DOCSLIB.ORG

Services Markets

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Services Markets EUROPEAN SEMESTER THEMATIC FACTSHEET SERVICES MARKETS 1. INTRODUCTION affordable services and greater choice for consumers. Increasing productivity in Services markets are central to the EU this growing sector is imperative to economy as they account for 71% of EU ensure quality jobs and high wages and value added and 68% of EU to give easier access to labour markets, 1 employment . Well-functioning and in particular to young people. competitive services markets are therefore essential for growth and jobs Productivity in the services sector has in the EU. important repercussions for Europe's manufacturing industry. Manufacturing In order to realise the significant growth industries are among the largest and jobs potential of services markets, consumers of services in Europe and regulation must keep up with the anti-competitive regulation in the digitisation of services and the increased services sector increases the cost of the integration of services and services they purchase2. manufacturing industries. The digitisation of services is both Several factors are holding back the changing the way they are delivered and performance of services markets in creating demand for new services, Europe today. These include low including in the collaborative economy. It competitive pressures, slow productivity has also made services more tradable as growth, a lack of cross-border it is easier to provide them at a distance. investments and trade and low labour mobility (see section 2). Regulation plays an important role in protecting public policy objectives, These challenges are partly due to consumer protection, public security and regulatory restrictions and costly the protection of health and the administrative procedures resulting from environment. Cross-country assessments the services policies and regulation of EU show that these objectives can be met Member States (see section 3). with different levels of regulation imposing fewer or more restrictions on Numerous analyses show that reforming service providers (see section 4). Member States' services regulation and Intelligent pro-growth regulation ensures administrative procedures leads to that policy objectives are met while positive economic outcomes. Reducing regulatory and administrative restrictions on services markets leads to stronger 2 The values of multipliers for services, competition, higher productivity, more ranging from 1.6 (real estate) to 2.5 (air transport), are considerable for the priority sectors of construction (2.3), business services 1 The countries covered by data in this (1.9) and retail services (1.8). Calculated for factsheet are the EU-28, unless otherwise 2011 for the EU-27. Data source: World Input- specified. Output Database (WIOD). Page 1 | keeping the economic costs of regulatory Around 22% of those employed in the EU restrictions to a minimum. work in a regulated profession6. The regulation of professional services exists Business services, construction and retail in all sectors of the economy. The health services are among the most and social service sector, including economically important in the EU. doctors and dentists, accounts for 40% of all regulated professions (by number Business services include a range of of professions). After that, business professional, scientific and technical services, such as lawyers, accountants, activities as well as administrative and 3 engineers and architects, account for support services . A major part of the EU 15% of that total, followed by the economy, they account for 12.8% of EU transport sector (close to 10%), the value added and 13.7% of total public service and education sector employment, representing 31 million (9%), and construction (7%)7. jobs. They constitute key inputs into the manufacturing sector. Today, 16% of the At EU level, the Services Directive average value of a good produced in the adopted in 2006, covering 47% of EU EU is generated from the activities of value added, provides a framework for 4 business services . Many of the high national services regulation. It resulted value-added business services are in the removal of many regulatory provided by regulated professions (see barriers by Member States, as well as below). simplified administrative procedures. The Professional Qualifications Directive, Construction services are vital for the revised in 2013, supports the mobility of EU economy. Construction works professionals by enabling the recognition undertaken by builders and developers of professional qualifications across account for 5.3% of EU value added and Member States and has set up a 6.3% of EU employment. The EU framework to ensure that national construction sector gives jobs to 14 regulation of professional services is million people. proportionate. Retail services represent 4.5% of total In January 2017, the Commission EU value added and employ 8.6% of the presented the Services Package that workforce with a significant included reform recommendations to representation of employees in the 15- Member States and three legislative 24 age range. Over 3.5 million retail proposals to improve the functioning of companies act as intermediaries between thousands of product suppliers and millions of consumers. Growing at 12% a year, e-commerce provides opportunities for traditional retail, but also some challenges. It has increased the potential 2010, when it stood at 11.7%. The value of market for retailers and the range of 5 online sales almost doubled between 2011 and products available to consumers . 