DOCSLIB.ORG

Polar Blast Class

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Polar Blast Class Educational Resources for our Future Footprint with the Pittsburgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium POLAR BLAST Teacher Resource & Lesson Guide POLAR BLAST LESSON Through the use of technology this class will provide a platform for students, without regards to their geographic location, to learn about the polar regions of our globe and the animals adapted to surviving in these harsh habitats. Students will have the opportunity to learn about the penguins that live at the Pitts- burgh Zoo & PPG Aquarium. In addition to increasing knowledge program goals include fostering a mean- ingful connection to our penguins and thus encouraging further engagement in the conservation of our polar regions. TABLE OF CONTENTS Polar Regions ...................... 3 Polar Facts .................................. 3 Activities ...................................... 4 Journey to the Poles .................. 4 How Cold is Cold? ..................... 6 Fur, Feathers, & Fat ................... 8 Spotlight: Penguins ........ 9 Penguin Facts ............................. 9 The Basics ................................. 9 GUIDE SUMMARY Lifecycle ................................... 11 Special Adaptations ................. 12 Students will access videos, journal weather stations. Mr. Penn traveled to Pittsburgh Zoo & entries, and participate in activities Antarctica through a program funded PPG Aquarium Penguins ........ 13 to learn about our northern and by the National Science Foundation Living the Penguin Life ............. 14 Penguin Playtime ..................... 15 southern polar regions and the called PolarTREC (Teachers and What’s for Lunch? .................... 16 animals that live there. The Spotlight Researchers Exploring and Activities .................................... 17 Penguin section includes videos Collaborating). He worked with a Who’s Who Penguin Games ... 17 about penguins at the Pittsburgh Zoo team from the University of Wis- Be the Penguin Activities ......... 18 & PPG Aquarium. consin, Madison on the Automatic Weather Station Project. How you can help .......... 19 This guide also includes firsthand Resource Section .......... 20 information from educators who have Throughout this guide you will find Vocabulary .................................. 20 visited Antarctica. Mr. Michael Penn, links to videos and journal entries a teacher in the Shaler Area School chronicling Mr. Penn’s adventures. Journey to the Poles ................... 21 District, went to Antarctica in 2018 Journal entries from Mr. Penn’s trip Weather data chart ..................... 23 as a member of a research team to Arctic or Antarctic Animal Quiz ... 24 install and maintain remote automatic Penguin Photo Cards.................. 26 Penguin heights chart ................. 28 Each lesson activity contains extension ideas indicated by: Energy Saver Challenge .............. 29 CHICK for less ADULT for more Every Drop Counts Challenge .... 32 difficult extensions advanced extensions Junk Mail Recycling Challenge ... 34 Support provided by Richard King Mellon Foundation 2 POLAR FACTS Antarctica is the region around the South Pole. It is an ice-covered continent surrounded ARCTIC by the Southern Ocean. Ocean surrounded by continents The Arctic is the region around the North Pole. It is ANTARCTIC made up of the Arctic Ocean, surrounded by land. Continent surrounded by oceans The arctic circle includes parts of North America, Europe, Asia, many islands, and a huge ice cap PLANT LIFE over the Arctic Ocean Mosses, lichens and two flowering plants grow close to coastal areas. AVERAGE TEMP AVERAGE 10° to 20° F TEMP PLANT LIFE -67° to -76° F Small shrubs, mosses, lichens, and flowers can grow in warmer parts of the Arctic. ANIMAL LIFE Antarctica’s climate makes it an inhospitable place. Animals live both on land and in the sea in milder coastal areas. Seals, whales, penguins, and many flighted birds can be found here. ANIMAL LIFE A number of different types COOL FACTS of animals make their home in the Most of Antarctica is covered arctic, including polar bears, arctic fox, lemmings, by a thick sheet of ice. The ice caribou, musk ox, walrus, seals, whales, snowy averages more than 1 mile thick. owls and many other birds. COOL FACTS The largest land animal The name ‘Arctic’ is the Antarctic Midge, comes from a Greek an insect that is ¼” long. word meaning ‘bear’ in reference to the HUMAN LIFE Ursa Major and Ursa There are no indigenous groups or permanent Minor constellations. residents in Antarctica. Most of the people who The nearest land HUMAN LIFE live on Antarctica are scientists and support is about 700 miles People have lived in staff. In the summer, only 5,000 people live from the North Pole. the Arctic for thousands of on the continent. Only around 1,000 people years. Indigenous groups remain during the winter. include Inuit, Sami, and Yupik. MIDNIGHT SUN & POLAR NIGHT During the summer months the poles experience the “midnight sun”. The sun does not set below the horizon during this time which means it is always daylight. The opposite is true in the winter months and is called “polar night”. 