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Présentée Par : Melle BELHOUCINE Latifa Les Champignons Associés Au Platypus Cylindrus Fab. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Platy

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Présentée Par : Melle BELHOUCINE Latifa Les Champignons Associés Au Platypus Cylindrus Fab. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Platy République Algérienne Démocratique Et Populaire Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieure et de La Recherche Scientifique Université Abou Bakr Belkaid Tlemcen Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et Sciences de la Terre et de l’Univers Département Des Sciences d’Agronomie et des Forêts Présentée par : Melle BELHOUCINE Latifa En vue de l’obtention du diplôme de Doctorat en Sciences Forestières Les champignons associés au Platypus cylindrus Fab. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Platypodinae) dans un jeune peuplement de chêne-liège de la forêt de M’Sila (Oran, nord-ouest d’Algérie) : Etude particulière de la biologie et l’épidémiologie de l’insecte Devant le jury composé de: Président : Pr. Letreuch- Belarouci N. Université de Tlemcen Directeur de thèse : Pr. Bouhraoua T.R. Université de Tlemcen Co- Directeur de thèse : Pr. Pujade i-Villar J. Université de Barcelone - Espagne Examinateur : Pr. Chakali G. Université INA Alger Examinateur : Pr. Bellahcene M. Université de Mostaganem Examinateur : Pr. Abdelwahid D. Université de Tlemcen Année 2012-2013 Que ce travail soit un témoignage de ma grande affection pour : - Mon très cher père ; - Ma défunte mère ; - Mes sœurs ; - Mes frères ; - Mes nièces et neveux ; - Mes belles sœurs et beaux frères ; - Mes amis. “It’s the journey that’s important, not the getting there” (John McLeod). L'écriture de cette thèse a été un voyage fascinant plein d'expériences inoubliables. La rédaction d'une thèse est un long voyage, et évidemment pas possible sans le soutien de nombreuses personnes. J'ai été vraiment privilégiée pour commencer mon voyage dans le monde de la science avec de nombreuses personnes inspirantes. Il a été un grand plaisir à suivre leur enthousiasme et l'engagement profond de l'œuvre qu'ils aiment. Merci de me faire passer cette passion pour la science! Je tiens à exprimer mes sincères remerciements à vous tous qui ont contribué et soutenu cette étude de diverses manières. La première personne que je tiens à remercier, mon directeur de thèse le Professeur Rachid Tarik Bouhraoua de l’université de Tlemcen. Je tiens à le remercier pour m'avoir fait découvrir le monde fascinant des insectes à ambrosia et les champignons associés, sa confiance sans fin à mes compétences, et tout son soutien et orientations dès le début de ma carrière scientifique. Il s’est toujours montré disponible et à l’écoute. Qu’il trouve ici l’expression de ma gratitude et mon profond respect. Je suis également reconnaissante à mon Co-Directeur de Thèse le Professeur Juli Pujade i- Villar, de l’université de Barcelone de m'avoir ouvert les portes de son laboratoire, donné cette merveilleuse possibilité de plonger plus profondément dans le monde des insectes à ambrosia et la découverte du microscope électronique. Ses conseils et ses encouragements tout au long du processus de cette thèse m’ont été très utiles. Je suis profondément reconnaissante à Mr le Professeur Noureddine Letreuch-Belarouci (Université de Tlemcen), pour l’honneur qu’il me fait en présidant le jury de ma thèse. Je suis particulièrement sensible et très honorée par la participation à mon jury de thèse du Professeur Gahdab Chakali (Institut National Agronomique El-Harrach, Alger), du Professeur Miloud Bellahcene (Université de Mostaganem) et Professeur Djamel Abdelwahid (Université de Tlemcen) pour l’intérêt qu’ils ont porté à ce travail et d’avoir aimablement accepté de le juger. Je tiens à remercier le Professeur A. Robert Samson (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures Utrecht, The Netherlands : Applied and Industrial Mycology) qui m’a donné l’opportunité d’effectuer des stages dans son laboratoire en vue de l’identification moléculaire des champignons isolés dans la présente étude. Je tiens à remercier les co-auteurs avec qui j'ai eu le plus grand plaisir de travailler: Martin Meyer (CBS, Utrecht The Netherlands), Jos Houbraken (CBS, Utrecht The Netherlands), Mohamed Jamal Harrak (Université Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Amador Viñolas (Université de Barcelone), Eva Prats (Université de Barcelone), Armando Equihua (Institut Protection des Plantes, Collège de la Graduation, Mexico), Belkhir Dahane (Université de Tlemcen), Je ne pourrais jamais remercier assez M. Jamal Harrak pour l’aide inestimable et le soutien moral, pour l’intérêt particulier qu’il porte à ce travail, pour ses conseils et pour les références bibliographiques qu’il m’a aimablement octroyées. Qu’il trouve ici l’expression de ma gratitude. Je remercie très sincèrement Palmira Ros-Farré pour sa bonne humeur et ses conseils lors de