2016, reaching EUR 204 billion in 2016. However e-commerce is still only a fraction of the retail market. The value of store-based sales in 2016 was close to EUR 2 300 billion, 11 3 Business services are defined as sectors M, times the value of online sales. Sources: N77-78, N80-82 and J62-63 using 'Nace Rev.2 Euromonitor and Eurostat. — Statistical classification of economic 6 TNS Opinion, 'Measuring the prevalence of activities in the European Community', occupational regulation: ad-hoc survey for the Eurostat, Luxembourg, 2008. European Commission', April 2015, publication 4 European Consortium for Sustainable forthcoming. As analysed in M. Koumenta and Industrial Policy (ECSIP), 'Study on the relation M. Pagliero, 'Measuring Prevalence and Labour between industry and services in terms of Market Impacts of Occupational Regulation in productivity and value creation', 2014. the EU', 2016. 5 In 2016, 22% of retail companies sold 7 European database of regulated professions online, against 18% for the EU economy as a (http://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools- whole. This has been steadily increasing since databases/regprof/). Page 2 | the services single market8. Other see a convergence of these indicators recently presented initiatives include a between Member States. communication on the development of the collaborative economy, a proposal For selected economic activities with for a regulation regarding geo-blocking, high level of regulatory restrictions, to which a forthcoming Commission Figure 1 shows the average business initiative setting out best practices churn rate at the EU level compared to facilitating the establishment and that of the total business economy. With operation of retail services should be the exception of construction and retail, added. all other services sectors have a lower business churn rate than the total 2. POLICY CHALLENGES: AN business economy, i.e. a lower turnover OVERVIEW OF PERFORMANCE IN EU of companies. This may indicate COUNTRIES relatively lower dynamism or lower competition in these sectors than in the EU services markets still face a number of rest of the economy. challenges that hinder the sector's growth. These include low competitive pressures, Figure 1 — Business churn rate in selected slow productivity growth, cross-border economic activities, EU-28, 2014 (%) services integration and low labour mobility for professionals. Business economy except activities of holding 2.1. Low competitive pressures companies Competitive pressures drive innovation Construction and performance, giving consumers access to a wider range of services at lower prices. Competition drives Retail trade productivity by ensuring that less productive firms are replaced by Travel agency, tour productive new ones over time, and by operator reservation creating incentives for firms to invest in service and related… reducing costs and in innovative productivity-boosting services and Engineering and related activities products. Among indicators that can be used as Architectural activities proxies for competition forces are market churn rates9 and gross operating rates10. Churn rates and profit rates Real estate activities disaggregated by service sectors vary significantly among Member States and Accounting and related services sectors. Large differences in activities churn rates or profit rates reflect varying degrees of competitive pressure. A more Legal activities integrated market would be expected to 10,0 15,0 20,0 8 European Commission, 'A services economy that works for Europeans', 2017, Source: Eurostat, own calculations. http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17- 23_en.htm. 9 Market churn rates are defined as the sum of birth and death rates expressed as a percentage of the total number of active firms in an industry. 10 The gross operating rate is defined as the ratio of gross operating surplus to turnover and is a proxy for profits. Page 3 | Another indicator of competition intensity 2.2. Slow productivity growth is the profits generated at sector level.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Regulation of Professional Services in EU Member States
    SERVICEGAP Discussion Paper No. XXX Regulation of Professional Services in EU Member States Classification, Measurement and Evaluation November 2012 Iain Paterson, Bianca Brandl* and Richard Sellner* * Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, Austria Corresponding Author: Iain Paterson ([email protected]) This paper was developed as part of Deliverable 2.3 of SERVICEGAP “Papers on linkages between manufacturing and services, regulation in professional services and banks” SERVICEGAP project is funded by the European Commission, Research Directorate General as part of the 7th Framework Programme, Theme 8: Socio-Economic Sciences and Humanities. Grant Agreement no: 244 552 1 Regulation of Professional Services in EU Member States: Classification, Measurement and Evaluation Iain Paterson Bianca Brandl, and Richard Sellner November 2012 Abstract This paper has a two-fold purpose: on the one hand of presenting methods and results from studies (mainly involving the authors) that have fed into ongoing efforts at European Union level to classify regulatory systems in Member States, to find ways to measure the extent of regulation, and to evaluate whether state-legislated or self-regulation is anti-competitive as distinct from quality- enhancing regulation for consumers’, rather than producers’, benefit. On the other hand, the paper presents results from a partial update of regulatory knowledge (regulation indices) and further develops a new measure of regulatory effect of professional services throughout the Member States’ economies based on newly developed empirical measures of interlinkage (Cf. Paterson and Sellner 2012). The results of the updated indicator show some modest decrease in anti-competitive regulation in professional services, mainly with respect to market conduct behaviour: more openness to new forms of businesses, price setting, fees and advertising.