3 JOURNEY TO THE POLES ACTIVITY Acquaint students with the location of the North and South Poles, describe the climate, and decide what equipment you would take on a polar expedition. Materials: Globe Internet access Books: - Who Lives in the Arctic? by Susan Canizares and Pamela Chanko - Antarctica by Helen Cowcher Younger students: - Scissors - Glue - Journey to the Poles student page (located in the Resources) Step 1: Read one or both of the stories. Ask the students if they noticed Where are these set? In the polar plants/trees in the books. The Arctic regions! Look at the pictures. What region is above the tree line – that do you think the weather is like? Cold! means is too far north for trees to It is much colder at the poles than it is grow. Instead, there are grasses, at home. This is because of where the mosses, lichens, and bushes. In the poles are. Antarctic region mosses, lichens and two flowering plants grow close to Use the globe to locate the north coastal areas. and south pole. Explain that the earth tips the poles away from the Show the last page of Who Lives in sun for about half the year, and to- the Arctic? People live in the arctic. ward the sun for the other half. This Would it be easy to live there? Why or means that for half the year it is dark why not? (hard to find food, shelter, for much of the time, and for half the stay warm, etc.) There are no indige- year it is light much of the time. This nous groups or permanent residents gives the poles the nickname “Lands in Antarctica. Most of the people who of the Midnight Sun.” live on Antarctica are scientists and support staff. It also means that the polar regions only get heat from the sun for a short time each year. A summer day at the north pole is about 50°F, and only about -5°F at the south pole – that’s below zero! 4 JOURNEY TO THE POLES ACTIVITY Continued Step 2: Extensions: Step 3: Pass out the student People have been Below are the links to journal entries pages. Let’s imagine a interested in finding out and videos of Mr. Penn and Polar- trip to the polar regions. what it is like in the polar TREC arriving and working at the regions for a long time. South Pole. What sort of things Many people have made trips to would we need to take with us? How did the team travel explore them. Give the students three things to to Antarctica? consider: it will be cold (even if it is the Have students research early What equipment did the summer), there are not stores so you expeditions to the poles. Divide researchers take with them? have to take everything you’ll need, the class into two teams. One team and you cannot leave garbage behind should research the first explorers to Journal 28 November 2018 Ice Flight so think of things that can be used reach the North Pole; the other team your whole time there. should research the first explorers to Journal 1 December 2018 Ground reach the South Pole. Transportation and Ivan the Terra-Bus! Have the students cut out the things they would take and glue Who was the first to make it to Arriving at South Pole Station Have the them in their suitcase. each of the poles? Geographic South Pole students share their answers. Why How did they travel there? did they choose those things? Is there Journal & Video 23 December 2018 anything that they did not need to What were their trips like? Servicing an Automatic Weather Sta- take? Why not? What else would they tion (AWS) in Antarctica take? Why? What equipment did the explorers use? 5 HOW COLD IS COLD? ACTIVITY Monitor and record temperature and weather conditions here at home and in the polar regions. Step 1: Set Up Your Experiment Extensions: • Decide which areas you will be • Use the data collecting chart comparing: school location to provided (located in the Resources Antarctica, school location to the section) or have the students cre- arctic, or both. ate their own based on the data • Check in