Cultural Dynamics 2 Cultural Dynamics Table of Contents

page 5 Preface 25 Appropriation and Belonging in the Colonial and Postcolonial State

8 Overview 26 Sensations and Design

28 The Dynamics of Memory 11 Intermediality

12 More than Cheese, Clogs, Tulips and Windmills? 29 Canon Formation

13 Rereading the Book of Nature 30 Soundscapes of the Urban Past

14 Narrative Fan Practices 32 Citizenship, National Canons and the Issue of Cultural Diversity

34 Muslim Women in the Modern World 15 Popular Culture

16 Islamic Inspirations 35 Innovation/Creative Design

17 The Future is Elsewhere 36 Dutch Clogs on High Heels

19 Think Positive: Make Negatives 38 New Islamic Ethics and Aesthetics

21 Always the Same Story?

22 Cultural heritage/Citizenship

23 Our History on Display 4 Cultural Dynamics 5 Cultural Dynamics

Preface

In past years, the perception of societal dynamics has gradually are wrestling with their identities, with their place in the world, undergone fundamental change. While renewal and innovation and with their contribution to overall happiness. It was not that in society were until recently seen as politically and socio- long ago that the solutions to problems of national cohesion and economically driven processes that could be realised on a cultural identity were assumed to lie in the expansion of Western world-scale given the right parameters, things are now less market economies, in Western models of societal order and certain. The homogeneity of national societies is breaking down, civilisation, and in political values like freedom, tolerance and the importance ascribed by societal partners and other players democracy. The linear view of history that dominates Western to cultural differences and diversity is being given greater thinking appeared to guarantee a durable and problem-free weight, and globalisation seems to be generating unexpected process of modernisation in which upscale diffusion and effects on societal integration and social cohesion. Doubts are globalisation would be able to solve every aspect of regional being expressed about the degree to which such processes and national problems by having local societies conform to an can be steered. The perception of differences in group cultures, idealised societal model that had historically evolved in Western of historic identity and of the cultural dimension of innovation societies. That feeling of societal crisis requires a scientific processes has gained a growing significance in the analysis analysis. Where does it come from? What does it mean for of this problem. Culture has crept unnoticed into the heart of the cultural identity of the societies involved? And how can the problem, not just as a deciding factor in shaping society, but it be converted into socially productive solutions? as a central dimension of perception, analysis, and prospecting of social development. From now on, societal dynamics will also, Starting from this diagnosis, the Netherlands Organisation for and in many respects first and foremost, be recognised as a Scientific Research NWO has developed the ambitious research cultural dynamic. The programme proposed here attempts programme Cultural Dynamics, regarding culture, with its to embody such an analysis and lay down academic conditions dynamism, as central to the solution. The Cultural Dynamics under which the societal debate about cultural dynamics can programme attempts to locate the analysis of this feeling of crisis be conducted meaningfully and deliver lasting results. in cultural dynamics itself, implying that culture also is where the solution is to be looked for. Indeed, virtually unnoticed, The background to the rediscovery of the cultural dynamics of culture has not only become the heart of the problem, but our society is the experience of a sudden feeling of crisis. It is not emerges at the same time as the privileged instrument for its just society in the Netherlands that has lost its self-assurance: analysis. In this programme, culture is conceived as a multitude the same applies to almost all Western societies. Western societies of interwoven social processes by which identities are formed 6 Cultural Dynamics

and appropriated, whereas cultural dynamics can be defined and so dynamic per se. Therefore, the appropriation of heritage as the interaction, over time, between cultural inheritance and supposes a continuing process of selection from the past in view collective identity. All culture comes to us from the past, as a of the future design of society. Every individual has to rediscover, diverse and changing complex of traditions, heirlooms, memories represent and re-appropriate his/her identity as a person and and ongoing practices. Our appropriation of that cultural a citizen time and again. Moreover, globalization and the digital inheritance, in all its diversity, reflects and affirms our collective revolution have made the trend irreversible. identity and situates us in a world of differences and choices, exchanges and conflicts. Our cultural choices and traditions – The multidisciplinary Cultural Dynamics programme is therefore language, religion, manners and customs, history and collective conceived as a research instrument to address the dynamism memories, heritage, the value we attach to certain landscapes in present-day culture and to develop tools for shaping new and public spaces – all this defines who ‘we’ are as societies cultural identities in the field of scientific research and, where and nations. Although the legitimacy of this programme is found applicable, of cultural policy. The outcome of these projects not just in the social valorisation of such scientific insights, it is should help to inform policy decisions. The problems and obvious that cultural dynamics is closely involved with societal analyses involved are shared internationally, but the solutions reality and that the validity of cultural analyses is part of that. have to be tailored to the cultural practices and the specific problems of the communities under scrutiny, regional, national, Social integration is always rooted in a historical perspective: or international. The programme has been conceived with the past – real or imagined – plays a guiding role as a driver a particular emphasis on the Netherlands, but this focus is by of culture and identity for every group. Our cultural choices and no means exclusive. Several of its projects focus on multinational traditions – language, religion, manners and customs, history themes or comparative research. Indeed, Western societies have and collective memories, heritage, the value we attach to certain become multifarious and multicultural as never before, and they landscapes and public spaces – all this defines who ‘we’ are as are profoundly marked by cross-cultural relations in time and societies and nations. Failure to understand that confounds the space. Moreover, the historical development of the West and its development of culture and society. Historical self-awareness and present-day cultural identities cannot be properly understood the management of its cultural heritage remain important assets without taking into account the continuous, ever changing for every society. However, they are no longer enough to provide relations of its constituents – whether populations, governments, social cohesion and cultural identity. Culture must not be institutions, or companies – with non-Western nations fastened down by the past and its heritage: in the definitions and societies. used for this programme, culture is praxis and interpretation, 7 Cultural Dynamics

On the basis of its dynamic definition of culture, the Cultural which is financed by the VSB Foundation). After the programme’s Dynamics programme design is structured around five focal formal kick-off conference on May 27, 2008, a second call for areas or lines of approach, each of them fit for international proposals was held in 2009, adding another six projects to the and comparative research, and always including a historical main programme. Finally, a sub-programme entitled Dynamics dimension. At a meta-level above the five lines of approach, of War Heritage, Memory and Remembrance: the Netherlands there is room for the necessary reflection on the terms that are in the Second World War with five smaller projects – on post-war used in the field of cultural heritage as well as on the theories Jewish memory, the future of war heritage, sites of terror and methodology in the field of cultural dynamics. in Europe, camps in the Netherlands, and war prisoners – was included, which may be considered as a sixth line of approach The five lines of approach are as follows: focusing on contemporary cultural memory. Following a second - ‘intermediality’, involving forms of migration of heritage conference held on April 9, 2010, the programme has entered between the media (old as well as new) and the significance a new phase, focusing on a growing interaction between ascribed thereto; the selected projects, in view of a more global outcome. - ‘popular culture’, involving forms of widely-supported cultural Besides its scholarly output, every individual project aims at participation, and focusing on present-day cultural practices achieving several forms of knowledge dissemination and public and the new media, ranging from radio, film and TV outreach, in conformity with the overall design of the programme. to computer games and the Internet. According to the nature of the project, this may be an exhibition, - ‘cultural heritage/citizenship’, involving processes of social a book for a wider audience, a master class, a reach-out seminar or cultural inclusion and exclusion; for a particular group, a workshop with professionals, a DVD, - ‘canon formation’, involving processes of certifying sustainable a video production, or a public policy document. At the end of values, and creating and transmitting cultural memory; the research programme in 2014, an international conference on - ‘innovation/creative design’, involving processes of creative ‘Cultural innovation’ will be held. During this event, the harvest design and substantiated in terms of broadly-conceived of the programme will be assessed. A publication for a larger implementation; audience will resume the major themes, interrogations and results of the research programme. The thematic focus of each project is indicated in the following overview. The degree of boldness represents the degree of thematic relevance. In 2007, in a first phase of the programme Willem Frijhoff, development, nine projects were selected for funding (one of chair of the Cultural Dynamics programme committee 8 Cultural Dynamics

