would ence in early twentieth century Brit “Petrogiyph Island.” like to shrug off the stories told as supersti ish Columbia.” Nine essays were sub tious nonsense, but the supernatural auras mitted this year and the judges noted make this impossible, and one is left with that all of the essays were of a very high standard and that they had Haunted Waters: Tales of the Old Coast. the uneasy feeling that itjust could all be real. a Dick Hammond. Illustrated by Alistair Spooky. difficult time making their decision. Anderson. Madeira Park: Harbour Publish “The Stoics” is my favourite story, for all Ms. Stevens is working at a volun teer job in Switzerland for ing, 1999.243 pp. Illus. $32.95 hardcover. that it relates rather gruesome accidents, back the sum mer and will travel before returning REVIEWED BY KELSEY McLE0D. in the days before there were mercy flights, rescue helicopters, the Coast Guard, to British Columbia at the end of The waters are indeed haunted in most of and quick communication. It is the reaction of the year to go into teaching. It is these tales, not to mention the islands and these injured men that hoped that she will be able to at mountains. The settings are mainly on the holds the interest. These were the people, theirs tend the BCHF conference in Rich upper and lower Sunshine Coast areas, as the attitude, that built our province. When reading the mond for the announcement of the would be expected with the author’s life stories, I could not help thinking award. time in that part ofour province. In the main, of so many oftoday’s individuals Julie Stevens’ essay is scheduled to the stories fall roughly into a few categories: who delight in making much ofevery twinge, every symptom, appear in the spring issue of BC His- logging, hunting, offbeat characters, as would every discomfort, every difficulty they meet. How torical News. be expected when dealing with those early they do go on, on TV, radio, in the printed days. As much as the core content of the word, delighting in the display of their lack stories, the details given about logging prac of intestinal fortitude. This story should be tices, boats, engines, terrain, and weather, required reading in our elementary schools, make for interesting reading. Only someone Researching the Indian Land Question to give children a role model early on. It just who has spent a lifetime on our coast could in British Columbia. might bring back a smidgen ofthat old pio give such details with accuracy. Leigh Ogston, ed.Vancouver: Union ofBrit neer spirit. “Living off the land” is good for many a ish Columbia Indian Chiefs, 1998. Unpaged. As I read the last sentence, I found my chuckle, as it tells of a group of hunters in Illus. No price given. Available from Union self wondering: if today’s men had to face experienced in coastal life, who set off on ofBritish Columbia Indian Chiefs, 500—342 what these pioneers did, would we have the an expedition with the idea ofliving off the Water Street,Vancouver, BC,V6B 1B6. country, the province, we share today? land while stalking their prey.Who, living up REVIEWER MoI&G MAcLAcHLAN. All in all, a good read. It is heart-warming the coast, has not encountered such peo that here, on the West Coast, young as we Although, as the title indicates, this manual ple—the know-it-ails who regard the rain are historically, we are at last publishing myths, is primarily intended for those researching forest as their oyster? As they get their come legends, superstitions, happenings, that are Indian land claims, Saul Terry, speaking for uppance a tremendous sense of satisfaction unique, and our own.’’ the Union of B.C. Indian chiefs, expects it fills the reader. Reviewer Kelsey IVIcLeod is afree-lance writer liv will have much wider use. He hopes those “The house by the Talking Falls” is the ing in Vancouver. She is on the executive of the writing family, band, or First Nations histo book’s longest story. To say it is weird is an J4rncouver Historical Society and has contributed ries, those engaged in land-use studies, those understatement, and the author’s father, who articles to BC Historical News over the years. planning initiatives in self-government and relates the story, remains a bit of a mystery.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000 31