with the University of Wis- • Decide what data you will be being observed. consin-Madison Automatic Weather recording-temperature, wind Stations in Antarctica: speed, time of day, the feels like temperature, etc. - AWS Nico is close to the South Pole. • How many days will you make observations? - Review the weather station data prior to class to determine the • What time of day will you amount of instruction needed. make observation? The date is in Julian format, time • How will you make your is in a 24-hour format, and all observations? temperatures are in Celsius. - Use an outdoor thermometer or • Compare weather data at a local weather station to gather various weather stations data at your school. across Antarctica. - Antarctic weather conditions - Nico, Sabrina, and Phoenix. - Arctic weather conditions How does elevation effect There are no permanent weath- the readings? er stations located at the geo- graphic north pole (due to the shifting of the ice).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Longevity in Little Penguins Eudyptula Minor
    71 LONGEVITY IN LITTLE PENGUINS EUDYPTULA MINOR PETER DANN1, MELANIE CARRON2, BETTY CHAMBERS2, LYNDA CHAMBERS2, TONY DORNOM2, AUSTIN MCLAUGHLIN2, BARB SHARP2, MARY ELLEN TALMAGE2, RON THODAY2 & SPENCER UNTHANK2 1 Research Group, Phillip Island Nature Park, PO Box 97, Cowes, Phillip Island, Victoria, 3922, Australia ([email protected]) 2 Penguin Study Group, PO Box 97, Cowes, Phillip Island, Victoria, 3922, Australia Received 17 June 2005, accepted 18 November 2005 Little Penguins Eudyptula minor live around the mainland and Four were females, two were males and one was of unknown sex offshore islands of southern Australia and New Zealand (Marchant (Table 1). The oldest of the birds was a male that was banded by the & Higgins 1990). They are the smallest penguin species extant, Penguin Study Group as a chick before fledging on Phillip Island breeding in burrows and coming ashore only after nightfall. Most on 2 January 1976 in a part of the colony known as “the Penguin of their mortality appears to result from processes occurring at sea Parade.” This bird was not recorded again after initial banding (Dann 1992). The average life expectancy of breeding adult birds until it was five years old and was found raising two chicks at the is approximately 6.5 years (Reilly & Cullen 1979, Dann & Cullen Penguin Parade. This individual had a bill depth measurement 12% 1990, Dann et al. 1995); however, some individuals in southeastern less than the mean for male penguins from Phillip Island (Arnould Australia have lived far in excess of the average life expectancy. et al. 2004), but was classified as a male based on the sex of its mates (sexed as females from the presence of cloacal distension Approximately 44 000 birds have been flipper-banded on Phillip following egg-laying or from their bill-depth measurements).
    [Show full text]
  • Macaroni Penguin
    Macaroni Penguin Website : https://www.cuteness.com/article/macaroni-penguin-kids Live Camera: https://tnaqua.org/animal/macaroni-penguin/ Macaroni penguins are the most abundant of the different penguin species in the world. They are easily identified by the yellow hairs on the top of their heads. But be careful! This penguin looks a lot like the Royal penguin. The big difference is that the Macaroni penguin has a black face, and the Royal penguin has a white face. Now visit the website. Look at the first paragraph that begins with “Macaroni penguins inhabit a number of islands…”: 1) Where do Macaroni penguins live? a. In my house b. Near Antarctica c. North Pole d. Along the equator 2) What are two threats to Macaroni penguins that come from human beings? (More than one) . a. Leopard seals b. Commercial fishing c. Oil pollution d. Sea lions Go to this section : 3) What other penguin can be confused with the Macaroni penguin? a. Royal penguin b. Emperor penguin c. Antarctic penguin d. Rockhopper penguin 4) About how does this penguin weigh? a. Five pounds b. Seven pounds c. Nine pounds d. Eleven pounds Go to this section : 5) How did this penguin get its name? a. No one knows b. It was named after a hat c. It was named after the food d. It was named after the explorer who found them 6) True or false. The song “Yankee Doodle” was partly about the Macaroni penguin. a. True b. False c. What’s a Doodle? 1 Go to this section : 7) Where do Macaroni penguins lay their eggs? a.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change Threatens Penguins
