DOCSLIB.ORG

Hydrological Modeling of Mountain Catchments in Central Asia— Approaches for Data Sparse Catchments

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hydrological Modeling of Mountain Catchments in Central Asia— Approaches for Data Sparse Catchments Hydrological modeling of mountain catchments in Central Asia— approaches for data sparse catchments Doris Düthmann Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences (Dr. rer. nat.) in Hydrology to the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Potsdam, Germany Referees Prof. Dr. Bruno Merz, University of Potsdam Prof. Dr. Axel Bronstert, University of Potsdam Prof. Dr. Jan Seibert, University of Zurich Submitted January 2015 Defended June 2015 Published August 2015 Published online at the Institutional Repository of the University of Potsdam: URN urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-80071 http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-80071 CONTENTS V Contents Contents ................................................................................................................................................................. V List of figures ..................................................................................................................................................... VII List of tables ......................................................................................................................................................... XI Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................. XIII Zusammenfassung .............................................................................................................................................. XV 1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation ................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Water in Central Asia—a scarce resource ................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Additional data sources and approaches for hydrological modeling in data sparse mountain regions ...... 2 1.4 Understanding past hydrologic changes .................................................................................................... 3 1.5 Objectives and research questions ............................................................................................................. 3 1.6 Study areas ................................................................................................................................................ 5 1.7 Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 6 2 Evaluation of areal precipitation estimates based on downscaled reanalysis and station data by hydrological modeling ..................................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Study area .................................................................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Data and methods .................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Precipitation data and interpolation approaches ........................................................................... 10 2.3.2 Point based evaluation of the precipitation data ........................................................................... 12 2.3.3 Evaluation of areal precipitation estimates based on simulated discharge ................................... 13 2.4 Results and discussion ............................................................................................................................. 16 2.4.1 Characteristics of the precipitation data sets ................................................................................ 16 2.4.2 Evaluation of the precipitation data based on simulated discharge .............................................. 19 2.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 23 3 The value of satellite-derived snow cover images for calibrating a hydrological model in snow- dominated catchments in Central Asia ........................................................................................................ 27 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 28 3.2 Study area ................................................................................................................................................ 29 3.3 Data and methods .................................................................................................................................... 30 3.3.1 Extraction of snow cover from AVHRR satellite imagery........................................................... 30 3.3.2 Hydrological model ...................................................................................................................... 31 3.3.3 Model calibration ......................................................................................................................... 32 3.4 Results and discussion ............................................................................................................................. 35 3.4.1 Characterization of the trade-offs between good performance for discharge and snow cover area ............................................................................................................................................... 35 VI CONTENTS 3.4.2 Model performance in terms of discharge and snow cover area .................................................. 37 3.4.3 Influence of the two objective functions on constraining model parameters ............................... 39 3.4.4 Value of increasing the number of snow cover observations during the calibration period ......... 42 3.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 43 4 Attribution of streamflow trends in snow- and glacier melt dominated catchments of the Tarim River, Central Asia ........................................................................................................................................ 47 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 48 4.2 Study area and observed hydrometeorological changes .......................................................................... 49 4.3 Data and methods .................................................................................................................................... 51 4.3.1 Streamflow and meteorological data ............................................................................................ 51 4.3.2 Trend analysis .............................................................................................................................. 52 4.3.3 Data-based analysis ...................................................................................................................... 52 4.3.4 Simulation-based analysis ............................................................................................................ 53 4.4 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 56 4.4.1 Data-based analysis ...................................................................................................................... 56 4.4.2 Simulation-based analysis ............................................................................................................ 59 4.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................ 67 4.5.1 Glacier melt contribution and trend attribution for two headwater catchments of the Aksu River ............................................................................................................................................. 67 4.5.2 Data-based versus simulation-based trend attribution .................................................................. 67 4.5.3 Multiobjective model calibration ................................................................................................. 68 4.5.4 Limitations ................................................................................................................................... 68 4.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................. 69 5 Discussion and conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 71 5.1 Main results ............................................................................................................................................. 71 5.2 Discussion and future research