No.4

NEWS —VoL.33 BC HISTORICAL 32

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181 1999. Press,

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do wrongs Two disputed. ship comrnu- in involved those and education, the rebellion and was released from prison only when it appeared likely he would die there.Tidey also states that ChiefPoundmaker Archives and Archivists Edited by Frances Gundry led the looting at Battleford when in fact the chief opposed the looting and, like Big HTTP://WWW.BCARCHIVES.GOV.BC. CA Bear, did his best to keep his more militant ALTHOUGH WE MAY LOOK THE followers out of the rebellion. SAME ON THE OUTSIDE—same address, same building—the public face of the BC Archives has changed radically Although Dewdney did use his position in the last five years. InJanuary 1995 we went live on the Internet and we haven’t looked back in government to further his financial inter since. In 1997, the first instalment ofVital Events indexes were added to the Internet site. Every ests (his choice of Regina as the capital of year the site gets larger as more research tools, indexes, catalogue cards, finding aids, the North West Territories was based on his maps, film, and images are scanned and added. We even have an award-winmng section ownership ofproperty there),Titley makes a designed for school children and linked to the curriculum.This “Amazing Time Machine” includes strong case for Dewdney’s leadership abili eleven different galleries on a vari ety of BC historical themes, each geared to specific school ties. Dewdney avoided extreme solutions to grades and reading levels. In 1999 our Web site received seven and a half problems. He sympathized with Alexander million hits from over 61 countries and over 105 gigabytes of data were sent over the Internet. Our remote Mackenzie when depression conditions pre enquiries jumped 67 percent over the previous year.We now have over 50,000 photos vented Mackenzie from building the Cana and artworks scanned and available via keyword search. Many of the private manuscript dian Pacific Railway on time, and worked holdings and the government records are described or listed in finding aids pointing you to the for a reasonable solution; he was flexible in specific citations for your on-site vt. assigning reserves to Native people in the What has happened of course is that it is now possible prairies; he worked to improve decisions af do conduct preliminary research from the comfort of your own home or the public library.You fecting western Canada made in far-off Ot can use the Web site to learn more about the BC Archives, our services and our holdings; tawa; and he worked for a compromise so— do searches to compile shortlists of collections or groups of material you think will be lution in the contentious matter of religious useful to your research; or even just keep track of what photos have been newly schools in the North West Territories. scanned through the daily log. When you plan your visit to Victoria (because it is still necessary to visit the Titley’s book unfortunately does not tell actual Archives to view actual documents), your research days at the BC Archives are us much about the personal life ofDewdney greatly tailored because of your on line preparation. or his wife Jane. The author states that this is The Web site gives equal access to all British Columbians due to the lack of documentary evidence. and opens the institution and its treasures to the world. It is the broadest form of outreach and Hence the book focuses on Dewdney as a one that is important for our profile both within and without government. The future public figure and does a fine job of docu is a busy one for staff as we try to balance the ever-increasing demands of today’s electronically oriented menting him as “a representative ofthat class society and our re sponsibilities “to collect, preserve, and make available” the Province’s of adventurer who saw in the western fron documentary heritage, a heritage that includes not only manuscripts, diaries, photos, maps, tier an unprecedented opportunity for self and other paper records, but film, video, computer discs, and electronic databases. aggrandisement.” Oddly, Tidey also states that Web Site Highlights: he does not consider Dewdney a great man - Births Registration Index: 1872- 1899 (events over 100 years or a nation builder. Titley does not explain old) — Marriage Registration Index: 1872— 1924 (events over 75 years old) what it takes to be considered a great man - Death Registration Index: 1872 - 1979 (events over 20 years and one must assume that his standard is so old) The Registration documents are on microfilm. The actual documents high that only a few Canadians have achieved are only available through on-site visits. Other BC locations for these microfilms are: Okanagan Regional Library, Kelowna; it. His book provides plenty of evidence in Simon Fraser University Library; Surrey Public Library; Victoria Genealogical Society and West Dewdney’s favour; To hike from Hope to Coast Family History Society in Victoria; J4incouver Public L.ibrary and any Church ofJesus the Kootenay gold fields without a map in Christ of Latter-day Saints Family History Centre. all kinds of weather, and to later build roads — 10,000 entries covering the entire paintings, drawings and prints collection and search for railway routes through the - Over 50,000 historical images with item level description same difficult terrain, surely qualifies — Approximately 5,400 catalogue descriptions with hypertext subject cross references Dewdney as a nation builder. (A map would and over 1,200 related finding aids for textual records have been useful aid also a to readers of the — Selected images of historical maps and related information InTidey’s words Dewdney book.) was “never - Over 10,000 publications (about 1/7 of the library collection) far from the most vital decisions and actions” - Listing of our holdings of BC newspapers on microfilm affectingWestern Canada. Dewdney was par - The award winning “AmazingTime Machine” featuring 11 educational galleries ticularly well liked in British Columbia for covering BC history topics from the Province’s K-12 social studies curriculum ap his work in opening up the province and peals to anyone interested in BC history. for efforts his to make Burrard Inlet the west - Soon to come: Index to wills and probates, annual update ofVital Events indexes, ern terminus of the CPR, and Titley comes and “This day in history.” to many insightful conclusions about his KATHRYN BRIDGE subject.’” Kathryn Bridge, Manager Access Services of BC Archives, can be reached by telephone (250) Charles Hou, now a retired history teacher is known 387-2962 or e-mail: [email protected] for his interest in the preservation of historic trails.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000 33

34 No.4 NEWS HISTORICAL BC -VoL.33

pretty close.

business became family the for well known

Philiip,

Harley graduated from High Penticton

got

top, the

he to

never but Harley made old. it

pany. the brother his Working Philip, with

the South Okanagan along with brother his

of his

when August

1years 81 1986, father was

founded the ther Interior Cons Contracting

Growing up in the of pioneering days

this P Haçfield.John in took

picture Hagleld

Cariboo Road. fa Harley 1930, and In his

beachfront.

in Harley

Mt. of Hatfield Above: sight

of Fraser the Canyon old the section of

a in new finally, house on the Lake Skaha

the minion Construction during rebuilding

tent, a in then converted coop, and chicken

in career construction His Do began with

they on moved to a living first Kaleden, in

elor history. ofArts in degree

home, which still exists 1909, In there today. post- 1936, in 1934, in the Peter born was

and

ish he a where Columbia completed Bach

they to moved to Summerland their new and John four. of Son family adventurous

nthe in he fledgling enrolled University ofBrit

Hatfield worked a as timber cruiser.That fall, active an raising repairing and talents nurse

old There for tram inter-urban Vancouver,

.

the edge Shuswap of Lake, Seaman while ally use to so health- her able do, was she

saddle, he bridle, his the pack, boarded and

summer of 1907, and lived they a in on tent usu as Lake. they followed, Children Vaseaux

profit $15.” some of carrying In Chilliwack,

Christie. The to Hatfields moved BC the in at island nthe on that in cottage exists still the

$50—in and for a sold words,”at hand his it

the son ofA. Seaman Hatfield and Roberta of lived marriage, years they their early the

$35 that he pride, with for horse the paid

New John, 28 Brunswick, on February 1905, In to to Harley. marriage prior her Kelowna

he his Chilliwack. relate years, In would later

Harley Robert was in born Hatfield Saint as health in nurse public a served RN,

an

a and Hope rode horse to the trail over it

remarkable person. 1920s.Toddy, the in mayor Tisdall,Vancouver’s

School bought in he year, 1923.The following

to little a the time take visit to this of of life Charles daughter

PhotobyJohn

of lives of all the that I In us. like vein, would the was known,

most unique has individual, who enriched affectionately was

a of the pathway this for continuingjourney she as “Toddy,” Tisdall.

a in sense, a certain stock-taking White along little Edith ried

final So among friends.” mar 1932, are. these Harley comments In

to try somewhere one.” else” down is that get to and “Nothing

way has fast It helluva a en said been times an is that, exit “Every

some hill, a up and get his to to others ability move action.

to way good a are they great and the in quiet of art skill leadership

admit must you “Well enced his us, lives many so the of of through

he replied, pipe, ways his many the touched influ and has he

on Hatfield draw to long celebrate Harley’s and life, acknowledge

a and a taking while, character to We achievements. and here are

for it about thinking ter an his in one such of this as occasion praise

Af in switch-back it. be he on not particularly would comfortable

one least at have to his of quiet and modest demeanour, nature

had road Hatfield every to because an know I apology that Harley.

were that true if jest, it to I these with like preface would remarks

in him, asked I Hedley, so izations, which in served he faithfully.

