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DZ O, .5 --1---; I lop 4 "- 0 4 0 E!\ v THE CHA IN THE STATE

J. Pitts Jarvis, Jr., P.E.

. ., . .

tNGINEERING SERIES BULLETIN NO. 48 tNGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

THE UNIVERSIT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING THE ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION

The Engineering Experiment Station ,ms organized in 1909 as a part of the Coll ege of Engineering. The staff of t he Stat ion includes all members of the Faculty of the College of Engi- neering, toge ther wi t h Research Assistants supported by the Station Funds. The Station is primarily an engineering research institution engaged in the investigation of fundamental engin eering problems of general interest , in t he improvement of engineering design, and in the development of new industrial processes. The Station desires part icularly to co-operate wi t h industries of Missouri in the solution of such problems. For this purpose, there is avail a ble not onl y the special equipment belonging to the Station but all of t he equipment and fa cilities of the College of Engineering not in immediate use for class instruction. Inquiries regarding these matters should be addressed to :

The Direc tor Engineering Experiment Station Uni versity of Missouri Columbia, :\1issouri

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI BULLETIN

VOL. 61 . NO. 21 ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION SERIES NO. 48

by tba of at the OUica of Columbia, Entered aa matter, January 2, 1914, at 011104' •I Columbia, Mluourt, uDder Act of CoDqreu of Auquot 24, 1912. luued f;.,. limH moDlhly.

1,500 May 2, 1960 THE WOOD CHARCOAL INDUSTRY IN TH~ STAT~ OF MISSOURI

J . PITTS JARVIS, JR., P.E.

Associate Director, Engineering Experiment Sta tion

Assista nt Professor of Industria l Engineering ACKNOWL~DGM~NTS

This publication was made possible by the Engineering Experi- ment Station and the close cooperation of its director. Dean Huber 0. Croft . whose assistance is gratefully acknowledged.

2 PREFACE

This publication is written fo r the purpose of encouraging further de- velopment of the natural resour'ces of the State of Missouri . The State has an abundance of scrub oak and hickory which is idea l fo r manufac turing charcoal and which has little or no value at the present time The further development of the charcoal industry in the State of Mis- so uri is a unique opportunity to turn a li ability into an asset. Scrub oak and hickory are a lia bility in the sense that land containing them usuall y has little value, their growth normall y bein g so dense as to prevent the growth of merchantable timbers. For other than fi re wood and charcoa l there has been little use fo r our large quantities of scrub . The demand fo r these va ri eties as wood is small. Conversion to charcoa l wo uld produce des irable income by providing part or full time employ- ment. Any corrections, suggesti ons or comments by the readers of thi s pub- li cation made to the author will be apprec iated.

J. Pi tts J arvi s, Jr.

Columbia, Missouri January 15 , 1959

3 CONTENTS

Page Acknowledgments 2 Preface ...... 3

PART ONE-THE PAST 7

PART TWO-THE PRESENT 9 Location of Natural Resources for Charcoal Production in Missouri- Resources of Missouri ...... 9 Effect of Saw Logs and on Charcoal Wood . . 9 Missouri's Charcoal Production Position in the United States 9 The Emergence of the Missouri Charcoal 12 The Missouri Charcoal Kiln 12 Description of Construction of the Missouri Charcoal Kiln 14 Characteristics ...... 20 Ocher Types of Charcoal 20 How Charcoal is made ...... 22 Wood Chemicals ...... 22 Kiln Operation ...... 22 Safety Precautions ...... 22 Properties of Charcoal ...... 23 Charcoal Quality ...... 24 Quality Control ...... 24 Markets ...... 24 Charcoal Marketing in the United Scares 24 Markee Quotations ...... 25

PART THREE-THE FUTURE 27 A W ord of Caution .... 27 Utilization of Modern Techniques in Charcoal Production .. 27

PART FOUR-CONCLUSIONS 29 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 30

4 ILLUSTRATIONS

Page Figure 1. Forest Cover of Missouri ...... 8 Figure 2. Missouri Native Vegetation ...... 8 Figure 3. Capacities of Charcoal Kilns in Missouri 10 Figure 4. Location of Charcoal Producers in Missouri, 1959 ...... 10 Figure 5. Charcoal Producers in Missouri 11 Figure 6. Charcoal Briquetting in Missouri ...... 11 Figure 7. Missouri Ingenuity in Cutting Costs ...... 12 Figure 8. An Improvement of the Open Pie Kiln 12 Figure 9. Earthen Covered Pie Kiln ...... 12 Figure 10. The Missouri Kiln Begins ...... 13 Figure 11 . The Missouri Kiln 13 Figure 12. A Modern Installation of Missouri Kilns ...... 13 Figure 13. Foundation Plan and Details 15 Figure 14. Wall Construction Details ...... 16 Figure 15. Roof Plans and Details ...... 17 Figure 16. Details ...... 18 Figure 17. Finished Kiln 19 Figure 18. Lise of Material for the Missouri Charcoal Kiln 20 Figure 19. Modified Beehive Kilns ... 21 Figure 20. New Hampshire Kilns ...... 21 Figure 21. Connecticut Kilns ...... 21 Figure 22. Gas Fired Kiln 21 Figure 23 . Results of an Explosion During Charcoaling 22 Figure 24. A Missouri Kiln Loaded ...... 23 Figure 25 . Charcoal in a Missouri Kiln ...... 23 Figure 26. Type of Retail Ouclecs ...... -- ...... 25 Figure 27. Charcoal Sold by Population of Marketing Area ...... 25 Figure 28. Markee Quotations ...... 25 Figure 29. Railroad Freight Races ...... 26 Figure 30. Thermocouple Junction Head ...... 27 Figure 31. An Instrument Panel ...... 28

5 The Mi sso uri Charcoal Kiln

6 The Wood Charcoal Industry in the State of Missouri

J. PITTS JARVIS, JR. * PART ON~ The Past

Charcoal-making became significant in Missouri with cord. Charcoal in turn sold for about $34.00 per ton in the advent of the industry. 51 ' 52 The first iron-smelt- bulk, truck load lots. ing furnace was established near Ironton in 1815 or 1816, In 1857 the Meramec Iron Works were improved to about four or five years prior to Missouri statehood. reduce the charcoal consumption rate to 110 bushels per Iron-making in these early days required large quantities ton of pig i.ron produced. This compares with the 215 of charcoal to provide adequate heat to smelt the ore. bushels required in the furnaces at Hanging After , it was necessary to transport the iron. Rock. Meramec was then producing 4,000 tons of iron Roads, and later railroads, were built in the iron-pro- per year. ducing areas in Missouri, and the route influences are The following quotation illustrates how charcoal still apparent. Some of the roads are still being used and was utilized in early Missouri iron-making. 5 1. 52 continually improved. "The furnace was stocked from the top in the fol- Farmers sold their produce to the iron workers' com- lowing proportions: 640 pounds of ore, 18 bushels of munities and provided off-season labor in wood-cutting, charcoal, 40 pounds of and one bushel of charcoal burning and other related tasks. Thirty-four iron charred red cedar stumps. Casting took place several times furnaces and were to be found in Missouri between daily and in busy seasons extended through the night as 1815 and 1940. Almost all of them depended on - the plants operated on a 24-hour schedule." for needs. With the discovery in 1921 of a new Charcoal has been known to man since the early process for coking Illinois coal, iron-making shifted to days of civilization. In the Bible, references to charcoal Granite City, Illinois, thus establishing the industry in are found in several places: the St. Louis, Missouri area. OLD TESTAMENT In about 1840, Springfield area labor received from Proverbs 26: 21-"As charcoal to hot and 50 cents to $1 per day, with some laborers making as wood to fire ... " much as $2. A similar rate prevailed during a period just NEW TESTAMENT prior to 1939. The minimum wage now set by Federal John 18:18-"Now the servants and officers had law is $1 per hour. made a charcoal fire because it was cold, and they were In 1840, wood was purchased for 37 ½ cents per cord standing and warming themselves ... " and charcoal for 2 'Vs cents per bushel. In 1959, the price John 21:09-"When they got out on land, they saw paid for cordwood in Missouri was from $5 to $9 per a charcoal fire there, with fish lying on it, and bread."