Overview

page IntermedialityPopular CultureCultural heritage/CitizenshipCanon FormationInnovation/Creative Design

12 More than Cheese, Clogs, Tulips and Windmills? project leader Frank Kessler

13 Rereading the Book of Nature project leader Paul J. Smith

14 Narrative Fan Practices project leader Karin Wenz

16 Islamic Inspirations project leader Annelies Moors

17 The Future is Elsewhere project leader Peter Pels

19 Think Positive: Make Negatives project leader Robert J. Ross

21 Always the Same Story? project leader Jeroen Salman

23 Our History on Display project leader Marlite Halbertsma 9 Cultural Dynamics

page IntermedialityPopular CultureCultural heritage/CitizenshipCanon FormationInnovation/Creative Design

25 Appropriation and Belonging in the Colonial and Postcolonial State project leader Susan Legêne

26 Sensations and Design project leader Birgit Meyer

28 The Dynamics of Memory project leader Frank van Vree

30 Soundscapes of the Urban Past project leader Karin Bijsterveld

32 Citizenship, National Canons and the Issue of Cultural Diversity project leader Jan Willem Duyvendak

34 Muslim Women in the Modern World project leader Karen Vintges

36 Dutch Clogs on High Heels project leader Anneke Smelik

38 New Islamic Ethics and Aesthetics project leader Karin van Nieuwkerk 10 Cultural Dynamics 11 Cultural Dynamics

Intermediality 12 Cultural Dynamics Intermediality

More than Cheese, Clogs, Tulips and Windmills?

The Nation and Its Other: The Emergence of Modern Popular Imagery and Representations

Researchers: This project will analyze the emerging mass-medial production The second project will take as a case the representation of the Prof. dr. Frank Kessler and dissemination of popular imagery and representations Asian Other in the same type of media texts (travelogues, tourist Sarah Dellman MA in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, looking specifically guides, encyclopaedias etc.), but will also examine the discourses Dafna Ruppin MA at cinematographic images of the Nation and its Asian Other, on the Dutch colonies in Indonesia. Specific attention will be paid and addressing the following research questions: to the way in which conflicts between Asians and European Institutional setting: powers (in particular the Boxer Rebellion and the Russo-Japanese Department Media and Culture How do transnationally circulating popular images engender War) bring forth a variety of positive and negative representations Studies, Research Institute for representations of a Nation, of a Nation as an Other, of the Asian Other, from exotic colonial subject to potential History and Culture, Faculty of and of a Nation’s Other? insurgent, from underdeveloped native to future economic and Humanities, Utrecht University How are such images and representations disseminated military competitor, from submissive servant to ‘yellow danger’. across different media? The synthesis will elaborate on the role of visual media in Contact: How are such images and representations appropriated, the formation of images of the Nation and its Other circulating [email protected] negotiated or rejected by local audiences? transnationally and thus engendering specific forms of modern What is the ‘afterlife’ of such images and representations mass-media imagery. and their possible role in the cultural heritage?

The project consists of two PhD projects and a synthesis.

The first project will explore the range of descriptions, images and representations of the Netherlands in primarily non-fictional films produced by various European or North-American production companies, but also in commercial travel guides (Baedeker etc.), encyclopaedic articles, picture postcards and other media providing images that circulate transnationally on a large scale. 13 Cultural Dynamics Intermediality

Rereading the Book of Nature

Cultural Representations of Living Nature: Dynamics of Intermedial Recording in Text and Image (c. 1550-1670)

Researchers: Natural history in Europe changed in a fundamental way after Bringing together expertise from the history of science, Prof. dr. Paul J. Smith 1550. Knowledge of nature grew exponentially thanks to newly art history and literary studies, this interdisciplinary project Dr. Florike Egmond discovered species and to new research methods and models investigates these questions for the period 1550-1670 Marrigje Rikken MA of description. The micro-world of insects and other small in three subprojects: creatures became a new focus of attention, moreover, partly on Institutional setting: account of the invention of the microscope c. 1610 in Italy and 1. the interest in the micro-world before and shortly after Pallas/LUICD, Faculty of the Netherlands. This added knowledge caused frictions between the invention of the microscope in Italy and the Netherlands Humanities, Leiden University the traditional, ‘emblematic’ worldview and a more ‘scientific’ (c. 1550-1670); one. Signs of these frictions can be discerned in the visual arts Contact: and literature. 2. the role of natural history (both the micro- and the macro- [email protected] world) in animal depictions by Joris Hoefnagel (1542-c. 1600), How did early modern science document the living micro-world Jan Brueghel the Elder (1568-1625) and Jan van Kessel and macro-world? How was this scientific documentation (1626-1679); transposed to the visual arts and literature? And how did it change medium, for instance from collection (herbarium, 3. the friction between animal symbolism and zoology in collection of curiosities, botanical garden, menagerie) the pictorial and literary representation of the Fall from Dürer to scientific drawing, printed scientific publication, painting to Rembrandt and Vondel. or literature? The relatively long time span (c. 1550-1670) allows for an investigation of the changing frictions between the ‘emblematic’ and ‘scientific’ worldviews in a historical perspective. 14 Cultural Dynamics Intermediality

Narrative Fan Practices

Narrative Fan Practices: A Key to Cultural Dynamics

Researchers: Narrative fan practices are a broad range of texts and activities The analysis will show how cultural and pop-cultural contents are Dr. Karin Wenz that are based on existing narrative texts (source texts). appropriated through various media platforms and performances Drs. Nicolle Lamerichs Fans are continuously transforming source texts into new and will give insights into processes of canon formation. narratives, for example as written texts, movies, games The analysis will be embedded in a virtual ethnography of the Institutional setting: and theatrical performances. narrative fan practices, the performances and online discussions Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, The main objective of this research programme is to investigate and interviews conducted online and face-to-face at fan Maastricht University the extent to which narrative fan practices can be considered conventions. a key for investigating cultural dynamics. Narrative fan practices Contact: offer a unique intersection between digital cultures, studies 1. Narrative fan practices based on ‘closed’ source texts [email protected] on cultural heritage and intermediality. (PhD project Drs. Nicolle Lamerichs) Our research questions can be formulated as follows: Project 1 will analyze fan practices based on closed source How do narrative fan practices shape the cultural dynamics texts. The term ‘closed source texts’ seems to be a contradiction of contemporary media culture? to the concept of intermediality, which is per definition based We will attempt to investigate this question in respect of: on an understanding of texts as open. In our case ‘closed’ - media literacy and cultural heritage: Does cultural participation stands for closure in the sense that there is an end to the by fans lead to media literacy? How can we describe the process of storytelling as in narratives as literature, comics, coexistence of and interaction between a critically acclaimed movies and single player games. canon and a new, transformative one? - intermediality: What source texts are used? Can we describe an 2. Narrative fan practices based on ‘open’ source texts inclusion and exclusion of source texts? What canon plays a role? Project 2 will investigate fan narratives based on open source - cultural citizenship: What is the impact of active participation texts, which are persistent worlds. The openness here refers of fans on our culture? Is it possible to speak of a new form to the dynamics and constant change of these worlds and not of cultural citizenship? to the openness of storylines. Examples are classic role-playing The methodology consists of a combination of a semiotic games (e.g. Dungeons & Dragons), tabletop wargames analysis of the contents produced by narrative fan practices (e.g. Warhammer) and Massive Multiplayer Online Games and the intermedial links to the source text as well as other (MMOs, e.g. World of Warcraft). fan narratives. 15 Cultural Dynamics Intermediality