near hillside the ing, organ the and numerous volunteer

up way its snakes that of politics, engineer civil profession his civic

road a Hatfield Road, Boy Scout business, Movement, the family

Plate Nickel the past his him through ties, through known family

Harley with travelling old, and both have who young today, here

while occasion, one us of of mentor many model citizen—the

On nthem. on “stamp” a ways. been has Harley personal Hatfield

Hatfield the have rior and many so our positive in lives, touched

Inte BC the in dams has a to who about asked person speak

and bridges, roads,

been I that I have GREATLY HONOURED AM

the of Many eration.

op its of integrity and

Penticton. April in ‘I on

2000

honesty unfailing the

A by tribute Walker spoken Harvie

and work its of

quality

Hatfield Robert Harley 1905—2000

Reports

______war babies, Chris and Alyson, a decade later. person at the right time” in our teen-age record ofpublic service by one individual is There is an old saying, I suppose no longer struggle “to find out who we were and what a remarkable reflection of his unlimited en politically correct, that says, “A good wile is we wanted to be.” He was our model for ergy and his deep concern for others. the best home remedy.” The Hatfield chil what we would like to be. He was a leader As you know, one of Harley’s most en dren have all achieved success in their cho by doing, and a doer by leading. dearing characteristics was his talent as a sto sen fields; proofpositive of the care and sup Harley possessed a passionate and keen ryteller. He had a story for every occasion, port they received from their parents, in their sense ofhistory as well as an intense love and and often spoke in parables. To travel with childhood years.Toddy Hat6eld predeceased respect for nature. He combined those in him was to experience a colourful historical Harley in 1984. terests in his historical research, and in his travelogue, and a variety of anecdotes Harley began his engineering career dur long-time association with the Okanagan His prompted by the moment. He was self.dep ing World War II, serving first in the Royal torical Society, as a writer and director, and recating, often making himself the victim of Canadian Air Force, and then in the Royal latterly, as an honorary life member of that his own humour, as the following incidents Canadian Engineers, where he achieved the society. He was also a founding member of he related to me will show. rank of captain. After returning to civilian the Okanagan Similkameen Parks Society It In his youth he worked for his uncle,Jim life and further study, he became a member is natural, therefore, that his pioneer back Christie, one of the pioneer ranchers of of the Association of Professional Engineers ground, his research skills, and most of all, Okanagan Falls. Each morning his uncle ofBC in 1948. Following the sale ofthe family his dogged determination, drove him in his would rap on Harley’s cabin door to waken business, Harley set up practice as a consult efforts in re-locating and protecting sections him to go fetch the cows for milking. One ing engineer. In 1987, in recognition of his of the Okanagan Fur Brigade Trail, and the morning the rap came as usual, and he an devotion to his community and its youth, 1849 Hudson’s Bay Fur BrigadeTrail, between swered, “Airight, Uncle Jim”. The rap was and to his profession of engineering, civil Princeton and Hope. There are people here repeated a second time, and Harley re Harley was honoured by his colleagues, “as today, myself included, who will remember sponded even louder.And a third time, when a most recipient worthy of this Association’s those days in the rain, fog, mosquitoes, and he realized that a woodpecker had taken over 1987 Community ServiceAward.” devil’s club at Fool’s Pass, so aptly named, the waking chore, and had, as Harley put it, As the award suggests, Harley was an ac might I add, when Harley would, with the “done me out of a half hour’s sleep”. An tive and tireless community worker. One of determination of one possessed, drag us out other story he related involved Bobby his long-time associations was with the Boy of our sleeping bags and lead us in search of Christie,Jim’s son, who Harley described as Scout Movement. Beginning in 1913 as aWolf old axe blazes and other signs of a trail, long “a serious little boy, anxious to know all about Cub, Scouting his career spanned every level since reclaimed by nature. Most ofthe credit the world”. One day, tiring of Bobby’s in of Scouting leadership, from cub master to for saving those important historical and rec cessant questions, he said to him, “Haven’t president of the Interior Region. In 1967, reational trails belongs to Harley. It is appro you heard that curiosity killed the cat?” to he was awarded Scouting’s Medal of Merit, priate, therefore, that a mountain near the which Bobby replied, “Was it his cat?” As I and 1994, SilverAcom, in the Scouting’s high trail has been named Mount Hatfield. have said, Harley never minded a joke on service est award. The citation for the award In addition to the public service I have himself He told me about the time he and reads, “Harley Hatfield through his long as already mentioned, he made other substan Tommy Shuttleworth were riding the range sociation with Scouting in the Okanagan tial contributions to his community. He served in the late fall gathering the cattle. On one Valley has exemplified the finest Scouting two terms as a Penticton city alderman, was particularly cold night, they were camped traditions as an active outdoorsman who has on the executive of the Siniilkameen Re out in the hills above Okanagan Falls. In the combined those skills with sustained com gional District, from 1965 to 1969. He served middle of the night, Tommy poked him in munity service. Beyond this legacy to Scout a term on the Penticton School Board, and the ribs and said, “I think your horse is loose ing and to his cornmumty is a man who has was the Civil Defence Officer, in the 1970s. and you had better get up, if you don’t want greatly influenced the lives ofmany boys and He was a continuing member of the a long walk back to the Falls”. So Harley men—a man of great warmth and unfailing Okanagan Simiikameen Parks Society and was dressed, and in the dark and cold, managed humour.” a founding member of the Apex Alpine Ski to retrieve the horse in question, only to My personal association with Harley and Area - one ofits tireless early volunteer work find it was Tommy’s horse, and not his own. his family began in my impressionable teen ers. I recall one day when I was the victim of age years, and as a consequence, I owe many Harley was also an active member of the Harley’s humour.We had spent a particularly of my values and attitudes to the things he South Okanagan Naturalists’ Club, a direc hot July morning wandering through the modelled through example, quiet urging, and tor of the Engineering Institute of Canada sagebrush and cactus near White Lake, look his parable stories about life. He was one of from 1961 to 1971, a member of the Mu ing for signs of the old Okanagan Fur Bri those catalytic people who could relate to seumAdvisory Committee and the Penticton gade Trail. By mid-day, I had developed a young people and demonstrate the impor Centennial Committee, in the 1970s. He was burning thirst. And as luck would have it, tant basic values needed for a caring society active in the Canadian Legion and the Ca we arrived at a small pipe sticking out ofthe that recognizes and celebrates the unique nadian Club, and served 20 years on the hillside with a nice stream of water flowing ness of individuals. Harley’s steadfast adher Penticton Board ofTrade. He was an active out of it. Producing a cup from his knap ence to the ideals of the Scouting move member of Engineers for Disarmament, a sack and fiffing it, he politely offered me the ment, and his unfailing belief in the good member of the World Federalists of Canada, first cup, which turned out to be the foulest ness of humankind, made him “the right and the Borstal Society of Canada. Such a alkali water I have ever tasted.This ofcourse,