*J. Pitts Jarvis, Jr., P.E., Associate Director of the Engi- neering Experiment Station and Assistant Professor of In- dustrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. Note. Upper placed numbers in the text refer to references which are listed in the numbered bibliography at the end of this publication. 7 FORESTo, COYER MISSOURI CONSERVATION COMMISSION f[l)[RAL AID TO WILDUIT PROGllAM

HOn- BU,OlJ..11A$ua:AJ1: WOOOUJDIS · N-"' CCM'll.D FION AtaAL ftl0T0CaA1HI C:lnrt: AAA~LUlWAP'Cl'TlU STATI KICHWAT CDll.ltMDIT AIO t1tf: IUlt..w Of l'\IIUC 10AM

FIGURE !-Two-thirds of the commercial forest in Missouri is south of the Missouri River.

MISSOURI NATIVE VEGETATION

·KEY·

~OAK- ~ B<~;j,.i~~~

FIGURE 2- Missouri fores ts are predominantly oak and hickory.

8 PART TWO The Present

Location of Natural Resources for Charcoal Effect of Saw Logs and Pulpwood on Charcoal Production in Missouri-Forest Resources of Wood Missouri Charcoaling is a desirable technique for good programs. For example, a forest undergrown with scrub The forest area of Missouri in 1956 was 15.2 million timber was cleared co permit the good pine and saw logs acres or 39 percent of total land area. 29 Practically all of to develop. At the rime of clearing a rook a core this area is classified as commercial forest land. The Ozark drilling of the annual rings in a large pine . Ir was region consists of 10.1 million acres, 67 percent of the determined chat the pine tree had grown ¼ inch in the commercial forest area. Ninety percent of the commer- past 14 years. One year later the foreseer came back to cial forest area was privately owned, 9 percent federal- the same tree and took another core drilling and deter- ly owned and 1 percent state owned. mined that the tree had grown ¼ inch in its new en- The annual change in inventory volume for the vironment where the scrub oak had been removed' total growing stock in 1947 was an increase of 73.5 mil- Wood used for in manufacturing must lion cubic feet, or 1.7 percent. The oak-hickory forest be of high quality. After this high quality wood has type is predominant in all regions and occurs on approxi- been removed, the less desirable wood is suitable for mately two-thirds of the commercial forest land."'' More charcoal. This practice leaves the best develop than 85 percent of the commercial forest land is occupied co for saw logs, while are used for pulp or char- by other than saw timber. The oak species comprise more coal and a ready market is established for all . The than 63 percent of all saw timber growing stock. The result is a profitable, efficient forestry program. removal of cull trees to make room for trees of better Charcoal can be made from tree tops, rhe remainder quality is one of the major problems in the forest re- of the saw log tree, saw mill slabs, stave bolt scraps, storation program. flooring mill scraps and many other wood waste products. Approximately one-third of the gross board-feet Missouri can never produce maximum returns volume in all saw timber sized trees in the forest is in until the inferior species and badly defective trees are re- cull trees. 2 9 This cull timber may be utilized co make moved and replaced by trees of more desirable species charcoal. Blackjack oak is considered as normally not and quality. Prevailing cutting practices, which concen- having commercial value, but is very desirable for char- trate on the more desirable grades and species in the coal. Under good management, Missouri's forest land forests, are increasing the proportion of inferior trees in could probably support five times the present volume of the stand. Relatively little progress can be made in re- saw timber. moving these trees until profitable uses for rhem are de- Of the gross board-foot volume in trees that meet veloped. The proportion of less desirable materials now saw timber specifications, approximately 12 percent is being utilized for products of low quality such as fuel cull material. The cull trees muse be removed to make wood, rough construction , charcoal and mine room for trees of better quality before maximum pro- timbers could be increased. ductivity can be reached. Yields of charcoal from wood bark may be similar In some areas the receipts for materials salvaged ro, or possibly greater than, the amount recovered from from cull trees for charcoal wood, fuel wood, mine tim- the wood. bers or rough lumber for farm use may cover the costs of recommended improved cuttings. Less than one-third of a saw timber tree finds its Missouri's Charcoal Production Position in the way into the final product as lumber. The cull and scrap United States wood remaining may be utilized to produce charcoal. The Forest Cover of Missouri is shown on page 8 , Figure In 1956 the Central States of the United Scares I. It 1s seen that two-thirds of the commercial forest in (Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri and Ohio) produced 30,000 Missouri is south of the Missouri River. rons of bulk charcoal. 21 Of this amount Missouri pro- The native forest vegetation of Missouri is shown duced more than 70 percent, or 20,100 tons. The central in Figure 2. Missouri forests are predominantly oak and stares produced 11 percent of the United Stares produc- hickory. non.

9 Production of charcoal in 1956 was estimated to be for outdoor and indoor cooking. 40 percent higher than in 1955. This increase appears to Figure 3 is a list of the number of kilns in Missouri be keeping pace with the growing demand for charcoal and their sizes in the spring of 1959.

FIGURE 3 CAPACITIES OF CHARCOAL KILNS I N MISSOURI Volume Capacity in Total No. of Cords 1-5 6-15 16-40 41-50 51-75 76-100 No. of Kilns 211 8 70 93 16 10 408

These 408 Missouri kilns had a capacity of 57,500 41-50 cord-volume capacity kilns. tons per year. It is estimated they produced 43,000 tons The location of charcoal producers in Missouri in in 1958. The largest quantity charcoal producers favor the 1959 is shown in Figure 4.