3. Narrative Fan practices and the construction of cultural citizenship Popular Culture (Synthesizing project, Dr. Karin Wenz) Project 3 will be a synthesis as well as a theoretical abstraction based on the 2 PhD-projects outlined by focusing on the main research questions: How do narrative fan practices reflect the cultural dynamics of our media culture? - Canon formation: Who establishes the canon fan practices relate to? What is the role of fan communities in canon formation? Which other factors/players are involved? Do we have to rethink traditional concepts to grasp changes of our cultural heritage? - Identity construction: How is the cultural identity of fans constructed? Which role do the different narrative fan practices play? Which facets can we describe (e.g. author, reader, player, producer)? - Cultural Citizenship: Can we speak about a new form of cultural citizenship and if so, what does this concretely mean? 16 Cultural Dynamics Popular Culture

Islamic Inspirations

Islamic Cultural Practices and Performances: the Emergence of New Youth Cultures in Europe

Researchers: This research project engages with emergent forms of Islamic design are interesting contrast cases in terms of the senses and Prof. dr. Annelies Moors cultural production in Europe, in particular artistic performances, sensibilities involved, the ways they engage with fashioning and Dr. Miriam Gazzah popular music, fashionable dress and mosque design. It addresses transforming the religious self and the public, their valorization Dr. Jeanette Jouili three sets of questions: as art, entertainment and design, their transnational linkages Dr. Eric Roose - Who are the main protagonists of this emergent trend and the ways in which gender is implicated. Arzu Unal, MA amongst youth in Europe? How are performers, producers, agents and audiences actively involved in creating ‘halal fun’ The following sub-projects are part of this research project: Institutional setting: and promoting Islamic artistic production? What are their main Research Programme Group sources of inspiration, in terms of both form and content? 1. Islamic artistic performances and the production of piety Globalizing Culture (Muslim - What range of practices and performances are considered in the UK and France Cultural Politics), Amsterdam to be Islamic by those involved and on what grounds do they (Dr. Jeanette Jouili) Institute for Social Science legitimate their positions? What tensions and connections Research, University of Amsterdam do they envisage between Islam on the one hand and the arts, 2. From ethnicity to Islam? Moroccan/Muslim music scenes music, fashion and design on the other? Who can claim in the Netherlands Contact: a position of authority and on what grounds? (Dr. Miriam Gazzah) [email protected] - How does the new trend contribute to the development of a transnational Muslim public? How is this public fractured by 3. Young Muslim architects and the production of mosque design nationality, ethnicity, class, gender, generation and religiosity in the Netherlands and beyond and what forms of belonging are created? (Dr. Eric Roose)

Theoretically, the programme starts from an anthropological, 4. Islamic fashion and the Turkish Diaspora: transnational ties, process-oriented approach. By bringing together ethics and class and generation aesthetics, conviction and consumption, content and form, (Arzu Unal MA) it connects what is often seen in terms of opposition and investigates how convictions and styles are interrelated. 5. The ethics and aesthetics of Islamic cultural production In doing so the programme deals with the whole cycle of in Europe production, distribution and consumption of a global youth (Prof. dr. Annelies Moors) culture and its appropriations in particular European settings. Fashion, theatrical and musical performances and mosque 17 Cultural Dynamics Popular Culture

The Future is Elsewhere

Towards a Comparative History of the Futurities of the Digital Evolution/Revolution

Researchers: Every generation fosters its own conception of the future, just thereby be able to contribute most of the research needed Prof. dr. Peter Pels, as these conceptions change from place to place. Forms of the on Japan and East Asia in general. Professor in the anthropology of Africa, future (or ‘futurities’) build on specific cultural heritages, but Cultural Anthropology and development also ‘go global’ by the spread of various narratives and practices Together with Goto-Jones, Peter Pels will contribute a synthesis Sociology, Leiden University of communication technology. Computers have promised of the comparative histories of the future in Euroamerica, Prof. dr. Chris Goto-Jones, a global revolution since the 1950s and have symbolized both East Africa and Southeast Asia in the period targeted during Professor of Comparative Political ‘Big Brother’ futures of official surveillance as well as a ‘new’ the third an fourth year of the running of the project, by means Philosophy, Leiden University College intermedial democracy (and, however popular, both claims are of a replacement subsidy provided for by the NWO grant for Dr. Bart Barendregt, equally exaggerated). This project attempts the multidisciplinary “The Future is Elsewhere”. Lecturer, Cultural Anthropology comparisons required to understand such a global dynamic, and development Sociology, by comparing such digital future or futures in Europe and North 1. Towards a Historical Anthropology of (Cyberpunk) Leiden University America, Eastern Asia and Southeast Asia, as they appear in the Science Fiction Dr. Marianne Maeckelbergh, history of two distinct forms of the technologically-driven future: Zane Kripe, the PhD-student, will focus on the relationship Lecturer, Cultural Anthropology ‘science fiction’ and ‘development discourse’. Both often find between fantasies and projections of the future among youth and development Sociology, their technological futures elsewhere: in development doctrines, in Southeast Asia, paying particular attention to their relation- Leiden University in different countries and, in science fiction, in outer space. ship with government policy in the field of the development Dr. Dorien Zandbergen, Comparative histories of such futurities will show how images of ICT. The focus of her research will most likely be the recent Postdoc, Cultural Anthropology of the future are transferred and transformed from official development, on the basis of digital technology, of self-help and development Sociology, to popular media and vice versa, from one place to the other, groups (‘barcamps’) in Indonesia and Malaysia that seem Leiden University and from the Atomic to the Digital Age. critical of current state projections of the future of ICT. Zane Kripe, MSc., Bart Barendregt is doing research into youth cultures PhD-student, Cultural Anthropology Peter Pels will supervise this project in direct collaboration in Southeast Asia for another NWO-project; his main role and development Sociology, with Chris Goto-Jones and the 3 PhD-students and postdoc of in this project will be to co-supervise Zane Kripe by means of Leiden University the latter’s NWO-GW VICI-project “Beyond Utopia: New Politics, his extensive experience with Southeast Asian science fiction the Politics of Knowledge, and the Science Fictional Field of and “ICT for Development” (ICT4D) policies. He will therefore Japan”. Focusing in particular on the globalization of the genres direct Zane Kripe to the sources of science fiction and “ICT4D” of anime and manga, Goto-Jones’s project researches the politics in Southeast Asia, and otherwise contribute spin-offs of his of the future as it manifests itself through these genres, and will current research that are relevant to the project as a whole. 18 Cultural Dynamics Popular Culture