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000 35 much to his amusement. Place as a guest of Lord Egerton who had Being from a profession that uses words Sonia Cornwall frequently employed him as a guide and agent to make a living, I have always been im and he would also visit Lord Exeter at pressed by the unique and succinct way in By Eileen Truscott Burleigh House. He had met Lord Exeter which Harley used language. Not long ago, serving as the agent for Lord Exeter’s ranch Ti-its SUMMER, from July to September, the he reminded me that we could use the cabin at 100 Mile House. “Deadwood” also served Kelowna Art Gallery presented an art exhi on the Island atVaseaux by saying, “I think as a guide for the collection for the bition ofsome historical interest. The work the wheelbarrow on the island needs fixing Rothschild Museum in New York, and the shown was by Sonia Cornwall, an artist well again.”And in a letter I received from him a Kensington Museum in London where you known in the Williams Lake area. Showing few years ago, he wrote, “Apologies for the can see the record moose, with antlers over her work at this time is appropriate, consid spelling and other mistakes. I am almost ninety seven feet, that he shot in Kodiak, Alaska. ering the increasing interest in both Cana and if I took the time to check the spelling, We can imagine that”Deadwood” Cowan dian history as well as regional Canadian art I would never get this letter done.” would be quite a catch. He was good look history, especially in regard to history In the past couple of years I have visited ing, and had an office, a house, a buggy with moulded by women. Much of Sonia Corn him at Granville Park Lodge, often taking a handsome pair of bay horses with brass- wall’s early life intersected with the very ro him his favourite Borkum-Riffwhiskey-fla trimmed harness, a chauffeur, and a house mantic era of the opening of the west, and voured pipe tobacco—the only kind he keeper. Every year a crate of books would the transition from European cultural tradi would willingly smoke. Each morning he arrive from the Times Book Club in Lon tions to the beginnings of a particularly Ca would go out with his walker for his morn don, England. When Sonia’s mother Vivien nadian art history. ing pipe. He related to me how, one morn Tully arrived from Portland, Oregon it was Sonia was born in 1919 in Kamloops ing at the nearby park, he went to sit down love at first sight. where her father, C.G. (Deadwood) Cowan on his walker seat, but had failed to engage Sonia was born in 1919. She grew up at a was a property agent. Leaving Ireland when its brake. So as he put it, “the walker had time when there were smudge pots in the he was 15, Deadwood Cowan arrived in migrated from the spot where I had left it, garden, mosquito nets at home over the bed, Kamloops to visit his brother’s farm in South to a place where I wasn’t, so I ended up on and children were to be seen and not heard. Carolina. In the late nineteenth century he the ground. But, I am good at falling, and She had her dog, Mr.Timothy, and her horse, went to Mexico, arriving during a pre-revo the only damage I suffered was to my dig Camp. When she was nine she stayed with lutionary Mexican gunfight. Family legend nity. The only problem was that one of the family friends in Kamloops and attended Miss recounts how he saç looking at a magazine men who helped me up stepped on my fa Beattie’s school. On Saturday mornings she while sheltering under a bed from stray bul vourite pipe and broke it in half”. One final had art classes. When she was old enough lets, an advertisement for the North West example ofHarley’s unique brand ofhumour she joined Grade 9 at Strathcona Girls’ School Mounted Police, in Edmonton. He rode up has come to me through his family. When at Shawmgan Lake on Vancouver Island. In to Edmonton to join their division and stayed great-grandchild, Sam was a babe in arms and Victoria, after she left Strathcona Girls’ with them for six years. During that time he drooling, as babies are prone to do, Harley School, she began to study to be a set de learned how to speak the Cree language, how was heard to remark, “Just think, Sam, in signer with Don May of the Cormsh Thea to guide, and how to track and hunt. While another ninety years, you will be doing that tre in Seattle following a murderer into British Columbia all over again.” Sonia loved going home to the ranch he first saw what later became his Onward Because each of us has known Harley and during the summer months and would see Ranch, and vowed to come back. Later, when in different ways and in various circum her family during the winter inVictoria.Any he became a property agent in Kamloops he stances, each one of us has our own set of isolation the family felt on the ranch would started to put together the land that formed personal memories and special feelings about be counter balanced by the winters spent in the Onward Ranch, which included the 150 this truly remarkable man. So we will remem Victoria, where the family went each year, Mile Ranch, and the Jones Lake Ranch. At ber him in a variety of ways.We are all better accompanied by trunks of linen, silver, and one time Onward Ranch included over for having known Harley. We will miss him books. In 1939, when her father died, all this 11,000 acres and substantial grazing rights on greatly! ended. At that time her family, like many Crown Land. Sonia still calls this a small ranch Harley Robert Hatfield—husband, father, others, had no money. Sonia began to take a when compared to other ranches in the area. grandfather, great—grandfather, scout, scouter, serious interest in the working ofthe ranch, “Deadwood” also guided English visitors soldier, engineer, pioneer-builder, alderman, labouring beside the men, which was quite on 6-month trips to Canada while persuad trustee, but most of all, good and faithful an undertaking for a woman at that time. ing them to invest in land. He wrote about friend! She would rise at 5 AM., eat breakfast, feed these expeditions for the British magazine February 28, 1905 to February 14, 2000 - and harness the team, and head to the hay Country Ljfe and travelled back and forth, a long and productive life! To use the gentle fields for a ten-hour day. Sonia loved it. The crossing the Atlantic from Canada to Eu old Scout saying,”Harley Has Gone Home!” family would still have their books to read rope numerous times. He had a Canadian Mourn not too long that he is gone, but because during the 1930s and the 1940s the Pacific Railway pass for rail and steamship rejoice forever that he was, and walked with public library in Victoria would lend up to travel because he wrote for their agricultural us.’’ six books, sending them by mail even paying column. Before his marriage he spent the the postage each way.At night Sonia remem winter in London enjoying theatre and his bers rigging up a car battery to a radio and club. He used to visit for a few days atTatton listen to jazz from New Orleans.