FIGURE 4-locATION OF CHARCOAL PRODUCE RS, MISSOURI 1959

10 A list of 45 charcoal producers in Missouri is shown in Figure 5.

FIGURE 5 CHARCOAL PRODUCE RS IN MISSOURI

1. Arcadia Charcoal Company Lesterville 27. Parry, I van Route 1, St. James 2. Barnhart, K. E. , Charcoal Company Meta 28. Reynolds, Robert, Charcoal Company Roll a 3. Charcoal Company Aurora 29. Ridenhour Charcoal Company Route 1, Belle 4. Carnahan, A. S. J. Ellsinore 30. Ripka, Albert Route I , Meta 5. Charco, Incorporated ...... Box 3, J ackson 31. Roya l Forest Charcoal Company RFD 2, Birch Tree 6. Craig Charcoal Company ...... Summerville 32. Rudroff, John Freeburg 7. Creech, Raymond ...... Dixon 33. Schmoll, Robert Branson 8. Crenshaw, Clyde Box 502 , Stover 34. Stegeman, Roman Route 3, J efferson City 9. Deckard Charcoal Company Box 23 , Eminence 35. Standard Milling Company 10. Ellis Copeland Charcoal Company Reynolds Charcoal Fuel Divisio n Meta 11. Evers, Joe, Charcoal Company Meta Hickory Charcoal Company Owensville 12. Hardwood Charcoal Company ...... Steelville 36. Creek Charcoal Company Meta 13. Holderman, Freddie ...... Westphalia Iberi a 14. J. and M. Charcoal Company Meta Henley 15. Jenkins, Carl 318 East Miller, J efferson City 37. Timber Products, Incorporated Route 4, Lebanon 16. Keeter, Vester Bradleyv ille 38. T arvid Charcoal Company Route 1, Centerville 17. Charcoal Company ...... Bay 39. Weed, D. J. Star Route, Argyle Belle 40. Weiberg Charcoal Company Freeburg 18. Langworthy, A. J. , Charcoal 311 West Fourth Street, Salem Company Salem 41. W erdehauser, Ed and Ligers, Bill Route 3, 19. Loecke, Alvin Westphalia J efferson City 20. McDonald Charcoal Company Argyle 42. Werdehauser, J ohn St. Elizabeth Kansas City 43. Werdehauser, Vick Hen ley 21. Meta Charcoal Company ...... Meta Meta 22. Milum, Burl Gatewood St. Elizabeth 23. Morlen , Ray Ellsinore 44. Wildwood Charcoal Company Box 14. Marshfield 24. Noblett, Eugene, Charcoal Company Route I , Bell e 45. Wulff, Victor Licking 25. Osage Bluff Charcoal Kilns Route 4, Jefferson City Vienna 26. Ozark Charcoal Company, Inc. Box 363, J efferson City

Most of the charcoal produced in Misso uri is sold to briquetting plants located as shown in Figure 6.

FIGURE 6 CHARCOAL BRIQUETrING PLANTS IN MISSOUR I Name of Briquetting Company Location Standard Milling Meta Kingsford Belle Charco, Inc.* (Burned) Meta (formerly Ozark Charcoal Company) Briquetting plants under construction Keeter Charcoal Branson Floyd Charcoal Company Salem

•ft is understood that Charco, Inc will rebuild but plans have 1101 been announced.

11 The Emergence of the Missouri Charcoal Kiln The emergence of the Missouri Charcoal kiln is shown in Figures 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12.

The Missouri Charcoal Kiln In Missouri the techniques for burning a kiln vary greatly from owner to owner and even between groups of kilns where an owner has two or more locations with different operators. The and specifications found on pages 15 , 16, 17, 18 and 19, figures 13, 14 , 15 , 16 and 17, respec- tively, are presented as suggestions and are recommended for the consideration of a prospective builder as a guide. The author feels that the availability of the drawings will assist a prospective producer to have a basis for a better start toward a satisfactory kiln design. It is estimated that a Missouri-type kiln can be built for $2,000 to $4,000 depending upon the resourcefulness of the builder. The lower price assumes the owner to be the builder and does not include a wage, the work being done in free time. Forms can be constructed out of native rough lumber, although ½-inch form .and planed FIGURE 7-Missouri ingenuity in cutting costs. Note fresh lumber are recommended. The higher figure is based on cut poles in lieu of sawed timbers. paper seals the cracks a commercial contract price with a liberal profit included. of economical native rough sawed oak lumber replacing more (See Figure 7 for some cost cutting ideas.) expensive plywood forms .

FIGURE 8-This is an improvement of the open pit kiln. FIGURE 9-The earthen covered pit kiln is made of concrete, one-third above ground with eight chimneys.

12 FIG URE 10 - The Missouri kiln begins to take its distinctive shape threejourths above iround with arch- ed roof, metal door and eight chim- neys.

FIG U RE 11-The Missouri kiln, built on level ground, has good de- sign and workmanship.

FIGURE 12-A modern installa- tion of twenty Missouri kilns with supporting service buildings.

13 Description of Construction of The Missouri the Portland cement with air entraining agent. This will Charcoal Kiln minimize crac ks in the kiln under the en- countered in charcoaling. Some crac ks are to be expected due to the different coeffi cient of expansion of the steel and co~crete. The air entraining agents cause minute air

FOOTING bubbles in the concrete, and among other things, make the concrete a better insulator which helps prevent loss The footing fo r the Missouri charcoal kiln consists of heat during the coaling cycle. of concrete, steel rein fo rced, 18 inches wide in front and The fr ont and rear walls are 12 inches thick. The rear and 16 inches wide on the sides. T wo ½ -inch rods sid e wall s are 10 inches thick. This thickness provides are located 6 inches from the bottom of the footing and heavy duty construction to g ive added protection during 6 inches fr om each side. The foo ting sho uld be located loading and unloading abuses. These abuses are, for ex- in undisturbed (not in a fill ed-in area). Sho uld the ample: the throwing of the cordwood in place and often kiln be constructed in a fill ed-in area, special considera- hitting the wall during loading, mechanical equipment ti o n must be given to the footing to avoid seri ous foun- ramming the wall , automotive truck bumping into the dati on fa ilure in the future. The foo ting and fl oor may be walls while loading the kiln. made of native washed sand and g ravel , as they are not Three-eig hth inch thickness bent plates topped to- required to withstand hig h temperatures. gether with a 12-inch I beam on its side fo rm the door The fo undatio n should be deep eno ug h to assure fac ing fo r kiln protecti on. that the bo tto m of the footing is belo w the fr ost line. Each side wall contains four 6-inch diameter tiles fo r This will prevent the building fr o m crac king due to the chimney entrances. A 4 ½-inch air inlet hole is located heaving ac tion of frost or fr eezing. . half way between each chimnev. (See Page 16, Figure A notch is provided in the top of the foonng to as- 14 Sheer 2 fo r wall derail s.) sist in locking the wall to the fo,o ting. . ' One-half inch di ameter reinfo rcing steel rods are lo- One-hal f inch reinfo rcing rods are pl aced vem call y cated 1 foot on center in the wall and roof. Each inter- 12 inches apart around the fo undatio n where_ the wall section is tied together with wire fo r additional strength. joins the footing. These rods should extend 10 inches m- The roof contains seven ventilatio n holes for fres h to the footing and have a 4-inch leg at a 90 degree bend air during unloading operati o ns of the kiln. Three of to assure a strong bond. these are down the top ce nter line of the kiln and two A recess is made in the foo ting at the center of each are o n either side. Their exact locati o n may be va ri ed door so that 'a door stop ca n be d ropped in before the within limits. T o reduce expenses these holes may be door is closed fo r firing. These door sto ps will prevent made from used truck rims cut in half to make two hole the doors fro m warping to the inside of the kiln. fo rms fr o m each rim . ( See Page l 7, Fi g ure l 5, Sheer 3 Two 2- inch drain pi pes are located in each corner of fo r detail s. ) the drain or low end of the kiln. (See further description The rein fo rcing rods should be located in the center under jl:0r. See Page 15, Fig ure 13, Sheet l fo r drawings of the wa ll s and roof. and detail s. ) The dimensions of the fo rms fo r the roof are shown o n Page L7, Fi g ure 15 , Sheer 3. These dimensions are critica l as rhe1· provide desirabl e des ign characteri stics. FLOOll A pipe in srall ari o n in rhe roof is reco mmended for The fl oor is a fo ur-inch concrete slab with 6" x 6" rh ermocou pie entrance. #LOI # LO reel rei nfo rci ng mesh. The fl oor has a crown down the center line of the kiln and at the low, or drain , end of the kiln the fl oor lopes 6 inches to either side so that the liquor proce sed fro m rhe wood will drain out of the 2-inch pipes built in rhe footing . (See Page 15, DOORS