Institutional setting: 2. Stranger in a strange land: Gender, Utopia and Digital Education This project is the first to set the study of forms of the future Cultural Anthropology, Faculty of Dorien Zandbergen, the postdoc researcher, will extend her in modern times in the context of a cross-cultural comparison, Social and Behavioural Sciences, earlier study of the imaginations of the future among Silicon and to systematically explore how the heritage of images Leiden University Valley ‘cyborg’ intellectuals to the implementation of idealized of the future is dealt with in two radically different genres visions of where digital education should take us in the future, of the imagination: development policy and science fiction. International partners: with a particular emphasis on the presence or absence of Both genres also raises the question of how the impact of images Prof. A.B. Shamsul (National gender issues and the empowerment of women. While the of the future is conveyed by different media (film, documents, University of Malaysia) focus of this research is the Netherlands, comparisons with exhibitions, cartoons) that often mirror or translate each other’s feminist hacking and visions of digital freedom with the USA contents. The second aim of this project is to give people a better Contact: and Japan will be an integral part of this project. sense of the malleability of our images of the future, and to [email protected] Marianne Maeckelbergh is an expert on the way in which show what kind of alternative visions of the future are available, digital communication has provided a closely related move- especially where the so-called ‘digital revolution’ often pretends ment – the ‘alterglobalists’ – with an alternative conception that the whole world is (once more) becoming more homo­ of a democratic future and of the way how to reach it, and geneous in its dependence on information. The visions of will be an important sparring partner to Dorien Zandbergen the digital future are not ‘owned’ by, for example, Microsoft, and Zane Kripe, even if her own research is not being funded Apple, or Silicon Valley, and the question thus becomes by the NWO-grant. how other parts of the world do it differently.

The overall aims of this project are twofold: we first of all aim to fill the lacuna in social theory and the understanding of politics of the importance of the claim to ‘possess’ the future, and the ways in which people resist such claims by alternative forms of the future. Both social and political theory have more or less ignored the study of the future, yet have to realize that it has become one of the main instruments of state developmentalism. 19 Cultural Dynamics Popular Culture

Think Positive: Make Negatives

Photographic Traditions in Black Popular Modernities: towards a sociohistorical analysis of the visual economy in and beyond South Africa

Researchers: Since the middle of the twentieth century, photographs have 1. Repatriating Photographs: Towards a Social Analysis Prof. dr. R.J. Ross become an integral part of the material culture and visual of the Representation of a Collection of South African Prof. dr. P. Spyer economy of black South Africa. In this project we will be Missionary Photographs Prof. dr. P. Hayes investigating how black South Africans have appropriated (Christoff Rippe) Sophie Feyder MA the technology of photography and have made decisions as This project describes the development of a photographic Christoph Rippe MA to the images they wished to create and to preserve. As a result representation of the amaZulu, concentrating on the ethno- Tamsyn Adams MA we argue against a view which sees photography as merely a tool graphic photographs taken and disseminated by the Marianhill of oppression; rather, in this project, the emphasis is on the way missionaries. Further it will investigate the effects of the return Institutional setting: in which photography has become part of, and evidence for, of these photographs to the descendants of those who figure University Centre for Research the developing popular culture of apartheid and post-apartheid in the corpus, and their relations to the mission in the area. on Africa, Faculty of Humanities, South Africa in which both the specific modernities and the Leiden University ‘traditions’, including the ethnicities of the country, are expressed. 2. Consuming Images: Vernacular Photography, the advent University of Western Cape At the same time, we will investigate how vernacular photography of a consumerist economy and its impact on Black visual University of the Witwatersrand is moving from being purely private possession to becoming part culture in apartheid South Africa. of the common heritage and the ‘Archive’ of post-apartheid (Sophie Feyder) Contact: South Africa. In this project, we will be investigating the images of [email protected] modernity and urbanization produced by Robert Ngilime, The work is based on an analysis of collections of photographs a semi-professional photographer living in the Witwatersrand which were ‘consumed’ by black South Africans. Initially we in the 1950s. The emphasis in the study of this unique collection will look at the archive of Robert Ngilime, a semi-professional of negatives is on the way in which individuals wanted to have photographer in one of the black townships near Johannesburg themselves presented. Further, the project will lead to the in the 1950s, and secondly at the ways in which Africans, over preservation and archiving of the material, and will investigate the years, have had themselves portrayed, some in modern the reaction of the inhabitants of the modern township Western dress and some in ‘traditional’ Zulu attire. to Ngilime’s work. 20 Cultural Dynamics Popular Culture

3. Performing Identities: Photography in Rural South Africa since 1850 (Tamsyn Adams) In this project, the researcher will investigate the ways in which the inhabitants, both black and white, of a rural area in KwaZulu-Natal, have had themselves portrayed, and have portrayed each other, over the last century and a half. The research will be based on extensive family collections, of people of both European and Zulu descent, and will, most importantly, discuss how photography has crossed the divide between the racial groups of the region. 21 Cultural Dynamics Popular Culture

Always the Same Story?

Popularization and Media Strategies (1700-1900)

Researchers: This project analyzes the process of selection and adaptation in The central question is addressed in two related subprojects: Dr. J.L. Salman, Dutch popular literature during the eighteenth and nineteenth Utrecht University, Faculty of Humanities, centuries. Research for this project is centred on songs and 1. The first subproject (PhD) studies the motives and strategies Modern Languages/Research Institute catchpenny prints, which can be considered to be the main mass of the producers and distributors of songs and catchpenny for History and Culture (Project leader) media of the past. These genres incorporate three important prints. Intermediality is approached as a production strategy. Prof. dr. L.P Grijp, components of popular culture: music, images and text. Utrecht University, Faculty of Humanities, They also have strong affiliations with contemporary forms 2. The second subproject (Postdoc) focuses on the selection, Media and Cultural Studies; Meertens of popular culture, such as comic strips and popular music. adaptation, and intertextuality of the literary content of songs Institute, Amsterdam Furthermore, these genres ensured that a large potential and catchpenny prints. Here intermediality is studied on the (Supervisor PhD student) of stories, images, songs and melodies were being passed down level of shared text, images, and music. Dr. R.J. Harms, from one generation to the next. This project attempts to answer Utrecht University, Faculty of Humanities, the question of how the process of selection and adaptation Collaboration with: Modern Languages/Research Institute for in songs and catchpenny prints interacted with the motives Drs. G. Verhoeven, History and Culture (Postdoc-researcher) and strategies of producers, distributors and consumers. Curator University Library, Amsterdam Drs. S. Polak, The hypothesis driving this exploration is that the Dutch popu- Utrecht University, Faculty of Humanities, larization process in this period, contrary to common notion, Modern Languages/Research Institute led to cultural convergence instead of cultural divergence. for History and Culture (PhD student) This convergence manifested itself, just as it does in our modern media society, on the levels of production and distribution, Institutional setting: intermediality, reception and appropriation. Research Institute for History and Culture, Faculty of Humanities, Utrecht University in cooperation with Meertens Institute Amsterdam and University Library Amsterdam

Contact: [email protected] [email protected] 22 Cultural Dynamics Cultural heritage/Citizenship

Cultural heritage/ Citizenship 23 Cultural Dynamics Cultural heritage/Citizenship