    SEPTEMBER 2009 Climate Change Threatens Penguins By: Shaye Wolf Penguins are not just found in •11 of 18 penguin species are Antarctica declining and considered an Penguins—waddling wonders of extinction risk the Southern Hemisphere Although penguins are commonly associated with Antarctica, penguins •Two species are considered Penguins (order Sphenisciformes, are found in a variety of habitats stable. family Spheniscidae) are flightless in the Southern Hemisphere. seabirds found almost entirely in Eighteen different penguin species •The population status of the the Southern Hemisphere. Although inhabit areas from Antarctica to the remaining five is unknown. their wings have become useless for Equator. They can be divided into Studies have linked climate change flight, they have become superbly three groups: to past, ongoing, and projected adapted to swimming and diving. population declines of many For example, Gentoo penguins •Four penguin species breed in Antarctica and/or the Antarctic penguin species. Because penguins can swim up to 35 km per hour— live in different ocean habitats of compared with 9 km per hour for islands: the Emperor, Adélie, Chinstrap, and Gentoo penguin. the Southern Hemisphere, climate the fastest Olympic swimmer. change affects penguins in these Emperor penguins can dive to •Most penguin species breed on regions in different ways. depths of more than 520 m to find islands in the sub-Antarctic waters food—deeper than any other bird. of the Southern Ocean (a.k.a. How is climate change affecting Penguins must return to land or sea Antarctic Ocean), the South Atlantic Antarctic penguins? ice to rear their young, however, Ocean, the South Pacific Ocean, and they are renowned for their The Antarctic continent is warming and the Southern Indian Ocean: as a whole,1 but the Antarctic feats of endurance as parents.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing UAV Monitoring of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands’ Iconic Land-Based Marine Predators
    fmars-08-654215 May 26, 2021 Time: 18:32 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 01 June 2021 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.654215 Developing UAV Monitoring of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands’ Iconic Land-Based Marine Predators John Dickens1*, Philip R. Hollyman1, Tom Hart2, Gemma V. Clucas3, Eugene J. Murphy1, Sally Poncet4, Philip N. Trathan1 and Martin A. Collins1 1 British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2 Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, 3 Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States, 4 South Georgia Survey, Stanley, Falkland Islands Many remote islands present barriers to effective wildlife monitoring in terms of Edited by: challenging terrain and frequency of visits. The sub-Antarctic islands of South Georgia Wen-Cheng Wang, National Taiwan Normal University, and the South Sandwich Islands are home to globally significant populations of seabirds Taiwan and marine mammals. South Georgia hosts the largest breeding populations of Antarctic Reviewed by: fur seals, southern elephant seals and king penguins as well as significant populations of Gisele Dantas, wandering, black-browed and grey-headed albatross. The island also holds important Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Brazil populations of macaroni and gentoo penguins. The South Sandwich Islands host the Sofie Pollin, world’s largest colony of chinstrap penguins in addition to major populations of Adélie KU Leuven Research & Development, Belgium and macaroni penguins. A marine protected area was created around these islands in *Correspondence: 2012 but monitoring populations of marine predators remains a challenge, particularly John Dickens as these species breed over large areas in remote and often inaccessible locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Foraging Ecology and Diving Behaviour of Macaroni Penguins 27