36 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vot. 33 No.4 Archives Week The Archives Association of British Colum bia (AABC) is seeking support for the procla niation of an Archives Week in BC to help raise public awareness of the importance of archives. On lOJuly 2000 theAABC wrote the fol lowing letter to the Hon. Graeme Bowbrick, Minister ofAdvanced Education,Training and Technology and Minister Responsible for Youth, with a copy to the Hon. Ian Waddell, Minister of Small Business,Tourisns and Cul ture. Dear Minister: Re: Proclamation of British Columbia Archives Week, November 19-25, 2000 The Archives Association ofBritish Co lumbia (AABC), which represents ar Sonia Cornwall: House at the Outward Ranch, 1960. Oil/paper 18” x 23½”. chives and archivists throughout the province, requests your support in estab lishing an annual Archives Week. During this time Soma’s mother Vivian had served as a pilot with the RAF and a We have selected the week of November 19-25, 2000 began to take art classes at the Banif School flying instructor with the RCAF before com as the most suitable because it begins on Douglas Day, which of Fine Arts and met A.Y. Jackson. In 1943, ing to the Cariboo to work for the Cariboo com memorates the proclamation of the Soma was working on the ranch when she Cattlemen’s Association. Like many people Crown Colony British received a telegram from her mother telling of Columbia at living in supposed isolation, she didn’t feel Fort Langley in 1858. her A.Y. Jackson would arrive by bus and lonely or deprived. She continued to work As you will see from the enclosed Reso instructioning her “take to care ofhim.”A.Y. as a rancher while she raised a family. lution from our Executive, we are re Jackson returned several years, each time stay She continued to paint. Sonia is largely questing a permanent designation of the ing for approximately three weeks. At the self-taught and with the help of the CBC third week in November, centred on end of each visit he would set up the paint radio programmes and extensive reading she November 19th, as British Columbia Archives Week. ings that he had produced during this time continued to learn. She attended outreach Why an Archives Week? Archives are the foundation from which and offer Sonia and her family a choice from workshops in the Cariboo and received cri our society maintains continuity with among them. He would then pack up his tiques from well-known artists such as Molly our past, and preserves the present works with wooden matchsticks between for fu Bobak, Herbert Ziebner, Joe Plaskett, Jack ture generations. the panels and tie them with string and set Hardman,Takao Tanabe, CliffRobinson and Archivei care for the records that docu off to return east. A.Y. Jackson continued Zelko Kujundzic, besides A.YJackson. Soma ment all aspects of the public and private his association with the family and Sorua also credits friends who were involved with life of our society, including official would later send him half a dozen of her playwriting, set designing, and writing books records that protect citizens’ rights and paintings at a time for his criticism. and poetry, encouraging her to paint. Sonia hold elected officials accountable to the In 1946, when Sonia was 27 years old she says she always had interesting friends. public. For these reasons we think it is important and her sister went to the Provincial Insti But her real inspiration is the ranch where to mark the accomplishments of our tute ofTechnology in Calgary to study art. she and her husband Hugh still live. She is community archives network, including They had been attracted to this school be familiar with all its terrain, with the seasonal the provincial BC Archives, with a new cause Jock MacDonald taught design there. pattern of calf birthing, branding and celebratory week.We hope you will be Most of her classmates were ex—servicemen roundup. Sonia wasn’t able to paint when able to honour our request for a Procla ofsimilar ages, but in spite of this, Sonia and her children were very young and she and mation ofArchives Week and be available her sister felt they were all treated like chil her husband were busy runmng the ranch. for a public announcement on Monday, dren. Sonia remembers how they studied still But she was able to store images and experi November 20, 2000. life. No nude studies were allowed. She would ences to be released later when she could Sincerely, Jane Turner, President take a tram as far out as she could go on the work again in her own lyrical extension of If you consider supporting this initiative, Bow River and paint, or hitchhike out of the Canadian Impressionist tradition. by writing to the ministers or participating Calgary to Okotoks and draw people in the The works in her exhibition were pro in the activities planned by AABC, you may pub. duced over a forty-year period and are a tes reach Jane Turner by phone (250) 721-8258, This only lasted three months. She re timony to her love of life and her energy e-mail:[email protected], or fax (250) 721- turned to the ranch. In 1948 she married 8215. Visit the AA.BC homepage at http:/ and talent to capture this love in her work. ‘‘ Hugh Cornwall, a native of Ashcroft who aabc.bc.ca/aabc/

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL zooo 37

No.4 38 NEWS -VOL.33 BC HISTORICAL

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before Whonnock in to editor the and Notes News in be to pub’ished send information Please