mes séjours à Barcelone et surtout pour m'avoir aidé avec les photographies au microscope électronique illustrant certains de mes travaux scientifiques. Mes remerciements vont aussi au Professeur Bensalah M. Doyen et Professeur Mme Belarbi M. vice Doyen de la post- graduation de la Faculté des Sciences de la nature et de la vie et des sciences de la terre et de l’univers, université Tlemcen pour son soutien et Professeur Mme Abdellaoui K. pour la réalisation du traitement statistique utilisé dans la présente étude. Je suis très reconnaissante au Laboratoire N° 31: Laboratoire de recherche « Gestion Conservatoire de l’eau, sol et forêts » -Tlemcen pour avoir mis à ma disposition tout les moyens et matériel nécessaires à la bonne marche de mes travaux de recherche. Je ne saurais comment remercier Larbi Abderrahim, APF (Université de Tlemcen), pour son aide inestimable lors des sorties réalisées dans la forêt de M’Sila et sa patience au cours de la dissection du bois de chêne liège lors de l’étude de la biologie de l’insecte. Je tiens à lui témoigner de ma profonde reconnaissance. Je remercie mon père et ma défunte mère pour leurs sacrifices et encouragements ainsi que mes frères et sœurs, beaux frères et belles sœurs, mes nièces et neveux particulièrement Hammouda. Je tiens à exprimer ma gratitude à tous mes collègues du Labo 31- Foresterie, faculté des sciences, Université de Tlemcen. Aussi, je n’oublierais d’exprimer mes remerciements aux responsables et agents de la conservation de Boutlelis pour nous avoir facilité les sorties sur terrain et aux responsables et collègues de l’INFP Mansourah, Tlemcen en particulier Mr. Zoubir A. SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION GENERALE 1 CHAPITRE I : CONSIDERATIONS GENERALES SUR LE CHENE-LIEGE I.1. Présentation du genre Quercus 5 I.2. Le chêne-liège : Quercus suber 6 I.2.1. Position taxonomique 6 I.2.2. Répartition géographique 6 I.2.2.1. Dans le monde 6 I.2.2.2. Aire de répartition en Algérie 8 I.2.2.3. Aire de répartition dans l’Oranie 9 Les suberaies littorales 9 Les suberaies de montagnes 9 I.2.3. Principales caractéristiques botaniques 10 I.2.4. Ecologie du chêne-liège 14 I.2.5. Multiplication du chêne-liège 16 I.2.6. Techniques culturales 16 I.2.7. Les peuplements de chêne-liège 18 I.2.8. Le chêne-liège face aux incendies 18 I.2.9. Importance économique 19 CHAPITRE II : LES RELATIONS ENTRE LES INSECTES A AMBROSIA ET LEURS HÔTES II.1. Interactions 24 II.1.1. Interactions insectes- champignons 25 II.1.1.1 Les insectes et les champignons ambrosia 25 1. Aspects évolutifs des associations 26 2. La composante mycologique de l’interaction 27 3. Mécanismes d’adaptation pour réussir la relation 28 4. Avantages de la symbiose 29 II.1.1.2 Relations avec d’autres champignons 30 II.1.1.3 Relations insecte arbre- hôte 31 II.1.1.4 Interactions plante hôte-insecte- champignons 32 II.1.1.5 Interactions champignons-champignons 33 II.2. Incidence de la mondialisation et des changements environnementaux 34 CHAPITRE III : LE MILIEU D’ETUDE : LA FORET DOMANIALE DE M’SILA III.1. Milieu physique 36 III.1.1. Localisation géographique 36 III.1.2. Orographie et Hydrographie 37 III.1.3. Géologie et Pédologie 38 III.1.4. Climat 39 III.1.4.1. Précipitations 39 1. Répartition annuelle des précipitations 39 2. Répartition mensuelle moyenne des précipitations 40 3. Régime saisonnier des précipitations 41 III.1.4.2. Les températures 41 1. Moyenne des minima du mois le plus froid « m » 41 2. Moyenne des maxima du mois le plus chaud « M » 42 3. Températures moyennes mensuelles et annuelles (T°C) 42 III.1.4.3. Synthèse climatique 43 1. Amplitude thermique extrême moyenne ou indice de continentalité 43 2. Indice de sécheresse estivale 43 3. Etage de végétation ou zonation altitudinale 44 4. Diagramme ombrothermique de Bagnouls et Gaussen 44 5. Quotient pluviothermique et climagramme d’Emberger 45 III.2. Autres facteurs climatiques 46 III.2.1. Le vent 46 III.2.2. L’humidité relative 46 III.3. Description forestière 46 III.4. Production subéricole 49 CHAPITRE IV : CARACTERISATION EPIDEMIOLOGIQUE DES ATTAQUES DU Platypus cylindrus DANS UN JEUNE PEUPLEMENT DE CHENE-LIEGE IV.1. Présentation de l’insecte 52 IV.1.1. Taxonomie 52 IV.1.2. Aire de répartition et essences attaquées 53 IV.1.3. Morphologie de l’adulte 54 IV.1.4. Biologie du ravageur : de l’émergence à la colonisation de l’hôte 56 IV.1.5. Importance économique de Platypus cylindrus 57 IV.2. Biologie de l’insecte dans les galeries 59 IV.2.1. Matériels et méthodes 59 IV.2.1.1. Etude de l’appareil buccal 59 IV.2.1.2. Réalisation des coupes 59 IV.2.2. Résultats 60 IV.2.2.1. L’appareil buccal 60 IV.2.2.2. Etude des populations dans les galeries 60 1. Les populations d’adultes 64 2- Les populations des œufs 65 3-Les populations de larves 68 4-Les populations de nymphes 71 IV.3. Caractérisation Epidémiologique des attaques 72 IV.3.1. Matériel et méthodes 72 IV.3.1.1. Installation de la station d’observation et de suivi et des arbres 72 1.
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