    1998 Green et al.: Foraging ecology and diving behaviour of Macaroni Penguins 27 FORAGING ECOLOGY AND DIVING BEHAVIOUR OF MACARONI PENGUINS EUDYPTES CHRYSOLOPHUS AT HEARD ISLAND K. GREEN 1,2, R. WILLIAMS 1 & M.G. GREEN 2 1Antarctic Division, Channel Highway, Kingston, Tasmania 7050, Australia 2Current address: National Parks and Wildlife Service, Snowy Mountains Region, PO Box 2228, Jindabyne, New South Wales 2627, Australia ([email protected]) Received 7 May 1997, accepted 6 June 1998 SUMMARY GREEN, K., WILLIAMS, R. & GREEN, M.G. 1998. Foraging ecology and diving behaviour of Macaroni Penguins Eudyptes chrysolophus at Heard Island. Marine Ornithology 26: 27–34. Over the chick-rearing period, Macaroni Penguins Eudyptes chrysolophus foraged to the north-east of Heard Island within an approximate 300-km radius, feeding mainly on euphausiids and fish. As the season progressed, the amount of euphausiids in the diet declined by 93% with the diet becoming almost totally composed of the myctophid fish Krefftichthys anderssoni. Penguins foraged mainly on the Heard Island shelf area (seas shallower than 1000 m). Penguin dive profiles were complex, unlike the simple ‘V’ shaped dives recorded elsewhere. Diving was mainly between dawn and dusk to depths of 10–60 m, and the deepest dives were undertaken during daylight hours. The connection between the observed diving patterns and the diet was difficult to elucidate because K. anderssoni only migrates vertically into surface waters at night and is believed to be out of the penguins’ diving range during the day. INTRODUCTION METHODS Macaroni Penguins Eudyptes chrysolophus on Heard and Diet McDonald Islands are thought to number about two million breeding pairs (Woehler 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • Playful Penguins by Melissa Michael
    Playful Penguins By Melissa Michael www.teachertreasurehunter.blogspot.com •Emperor Penguin •King Penguin •Gentoo Penguin •Macaroni Penguin •Adélie Penguin •Little Penguin Emperor Penguin HABITAT: The emperor penguin lives in the Antarctic. It will spend its entire life in the Antarctic waters and on the ice. They are never on land. FOOD: They mostly eat Antarctic silverfish. They may also eat krill or squid. PREDATORS: Their main enemies are orcas and leopard seals. The chicks are also prey for sea birds. COOL FACTS: *The females lay one large egg and then the males take care of it. The males keep the egg on their feet and cover it with their brooding pouch. The brooding pouch is Credit: Photo by Lin Padgham; Creative Commons license loose skin covered with feathers that can APPEARANCE: The emperor penguin has cover the egg. The males will not eat black feathers on its back. The feathers in anything for the 2 months when they care front are white. They have a black head for the egg. and black beak with an orange stripe. *They are the largest penguin in the world. There are yellow patches on each side of its They are about 44 inches tall. head. The chicks have gray feathers with a *They can dive deeper than any other black and white face patch. bird. © 2013 © 2013 Michael Melissa King Penguin HABITAT: They live on islands of the sub- Antarctic and ice-free ocean waters. They never live on pack ice like their close relative the Emperor penguin. FOOD: They eat small fish and some squid.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Predators at South Georgia: an Overview of Recent Bio-Logging Studies
    Mem. Natl Inst. Polar Res., Spec. Issue, 58, 118–132, 2004 ©National Institute of Polar Research Review Marine predators at South Georgia: an overview of recent bio-logging studies Philip N. Trathan* and John P. Croxall British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK (*[email protected]) (Received March 21, 2003; Accepted July 15, 2003) Abstract: There is a unique diversity and density of land-based marine predators breeding at Bird Island, South Georgia, operating at a wide variety of spatial and temporal scales. These provide exceptional opportunities for bio-logging studies, the objectives of which have been to investigate trophic interactions in ecosystem contexts (including applications in fish- eries and environmental management and conservation). Associated data from studies on feeding ecology, reproductive performance and population dynamics provide valuable con- textual information for bio-logging analyses. An associated ship-based offshore marine sci- ence programme also provides vital information about the local and regional biological and physical environment, which is both complex and highly variable. Further developments of our bio-logging studies at South Georgia face a number of important challenges. These include: • acquiring samples large enough for statistical analysis; • replicating study sites and/or populations in order to characterize population and species behaviour; • collecting simultaneous data from multiple sensors or devices in order to interpret foraging behaviour; • acquiring key collateral data on prey and environment at appropriate spatial and temporal scales to understand foraging dynamics in context. We illustrate approaches to address some of these challenges from recent studies of the South Georgia marine ecosystem.