Our History on Display

Community Museums Past and Present

Researchers: The research of this project focuses on the development This project focuses on the birth and development of heritage Prof. dr. Marlite Halbertsma of community museums, meaning places where the heritage activities relating to social empowerment of communities, Prof. dr. Paul van de Laar of a collectively experienced past is conserved and presented by especially from the 1960s and 1970s onwards, in order to grasp Dr. Stijn Reijnders a group of people who identify with that past and from which recent developments concerning community participation Dr. Hélène Verreyke (post-doc) they derive inspiration and identity. Recent decades have seen an in history museums today. Also the project looks at the actions Dorus Hoebink MA (PhD-student) increasing interest in the relation between heritage, community currently undertaken by the museum sector to represent and museums. communities. The final goal is to construct a theoretical basis Institutional setting: for museum-community relations within the framework Erasmus School of History, Influenced by New Museology and the rise of new museum of current developments in politics, economy, culture, media, Culture and Communication, concepts like the community museum and the écomusée in leisure and the introduction of new technologies in museum Erasmus University Rotterdam the 1960s and 1970s, history museums have been challenged display and museum communication. to find new ways to reach out to their communities and This research project is financed to redefine their position in society. The museum and its basic After the first phase of this study, it appears that much present- by the VSB-Foundation functions, collecting, studying, preserving and exhibiting are day research employs a rather limited and traditional notion being rethought in function of their new role, be it in a municipal, of ‘community’. Another early conclusion is that the introduction Website: regional or national environment, or related to group interests of the community concept in museum discourse has had www.museumcommunities.com and identities in general. This new focus has raised many a significant impact on the museum profession and the nature questions concerning community access, participation of day-to-day museum activities such as collecting, display and Contact: and representation, internationally and in the Netherlands. the way in which museums view their public. [email protected] History museums, traditionally collecting and presenting canonical objects, had to reinvent themselves and to restructure The post-doc project focuses on the evolution of community their activities, for instance by a new interest in popular culture, activity or participation in history museums. By analyzing case intangible heritage and immigrant cultures. Not the objects studies it will be illustrated how exactly communities were are all important any longer, but the stories they tell. engaged and how the community was represented in the museum, from the period of New Museology up to the present time. This is to examine in what ways the introduction of the concept of community has changed the history museum and the function of the museum professional. 24 Cultural Dynamics Cultural heritage/Citizenship

The PhD research proceeds from the question: How do contemporary history museums represent, reach and bind the communities at which they aim and/or in which they are embedded? By analyzing the collections, presentations, communication and special activities of several European history museums, an overview is given of the museum’s current search for (social and economic) relevancy. Furthermore, the research will specifically focus on new forms of community that are frequently neglected in (community) museum theory, including, but not limited to, communities of special interest and virtual communities. 25 Cultural Dynamics Cultural heritage/Citizenship

Appropriation and Belonging in the Colonial and Postcolonial State

Sites, Bodies and Stories. The Dynamics of Heritage Formation in Colonial and Post-Colonial Indonesia and the Netherlands

Researchers: Sites, Bodies and Stories analyzes the emergence of a colonial academic practices concerning tangible and intangible heritage, Prof. dr. Susan Legêne canon of Indonesian culture, and its impact on the dynamics as well as colonial and post colonial state formation all will be (Programme leader) of appropriation and belonging, inclusion and exclusion during at stake. Dr. Marieke Bloembergen the process of colonial and postcolonial state formation, in both Dr. Martijn Eickhoff Indonesia and the Netherlands. Four case studies focus on The aim is to arrive at an analysis of the operation of processes Drs. Fenneke Sysling different heritage domains as prisms through which the political of heritage formation in ‘transnational’ colonial, national Drs. Claudia Surjadjaja dimensions and colonial threads of heritage formation will postcolonial and global international arenas, drawing power and Drs. Sadiah Boonstra be investigated, across the colonial divide. legitimacy from the state, international norms and local tradition, Drs. Tular Sudarmadi respectively. In a broader sense, the programme opens up Sites investigates the meaning of archaeology in the colonial and the possibility of a critical evaluation of the political dimensions Institutional setting: postcolonial heritage discourse about local and national history of the concept of heritage and the practice of heritage studies. CLUE the Research Institute and culture. Archaeological-historical sites from various periods for the Heritage and History and from all over Indonesia have been selected, ranging from an Partners: of the Cultural landscape ‘average’ local site to a world heritage site. Prof. dr. Bambang Purwanto and Environment, Department of Bodies studies the history of physical anthropology and how Gadjah Mada University (GMU) Yogyakarta, Faculty of Arts History, VU University Amsterdam it relates to institutions such as hospitals, the army, museums Prof. dr. Sangkot Marzuki and dr. Herawati Sudoyo and universities. It reconstructs collecting practices for human Eijkman Institue for Molecular Biology Jakarta Contact: remains and addresses ethical issues about their value Prof. dr. Henk Schulte Nordholt [email protected] for contemporary biomedical research. VU and Royal Institute of South East Asian and Caribbean Studies (KITLV) Leiden [email protected] Stories starts from contemporary performance practices, Prof. dr. Peter Romijn especially wayang performances, and investigates whether Netherlands Institute of War Documentation (NIOD) Amsterdam Website: and how dalang (puppeteers) position themselves in a scholarly Drs. Pim Westerkamp https://www.surfgroepen.nl/sites/ and performing tradition. Tropenmuseum Amsterdam sbs/public Sites, Bodies and Stories on Flores is a regional ethno- archaeological case study in which the foci on archaeology, 26 Cultural Dynamics Cultural heritage/Citizenship

Sensations and Design

Heritage Dynamics. Politics of Authentication and Aesthetics of Persuasion in Brazil, Ghana, South Africa and the Netherlands

Researchers: Cultural heritage is not a given, but is constantly in the making: recognition on the part of the Dutch state and citizens for the Prof. dr. Birgit Meyer, a construction subject to dynamic processes of inventing pains following from the Dutch involvement in the transatlantic PI, VU, Faculty of Social Sciences, Social and reinventing culture within particular social formations slave trade. and Cultural Anthropology and bound to particular forms of mediation. And yet the appeal Prof. dr. Mattijs van de Port, of cultural heritage rests on its denial of being a fabrication, 1. Exhibiting the Other, Exhibiting the Self: Afro-Brazilian VU, Faculty of Social Sciences, on its promise to provide an essential ground for social-cultural Objects, Memorials, Temples and the Politics of Cultural Social and Cultural Anthro­pology identities. In culturally and religiously diverse settings, Heritage in Brazil Prof. dr. Herman Roodenburg the recognition of heritage is tied to politics of inclusion and (Maria Paula Adinolfi) Department of Dutch Ethnology, exclusion. Focusing on the making of heritage, and the ensuing This research investigates the processes of patrimonialization Meertens Institute contestations and appropriations, leads to the heart of contem- of Candomblé, more specifically of its temples and its material Prof. dr. David Chidester, porary concerns about identity and belonging. culture. The focus is on (1) the formation of ethnographic Institute for the Comparative Study collections of ritual objects from Candomblé in the first of Religion in Southern Africa, In order to account for the persuasive reality effects of cultural decades of the twentieth century; (2) the patrimonialization University of Cape Town, South Africa constructions, the programme synthesizes debates about processes through which some Candomblé temples were Prof. dr. Luis Nicolau Parés, the politics of framing cultural heritage with debates about declared to be cultural heritage since the 1980s; and (3) the Centro dos Esudos Afro-Orientais, the limits of cultural essentialism and constructivism. Its most museums that were created by some temples in the same period. Universidade Federal da Bahia, distinctive feature is the focus on the politics of authentication Salvador, Brazil and aesthetics of persuasion in the paradoxical process through 2. Styling Sankofa. The Aesthetics of Africanness in Ghana Prof. dr. Kodjo Senah, which cultural fabrications are framed and designed in such (Dr. Marleen de Witte) Department of Sociology, a way that they appeal to those addressed and are experienced This project traces the ramifications of ‘Sankofaism’, the University of Ghana as ‘real’. In order to distinguish and compare different modalities revaluation of ‘cultural heritage’, in contemporary Ghana, Dr. Marleen de Witte, for dealing with cultural heritage in multicultural settings, focussing on the intersecting domains of the state, religion, postdoc VU, Faculty of Social Sciences, the project focuses on four arenas: the implications and internal and media/popular culture, each showing different tendencies Social and Cultural Anthropology dynamics of the recognition of the Afro-Brazilian religion called with regard to the styling and framing of heritage: 1) trans­ Candomblé as part of Brazilian national heritage; contestations nationalization (by the state in the context of black heritage of state-driven heritage forms and the development of new tourism); 2) demonization (of state-driven heritage forms by heritage styles in Ghana; the politics of designing an inclusive Pentecostal churches); 3) radicalization (by neo-traditional national heritage which still respects diversity in post-apartheid religion); and 4) commercialization (of new market-driven South Africa; and the struggles of Afro-Surinamese in attaining heritage styles in media and popular culture). 27 Cultural Dynamics Cultural heritage/Citizenship