Figure 13, Sheet L fo r drawings.) Any fill under the fl oor Doors are large enoug h to provide truck and rracror hould be of gravel pac ked over wetted oil to assure a entrance fo r loading and unloading. The doors fo r rhe firm base fo r fl oor. kiln are made of ¾ -inch thickness sreel place fi ve feer wide and 8 feer hig h. There are rwo doors closing ar the center of each end of the kiln. These doors are each hung WALLS AND ROOF on 4 sixteen-inch heavy dury hinges. Fifteen ¾ -inch bolts The wall and roof are made of expanded shale ag- are used to secure rhe door tight on each end of the kiln. gregate which ha rhe same coeffi cient of expan io n as These bolts are spaced about 1 foo t apart on the top and

14 roe oF FouNDATION r o tu Ar L

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UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI OooR. JAHB, 4-RCO'D. ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION -"~@ ~re~---~-- 11 .MAT€RIAL ; 1._ ~,4r~ 8 THE MISSOURI CFtARCOAL KILN STEEL. DETAILS ' z ¢BA'R)l •4n V£tvr CAP' 7 - 12c9·0 o, MATERIAL : t· .ST£Ei- PLnr£ OnAW'ING5 ON THIS SHE€T Nor ro SUIJ.£ €XCEPT AS NOrfiD. 5 8HlUI _w-1ffi, _

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FIG URE 17 - The Missouri Charcoal Kiln. Finished Kiln .

19 center overlap of the doors. The head of each bolt is A list of materials for the construction of a Missouri welded to one door or the 12-inch I beam flange. A near- charcoal kiln is shown in Figure 18. ly perfect seal is required in the cooling phase of char- coaling. (See Page 18, Figure 16, sheet 4 for details.) Undesired air entrances are sealed with clay mud or FIGURE 18 . Doors at each end of the kiln provide uninterrupted LIST OF MATERIALS loading and unloading of the kilns when more than one FOR MISSOURI CHARCOAL KILN kiln is being operated.

STEEL 4 pieces ¾" 18" leg x 12" web x 10" leg x 96" Hot ACCESSORIES Rolled (H.R.) Formed Channel 4 pieces ¾" 60" x 96" Doors H. R. Plate Six 5 foot lengths of used boiler pipe 4 inches 220 pieces ½" diameter x 20 ft. H.R. reinforcing Bars in diameter, are required for the six air inlet holes in the 1 Roll (750 square feet) 6" x 6" #10/#10 Reinforcing side walls. Four pieces of 13 foot long, 4-inch diameter Mesh boiler tubes are desirable to pipe air from the doors to 2 pieces 12" x 14 # x 12 ' -6" Wide Flange I beam 1 roll tyi ng wire near the center of the kiln during burning. Seven caps 16-16" hinges are required for the seven fresh air ventilation holes made 2 pieces pipe 2" diameter, 20" long from truck rims. Eight chimney caps are required to plug 6 pieces pipe 4" diameter, 5 ft. long ( Used boiler flue the chimneys during the cooling phase. Two door stops pipe desirable) are required for the holes provided in the footing. (See 4 pieces pipe 4" diameter, 13 ft. long (Used boiler flue pipe desirable) drawings, Page 18, Figure 16, Sheet 4, for further details.) 4 used 22" matched truck rims (rims to be cut in half) An overall view is shown on Page 19, Figure 17, 30 bolts ¾" diameter 2" long with hexagonal nuts Sheet 5 of the . This view shows the installed 30 flat washers for ¾" diameter bolts chimneys. These chimneys should be tied near the top of 2 pieces 6" grader blade 11" long the wall to the kiln to prevent falling. 7 caps ¼" thick, 22" diameter, for holes in truck rims 8 caps 1h" thick, 7¾" diameter, for caps for 6" tile A suggested ladder and catwalk are indicated. These make ready access to the rop of the kiln. A ladder may be used to reach chimney tops for capping and uncap- CONCRETE ping. Footing 9.5 cubic yards Floor 8.5 cubic yards Walls 29.0 cubic yards Roof 12.00 cubic yards Total 59.0 cubic yards Characteristics Walls and roof should be of expanded shale ( Haydite or equivalent). The volume of this kiln design is 50 cords. How- ever, it is expected that only 45 cords of wood would be loaded into it for burning. LUMBER Kilns of 2-to-10 cord capacity are estimated to cost (All pressure treated) Ladder and walk $50 to $200 per cord of capacity. 26 10-cord kiln would A 2 piece 2" x 4" -12 ft. cost about $2,000. The cost of the Missouri kiln de- 2 pieces 2" x 4" -5 ft. scribed above would be $80 per cord, or 2 ½ times more 2 pieces l" x 3" -6 ft. economical than the above mentioned 10-cord kiln when 2 pieces l" x 4" -3 ft. 6" compared on a cost-per-cord-of-capacity basis. 44 pieces l" x 4" -1 8" The yields of the Missouri-type kiln are reported to be excellent, being in the range of 900 to 1,000 pounds ·of charcoal per cord of wood. The Missouri kiln is unique. It is not classified as belonging ro any of the following types: dirt or sod kiln; Other Types of Charcoal Kilns brick beehive kiln; small retort types; concrete block and sheet metal kiln structures; ovens or verticle or hori- Other types of charcoal kilns in Missouri are shown zontal rube-type retorts. in Figures 19, 20, 21 and 22.

20 FIGURE 19 - Modified beehive kilns which have been making char- coal in Missouri since early 1900.

FIGURE 20-Over 180 New Hampshire type kilns in Mis- souri operated as a commercial unit.

FIGL'RE 21-A battery of twenty Connecticut type kilns in Missouri operated in conjunction with a stave and saw mill

FIGURE 22 -A natural gas fired kiln that was abandoned shortly after completion.

21 How Charcoal Is Made wood in the kiln then converts to charcoal in the pres- ence of a limited amount of air under a desirable tem- Wood charcoal is made by rhe partial burning of perature of about 900° F. wood under a reduced of . Should After the has been completed the kiln all the oxygen (air is approximately 21 percent oxygen is completely sealed (as a kitchen pressure cooker is and 79 percent by volume plus moisture that completely sealed during cooking). The fire is then may be present) be allowed rhe wood that it could con- smothered and allowed to cool down to near ambient sume, the wood would be reduced to ashes as is the before the charcoal can be removed from wood in a fire place or open camp fire. By skillfully the kiln. The cooling time normally takes two weeks or regulating rhe air going into a kiln, a high percentage less. of or charcoal can be formed. The charcoal may then be taken to a briquetting Once a temperature of 400-500° F* is reached, car- or bagged for sale as lump charcoal. bonization** may proceed without further burning of the wood. At this temperature the liquors begin to cook out of the wood and an exothermic ( or heat generating) process is initiated. The release of liquors, or the chemi- cal reaction which produces these liquors from the wood, Safety Precautions generates hear, a limited process of wood burning itself. Sudden entrance of large amounts of air into a burn- ing kiln may cause an explosion. Numerous minor ex- plosions have been reported in Missouri with no personal injuries. The most serious explosion reported was the partial destruction of a kiln. The top was blown off. The Wood Chemicals person closest to the kiln was ¼ mile away. See Figure 23 . There was a time in United Scates history when It is commonly reported that kilns " puff," and lids charcoal was a by- product, and the liquors produced in o n air ventilation holes in the top are blown off Care wood distillation were the primary interests. Synthetic should be taken whenever possible to prevent these oc- chemical producers now do minate this market until it is currences by barring against large sudden entrance of air considered uneconomical for any new producer co enter into the burning kiln. rhe field. Many of the original producers have been forced out of business. In 1920 there were over 100 such plants. By 1956 o nly five planes were making any effort ro recover rhe wood chemicals. These five plants have unusual conditio ns which justify their continuation at that time.