Notes and News seum is free, but there will be a donation The book is dedicated to Mrs. Bennett, who history oflater”Gabriolans.”Aside from his box. Several donations of five hundred dol passed away in April of this year at the age tory, attention will also be given to archaeol lars have been received as well as many hun of 88. She went with the knowledge that ogy and anthropology as well as geology and dred-dollar cheques. A membership in the her book would be published. Mrs. McCrae natural history. Anyone with a special inter society is five dollars per year. Send for them worked with her on both books and cer est in Gabriola please contact editor Nick to Joan Coralan at Page Drive, RR 1, tainly misses her and her help. Doe. E-mail: [email protected]. GalianoVON 1PO. Other contributions go to This second volume ofPioneer Legacy will Joan or to Nancy Davidson, Devina Drive, cover some ofthe riverboat landings, the tel RuPERT’s LAND COLLOQUIUM 2000 RR 2, Galiano,VON 1PO. egraph line, mail service, and the building of The Centre for Rupert’s Land Studies at the the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. The re University of Winnipeg collaborated with OuTsTDING ACHIEVEMENTS viewer of the first volume mentioned that Washington State University to present Col In May, at the annual conference of the there are no articles devoted to Meanskinisht. loquium 2000 atVancouver,Washington, 24 Heritage Society of British Columbia in Well, in this volume there are several stories to 28 May 2000. Approximately half of the Victoria, Outstanding Achievement Awards of the Tomlinsons of the Holy City, once about hundred people in attendance were for Advocacy were given to: known as Meanskinisht, now Cedarvale. from Canada. British Columbia historians Five members of the Armstrong giving papers included Ken Favrholdt, — Helene McRae Spallumacheen Museum & Arts Society for Secwepemc Museum, Kamloops; Richard writing and publishing Our Fair. Shirley ORMSBY PiuzEs AwARDED Mackie, Malaspina College, Nanaimo; and Campbell, Innes Cooper,Jessie Ann Gamble, The Society for the Promotion of British Roberta Dods, Okanagan University College. Marion Hope and Kristen Kane collaborated Columbia History announced the 1999 win The papers covered a broad range of topics, to produce this extensive history of the In ners ofthe Margaret Ormsby Prize for B.C. primarily focused on the fur trade in the terior Provincial Exhibition. History. The award recipients are: Pacific Northwest. Visits to FortVancouver, The Nanaimo Heritage Commission for Jean Foote, University-College of the French Prairie and Cape Disappointment the publication of Columns, Cornices and Coal: Cariboo, for her paper “The Honourable were part of the program. The Heritage Resources ofNanaimo. Thomas Humphreys: A Controversial Con This was the ninth biennial colloquium. Delta pioneer and living legend Edgar tributor to Changes in Early B.C.Politics.” The Centre for Rupert’s Land Studies facili tates research Dunning for his life-long commitment to Anne Doré, University-College of the and publishing in the human history ofthe the promotion of heritage conservation in FraserVailey, for her paper “Good Neighbours: Hudson’s Bay Company terri tories Delta. He is especially acknowledged as a Remembering Japanese Canadians of the known from 1670 to 1870 as Rupert’s historian. FraserValley.” Land and the Columbia District, promotes awareness of the Hudson’s Bay Company Donald Luxton and Lilia D’Acres for the “I Leanne Dyck, Okanagan University-Col archives in Winnipeg, publishes The Rupert’s publication of Lions Gate. lege, for her paper “Goal Symbiosis:AnAnaly Land Newsletter, sis of the Mutually Compatible Goals of the and co—publishes a series of The Port Moody Heritage Commission documentary Bella Bella Heiltsuks volumes on aspects ofRupert’s for the publication of the City ofPort Moody and the Methodist Mis sionaries ofB.C.” Land history in partnership with McGill- Heritage Inventory Queens University Press. For further infor ‘J Wendy Robertson, Malaspina University- The Oliver and District Heritage Society mation on the Centre’s activities and the lo College, for her paper “You start the work, for their Heritage Week program. cation of the next colloquium please con and I’ll fill in the blanks.’ To All Appearances tact: The Centre for Rupert’s Land Studies, a Lady: Fact or Fiction?” THE LOWER SICEENA REvIsITED University ofWinnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, The first volume of Pioneer Legacy: Chronicles The Margaret Ormsby Prizes are offered by Winnipeg, MB, R3B 2E9. of the Lower Skeena—reviewed in BC Histori the Society for the Promotion of British — Marie Elliott cal News, Winter 1998—1999 by George Columbia History for the best essays in Brit Newell of Victoria—was awarded second ish Columbia history and are meant to en C1NBRooK SCHOOL HERITAGE FAIR prize in the 1997 BCHF writing competi courage researching and writing about Brit Five members ofthe East Kootenay Histori tion. Pioneer Legacy is a compilation ofstories ish Columbia history in a way that informs cal Association were among the judges for up to about 1920 collected by Norma V. and engages a broad audience.There are four Cranbrook’s first Heritage Fair. StewartWil Bennett, who donated her material to the awards of $200 each presented every year son, an energetic teacher from Steeples El Dr. REM. Lee Hospital Foundation inTer- for the best undergraduate essay on an as ementary School, enlisted cooperation from race for publication.Any finds realized were pect ofBC history. most of the other elementary schools in the to go toward hospital equipment. So far ap city and had entries from one class in Fernie. WELCOME SHALE proximately $20,000 of the revenues of the He arranged for sponsors to provide aT-shirt first volume has gone towards the new en This fall the Gabriola Historical and Mu and a certificate for each youngster who en doscopy unit for Mills Memorial Hospital in seum Association will publish the first issue tered. Stewart Wilson also enlisted groups Terrace. of Shale. This issue of the new magazine will such as the Quilters Guild, Amateur Radio Helene McRae has just gone through the be distributed to members free of charge. Club, Western Wireless Company, and Fort final editing of the second volume ofPioneer The prime focus of the journal will be on Steele’s harness maker to have adult displays Legacy with Harbour Publishing’s editor.The history and pre-history ofthe Snunéymux”, within the hall, and antique car owners to book should be available before Christmas. Chemainus, and Lyakson people and the show off in the parking lot outside.