    [Show full text]
  • The Macroeconomics of Regulation
    International Finance 18:3, 2015: pp. 343–360 DOI: 10.1111/infi.12077 BOOK REVIEW The Macroeconomics of Market Regulation y z Matteo Cacciatore and Giuseppe Fiori y z HEC Montreal, and North Carolina State University. Boeri,T.,M.Castanheira,R. Faini and V. Galasso, eds., Structural Reforms Without Prejudices. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. Schindler, M., H. Berger, B. B. Bakker and A. Spilimbergo, eds., Jobs and Growth: Supporting the European Recovery. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. 2014. Solow, R., ed., Structural Reform and Economic Policy. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2004. I. Introduction In each country, a complex set of laws and institutions regulates the functioning of product and labour markets. Broadly defined, the regulation of labour directly affects hiring and firing decisions, the number of working hours, the intensity of job search and wage dynamics. Examples include employment protection legislation, the generosity and duration of unemployment benefits, restrictions on the length of contracts, the level of centralization in wage bargaining, labour unions and © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd 344 Matteo Cacciatore and Giuseppe Fiori minimum wages. Product market regulation affects producer entry and exit in a given market or industry, the incentives to create and commercialize goods and services, and the behaviour of prices. Examples include the procedures governing market entry (e.g. the legal requirements to be met for a business to start operating), the laws and institutions that limit the market supply of goods and services, and price controls. The rationale for the emergence and consolidation of such laws and institutions has been related to various factors, including the promotion of social equity goals, the correction of market imperfections (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 31.5.2018 COM(2018
    EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 31.5.2018 COM(2018) 379 final 2018/0204 (COD) Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL amending Regulation (EC) No 1393/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the service in the Member States of judicial and extrajudicial documents in civil or commercial matters (service of documents) {SEC(2018) 272 final} - {SWD(2018) 286 final} - {SWD(2018) 287 final} EN EN EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM 1. CONTEXT OF THE PROPOSAL • Reasons for and objectives of the proposal Among the EU’s tasks is that of developing a European area of justice in civil matters based on the principles of mutual trust and the mutual recognition of judgments. The area of justice requires judicial cooperation across borders. For this purpose, and to facilitate the proper functioning of the internal market, the EU has adopted legislation on the cross-border service of judicial documents1 and on cooperation in the taking of evidence2. These instruments are crucial in the regulation of judicial assistance in civil and commercial matters between the Member States. Their common purpose is to provide an efficient framework for cross-border judicial cooperation. They have replaced the earlier international, more cumbersome system of the Hague Conventions3 between the Member States4. This legislation on judicial cooperation has a real impact on the everyday lives of EU citizens, be it as private individuals or business operators. It is applied in judicial proceedings with cross-border implications, where its proper functioning is indispensable to ensuring access to justice and fair trials (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Cost of Service Regulation in the Investor-Owned Electric Utility Industry: a History of Adaptation
    Cost of Service Regulation In the Investor-Owned Electric Utility Industry A History of Adaptation Prepared by: Dr. Karl McDermott June 2012 © 2012 by the Edison Electric Institute (EEI). All rights reserved. Published 2012. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system or method, now known or hereinafter invented or adopted, without the express prior written permission of the Edison Electric Institute. Attribution Notice and Disclaimer This work was prepared by Dr. Karl McDermott. When used as a reference, attribution to EEI is requested. EEI, any member of EEI, and any person acting on its behalf (a) does not make any warranty, express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of the information, advice or recommendations contained in this work, and (b) does not assume and expressly disclaims any liability with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from the use of any information, advice or recommendations contained in this work. The views and opinions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect those of EEI or any member of EEI. This material and its production, reproduction and distribution by EEI does not imply endorsement of the material. Published by: Edison Electric Institute 701 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20004-2696 Phone: 202-508-5000 Web site: www.eei.org Cost of Service Regulation in the Investor-Owned Electric Utility Industry: A History of Adaptation Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • On Democracy and the “Public Interest”
    Center for European Studies Working Paper No. 93 On Democracy and the “Public Interest”: in the European Union by Andrew Moravcsik Andrea Sangiovanni Professor of Government Department of Government Director, European Union Center Harvard University Harvard University Visiting Fellow (2002) Center for European Studies Cambridge University 27 Kirkland Street [email protected] Cambridge, MA 02138 USA Tel: (617) 495-4303 x205; Fax: (617) 495-8509 e-mail: [email protected] This is a draft. Before citing, please contact the authors at [email protected] or [email protected] ABSTRACT Perhaps the most fundamental question in contemporary European Union politics is whether the existing division and sharing of competences between national and supranational levels is pragmatically and normatively justifiable. In his classic book, Governing in Europe (1999), Fritz Scharpf argues that the current policy mix is sub-optimal and, therefore, democratically illegitimate, because the multi-level European polity lacks the ‘problem-solving capacity’ necessary to permit citizens and their representatives to bargain to optimal outcomes. Instead it is likely to trigger a vicious circle of downward adaptations in social policy and public services that are likely to sap the EU's support. Scharpf recommends granting domestic social welfare policies constitutional status in EU jurisprudence, and permitting ‘differentiated integration’ or ‘flexibility’ for high-standard countries to legislate as an EU sub-group. In this challenge by Scharpf to the ‘output legitimacy’ of the EU, we argue, a number of important issues remain unresolved. First, his argument rests on an implicit and insufficiently elaborated conception of the public interest in maintaining or expanding current patterns of social welfare protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulation OTT Regulation
