Leaving Sri Lanka Again? MÉMOIRE DE MASTER Migration Intentions of Sous La Direction Du Prof

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Leaving Sri Lanka Again? MÉMOIRE DE MASTER Migration Intentions of Sous La Direction Du Prof institut de géographie Espace Louis-Agassiz 1 CH - 2001 Neuchâtel Lea Stuber Leaving Sri Lanka again? MÉMOIRE DE MASTER Migration intentions of sous la direction du Prof. Etienne Piguet Sri Lankans being back from Switzerland May 2019 LEAVING SRI LANKA AGAIN? 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am incredibly grateful to the 25 people who agreed to meet me for an interview. Thank you for sharing your thoughts and experiences with me! Without you, I could not have written this thesis. Moreover, I would like to thank my interpreter for having facilitated the communication between the research participants and me! I will not forget the time I spent with him and his wife as well as the two children. ThanK you for supporting me during my fieldwork, it was so much more than ‘just’ the translation of 18 interviews. Thank you for sharing your home and daily life with me! Furthermore, I would like to thanK the daughters and sons, husbands and wives, brothers and friends who helped me to get in touch with my future research participants. Additionally, I would like to thank the institutions without which it wouldn’t have been possible to get to know all of these people in Sri Lanka, namely Droit de rester in Lausanne, the Tamilischer Verein der Studierenden in Zurich, the Freiplatzaktion in Basel and IOM Sri Lanka in Colombo. A big thank you also to Yves Bowie from the Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker (GfbV) in Switzerland – not merely for introducing me to the interpreter and to some research participants, but also for sharing your knowledge about the current situation in Sri Lanka. Thank you for everything, Yves! This thesis would not exist without the countless discussions with my friends whose opinions were essential for me. I would like to thank my friends and family for the support of this project – from the beginning to the end. Your support was priceless! A big thanK to the various academic researchers who advised me in this project – be it related to questions of translation and qualitative methods in general, to questions of migration in the context of Sri Lanka or to questions about the theoretical framework. Especially, I would like to thank Professor Etienne Piguet who supported me during the course of the research. Last but not least, I would like to thank the Fonds des donations of the University of Neuchâtel which financially supported the fieldwork of this research. LEAVING SRI LANKA AGAIN? 2 ABSTRACT Many Sri Lankan nationals live in places outside Sri Lanka, among other reasons, due to the long-standing civil war. As the conflict ended in 2009, some of them decided ‘freely’ to return to Sri Lanka. However, others were forced to return to Sri Lanka as they weren’t granted asylum anymore. In the case of Switzerland and Sri Lanka, there exists no particular research on the social phenomena of deportation and return migration. This Master’s thesis aims to fill this gap by comparing different reasons for return in relation to future migration intentions. The author reveals the importance of the idea of ‘leaving Sri Lanka again’ by conducting 25 interviews with individuals who moved from Switzerland back to Sri Lanka. Migration processes are understood as simultaneously embedded in different places and different temporal settings. By looking into the multiplicity of scales and multiplicity of temporalities, it was possible to understand how mobility is differentiated. Through an in-depth analysis of 7 narrative interviews, the author shows that through the earlier migration from Sri Lanka to Switzerland, individuals have established affiliations and relationships at the new place which persist even after the person left the country of destination. Therefore, the (translocal) social network can be an important ‘alternative’ when access through citizenship or a permit is not given in the first place. Despite the embeddedness on the national and supranational scale, many of the strategies that people apply depend on the social networK: for instance, getting sponsored by a family member in Switzerland, looking for a marriage proposal in Europe, or applying for a green card in the U.S. Nevertheless, these opportunities are often limited to intimate relationships. In addition, what seems to be a challenge linked to the attempt to access mobility through the social networK is the often-experienced uncertainty related to national regulations. Yet, translocal social networKs can be seen as a means of making use of the national and supranational rights in the ‘best’ way in order to be able to leave Sri Lanka again. LEAVING SRI LANKA AGAIN? 3 CONTENT Acknowledgements .................................................................................. 1 Abstract .................................................................................................... 2 I. List of abbreviations .......................................................................... 5 II. List of figures and tables ................................................................... 5 1. Introduction....................................................................................... 6 2. Setting the scene ............................................................................... 9 2.1. Sri Lanka and international migration ................................................ 9 2.2. Switzerland and the Sri Lankan citizens ........................................... 10 2.3. State of the literature .................................................................... 11 2.4. Research questions ....................................................................... 13 2.5. Translocality as a theoretical frameworK .......................................... 15 3. Research as a spatio-temporal process ........................................... 20 3.1. How did it start? ........................................................................... 20 3.2. How did I collect the data? ............................................................. 21 3.2.1. Accessing the research participants ....................................................... 22 3.2.2. Conducting narrative interviews ............................................................ 23 3.2.3. Collaborating with an interpreter ........................................................... 27 3.2.4. Positioning myself as a researcher ........................................................ 30 3.2.5. Dealing with challenges and limits in the field ........................................ 32 3.3. How did I analyse the data? ........................................................... 35 3.3.1. Observing patterns in the material ........................................................ 35 3.3.2. Choosing the interviews ........................................................................ 36 3.3.3. Developing a thematic structure............................................................ 38 4. Migration as a spatio-temporal process .......................................... 40 4.1. Introduction to the empirical results ................................................ 40 4.1.1. Description of the narratives ................................................................. 40 4.1.2. The desires to leave Sri Lanka again ..................................................... 47 4.1.3. Summary ............................................................................................. 50 4.2. Reflexions on spatialities ................................................................ 51 4.2.1. Individual and local scale ...................................................................... 51 4.2.2. National scale....................................................................................... 58 LEAVING SRI LANKA AGAIN? 4 4.2.3. Supranational scale .............................................................................. 61 4.2.4. Summary: Connections across the scales .............................................. 63 4.3. Reflexions on temporalities ............................................................ 65 4.3.1. Wasting times ...................................................................................... 65 4.3.2. Pending times ...................................................................................... 68 4.3.3. Uncertain times .................................................................................... 70 4.3.4. Summary: Connections across the times ............................................... 74 4.4. Discussion .................................................................................... 76 5. Conclusion ....................................................................................... 79 Bibliography ........................................................................................... 84 LEAVING SRI LANKA AGAIN? 5 I. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FfT : Freedom from Torture GfbV: Society for Threatened Peoples (Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker) IOM: International Organization for Migration LTTE: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam NGO: Non-governmental Organisation OHCHR: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights SEM: State Secretariat for Migration II. LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Table 1: Research questions, p. 14 Figure 1: The migratory pathways of the research participants, p. 50 LEAVING SRI LANKA AGAIN? 6 1. INTRODUCTION Many people who live in Switzerland have experienced migration from one place in the world to another. When I was in primary school, there was a girl in my class whose parents had fled from Sri Lanka to Berne. I never thought
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