Kiln Operation The process of making charcoal in the Missouri- rype kiln is simple. The initial hear to start rhe making of charcoal is obtained by burning a pare of the charge to bring the re mperarure up to 400° ro 500° F. This charge consists of about ¼ of a cord of brands,*** usually located in the center and near the floor of the kiln. The

*400-500° F. is the normal temperature of wood. **Carbonization as here referred co is the chemical process of changing wood into ca rbon or charcoal. _ _ u* A brand is a piece of partially processed wood wh1Ch did not convert inco charcoal in a previous burn. FIGURE 23-The results of an explosion during charcoaling,

22 Properties of Charcoal woods. In addition, oak and hickory were used in the old houses for curing meat, so tradition demands oak and hi ckory. Most species of wood will make good The properties of charcoal will vary with the wood charcoal if properl y trea ted. H owever, if a resin-type fr om which it is made and the conditio ns under which wood such as pine is not properl y trea ted, the res ulting it is made. In general, it may be said that the amount of charcoal will be unsuitable for cooking purposes. Res ins charcoal produced will vary in direct proportio n to the of the pine will cook o ut of the burning charcoal and weig ht per cubic foot of the original dry wood. In other transmit an undesirable tas te to the food being cooked. words, heavy woods such as oak and hi ckory will pro- In making charcoal, the weig ht of the wood is re- duce a greater weight of charcoal per cubic foot of wood duced to about ¼ of its ori g in al weig ht, and its volume burned. The greater the weig ht of a specifi ed volume of is reduced to about ½. Therefore, it is obvious that char- charcoal of a given quality, the greater will be the amount coal should be made near natural resources, the forest, of carbon available for heat. Li g hter woods such as wil- fo r then substan ti al transportati o n costs are materi all y low and cotton wood will produce a lesser weig ht of reduced. See Fig ures 24 and 25 . charcoal per cubic foo t of wood burned. On a weig ht bas is, charcoal is nearl y equal to the Since charcoal is sold o n a weig ht bas is, by the heating value of hard coa l.• Charcoal is almost smokeless pound or by the ton, it is desirable to use the hea vi er and odorl ess, and burns with a red glow in day lig ht.

FIGURE 24-A Missouri kiln loaded, ready to be lighted. Note air ventilation ducts fa rmed at bottom of wood.

FIGURE 25- When charcoal is made in the Missouri kiln about three-fourths of the weight of the original wood is lost and about one-half the volume. See Figure 24 f or comparison. Charcoal Quality United States Government specifications for char- coal may be found in the Federal Standard Stock catalog, Good quality industrial charcoal has a fixed carbon Section IV (Part 5) , Federal Specification for Charcoal, content of 75 to 82 percent, the remainder being volatile matter, moisture and . An outstanding characteristic LLL-C-251. Copies may be purchased from the Super- of wood charcoal is its low sulphur content. For this intendent of Documents, Washington, D. C., for 5 cents. reason it is sometimes preferred to other industrial car- Federal regulations pertaining to the transportation of charcoal may be found i•n Title 49-Transportation, bons. Sulphur content seldom exceeds .05 percent.39 Parts 71 to 90, of the Code of Federal Regulations, Chap- A low ash content on a dry weight basis is less than 1.5 percent. A high ash content is over 3.5 percent, and ter I, Interstate Commerce Commission. This publica- medium ash content ranges between 1.5 percent and 3.5 tion may be purchased from the Superintendent of Docu- ments, United States Government Printing Office, Wash- percent. Volatile matter for charcoal, measured by the Ameri- ington 25 , D. C. can Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) methods, is Production of Charcoal in a Masonry Block Kiln- expected to be 16 to 22 percent for medium tolerances, Structure and Operation, (item number 19 in the biblio- 22 to 28 percent for high, 5 to 16 percent for low and graphy) is recommended for anyone contemplating pro- less than 5 percent devolatilized. duction of charcoal in Missouri. Whereas the concept is Volatile matter and ash content are often considered for a 7-cord kiln, the basic information contained therein as suitable measurements for charcoal classification. High is in many cases readily adapted to the Missouri kiln volatile matte; and ash content are indications that the described. carbonization process was not completed ( the final tem- For an extensive bibliography of wood distillation perature was below 750° F.) . which encompasses the making of charcoal, see item Moisture content of manufactured charc9al will vary number 44 in the bibliography. with the final temperature of carbonization from 21 per- The bibliography at the end of this report may pro- cent at 302 ° F. to 2 percent at 2732 ° F. Moisture con- vide basic sources of reference for those persons desiring tent above 8 percent may indicate poorly made charcoal, to undertake a more serious study on charcoal making. or that has been added to good charcoal. Bulk charcoal varies in weight from 6 to 12 pounds per cubic foot. The above applies to industrial charcoal. Most Mis- Markets souri charcoal goes to domestic markets which are gen- The national trend to use charcoal for indoor and out- erally not as restrictive concerning quality as are indus- door cooking makes charcoal one of the fastest growing trial markets. products in food stores today. 23 Surveys indicate 9 out of There have been few cases reported of bad charcoal 10 families eat some of their meals out-of-doors. Six of being produced in Missouri. Most charcoal produced in 10 families eat out-of-doors regularly, averaging 18 cook- Missouri has been of high quality. outs per year. Many houses being built today have provi- sion for charcoal cooking in the kitchen or family room. Many people cook in their indoor . From 1952 to 195 7 charcoal sales have increased from 60,000 tons to an estimated 140,000 tons- an increase of 133 percent. Quality Control For several years prior to 195 7, demands for charcoal often exceeded production. 8 In June, 1957, it was re· A me_thod which ~ay be adapted to the sampling ported6 0 that the increased demand for charcoal was not a~d analysis of charcoal 1s contained in ASTM* Designa- being met by present production. tion: D 271-48; Standard Methods of Sampling and Analysis of Coal and uke. It is understood that a specific method of charcoal analysis is being prepared by Forest Products Laboratory, Charcoal Marketing in the United States Madison, W isconsin, for consideration as an ASTM standard. In 1955 and 1956 the United States production was 238,000 and 265 ,000 tons respectively.6 This is probably a reasonable approximation of con- *ASTM : American Society of Testing Materials, 1916 Race sumption in those years since carry-overs and import ap· Street, Philadelphia 3, P~nnsylvania. pear to be negligible.

24 Two separate statewide studies in 1955 (Wisconsin57 Figure 27 shows the volume of charcoal sold by popula- and Iowa62 ) consistently revealed grocery stores as the tion of a selected marketing area. leading outlet, hardware stores second, fuel and lumber dealers third, with others accounting for less than 16 per- cent of charcoal sold retail. See Figure 26 for example of type of retail outlets FIGURE 27 selling charcoal in a selected area. EXAMPLE OF In 1954, Vermont produced no charcoal commercial- CHARCOAL SOLD BY POPULATION OF MARKETING AREA';" ------ly, although she consumed 382,504 pounds consisting Population of Volume sold of about 35 percent lump and 65 percent briquette.1 De- marketing area per capita in pounds mand exceeded supply during the summer months. This Over 25,000 .794 data is based upon a total of 106 merchants surveyed. 10,000-25,000 .765 This demand relationship is described as nationwide. 5,000-10,000 1.457 The merchants selling both lump and briquette 1,000-5,000 .667 charcoal reported that one form sold equally as well as Under 1,000 .093 the other. The larger amount sold as probably can be attributed to its greater availability. 1 In Iowa the sale of charcoal increased 160 percent between 1954 and 1955 with price remaining stable at 10 cents per pound retail. 62 The amount of charcoal consumed in Wisconsin in- creased by about 50 percent from 1954 to 1955. 57 Market Quotations Approximately 75 percent of all charcoal marketed Market quotations of charcoal may be found in the in Wisconsin was in the form of briquettes.57 This is " Oil, and Drug Reporter," published weekly on believed to be due primarily to the fact that only occa- Monday by the Schnell Publishing Company, Inc. , 30 siona lJy is a customer allowed a choice between lump Church Street, New York 7, New York. and briquette. The following prices are indicated from the January 11 , 1960, issue. Figure 28.