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Glaciers in Xinjiang, China: Past Changes and Current Status
    water Article Glaciers in Xinjiang, China: Past Changes and Current Status Puyu Wang 1,2,3,*, Zhongqin Li 1,3,4, Hongliang Li 1,2, Zhengyong Zhang 3, Liping Xu 3 and Xiaoying Yue 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere Science/Tianshan Glaciological Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; [email protected] (Z.L.); [email protected] (H.L.); [email protected] (X.Y.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 College of Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; [email protected] (Z.Z.); [email protected] (L.X.) 4 College of Geography and Environment Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 June 2020; Accepted: 11 August 2020; Published: 24 August 2020 Abstract: The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China is the largest arid region in Central Asia, and is heavily dependent on glacier melt in high mountains for water supplies. In this paper, glacier and climate changes in Xinjiang during the past decades were comprehensively discussed based on glacier inventory data, individual monitored glacier observations, recent publications, as well as meteorological records. The results show that glaciers have been in continuous mass loss and dimensional shrinkage since the 1960s, although there are spatial differences between mountains and sub-regions, and the significant temperature increase is the dominant controlling factor of glacier change. The mass loss of monitored glaciers in the Tien Shan has accelerated since the late 1990s, but has a slight slowing after 2010. Remote sensing results also show a more negative mass balance in the 2000s and mass loss slowing in the latest decade (2010s) in most regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Bishkek–Osh Road) Improvement Project, Phase 4 (RRP KGZ 45169) Initial Environmental Examination
    Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Corridor 3 (Bishkek–Osh Road) Improvement Project, Phase 4 (RRP KGZ 45169) Initial Environmental Examination P45169-KGZ TA 8107-KGZ August 2013 KGZ: CAREC Corridor 3 (Bishkek–Osh Road) Improvement Project, Phase 4 (Bishkek–Kara-Balta Section) The IEE is an update of the IEE report disclosed on ADB and MOTC website in August 2013 available on http://www.adb.org/projects/45169-001/documents. Prepared By the KOCKS Consult GmbH for ADB and Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Kyrgyz Republic. The IEE is a document of the Borrower. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1 A. BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................1 B. ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS .........................................................3 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...................................................................................6 A. OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................6 B. TYPE AND CATEGORY OF PROJECT .............................................................................6 C. NEED FOR PROJECT .......................................................................................................7 D. LOCATION .........................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Snow, Glacier and Water Resources in Asia
    IHP/HWRP-BERICHTE Heft 8 Koblenz 2009 Assessment of Snow, Glacier and Water Resources in Asia Assessment of Snow, Glacier and Water Resources in Asia Resources Water Glacier and of Snow, Assessment IHP/HWRP-Berichte • Heft 8/2009 IHP/HWRP-Berichte IHP – International Hydrological Programme of UNESCO ISSN 1614 -1180 HWRP – Hydrology and Water Resources Programme of WMO Assessment of Snow, Glacier and Water Resources in Asia Selected papers from the Workshop in Almaty, Kazakhstan, 2006 Joint Publication of UNESCO-IHP and the German IHP/HWRP National Committee edited by Ludwig N. Braun, Wilfried Hagg, Igor V. Severskiy and Gordon Young Koblenz, 2009 Deutsches IHP/HWRP - Nationalkomitee IHP – International Hydrological Programme of UNESCO HWRP – Hydrology and Water Resource Programme of WMO BfG – Bundesanstalt für Gewässerkunde, Koblenz German National Committee for the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) of UNESCO and the Hydrology and Water Resources Programme (HWRP) of WMO Koblenz 2009 © IHP/HWRP Secretariat Federal Institute of Hydrology Am Mainzer Tor 1 56068 Koblenz • Germany Telefon: +49 (0) 261/1306-5435 Telefax: +49 (0) 261/1306-5422 http://ihp.bafg.de FOREWORD III Foreword The topic of water availability and the possible effects The publication will serve as a contribution to the of climate change on water resources are of paramount 7th Phase of the International Hydrological Programme importance to the Central Asian countries. In the last (IHP 2008 – 2013) of UNESCO, which has endeavored decades, water supply security has turned out to be to address demands arising from a rapidly changing one of the major challenges for these countries. world. Several focal areas have been identified by the The supply initially ensured by snow and glaciers is IHP to address the impacts of global changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Topography-Related Glacier Area Changes in Central Tianshan from 1989 to 2015 Derived from Landsat Images and ASTER GDEM Data
    water Article Topography-Related Glacier Area Changes in Central Tianshan from 1989 to 2015 Derived from Landsat Images and ASTER GDEM Data Xianwei Wang 1,* ID , Huijiao Chen 1 and Yaning Chen 2 1 School of Geography and Planning, and Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-Simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; [email protected] 2 State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-20-8411-4623 Received: 13 March 2018; Accepted: 23 April 2018; Published: 25 April 2018 Abstract: Studies have investigated the glacier projected area (2D Area) on a horizontal plane, which is much smaller than the glacier topographic surface extent (3D Area) in steep terrains. This study maps the glacier outline in Central Tianshan using Landsat images from four periods, i.e., 1989, 2002, 2007 and 2015, by an object-based classification approach, and analyzes the glacier 2D and 3D area changes related to topographic factors based on Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global DEM data. This approach shows an accuracy of 90.8% for clean ice mapping. The derived clean ice outlines are in good agreement with the 2nd Chinese Glacier Inventory (CGI2) and the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS). The fields with a northern aspect receive the least surface solar radiation, leading to dominant existing glaciers. Glaciers are near evenly distributed in slope zones of 0◦ to 50◦ and have a mean slope angle of 28.8◦, resulting in a 30.3% larger 3D area than the 2D area in 2015 in Central Tianshan.