BC HISTORICAL NEWS - FALL 2000 39 This first Heritage Fair attracted 125 stu lowing weekend. About nine hundred BlirrisH CoLuliA HIsTO1UCAJ.. dents between Grades 4 and 9. The indi people participated on the Saturday and FED]I1crIoN vidual students or team chose topics for seven hundred turned up for the pancake 2000 - 2001 SCHOLARSHIP projects and 90 projects were displayed. For breakfast on Sunday. Applications should be submitted a small number of outstandingly well-done One of the reasons to celebrate was a before 55 May 2001 projects a Certificate of Excellence was is history book titled A Century in the Lfe of The British Columbia Historical sued. From those with “Excellent” rating are Elko, compiled and composed by a commit Federa tion annually awards a $500 scholarship to chosen entrants to district, provincial, or na tee of five: Gladys Wilkinson, Marjorie a student completing third or fourth year at tional fairs. — Naomi Miller Fitzpatrick, PhyffisJohnson, Corlyn Usarstad, a British Columbia college or university. and Caroline Mercer. The Heritage Fairs are promoted by the CRB Founda Ron Blair, of Friesen To apply for the scholarship, candidates must tiori (who sponsors the Heritage Minutes TV spots). Printers, gave the group guidance and en submit: Thefoundation has a Web site called “Historica” that couragement. A large number of the books 1. A letter of application. contains more information at: http: //his:ori.ca / were presold and attendees purchased almost 2. An essay of 1500-3000 words on a topic historica/eng....site/showtase/heritagçfairs/index.htlm. all the extra copies at the reunion. relat-ing to the history of British Colum—

- Ed. -Naomi Miller bia.The essay must be suitable for publica tion in British Columbia Historical News. ELK0 HOMEcOMING WEEICEND 3.A professor’s letter of recommendation. UNION OF BC INDIAN CHIEFS During the last weekend in June the East In April the Union of BC Indian Chiefs Kootenay community of Elko of less than Send submissions before 15 May 2001 to: (UBCIC) announced the release on two hundred citizens hosted a special re the Scholarship Committee, Internet ofits book Researching the Indian Land British Columbia Historical union for former residents. Honorary Mayor Federation Question In BC:An Introduction to Research Strat P0 Box 5254, Station B. Viola Wilkinson came to Elko as a toddler egies &Archival Researchfor Band Researchers. Victoria BC V8R 1N4 and has lived there for the rest of her more This timely publication is the first ever than eighty years. She welcomed visitors and The winning essay will, and other selected sub how-to manual focused exclusively on the missions maybe published in British Columbia His presided over the anniversary cake cutting. full spectrum ofBC repositories and records torical News. There was a fascinating parade of old ve relating to First Nations.The entire publica hicles and machinery. Local children rode in tion or chapters of the manual needed can BC History Web Site Prize a hay wagon. There were musical entertain be downloaded from the Web site http:// ment, food booths, children’s games, raffles, The British Columbia Historical Federation wwwubcic.bc.calmanuaihtm. Comments and a steak supper and dance. Neighbours from and David Mattison are jointly sponsoring a suggestions on any aspect of this manual are nearby Wardner put on a fashion show. Re yearly cash award of $250 to recognize Web welcome. Please call UBCIC Research at (604) turnees came from all across Canada, parts sites, longer than one page, that contribute 684-0231, fax (604) 684-5726 or e-mail to the understanding and appreciation ofthe United States, and from as far away as of [email protected] British Columbia’s past. England and New Zealand. One family came Morag Maclachian’s review of this book Judgement will be based on historical con from New Mexico to attend the reunion can be found on pages 31 and 32 of this tent, layout, design, and ease ofuse.The award and stayed for a friend’s wedding the fol honours individual issue of BC Historical News. initiative in writing and presentation. Nominations for the BC History Web Site JOHN W00Dw0RTH HONOURED Prize for 2000 must be made to the British On 12 June 2000 JohnWoodworth, a retired Columbia Historical Federation, Web Site architect and founding member of the Al Prize Committee, prior to 31 December exander Mackenzie Trail Association 2000. Web site creators and authors may (AMTRA), was honoured in his hometown nominate their own sites. Prize rules and the online nomitation of Kelowna with an Honorary Doctor of form can be found on The British Columbia His Laws Degree from Okanagan University tory Web site: http://www.victoria.tc.ca/re— College. sources/bchistory-announcements.htlm. The tiny group ofvolunteers that formed In the 1940s, the Vancouver artist F PThursby painted AMTRA twenty years ago has grown into a A Certificate of Merit and fifty dollars will be a rendition of the shipThames City in full sail. The national organization: the Alexander Macken awarded annually to the author of the article, Province reproduced that painting (l4April 1945) to zie Voyageur Route Association (AMVRA) published in BC Historical News, that best en illustrate an article by George Green. Mike Lsyland of of which John Woodworth as executive sec hances knowledge of British Columbia’s his tory and provides reading enjoyment. Judging Victoria seeks help locating the painting and wants to retary. John Woodworth wrote an article, happens to know happened will be based on subject development, writing hearfiom anyone who what “Show Us Where MackenzieWalked,” in BC to the ship after the Columbia Detachment disembarked skill, freshness of material, and appeal to a gen Historical News, 26:2, Spring 1993. in Esquimalt in 1859. [email protected] eral readership interested in all aspects ofBC

— Naomi Miller history.

MANuscRIPTs sUBMITtED FOR PUBLICATION should be sent to the Editor, BC Historical News, P0 Box 130, Whonnock BC V2W 1V9. Submission by e-mail of text and illustrations is welcome. Otherwise please send a hard copy and if possible a disk copy of the manuscript by ordinary mail. Illustra tions should be accompanied by captions and source information. Submissions should not be more than 3,500 words.Authors publishing for the first time in the British Columbia Historical News will receive a one—year complimentary subscription to the journal.

40 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -VOL.33 No.4 British Columbia Historical Federation ORGANIZED 31 OCTOBER 1922