    [Show full text]
  • Foraging Strategy Plasticity in Fiordland Penguins (Eudyptes Pachyrhynchus): a Stable Isotope Approach
    Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 2020 FORAGING STRATEGY PLASTICITY IN FIORDLAND PENGUINS (EUDYPTES PACHYRHYNCHUS): A STABLE ISOTOPE APPROACH Jeffrey Wayne White [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, Behavior and Ethology Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation White, Jeffrey Wayne, "FORAGING STRATEGY PLASTICITY IN FIORDLAND PENGUINS (EUDYPTES PACHYRHYNCHUS): A STABLE ISOTOPE APPROACH" (2020). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. 1284. https://mds.marshall.edu/etd/1284 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. FORAGING STRATEGY PLASTICITY IN FIORDLAND PENGUINS (EUDYPTES PACHYRHYNCHUS): A STABLE ISOTOPE APPROACH A thesis submitted to the Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Biology by Jeffrey Wayne White Approved by Dr. Herman Mays, Committee Chairperson Dr. Anne Axel Dr. Jennifer Mosher Dr. John Hopkins III Marshall University May 2020 APPROVAL OF THESIS We, the faculty supervising the work of Jeffrey Wayne White, affirm that the thesis, Foraging strategy plasticity in Fiordland Penguins (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus): A stable isotope approach, meets the high academic standards for original scholarship and creative work established by the Biology Department and the College of Arts and Sciences. This work also conforms to the editorial standards of our discipline and the Graduate College of Marshall University.
    [Show full text]
  • Penguins: up Close and Personal
    Penguins: Up Close and Personal Penguins: Up Close and Personal by ReadWorks A penguin is a type of bird that lives in water and on land. The black-and-white appearance of penguins is known as countershading, which is a form of camouflage that helps keep them safe in the water. Wild penguins are found only in the Southern Hemisphere. Most live within the polar region in very cold climates around Antarctica; however, some species of penguins live in warmer climates in South Africa, New Zealand, and some countries in South America. While there are over 17 different types of penguins, this passage will focus on only three: the emperor penguin, the king penguin, and the little blue penguin. The biggest of all penguins, the emperor penguin, is almost three-and-a-half feet tall-that is almost as tall as the average first grader! And they can weigh up to 88 pounds. Incredibly, emperor penguins breed on the ice in Antarctica during winter. They face temperatures of -22 ReadWorks.org · © 2013 ReadWorks®, Inc. All rights reserved. Penguins: Up Close and Personal degrees Fahrenheit and below. After the female lays an egg, the male keeps the egg warm and protects it for a period of two months-during which time he doesn't eat at all! The female makes a hunting trip for those two months, sometimes traveling up to 50 miles to reach the ocean. When she returns, she regurgitates food for the chick, and then the male goes and finds food for himself. In the wild, emperor penguins live 15 to 20 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Eudyptula Minor) Picture of Bird Full Life History Info: HP://Nzbirdsonline.Org.Nz/Species/LiLe-Penguin
    Lile Blue Penguin (Eudyptula minor) Picture of bird Full life history info: h@p://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/li@le-penguin Introduc>on Ecology and life history The Li@le Blue Penguin (also known as li@le penguin, Normal adult weight range: Male 925-1650g blue penguin, fairy penguin, or kororā) is the smallest Female 765-1250g of all the penguin species in the world. They are found Moult: Synchronous moult i.e. moults all feathers at the on the main islands and coastal islands of New Zealand same ,me. In January-March for a 2 week duraon. and along the southern Australian coastline. Recent During this period LBPs stay in the burrow and do not go gene,c analysis strongly suggests that the NZ and swimming to forage for food. They can loose up to 50% of Australian li@le penguins are two separate species. body weight during this period. Although they are the most common penguins in their Breeding: July to February. range, the populaon is declining due to several Monogamous. threatening processes including introduced predators Egg laying between Jul to Nov. (dogs and cats, ferrets in NZ and foxes in Australia), Incubaon 30-39 days. human disturbance or destruc,on of nes,ng habitat Age at fledging 54-56 days. and decreased food supplies through overfishing. Age at first breeding 2-3 years. LBPs are a robust and resilient species that copes well Lifespan: up to 25 years. in the rehabilitaon environment, making them the Diet: Piscivorous ideal candidate for wash, rehabilitaon and release Conserva>on status (NZ Threat Classifica>on): Declining during an oil spill.