    [Show full text]
  • Kyrgyzstan Forms a Favorable Habitat and Is One of the Most Important Factors for Human Well-Being
    STATE AGENCY ON ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND FORESTRY UNDER THE GOVERNMENT OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY FIFTH NATIONAL REPORT ON CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC Bishkek - 2013 1 Part I. Information on the state, trends and threats in the field of biodiversity and consequences for human well-being Importance of biodiversity for human well-being and socio-economic development Biodiversity of Kyrgyzstan forms a favorable habitat and is one of the most important factors for human well-being. The value of biodiversity of mountainous country is far beyond it. One of the largest rivers in Central Asia, the Syr Darya River formed stock here. Water from rivers flowing from Kyrgyzstan runs to neighboring countries: China, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Quality and quantity of runoff significantly depends on the preservation of biodiversity, first of all the forest and grassland ecosystems in the catch basins of the rivers of Kyrgyzstan. Thus, in extremely continental and arid climate of Central Asian the state of Kyrgyzstan’s biodiversity obtains regional importance. Grassland ecosystems dominate in area and play an important role in the protection of mountainsides. Pastures are used for grazing and hay fields, indirect uses of grassland ecosystems are collecting mushrooms and berries, as well as medicinal herbs. Forest ecosystems play an important role in maintaining environmental balance, strengthening slopes, regulation of runoffs and clearing of the air. Forest communities provide important recreational and aesthetic, cognitive, educational functions, and are sources of non-forest timber products (mushrooms, berries, nuts). The use of wood for construction purposes as well as for house heating causes a significant damage to forest ecosystems.
    [Show full text]
  • Jilili Abuduwaili · Gulnura Issanova Galymzhan Saparov Hydrology and Limnology of Central Asia Water Resources Development and Management
    Water Resources Development and Management Jilili Abuduwaili · Gulnura Issanova Galymzhan Saparov Hydrology and Limnology of Central Asia Water Resources Development and Management Series editors Asit K. Biswas, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Cecilia Tortajada, Institute of Water Policy, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Editorial Board Dogan Altinbilek, Ankara, Turkey Francisco González-Gómez, Granada, Spain Chennat Gopalakrishnan, Honolulu, USA James Horne, Canberra, Australia David J. Molden, Kathmandu, Nepal Olli Varis, Helsinki, Finland Hao Wang, Beijing, China [email protected] More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7009 [email protected] Jilili Abuduwaili • Gulnura Issanova Galymzhan Saparov Hydrology and Limnology of Central Asia 123 [email protected] Jilili Abuduwaili and State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology Faculty of Geography and Environmental and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sciences Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Urumqi Almaty China Kazakhstan and and Research Centre of Ecology and Research Centre of Ecology and Environment of Central Asia (Almaty) Environment of Central Asia (Almaty) Almaty Almaty Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Gulnura Issanova Galymzhan Saparov State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Research Centre of Ecology and Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology Environment of Central Asia (Almaty) and Geography, Chinese Academy of U.U. Uspanov Kazakh Research Institute of Sciences Soil Science and Agrochemistry Urumqi Almaty China Kazakhstan ISSN 1614-810X ISSN 2198-316X (electronic) Water Resources Development and Management ISBN 978-981-13-0928-1 ISBN 978-981-13-0929-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0929-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018943710 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Scarcity and Allocation in the Tarim Basin: Decision Structures and Adaptations on the Local Level Niels THEVS
    ● ● ● ● Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 3/2011: 113-137 Water Scarcity and Allocation in the Tarim Basin: Decision Structures and Adaptations on the Local Level Niels THEVS Abstract: The Tarim River is the major water source for all kinds of human activities and for the natural ecosystems in the Tarim Basin, Xin- jiang, China. The major water consumer is irrigation agriculture, mainly cotton. As the area under irrigation has been increasing ever since the 1950s, the lower and middle reaches of the Tarim are suffering from a water shortage. Within the framework of the Water Law and two World Bank projects, the Tarim River Basin Water Resource Commission was founded in 1997 in order to foster integrated water resource manage- ment along the Tarim River. Water quotas were fixed for the water utili- zation along the upstream and downstream river stretches. Furthermore, along each river stretch, quotas