MEMBER SOCIETIES

Alberni District Historical Society Nicola ValleyMuseum Archives Association The British Columbia P0 Box 284, Port Alberni, BC V9Y 7M7 P0 Box 1262, Merritt BC V1K 1B8 Historical Federation is Anderson Lake Historical Society North Shore Historical Society an umbrella organization embracing regional P0 Box 40, D’Arcy BC VON 1LO do 1541 Merlynn Crescent, societies. Arrow Lakes Historical Society North Vancouver BC V7J 2X9 P0 Box 819, Nakusp BC VOG 1RO North Shuswap Historical Society Localhistorical societies Atlin Historical Society Box 317, Celista BC VOE 1LO are entitled to become POBox 111, Atlin BC VOWIAO Okanagan Historical Society Member Societies of the Boundary Historical Society P0 Box 313,Vernon BC V1T 6M3 BCHistoricalFederation. P0 Box 1687, Grand Forks BC VOH 1HO Princeton & District Museum & Archives Allmembers of these local Bowen Island Historians Box 687, Princeton BC VOX iWO historical societies shalt by that very fact be P0 Box 97. Bowen Island, BC VON 1GO Qualicum Beach Historical Society members of the Federa Burnaby Historical Society 587 Beach Road tion. 6501 Deer LakeAvenue, Qualicum Beach BC V9K 1K7 Burnaby BC V5G 3T6 Richmond Museum Society AffiliatedGroups are Chemainus ValleyHistorical Society Minoru Park Plaza, 7700 Minoru Gate, organizations with P0 Box 172, Chemainus BC VOR 1KO Richmond BC V6Y 7M7 specialized interests or objects of a historical Cowichan Historical Society Salt Spring Island Historical Society nature. P0 Box 1014, Duncan BC V9L 3Y2 129 McPhiilipsAvenue District 69 Historical Society Salt Spring Island BC V8K 2T6 P0 Box 1452, Parksville BC V9P 2H4 Sidney & North Saanich Historical Soc. Membership fees for East Kootenay Historical Association 9281 Ardmore Drive both classes of member P0 Box 74, Cranbrook BC V1C 4H6 North Saanich BC V8L 5G4 ship are one dollar per Gulf Islands Branch BCHF Silvery Slocan Historical Society member of a Member Society or Affiliated c/oA. Loveridge S22, Cli, RR # 1 Box 301, New Denver BCVOG iSO Group with a minimum Galiano Island BC VON 1PO Surrey Historical Society membership fee of $25 Hedley Heritage Society Box 34003 17790 #10 Hwy. and a maximum of $75. P0 Box 218, Hed.ley BC VOX 11(0 Surrey BC V3S 8C4 Kamloops Museum Association Terrace Regional Historical Society 207 Seymour Street P0 Box 246,Terrace BC V8G 4A6 Kamloops BC V2C 2E7 Texada Island Heritage Society Koksilah School Historical Society Box 122,VanAnda BC VON 3K0 5213 Trans Canada Highway, Trail Historical Society Koksilah, BC VOR 2CO P0 Box 4O5,Trail BC V1R4L7 Kootenay Lake Historical Society Vancouver Historical Society Box 1262, Kaslo BC VOG 1MO P0 Box 3O71,Vancouver BC V6B 3X6 P0 Questions about Society Lantzville Historical Society Victoria Historical membership should be do Box 274, Lantzville BC VOR 2H0 P0 Box 43035, Victoria North directed to: London Heritage Farm Society Victoria BC V8X 3G2 TerrySimpson, 6511 Dyke Road, Richmond BC V7E 3R3 Yellowhead Museum Membership Secretary, Nanaimo & District Museum Society Box 1778,RR# 1 BCHistorical Federation, 100 Cameron Road Clearwater BC VOE 1NO 193 BirdSanctuary, Nanaimo BC V9R 2X1 NanaimoBC V9R6G8 Nanaimo Historical Society P0 Box 933, Nanaimo BC V9R 5N2 AFFILIATED GROUPS Nelson Museum 402 Anderson Street, Nelson BC V1L 3Y3 Union of BC Indian Chiefs Please write to the Editor, BC Historical Newsfor any changes to be made to this list. Return Address: PUBLICATIONS MAIL PRoDucT S.aEs AGREEMENT No. 1245716 British Columbia Historical News Ci Joel Vinge, Subscription Secretary PUBLICATIONS MAIL REGIsTRATIoN No. 09835 561 Woodland Drive Cranbrook, BC V1C 6V2

(anad We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada, through the Publications Assistance Program (PAP), toward our mailing rost

BC HISTORICAL NEWS THE BRITISH COLuMBIA HISTORICAL FEDERATION welcomes manuscripts dealing INVITES SUBMISSIONS OF BOOKS FOR THE EIGHTEENTH with the history of British Co ANNUAL COMPETITION FOR WRITERS OF BC HISTORY. lumbia and British Columbians. Please send stories or essays on Any book presenting any facet of BC history, published in any aspect of the rich past of our 2000, is eligible. This may be a community history, biogra phy, record of a or an or province to: project organization, personal rec ollections giving a glimpse of the past. Names, dates and places, with relevant The Editor, BC Historical News maps or pictures, turn a story into “history.” Note that reprints or revisions Fred Braches, Box 130 P0 of books are not eligible. Whonnock BC V2W 1V9 Phone: (604) 462-8942 The judges are looking for quality presentations, especially if fresh material is included, with appropriate illustrations, careful proofreading, an adequate E—mail:[email protected] index, table of contents and bibliography, from first—timewriters as well as Send books for review and book established authors. reviews directly to the Book The Lieutenant-Governor’s Medal for Historical Writing will be awarded to an Review Editor, Anne Yandle individual writer whose book contributes significantly to the recorded his 3450 West 20th Avenue tory of British Columbia. Other awards will be made as recommended by Vancouver BCV6S 1E4 the judges to valuable books prepared by groups or individuals.

Phone: (604) 733-6484 Winners will receive a Certificate of Merit, a monetary award and an invita E—mail: tion to the BCHF annual conference to be held in Richmond in May2001. [email protected] SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS: All books must havebeen published in 2000 and NEWS ITEMS for publication in should be submitted as soon as possibleafter publication. Two copies of each book BC Historical News should be should be submitted. Books entered become property of the BC Historical Federa addressand telephone number of sender,the sellingprice of addressed to the editor in tion. Pleasestate name, all editions of the book, and,if the reader has to shop by mail,the addressfrom which Whonnock. it may he purchased, including applicableshipping and handling costs.

PLEASE SEND CORRESPONDENCE ABOUT SEND TO: BC Historical FederationWriting Competition SUBSCRIPTIONS TO TI-IF SUBSCRIPTION c/o Shirley Cuthbertson SEcRErARY. JOEL VINGE #306-225 BellevilleStreet Victoria BC V8V 4T9 6i WooDLD DRIVE BC ViC 6V2 CRANER00K DEADLINE: 31 December 2000 PHoNE: (250) 489-2490 E-rviIL: [email protected]