    [Show full text]
  • Distributions and Predator-Prey Interactions of Macaroni Penguins, Antarctic Fur Seals, and Antarctic Krill Near Bird Island, South Georgia
    MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 86: 15-30, 1992 Published September 3 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1 I l Distributions and predator-prey interactions of macaroni penguins, Antarctic fur seals, and Antarctic krill near Bird Island, South Georgia George L. Hunt, ~r',Dennis ~einemann'.',Inigo ~verson~ 'Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California. Irvine, California 92717, USA 'British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OET, United Kingdom ABSTRACT: We studied the distributions, abundances and interactions of macaroni penguins Eudyptes chrysolophus, Antarchc fur seals Arctocephalus gazella, and their zooplankton prey, m particular Antarctic krill Euphausia superba, near Bird Island, South Georgia, South Atlantic Ocean, in February 1986. Simultaneous surveys of marine birds, Antarctic fur seals and Antarctic krill were conducted along a series of transects radiating from the breeding colonies of the vertebrate predators. We examined the relationships between the distributions of predators and their prey with respect to the abundance of krill in the water column and marine habitats near the colonies. Antarctic fur seals and macaroni penguins showed positive correlations with Antarctic krill density across a wide range of spatial scales. Because krill was abundant close to the colony and predator densities decreased with distance due to geometry, distance from colony was a confounding variable. When the influences of distance and direction on predator abundance were factored out, we were able to demonstrate an additional influence of Antarctic krill abundance at measurement scales between 10 and 100 km for Antarctic fur seals and for macaroni penguins at the scale of 70 to 100 km.
    [Show full text]
  • Foraging Behaviour of the Chinstrap Penguin 85
    1999 Wilson & Peters: Foraging behaviour of the Chinstrap Penguin 85 FORAGING BEHAVIOUR OF THE CHINSTRAP PENGUIN PYGOSCELIS ANTARCTICA AT ARDLEY ISLAND, ANTARCTICA RORY P. WILSON & GERRIT PETERS Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany ([email protected]) SUMMARY WILSON, R.P. & PETERS, G. 1999. Foraging behaviour of the Chinstrap Penguin Pygoscelis antarctica at Ardley Island, Antarctica. Marine Ornithology 27: 85–95. The foraging behaviour of 20 Chinstrap Penguins Pygoscelis antarctica breeding at Ardley Island, King George Island, Antarctica was studied during the austral summers of 1991/2 and 1995/6 using stomach tem- perature loggers (to determine feeding patterns), depth recorders and multiple channel loggers. The multi- ple channel loggers recorded dive depth, swim speed and swim heading which could be integrated using vectors to determine the foraging tracks. Half the birds left the island to forage between 02h00 and 10h00. Mean time at sea was 10.6 h. Birds generally executed a looping type course with most individuals foraging within 20 km of the island. Maximum foraging range was 33.5 km. Maximum dive depth was 100.7 m although 80% of all dives had depth maxima less than 30 m. The following dive parameters were positively related to maximum depth reached during the dive: total dive duration, descent duration, duration at the bottom of the dive, ascent duration, descent angle, ascent angle, rate of change of depth during descent and rate of change of depth during ascent. Swim speed was unrelated to maximum dive depth and had mean values of 2.6, 2.5 and 2.2 m/s for the descent, bottom and ascent phases of the dive.
    [Show full text]