Markus Balkenhol, 3. Cultural Heritage, Sacralization and National Identity Final Goal PhD VU/Meertens in South Africa Based on the sub-projects, this research seeks to gain insight into Duane Jethro, (Duane Jethro) the complex dynamics of heritage formation in culturally diverse PhD VU This project engages with the relationship between heritage settings. Placing particular emphasis on the dimension of design Maria Paulo Adinolfi, and national identity in the context of post-apartheid South and sensation, the research aims to broaden not only the so far PhD VU Africa. It focuses on three distinct examples, namely, 1) the quite narrow scope of heritage studies, but also to offer new state driven Freedom Park, 2) the market driven Sunday Time’s insights in the processes through which cultural items become, Institutional setting: Heritage Project and 3) the popular cultural phenomenon or fail to become, acknowledged as authentic and precious parts Social and Cultural of the vuvuzela (globalized through the World Cup). of a social identity. Anthropology, Faculty of These examples serve to highlight the variable ways in which Social Sciences, VU University heritage is invoked for the purposes of hailing specific These scholarly insights are of immediate relevance for society. Amsterdam collectivities by actors pursuing particular material and Organizing workshops that involve stakeholders in all four ideological goals. research locations, we aim to show how our empirical and Contact: conceptual research findings are relevant for a better under- [email protected] 4. Memory work. Trauma, Truth and Slavery in the Netherlands standing of the complicated and contested relation between (Markus Balkenhol) heritage and (national) identity. Since the early 1990s, the Dutch involvement in the Trans- Atlantic slave trade and plantation slavery has received increasing public attention. While these issues had long been silenced, they are now commemorated on an ever larger public scale. Seeking to understand why and how this change in memorial practice has been brought about, this project examines these large-scale memory politics as a process of styling the past through memorials, historical canons, or museal institutions, and their dynamic relation to the materialization of slavery in the memoryscape of Afro-Surinamese culture. 28 Cultural Dynamics Cultural heritage/Citizenship

The Dynamics of Memory

The Netherlands in the Second World War

Researchers: Although the Second World War is sixty-five years behind us 1. Memory and recovering. The Jewish communities Prof. dr. Frank van Vree, now, memories of this epoch are still vivid and alive, not only in the Netherlands UvA in education and research, but above all in politics, ethics and This postdoc research (co-financed by the Jewish Historical Prof. dr. Rob van der Laarse, art, in the Netherlands, as elsewhere. However, the meanings Museum and the Rothschild Foundation) deals with postwar UvA/VU conferred upon these events have dramatically changed Jewish life, and will result into a monograph as well as Dr. Kees Ribbens, since 1945, as becomes clear from the patterns in the culture a contribution to an exhibition. postdoc NIOD of remembrance, being an amalgam of thoughts, practices and Dr. Anna Tijsseling, products, reaching over generations and attributing meaning 2. The Future of War Heritage postdoc NIOD to the different episodes of the German occupation. The agents This postdoc project (co-financed by the VWS Ministry) David Duindam, of this process may be found in a great variety of contexts, aims to present a state of affairs as well as an overview of PhD, UvA to start with numerous mnemonic communities, consisting out of expected future patterns with regard to the war heritage Iris van Ooijen, victims of bombings and starvation, resistance fighters, survivors in The Netherlands. PhD, VU of nazi and Japanese camps, veterans, forced laborers, but also, for example, local and professional communities. In the public 3. Hollandsche Schouwburg as a lieu de mémoire Institutional setting: sphere memory culture – be it dominant or alternative – is created The aim of this PhD project (co-financed by the Jewish Historical Faculty of the Humanities to a large extent by professionals, in education and research, Museum and SNS Reaal) is to write a history of the theatre, Amsterdam University, media, literature, cinema and museums, but also through a before and during the war, its role in the history of the nazi in cooperation with deliberate politics of memory, by national and local admini­ persecution of the Jews and its subsequent development into VU University Amsterdam strations and institutes. a site of remembrance. The project will also deal will the plans and the Netherlands Institute for its reconstruction. for War Documentation (NIOD) This program, which was proceeded by a smaller, externally financed program of three postdoc projects, and is tightly 4. Sites of Terror. An International Research on Musealisation, connected with two PhD projects at the Universiteit van Authenticity and Staging Amsterdam, focuses at the historical and actual aspects of This postdoc project (co-financed by the former camps the memory of the Second World War as well as the future Westerbork and Vught as well as the Mondriaan Foundation) implications of its dominant tendencies for museums, sites will address the patterns in dealing with 20th century sites of terror, and war heritage in general. of terror in Europe, with a comparative study and number of conferences as output. 29 Cultural Dynamics Cultural heritage/Citizenship

5. Imprisoned under German occupation This postdoc project (co-financed by the Nationaal Gevangenis Canon formation Museum and the Ministry of Justice) deals with the question how and to what extent the prisons in the Netherlands were part of state-sponsored terror under national-socialist rule and aims to portray the human relations involved. This will result in a monograph as well as an exhibition.

6. The Camps in the Netherlands as contested sites This PhD project (co-financed by the former concentration camps Vught, Westerbork and Amersfoort and the Province of North Brabant) deals with the complex history of these camps as sites of memory and remembrance for various groups, living there during and after the war, in very different circumstances. This will result in a dissertation and an exhibition. 30 Cultural Dynamics Canon formation

Soundscapes of the Urban Past

Soundscapes of the Urban Past: Staged Sound as Mediated Cultural Heritage

Researchers: This program focuses on the urban past in terms of its sounds, 1. Contested Soundscapes and Urban Identities: Amsterdam Prof. dr. K.Th. Bijsterveld and on how the dramatization of these sounds articulated in International Comparative Perspective Dr. A. Fickers changing identities of both the city and its inhabitants between (Drs. Annelies Jacobs) J.F.W. Aalbers MA 1875 and 2000. The programme starts from the observation This PhD project studies key episodes of debate about Drs. A.E.G. Jacobs that we do not have direct access to the soundscapes, or sonic Amsterdam’s soundscapes between 1875 and 2000, and environments, of the urban past. Apart from a few occasional compares these with secondary literature on similar debates Supervisors/advisors: anthropological recordings, our only knowledge of these in Berlin and London. Prof. dr. W. Bijker, soundscapes comes from sounds staged in historical texts, Maastricht University radio plays and films: our mediated cultural heritage of sound. 2. Moving Sound: Soundscapes of Urbanity in Modern Film Prof. dr. P.P.R.W. Pisters, Studying this cultural heritage, however, opens up a unique (Jasper Aalbers MA) University of Amsterdam entrance into the changing representation of cities and its This PhD project studies the dramatization of sound in fiction Drs. A. de Wildt, inhabitants. The city, with its high population density, has been films spatially set in Amsterdam, Berlin and London, and Amsterdam Historical Museum the locus for clashes over sound between inhabitants, which vary produced between 1930 and 2000, in order to understand Nick Miller Msc, from conflicts about bells to debates about traffic noise and the continuities and changes in the representation of cities Harris, Miller, Miller & Hansen Inc, amplified music. These clashes express the cultural meanings that through sound. Burlington, Massachusetts, USA these sounds had for city dwellers, as well as those city dwellers’ views on the character of urban life (dynamic, alienating) and 3. Sound Portraits: Urban Soundscapes in Original Radio Plays Institutional setting: their position in it. In radio plays and films, the sonic represen­ (Dr. Andreas Fickers) Maastricht University tation of cities has even been partially canonized. This project studies the sonic representations of urban sound- This programme’s scholarly aim is therefore to study dramatiza- scapes in radio plays produced between tne 1920s and 2000, Contact: tions of sound in historical documents, radio plays and films focusing on the auditory topoi, keynote sounds, sound marks [email protected] – as mediated cultural heritage – in order to enhance our and sonic icons to create these representations. understanding of the continuity and change in representations In addition, it reflects on how to integrate the radio play of the city, specifically Amsterdam, Berlin and London. Its societal as historical source in exhibition environments. aim is to enable museums to enrich their presentations of the cultural history of urban life, from visually-oriented exhibits to more auditory ones, and to clarify contemporary clashes over city sounds through comparison with historical clashes. 31 Cultural Dynamics Canon formation