FIGURE 26 FIGURE 28 EXAMPLE OF TYPE OF RETAIL OUTLETS SELLING CHARCOAL6 2 Low Charcoal, hardwood, lump, bulk, Cl., Number f.o .b. plant con $ 55 .00 Grocery stores 485 briquecs, bulk, Cl., f.o.b. plane $ 78.00 Independent hardware stores 313 5 lb. paper bags, Cl., f.o.b. plane $106.00 Chain hardware stores 159 Charcoal, hardwood, briquecs, 40 lb. Retail mail orders 34 paper bags Cl., f.o.b. plane ton $ 84.00 Lumber dealers 188 Fuel dealers 86 Drug stores 34 Sporting goods 30 Auto supply 72 Auto dealers 48 Miscellaneous ( fuel dealers, Figure 29 states railroad frei ght rates from a central hobby shops, etc.) 12 location in Missouri to possible market areas in the 1,461 United States.

25 FIGURE 29 Railroad Freight Rates G TM, CRI & P RY. META, MISSO URI RATES IN CENTS PER 100 POUNDS

Less than car Capacity of car Capacity of car load !or in pounds in pounds (L.C.L.) 30,000 60,000 T o 26,000(R) 60,000 Dallas, Tex. 269 80 65 80 65 Houston, Tex. 329 97 78 97 78 New ·York, N. Y. 416 122 (R) 97 122 97 Pirrsburgh, Pa. 318 94 (R) 76 94 76 Detroit, Michigan 282 84 (R) 67 84 67 Boston, Mass. 444 128 (R) 104 128 104 Denver, Colo. 324 96 77 96 77 Chicago, Ill. 228 67 56 67 56 Kansas City, Mo. 150 47 38 47 38 St. Louis, Mo. 135 (1) 37 37 New Orleans, La. 335 99 79 99 79 Atlanta, Ga. 314 93 75 93 75 Jacksonville, Fla. 383 11 3 90 113 90 Los Angeles, Cal. } 225 225 697 (3) 140 (3) 133 Seattle, Washington ( 4) 203 (2) 203 Phoenix, Ariz. 561 182 (3) 140 182 (3) 133

( R) Subject to Rule 34 of U. F.C. No. 4 or W estern Classifi ca tion. ( 1) Minimum 2~,000, subjec t to (R). (2) ](1inimum 40,000. (3) In ca rs not over 41 feet 6 inches in length. (4) Minimum 36,000.

Tariff Authorities

SWL 141-A, 1006 and 2006- B. CTR 1010 and 2010-0 . WTL 1000, 2000-F, 1039, 1001 and 2001-F. TCFB 1-G and 101 ~.

26 PART T~REE The Fut:ure

A Word of Caution Missouri was concerned about having 4 to 6 feet of brands in the bottom of his kilns after each burning. As A report by the Southeastern Forest Experiment a research project, one kiln was instrumented with 28 Station60 in !une, 1957, based on a study of three types thermocouples for measuring temperature (see Figure 30 of charcoal kilns of up to two cords capacity, stated: on and 31). A study of the data taken revealed that over 14 a basis of present-day prices for wholesale charcoal none percent of the volume (at the bottom) of the kiln did not of the ki_Ins st~died showed a safe margin of profit. Op- reach 400 ° F. A desirable temperature for making char- portunmes to increase the profit margin lie in mechan- coal is 900° F. izi~g ~he handlin_g of wood and charcoal, operating bat- It is concluded from this test that one vertical in- tenes instead of single kilns, obtaining cheaper wood and stallation of four thermocouples every 3 feet apart would using larger kilns. give desirable control for an experienced operator. Un- Many variables enter into the production of char- usual terrain, weather conditions, kiln design and the coal, and the presence or absence of any one or a combi- owner's personal preference may influence the number nation of several may drastically change the entire pic- and arrangement of the thermocouples. ture. A heat exchanger* to reduce the cooling time of the kiln after the charcoal has been made is suggested by Fred C. Simmon.48 In a 9-cord kiln, the use of a heat ex- Utilization of Modern Techniques in Charcoal changer is _reported to have reduced the cooling period Production from 6 to 3 days.

Ralph Peter,4 1 in his paper, "An Inexpensive Meth- od for ~easurin?. ~harcoal Kiln Temperatures," gives *A heat exchanger in this case would be a device which would take the hot gases trapped inside the kiln upon full details o~ uttl1Z1ng thermocouples in controlling the completton of burning and cool them to near ambient or temperature m a seven-cord kiln. outside air temperature. The kiln would then be cooled in The author had satisfactory results in using the less time than required by waiting for it to give up its heat method suggested by Mr. Peter. One owner of kilns in gradually through the walls, doors and roof

FIGURE 30-A thermocouple head for joining extension and the ther- mocouple wires can be seen in this re- search set up. ,/ T

l 27 FIGU RE 31- An instrument panel f or twenty-eight thermo- couples used in instrumenting a kiln for research.

28 PART FOUR Conclusions

There exist in the State of Missouri hundreds of thousands of acres of scrub Jak hardwoods ideally suitable for charcoal making. Adequate labor is also available for the harvesting of this wood. A Missouri charcoal kiln has been developed over many years by trial and error by many people. This kiln is unique and very efficient for the production of charcoal. With an investment in a oharcoal kiln or kilns, part time employment could be provided in remote areas of Missouri in the cutting of cordwood and producing of charcoal. The duration of employment may be varied with the intensity of the charcoal enterprise. Additional cash will then be- come available to bolster local economies. In the United States since World War II, there has been a significant in- crease in the demand for charcoal, primarily as a backyard "cooking out" fuel for the preparation of famil y meals and for indoor cooking. Many areas in the United States are unable to obtain charcoal for several months during the year due to depletion of the supply. Where there are people, there are people eating. One to two percent of these people demand charcoal-cooked food and are willing to pay a pre- mium price for this special fuel. With the current trend established in charcoal demand and with the forecasted increase in the population of the United States in the next 10, 20 and 30 years, the outlook for a continued growth in demand appears good. 8 Missouri has the natural resources, labor and knowhow to produce charcoal to help meet this growing demand.