were set for water withdrawal by agricul- ture and industry and the amount of water to remain for the natural ecosystems (environmental flow). Furthermore, huge investments were undertaken in order to increase irrigation effectiveness and restore the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Still, a regular water supply for water consumers along the Tarim River cannot be ensured. This paper thus introduces the hydrology of the Tarim River and its impacts on land use and natural ecosystems along its banks. The water administration in the Tarim Basin and the water allocation plan are elaborated upon, and the current water supply situation is discussed. Finally, the adaptations made due to issues of water allocation and water scarcity on the farm level are investigated and discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • A Revision of the Central Asian Scopaeus Similis Species Group (Staphylinidae, Paederinae)
    86 (3) · December 2014 pp. 199–220 A revision of the Central Asian Scopaeus similis species group (Staphylinidae, Paederinae) Johannes Frisch Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt-University, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Received 7 October 2014 | Accepted 10 November 2014 Published online at www.soil-organisms.de 1 December 2014 | Printed version 15 December 2014 Abstract The Scopaeus similis species group, distributed in Central Asia and the Middle East, is proposed for S. ferganensis sp. n. (Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan), S. gissarensis sp. n. (Uzbekistan), S. hiekei sp. n. (Kazakhstan), S. longilobatus sp. n. (Kyrgyzstan), S. triangularis Luze, 1904 (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan), and two subspecies of S. similis Eppelsheim, 1892, S. s. similis (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzhikistan) and S. s. minor ssp. n. (Iran, Turkmenistan). It is described including bionomic and biogeographic information, followed by diagnoses of the included species, the distribution patterns of which are discussed and mapped. The S. similis species group is proposed a monophyletic clade using apomorphic characters of the primary sexual organs. Its phylogenetic position within Scopaeus Erichson, 1839 is discussed as well as the phylogeographic relationships within the species group. New country records are published for S. s. similis (Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan), S. similis incertae sedis (Afghanistan, India), and S. triangularis (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan). Keywords Scopaeina | Tien Shan | Alai-Pamir | taxonomy | phylogeography 1. Introduction in the framework of a cooperation of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin and the Institute of Biology and Scopaeus Erichson, 1839 (Staphylinidae: Paederinae) Pedology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of constitutes a group of predominantly riparian rove Kyrgyzstan, clearly point to a rich diversity of Scopaeus beetles, which presently includes 452 valid species including many endemics.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Management of River Oases Along the Tarim River (Sumario) in Northwest China Under Conditions of Climate Change
    Earth Syst. Dynam., 6, 83–107, 2015 www.earth-syst-dynam.net/6/83/2015/ doi:10.5194/esd-6-83-2015 © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Sustainable management of river oases along the Tarim River (SuMaRiO) in Northwest China under conditions of climate change C. Rumbaur1, N. Thevs2,18, M. Disse1, M. Ahlheim3, A. Brieden4, B. Cyffka5, D. Duethmann6, T. Feike7, O. Frör8, P. Gärtner9, Ü. Halik5, J. Hill10, M. Hinnenthal4, P. Keilholz1, B. Kleinschmit9, V. Krysanova11, M. Kuba5, S. Mader10, C. Menz11, H. Othmanli3, S. Pelz3, M. Schroeder6, T. F. Siew12, V. Stender6, K. Stahr3, F. M. Thomas10, M. Welp13, M. Wortmann11, X. Zhao3, X. Chen14, T. Jiang15, J. Luo16, H. Yimit17, R. Yu14, X. Zhang14, and C. Zhao14 1Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany 2Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany 3University of Hohenheim, Hohenheim, Germany 4Universität der Bundeswehr Muenchen, Munich, Germany 5Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Eichstätt, Germany 6GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany 7Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Kleinmachnow, Germany 8Universität Landau, Landau, Germany 9Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany 10University of Trier, Trier, Germany 11Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany 12Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany 13Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Eberswalde, Germany 14Xinjiang Institute of Geography and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China 15National Climate Center, Beijing, China 16Research Center for China’s Borderland History and Geography, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China 17Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China 18World Agroforestry Center, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Correspondence to: C. Rumbaur ([email protected]) and N.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Groundwater Induced by Water Diversion in the Lower Tarim River, Xinjiang Uygur, NW China: Evidence from Environmental Isotopes and Water Chemistry