4. Soundscapes of the Urban Past and the Auditory Museum Exhibit (Karin Bijsterveld) This project synthesizes the outcomes of the previous projects in an edited volume, and disseminates this scholarly knowledge through an installation using Virtual Soundscapes Technology in the Amsterdam Historical Museum. 32 Cultural Dynamics Canon formation

Citizenship, National Canons and the Issue of Cultural Diversity

The Netherlands in an International Perspective

Researchers: This project aims to analyze the recent ‘culturalization’ of citizen- Do differences in the culturalization of citizenship in the Prof. dr. Jan Willem Duyvendak ship in the Netherlands at three levels: in the national political Netherlands, Britain and France influence the behaviour Prof. dr. Evelien Tonkens debate; within local government and civil society; and as part of of migrants and potential migrants in and from the Caribbean Prof. dr. Peter Geschiere the experience of individual citizens. The concept of culturalization and from other countries of provenance? Dr. Francio Guadeloupe refers to the growing importance that is attached to cultural Drs. Paul Mepschen heritage, the ‘canon’, and to emotions linked to culture and 1. The national scale: culturalization of the public debate Drs. Rogier van Reekum the nation such as loyalty, feeling at home and belonging. on citizenship Drs. Bregje Termeer The analysis of this culturalization of citizenship in the Nether- This project is located at the national level and concerns fellows from Cameroon, Turkey, lands and of the effects of culturalization on migrants and the national public debate on citizenship by policy makers, Morocco, Mali, Ghana potential migrants will be studied in an international comparative opinion makers, and politicians in the Netherlands, as well as and the Netherlands Antilles perspective: on the one hand, through research into the percep- national practices such as festivities and memorials. How did tions of these changes among migrants and potential migrants; the culturalization of national citizenship in the Netherlands Institution: and on the other hand, by analyzing the specificities of these take shape in these debates and practices? Amsterdam School for Social processes in the Netherlands in comparison with developments Science Research, elsewhere in Europe and in countries of provenance of migrants. 2. The local scale: the role of municipalities and civil society University of Amsterdam It studies constructions and transformations of cultural heritage organisations and ‘the canon’, and the ways in which immigrant and autoch- Central to our project is the idea that the culturalization of Contact: thonous citizens are included or excluded in these processes. citizenship takes different forms at the national and local level. [email protected] At the national level, monoculturalism tends to dominate; but Key questions: on the local level a more dynamic notion of culture seems to How does the culturalization of Dutch citizenship manifest itself, prevail, with much more stress on intermingling and reciprocal at both the national and local level? exchange. The same questions that are formulated concerning How do native-born Dutch and migrants experience this culturali- the national debate will be studied at the local level in order zation? What changes occur in their emotional sense of to chart the hypothesized difference between these two levels. belonging, feeling at home, and attachment to place? In what way and to what extent has the culturalization of Dutch citizenship been distinct from that in Britain and France? 33 Cultural Dynamics Canon formation

3. The individual scale: belonging, feeling at home, and place 5. The Culturalization of European Nationalisms: attachment Caribbean Perspectives In this sub-project we will investigate how the people involved Do differences in culturalization of citizenship in the – autochthonous citizens and migrants – experience the Netherlands, Britain, and France influence the behaviour emotional demands as formulated by policymakers and public of (potential) migrants in and from the Caribbean? How do opinion leaders regarding their sentiments of belonging and French, Dutch, and British citizens in the Caribbean who plan ‘feeling at home’. to settle in their respective mother countries, perceive and interpret the growing culturalization of citizenship in Europe, In order to substantiate the comparative outlook, the next more in particular in the Netherlands, Britain and France? three sub-projects will be situated outside the Netherlands: 6. The Culturalization of Citizenship – Comparative views 4. European comparisons from the South Sub-project 4 will focus on different trajectories in the recent This subproject concerns a comparative study in various culturalization of citizenship within Europe, notably on France countries in the Southern hemisphere of people’s perceptions and Great Britain as two cases that are purported to follow of the changes in the definition of citizenship both in Europe opposite citizenship policies in this respect. In what way and – the increasing culturalization of citizenship and its relation to what extent has the culturalization of Dutch citizenship to- and within the country concerned. Central themes for this been distinctive compared to Britain and France over the past research will be: information on and perceptions of changing 35 years? definitions of citizenship in Europe, changing strategies in relation to migration and the role of transnational networks in forging alternative conceptions of ‘home’ and belonging. 34 Cultural Dynamics Canon formation

Muslim Women in the Modern World

Women and Islam: New Perspectives

Researchers: The issue of women and Islam is a highly contested one world- A second PhD project consists of biographical research among Dr. K.V.Q. Vintges, wide. ‘The position of Muslim women’ is often used in discourses Riffian Berber women in the Netherlands and Morocco Faculty of Humanities, Department of of selfing and othering in political/religious struggles between to investigate how Moroccan women on both sides of the Philosophy, University of Amsterdam Muslims actors who pit ‘the Islamic cultural heritage’ against Mediterranean draw from the various cultural traditions with Dr. M.W. Buitelaar, Western influences and Western actors who point to the ‘other- which they identify to underpin claims to citizenship, in the sense Faculty of Theology and Religious ness’ of Muslims. In response, many Muslim women and girls of full membership in a community with all its rights and Studies, University of Groningen have begun to claim the right to choose their own terms obligations. Prof. dr. mr. R. Peters, for belonging to the cultural and religious communities they Faculty of Humanities, Department participate in, arguing for ‘gender justice’ and full citizenship. A synthesizing study will critically examine whether and how of Arabic and Islamic Studies, Various strands of Muslim feminists take society to be ‘modern- concepts, underlying norms, and effects of gender equality and University of Amsterdam able’ by reinterpreting religious and other cultural traditions. individual freedom, are present in these discourses by Moroccan Prof. dr. T.H. Zock, women, and whether Western mainstream feminism should Faculty of Theology & Religious Studies, The programme studies the voices of Moroccan Muslim women reconsider its basic concepts of such issues as freedom, autonomy University of Groningen who, both individually and through organized efforts, claim and equality so as to develop an inclusive emancipatory policy Prof. dr. F. Sadiqi, various forms of full citizenship (religious, national, ethnic) which endorses the full citizenship of Muslim women. Faculty of Arts, University of Fes / for example by appropriating/reinventing traditions from Morocco ‘the Islamic heritage’. Prof. dr. M. Ennaji, Faculty of Arts, University of Fes / A first PhD project explores Moroccan female sainthood and its Morocco appropriation by Moroccan women today. Using ethnographic A. Ouguir MA, fieldwork and discourse analysis, it studies the veneration PhD, Faculty of Humanities, Department of female saints by Moroccan women and the deliberate of Philosophy, University of Amsterdam appropriation of female saints as role models by Moroccan F. Ballah MA, women who are engaged in the new gender discourses in Islam. PhD, Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Groningen 35 Cultural Dynamics Canon formation