29 Bl BLIOGRAPI-IY

1. Adams, W . R., "Charcoal Markets In Vermont," Bul- 16. Department of Agriculture, "Charcoal Production in the letin 583, June, 1955, University of Vermont and State United States," July, 1957, Forest Service, Division of Agricultural College, Vermont Agricultural Experiment Forest Economices Research, Washington 25, D. C. Station, Burlington, Vermont. 17. Department of Agriculture, "Hardwood-Distillation In- 2. American Society For Testing Materials, "Laboratory dustry," No. 738, February, 1956, Forest Products Lab- Sampling and A~alysis of Coal and ," 1916 Race oratory, Forest Service, Madison 5, Wisconsin. Street, Philadelphia 3, Pennsylvania. 18. Department of Agriculture, "The Production of Char- 3. Baldwin, Henry I., " To Burn," N. H. Fores- coal in the Ordinary Pit Kiln," Report No. R466, For- try and Recreation Commission, Concord, New Hamp- est Products Laboratory, Madison 5, Wisconsin. shire. 19. Department of Agriculture, "Production of Charcoal in a 4. Baldwin, Henry I., "The New Hampshire Charcoal Kiln," Masonry Block Kiln-Structure and Operation," Forest New Hampshire Forestry and Recreation Commission, Products Laborarory, Forest Service, Madison 5, Wis- Concord, New Hampshire. consin. 5. Beazley, Ronald, "The Northeastern Logger," February, 20. Department of Agriculture, "Design of An Experimental 1958, Charcoal Marketing in the United States, Descrip- Sheet Metal Charcoal Kiln," No. 741, October, 1956, tion and Analysis, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Lake States Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, St. Minnesota. Paul, Minnesota. 6. Beazley, Ronald, "Charcoal Marketing in the United 21. Department of Agriculture, "1956 Charcoal Production States, Description and Analysis," Reprinted from Febru- in the Central States," No. 109, September, 1957, Cen- ary, 1958, School of Forestry, University of Minnesota, tral States Forest Experiment Station, Columbus, Ohio. Minneapolis, Minnesota. 22. Department of Commerce, "Bibliography of Sources of 7. Beglinger, Edward, "Charcoal Production," Report No. Information on Charcoal," Business and Defense Serv- 166-11, Forest Products Laboratory, U. S. D. A., Madi- ices Administration, Chemical and Rubber Division, son 5, Wisconsin. Washington 25, D . C. 8. Beglin'ger, Edward, "Charcoal-Its Manufacture and Use," 23. Diamond Company, "The Product That Is Revo- Reprinted from Economic , Vol. 11, No. 2, For- lutionizing Outdoor Cooking," A Division of Diamond est Products Laboratory, Forest Service, U. S. D. A., Gardner Corporation, 122 East 43nd Street, New York Madison 5, Wisconsin. 17, New York. 9. Beglinger, Edward, "Charcoal Production in Kilns," For- 24. Duchaine, William J., "Charcoal," American Forest Maga- est Products Laboratory, Forest Service, U. S. D. A. , zine, American Forestry Association, 919 17th Street, N. Madison 5, Wisconsin. W., Washington, D. C. 10. Beglinger, Edward, "Some Observations Regarding the 25. Hampf, Frederick E. , " Production and Sale of Charcoal," Status of the Wood-Distillation Industry," Forest Pro- Station Paper No. 100, Northeastern Forest Experiment ducts Laboratory, U. S. D. A., Forest Service, Madison 5, Station, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania. Wisconsin. 26. Hansen, N. J., "Charcoal From Your Woodlot," Iowa 11. Bird, Ronald, "Resou(ces and Levels of In_come of Farm Farm Science Magazine Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. and Rural Nonfarm Households," Research Bulletin 661 , 27. Harper, Charles C. , "Some Aspects of the Charcoal In- March, 1958, University of Missouri, College of Agri- dustry," Missouri Division of Resources and Develop- culture Experiment Station, Columbia, Missouri. ment, Jefferson Building, Jefferson City, Missouri. 12. Boldt, Charles E., "Kiln Cord wood Can Be Seasoned 28. Hicock, Henry W ., " The Connecticut Charcoal Kiln," Rapidly Prior To Bucking," No. 530, April, 1958, Lake Bulletin 431, June, 1951, Extension Service, College of States Forest Experiment Station, United States Depart- Agriculture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecti- ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, St. Paul , Minnesota. cut or the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 13. The Chemical Market Authority, "Oil, Paint, and New Haven, Connecticut. Drug Reporter," February 16, 1959, 30 Church Street, 29. King, D. B. , "Forest Resources and Industries of Mis· New York 7, New York. souri," University of Missouri, College of Agriculture, 14. Childs, Montgomery R., "Charcoal Production," Cir- Columbia, Missouri. cular No. 57, Forest Products Department, Texas Forest 30. Komarek-Greaves and Company, Briquetting Equipment Service, Lufkin, Texas. For Specific Requirement," 2939-45 North Mozart Street, 15 . Conservation Commission, "Missouri Conservationist," Chicago 18, Illinois. August, 1957, Forest Products Department, Texas Forest 31. Kotoz, E. S., "The Production of Charcoal From Arizona Service, Lufkin, Texas. Mesquite," Research Notes No. 15, Rocky Mountain

30 Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, 1958, Research Report 58, Texas Engineering Experi- Colorado. ment Station, College Station, Texas. 32. Lane, Paul H., Technologist, "Design of a Cinder-Con- 48. Simmons, Fred C., "Guides To Manufacturing and Mark- crete Block Charcoal Kiln," No. 494, April, 1957, Lake eting Charcoal in the Northeastern States," Station Paper States Forest Experiment Station, United States Depart- No. 95, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forest ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, St. Paul 1, Minne- Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Upper Darby, sota. Pennsy Ivania . 33. Lane, "Design of an Experimental Sheet Metal Charcoal 49. Skok, Richard A. , "A Review of the Charcoal Produc- Kiln," No. 471 of Technical Notes, Lake States Forest tion and Marketing Situation in the United States, with Experiment Station, United States Department of Agri- reference to Minnesota, September, 1955," School of For- culture, St. Paul 1, Minnesota. estry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. 34. Little, Arthur D ., Inc., "Industrial Bulletin of Arthur D. 50. Smith, Walton R., "Wood Residue in North Carolina, Little, Inc.," Article-Out of the Frying Pan, November, Raw Materials For Industry," United States Department 1958, 30 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Utilization Service, 35. May, Richard, "Wood Charcoal in California," Forest Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Raleigh, North Survey, Release No. 28, September, 1957, Forest Service, Carolina. United States Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, Cali- 51. State Historical Society 0£ Missouri, "Missouri Historical fornia. Review," Vol. 35, No. 4, July, 1941, Columbia, Missouri. 36. McNamar, Robert L., "Rural-Urban Populations Change 52. State Historical Society of Missouri, "Missouri Histori- and Migration in Missouri, 1940-1950," U:niversity of cal Review," Vol. 36, No. 1, Columbia, Missouri. Missouri, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment 53. Superintendent of Documents, "Code of Federal Regula- Station, Columbia, Missouri. tions," Title 49-Transportation Parts 71 to 90, United 37. "Missouri National Forests," Rolla, Missouri. States Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. 38. New Hampshire Forestry and Recreation Commission, 54. Taras, Michael A. , "Buying Pulpwod By Weight as Com- "Fox Forest Notes," No. 31, 43 , and 55 , Caroline A. Fox pared With Volume Measure," Station Paper No. 74 , Research and Demonstration Forest, Hillsboro, New Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, United States Hampshire. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Asheville, 39. Northeastern Wood Utilization Council, "Charcoal Pro- North Carolina. duction and Uses," Bulletin No. 37, January, 1952, P. 0. 55 . Thornton, Philip L., "Charcoal Production in the Cen- Box 1577, New Haven 6, Connecticut. tral States," 1956, W. G. McGinnies, Director, Central 40. Pakula, Al C., "The Domestic Charcoal Market," For- States Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, United estry Department, Oklahoma A & M College, Experi- States Department of Agriculture, Columbus, Ohio. ment Station, Division of Agriculture. 56. Van Geuns, Robert E., "Charcoal Briquettes," A Manu- 41. Peter, Ralph, "An Inexpensive Method For Measuring facturing Opportunity in Georgia, Project B- 140-2, En- Charcoal Kiln Temperatures," Southeastern Forest Ex- gineering Experiment Station, Georgia Institute of Tech- periment Station, Asheville, North Carolina. nology, Atlanta, Georgia. 42. Peter, Ralph, "This Business of Charcoaling," U. S. For- 57. Warner, John R. and William B. Lord, "The Market est Service, School of Forestry, University of Georgia, For Domestic Charcoal In Wisconsin," Station Paper No. Athens, Georgia. 46, Lake States Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service, 43. Primm, James N ., "Maramec Iron Works," of a United States Department of Agriculture, St. Paul 1, Pioneer Iron Works, University of Missouri Bulletin, Minnesota. November 1, 1957, University of Missouri, Columbia, 58. Warner, John R., "How Large Is The Charcoal Market?" Missouri. No. 477, Jan., 1957, Lake States Forest Experiment Sta- 44. Ross, J. D., "Bibliography of Wood Distillation," 1907- tion, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest 1953, April, 1955, Oregon Forest Products Laboratory, Service, St. Paul 1, Minnesota. State Board of Forestry and School of Forestry, Oregon 59. Witherow, B. M., "Information About the Charcoal In- State College, Cooperating, Corvallis, Oregon. dustry in the Southeast," Forest Utilization Service, 45_ St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Company, "Timber For Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, North Industry in Shannon, Reynolds, and Carter Counties in Carolina. Southeastern Missouri," 195 7, Industrial Development 60. Witherow, Boyd M., "Cost of Operation For Three Department, Room 215 Frisco Building, St. Louis, Mis- Types of Charcoal Kilns," Station No. 79, Southeastern souri. Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, North Carolina. 46. Shelton, Bill R., "Developments in the Texas Charcoal 61. Wyman, Lenthall, "Charcoaling-An Outlet For Poor Industry Since 1956," Supplement No. 1 to Report No. Quality Trees," North Carolina Agricultural Extension 58, Texas Engineering Experiment Station, College Sta- Service, State College Station, Raleigh, North Carolina. tion, Texas. 62. Yoho, J. G. and V. L. Robinson, "Retail Marketing of 47. Shelton, Bill R., "The Marketing and Production of Char- Charcoal in Iowa," Department of Forestry, Iowa State coal in Texas, 1955 and 1956," Supplement No. 1, April, College, Ames, Iowa.