    Journal of Hydrology 387 (2010) 188–201 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Hydrology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol Changes in groundwater induced by water diversion in the Lower Tarim River, Xinjiang Uygur, NW China: Evidence from environmental isotopes and water chemistry Tianming Huang a,b, Zhonghe Pang a,* a Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China b Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China article info summary Article history: The Lower Tarim River in NW China is under severe ecosystem degradation due to stopped stream flow Received 11 June 2009 and diminished groundwater recharge. Since year 2000, eight water diversions from the upper stream Received in revised form 21 March 2010 and from the neighboring Kaidu–Kongque River have been implemented to alleviate the ecosystem disas- Accepted 5 April 2010 ter. In order to assess the effectiveness of the water diversion project and to identify proper tracers of groundwater dynamics, we sampled the riparian groundwater system in 2007 and 2008 along the This manuscript was handled by L. Charlet, Editor-in-Chief, with the assistance of 350 km-long river channel through the 40 monitoring wells situated along nine transects perpendicular S. Yue, Associate Editor to the river and three soil profiles. Measurements on the samples have included environmental isotopes (18O, 2H, 3H) and water chemistry. The results show that remarkable changes have been induced by the Keywords: water diversions. The observed response of riparian groundwater system includes general decrease in Water diversion total dissolved solid (TDS) and rise of water table.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacier Changes and Their Linkage to the Climate-Topographic Context in the Borohoro Mountains, Tian Shan 1977–2018
    water Article Glacier Changes and Their Linkage to the Climate-Topographic Context in the Borohoro Mountains, Tian Shan 1977–2018 Yanan Li Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-512-245-8663 Received: 6 March 2020; Accepted: 21 May 2020; Published: 24 May 2020 Abstract: Against the backdrop of climate change and socio-ecological sustainability, studying glacier changes provides essential knowledge to the basic water needs and security for regions and populations under such threats, such as Central Asia. Little attention has focused on glaciers in the northern periphery of the Chinese Tian Shan. This study aims to map a recent glacier inventory and examine the glacier area shrinkage and surface elevation change for the central massif of the Borohoro Mountains in the past 41 years. Using declassified Hexagon images (1977), Landsat 5 TM (1994 and 2007), Sentinel 2A (2018) and altimetry data from the Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) over 2003–2009 with the 30-m Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model, multi-temporal glacier fluctuations and the influence of topographic and climatic factors were investigated. Results show that the glacier area decreased from 287.5 8.2 km2 in 1977 ± to 215.8 4.1 km2 in 2018, at a rate of 0.61 0.01% year 1. Glacier disintegration has led to a gradual ± ± − increase in the number of glaciers and reached 224 glaciers in 2018. The shrinkage was at the highest rate during the 1994–2007 period and the smallest during 1977–1994.
    [Show full text]
  • United Nations ___Economic Commission for Europe Use of Clean, Renewable And/Or Alternative Energy Technologies In
    1 UNITED NATIONS _____________ ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DIVISION USE OF CLEAN, RENEWABLE AND/OR ALTERNATIVE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES IN RURAL DISTRICTS OF KYRGYZSTAN Shamil Dikambaev Bishkek 2015 2 Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Assessment of proposed decisions for autonomous and network access to power services in rural and remote districts of Kyrgyzstan ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.1. General description of power generation and consumption ............................................................ 5 in Kyrgyzstan ................................................................................................................................................. 5 1.2. Issues of power supply to rural and remote districts of Kyrgyzstan .................................................... 10 1.3. Assessment of using renewable power technologies for rural districts of Kyrgyzstan in the current conditions .................................................................................................................................................... 20 2. Assessment of political measures, advanced practices and business models for support of rendering sustainable power services in the rural areas of Kyrgyzstan ...................................................................... 26 3.
    [Show full text]