Institutional setting: Department of Philosophy, Innovation/ Faculty of Humanities, University of Amsterdam Faculty of Theology and Religious Creative Design Studies, University of Groningen

Contact: [email protected] [email protected] 36 Cultural Dynamics Innovation/Creative Design

Dutch Clogs on High Heels

Dutch Fashion Identity in a Globalized World

Researchers: In today’s creative experience economy, innovation pertains 1. Dutch fashion from the sixties till now Prof. dr. Anneke Smelik, to values, symbols and culture. That is particularly true of dress (Maaike Feitsma) Professor of Visual Culture, and fashion, which are central to all forms of human identity The hypothesis of this subproject is that a Dutch fashion style Radboud University Nijmegen construction, from the individual to the social level. In contem­ has been constructed since the 1960s under the influence Prof. dr. Dany Jacobs, porary culture, dressing has become a vital element in giving of Dutch modernism in art and design. The project aims at Professor of Industrial Dynamics shape to one’s identity. As such, processes of inclusion and analysing fashion as the material expression of cultural and Innovation Policy, University exclusion are particularly strong in fashion: wearing the wrong traditions and transformations, as well as a practice of of Amsterdam; and lecturer at ArtEZ College of the Arts, and HAN, Arnhem dress can make one an outcast (the headscarf being a vexed continuous creative innovation. The notion of cultural example), while the right suit includes you in the group. Fashion performance is the central theoretical concept that will Dr. Michiel Scheffer, is also at the heart of the dynamics between cultural heritage inform the historical analyses. Lecturer in Fashion & Material Design, Saxion University Enschede and innovation: culturally (e.g. clogs with high heels by Viktor & Rolf); socially (e.g. the higher classes wearing jeans); 2. The performance of identity though fashion José Teunissen, Lecturer in Fashion, Design and Theory, and technologically (e.g. globalized organization of the supply (Daniëlle Bruggeman) ArtEZ College of the Arts, Arnhem chain). This subproject explores the relationship between fashion, body and identity. The hypothesis is that fashion is an Maaike Feitsma, MA (cultural history) The innovative contribution of this project lies in opening up the important way of performing identity in its many facets. under-researched field of Dutch fashion from interdisciplinary By exploring the theoretical notion of cultural performance we Daniëlle Bruggeman, perspectives. The project will assess the exchange between can understand how fashion functions in the construction of MA (cultural studies) economic and cultural performance, which becomes increasingly individual and national identity as an embodied practice. Constantin von Maltzahn, important in the creative economy. The research hypothesis MA (sociology) of the project is that the creative industry of fashion in the Anja Köppchen, Netherlands is capitalizing a unique cultural mix of individualism, MA (human geography) innovation and modern or post-modern design. Joint case studies are: Mac & Maggie, Cora Kemperman, Oilily, G-star, Vanillia, Institutional setting: and the Vilenzo concern. With the results of the research we aim Radboud University Nijmegen to understand and reinforce the cultural innovation of Dutch fashion in an international context. Contact: [email protected] 37 Cultural Dynamics Innovation/Creative Design

3. The construction of brand identities by designers Cooperation with: and consumers E. in ’t Hout, (Constantin von Maltzahn) Director of the Amsterdam Fashion Institute, Amsterdam. This subproject seeks to analyze the interactive ways in which D. Kuilman, fashion firms increasingly co-create the collective identities Director of the Premsela Foundation, of their audiences, appealing to the cultural values their Dutch Platform for Design and Fashion, Amsterdam. consumers foster. The project aims at achieving insight into the construction of fashion styles and identities, and gaining The research project is cosponsored by Fund Mr Koetsier, a deeper understanding of the blurring boundaries between the OOC fund of het confection industy, ArtEZ, Saxion, creative innovation and marketing. UvA and RU.

4. Dutch fashion industry in a globalised market (Anja Köppchen) This subproject researches the organization of the production process by Dutch fashion companies in a globalized economy. It will test the hypothesis that fashion identity of brands has been enabled by a trading and sourcing logic, due to the disappearance of manufacturing firms in the Netherlands. The project aims at understanding the necessary economic basis required for the production of cultural products such as fashion. 38 Cultural Dynamics Innovation/Creative Design

New Islamic Ethics and Aesthetics

Islam and Performing Arts in Europe and the Middle East

Researchers: This project focuses on new developments in which Islam and This multidisciplinary project combines insights from sociology, Dr. Karin van Nieuwkerk the performing arts are creatively merged. Art has long been anthropology, and Islamic studies and combines different Dr. Joseph Alagha condemned by religious movements but presently it is increasingly research methodologies from the study of classical Islamic Drs. Yolanda van Tilborgh being used to mobilize young Muslims. Combining Islam and sources, to ethnographic research among artists, various Drs. Nina ter Laan art is a matter of dispute in countries where Muslims form the audiences and in virtual communities. majority, but even more so in Western Europe, where they are a Institutional setting: minority. The different cultural politics and processes of religious One project examines influences of transnationalism and cultural Faculty of Religious Studies, identification are studied through a comparison of performing politics on the construction of Islamic identity in contemporary Radboud University Nijmegen arts productions by Muslim artists who in one way or another musical genres in Morocco, ranging from Sufi music and religious display their religious identity through art productions. anasheed to Islamic pop. Contact: [email protected] The following research questions are central: A second project concentrates on spoken word performances What pious performing art experiments are emerging among in the Netherlands, the UK and the USA, including stand-up performing Muslim artists in the Middle East and Western comedy, theatre and spoken poetry or rap. Europe? What different forms of religious identification are played The third project analyzes Islamic discourses on art by both out through performing arts? Sunni and Shi’a religious scholars and studies the use of art How are these artistic projects received by different publics for mobilization purposes by Hezbollah in Lebanon. and the authorities in the countries involved? What religious and other discourses are dominant with regard The fourth project studies ‘art with a mission’ and the case to Islam and performing arts in both regions? of the veiled actresses in Egypt. Together these case studies What theories on the place of religion in the public sphere, show the wide range of new Islamic ethics and how they are or more in particular in the cultural sphere, inform the debates transformed into Islamic aesthetics. on Islam and performing arts? 39 Cultural Dynamics

The Programme Committee Publication: Prof. dr. W.Th.M. Frijhoff (chair) The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research emeritus VU University Research Council for the Humanities Prof. dr. T.F.M. ter Bogt Utrecht University Postal address: Prof. dr. P.L. Geschiere P.O. Box 93245 University of Amsterdam 2509 AK The Hague Mw. prof. dr. M.S.S.E. Janssen The Netherlands Erasmus University Rotterdam Prof. dr. A.A.M. de Jong www.nwo.nl/cultureledynamiek University of Amsterdam Mw. prof. dr. M.J.H. Meijer University Maastricht Prof. dr. J. Raessens Utrecht University The Hague, March 2011 ontwerp hAAi, Rotterdam