31

PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENGINEERING BULLETIN SERIES List of publication,s may be secured from the Director of the Engineering E.i..-periment Station, University of Missouri. Single copies may be obtained free unless otherwise indicated until the supply is exhausted. Requests for additional copies will be considered upon further inquiry. Bulletin No. * 1. Acetylene for Lighting Country Homes, by J. D. Bowles (1910) * 2. Water Supply for Country Homes, by K. A. McVey (1910) * 3. Sanitation .and Sewage Disposal for Country Homes, by W. C. Davidson (1910) * 4. The Heating Value and Proximate Analysis of Missouri , by C. W. Marx and Paul Schweit- zer (1911) * 5. Friction and Lubrication Testing Apparatus, by Allan E. Flowers (1911) * 6. Test of Road Materials of Missouri, by W. S. Williams and Warren Roberts (1911) * 7. The Use of Metal Conductors to Protect Buildings from Lightning, by E.W. Keliogg {1912) * 8. Firing Test on Missouri Coal, by H. N. Sharp (1912) * 9. A Report on Steam Boiler Trials Under Operating Conditions, by A. L. Westcott (1912) *10. Economics of Rural Distribution of Electric Power, by L. E. Hildebrand (1913) *11. Comparative Test of Cylinder Oils, by M. P. Weinbach (1913) *12. Artesian of Missouri, by A. W. McCoy (1913) *13. Friction Test of Lubricating Greases and Oils, by A. L. Westcott (1913) *14. A Study of the Effects of Heat on Missouri Granites, by W. A. Tarr and L. M. Newmann (1913) *15. A Preliminary Study Relating to the Water Resources of Missouri, by T. J. Rodhouse (1914) *16. The Economics of Electric Cooking, by P. W. Gumaer (1915) *17. Earth Roads and the Oiling of Earth Roads, by H. A. LaRue (1916) *18. Heat Transmission Through Boiler Tubes, by E. A. Fessenden and Jiles W. Haney (1913-14, 1914-15) *19. Geology of Missouri, by E. B. Branson (1919) *20. Energy Necessary to Shear Steel of High Temperature, by Guy D. Newton (1920) *21. Water Supply and Sewage Disposal for Country Homes, by E. J. McCaustland (1920) *22. Study Relating to the Water Resources of Missouri, by T. J. Rodhouse (1920) *23 . Experiments on the Extraction and Recovery of Radium from American Carnotite Ores, by H. H. Barker and Herman Schlundt (1926) *24. The Grading of Earth Roads, by H. A. LaRue (1923) *25. Experiments on Sunflower Seed Oil, by H. E. French and R. 0. Humphrey (1926) *26. Directory of Alumni and Former Students, College of Engineering (1926) *27. Tests on Lubricating Oils, by Dr. Mary V. Dover (1928) *28. Reinforced Brickwork, by Mason Vaugh (1928) *29. A Semi-Graphical Method of Analysis for Horizontally Curved Beams, by Robert B. B. Moor- man (1938) *30. Flood Flow on Missouri Streams, by Horace W. Wood, Jr. (1942) *31. Cross-Connection Survey in Calhoun County, Michigan, by E. L. Stockton (1942) *32. Cross-Connection Survey in Calhoun County, Michigan, by E. L. Stockton (1942) (Revised) *33. Supplemental Irrigation for Missouri and Regions of Similar Rainfall, by Harry Hubey (1945) *34. A new Transit Method for Realigning Railway Curves and Spirals, by Harry Hubey (1946) *35. Wluence Lines for Horizontally Curved Fixed-end Beams of Circular-arc Plan, by Robert B. B. Moorman and Manford B. Tate (1947) 36. Stresses in a Uniformly Loaded Circular-arc I-Beam, by Robert B. B. Moorman (1947) 37. Thermodynamic Equilibrium Calculations for Combustion Jets, by Ralph Scorah and Jack T. Kimbrell (1950) 38. The Effect of High Temperature Steam on a Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloy, by Paul Ogden and Ralph Scorah (1952) 39. Air and Water Pollution Conference (1955) 40. Selected Papers from the Air and Water Pollution Conference (1956) 41. Pressure Changes at Storm Drain Junctions, by W. M. Sangster, H. W. Wood, E. T. Smerdon, and H. G. Bossy (1958) ($2.00, tables $1.00) 42. Selected Papers from the Air and Water Pollution Conference (1957) 43. Proceedings of the Missouri Community Development Clinic, by J. Pitts Jarvis, Jr. (1958) 44. Bibliography of Factory Layout (1940 through 1958), by Robert M. Eastman, James C. Schloemann, and Roland A. Hill, Jr. 45. Selected Papers from the Air and Water Pollution Conference (1958) 46. Field Testing and Analysis of Pre-Stressed Concrete Girders (1959) 47. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Air and Water Pollution Conference, by Ralph H. Lubbers (1959) 48. The Wood Charcoal Industry in the State of Missouri, by J. Pitts Jarvis, Jr. (1960)

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