    OTT Regulation OTT Regulation MINISTRY OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS EUROPEAN UNION DELEGATION TO BRAZIL (MCTIC) Head of the European Union Delegation Minister João Gomes Cravinho Gilberto Kassab Minister Counsellor - Head of Development and Cooperation Section Secretary of Computing Policies Thierry Dudermel Maximiliano Salvadori Martinhão Cooperation Attaché – EU-Brazil Sector Dialogues Support Facility Coordinator Director of Policies and Sectorial Programs for Information and Communication Asier Santillan Luzuriaga Technologies Miriam Wimmer Implementing consortium CESO Development Consultants/FIIAPP/INA/CEPS Secretary of Telecommunications André Borges CONTACTS Director of Telecommunications Services and Universalization MINISTRY OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS Laerte Davi Cleto (MCTIC) Author Secretariat of Computing Policies Senior External Expert + 55 61 2033.7951 / 8403 Vincent Bonneau [email protected] Secretariat of Telecommunications MINISTRY OF PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT + 55 61 2027.6582 / 6642 [email protected] Ministry Dyogo Oliveira PROJECT COORDINATION UNIT EU-BRAZIL SECTOR DIALOGUES SUPPORT FACILITY Secretary of Management Gleisson Cardoso Rubin Secretariat of Public Management Ministry of Planning, Development and Management Project National Director Telephone: + 55 61 2020.4645/4168/4785 Marcelo Mendes Barbosa [email protected] www.sectordialogues.org 2 3 OTT Regulation OTT © European Union, 2016 Regulation Responsibility
    [Show full text]
  • The Case for Centralized Authority
    Telecommunication Regulation in the United States and Europe: The Case for Centralized Authority William Lehr1 Thomas Kiessling Columbia University & MIT Global One & Harvard University [email protected] [email protected] Paper presented to the Twenty-sixth Telecommunications Policy Research Conference Alexandria, VA First Draft, Comments Welcome October 3-5, 1998 Telecommunications regulators in both the US and the European Union are facing a year 2000 problem: how best to reform the current dual regulatory regime (Federal/State in the US; European Commission/Member States in Europe) in light of industry convergence, globalization, and liberalization. These trends are perhaps best exemplified by the emergence of the Internet as a global communications platform for communications services, as well as, electronic commerce and what it entails. This paper argues that in both the US and the European Union there are important economic reasons why the regulatory balance needs to tilt in favor of a stronger centralized authority. In the US, this means affirming the Federal Communication Commission’s (FCC’s) ability to preempt State authority in areas relating to the promotion of wholesale-level carrier competition; while in Europe, this means interpreting the subsidiarity principle more narrowly to permit the European Commission (EC) to assert more authority over the National Regulatory Authorities (NRA) in the member states. This paper is organized into five sections. Section 1 provides an overview of our main arguments, explaining why it is important to have a stronger centralized authority. Section 2 reviews the economic and legal justification for the dual-regulatory system of centralized/local regulation that exists in both the US and Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTICLE 99 INSPECTION Report of the Schengen Joint Supervisory Authority on an Inspection of the Use of Article 99 Alerts in the Schengen Information System
    ARTICLE 99 INSPECTION Report of the Schengen Joint Supervisory Authority on an inspection of the use of Article 99 alerts in the Schengen Information System Report nr. 07-02 Brussels, 18 December 2007 Contents I. Introduction..................................................................................................................................3 II. Data Protection Supervision........................................................................................................3 III. Reason for inspection...................................................................................................................4 IV. Scope and method of inspection...................................................................................................5 V. Reactions received .......................................................................................................................6 VI. Results..........................................................................................................................................6 A. Decision of Article 99 Alert .................................................................................................... 6 1. Competent Authorities that may decide on an Article 99 alert.................................................................................6 2. A specific procedure has been established for Article 99 alerts...............................................................................7 3. A prerequisite for such alerts is the prosecution of criminal offences
    [Show full text]
  • Current Gaps and Future Perspectives in European Private International Law: Towards a Code on Private International Law?
    DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT C: CITIZENS' RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS LEGAL AFFAIRS Current gaps and future perspectives in European private international law: towards a code on private international law? NOTE Abstract Private international law is to a great extent regulated by EU rules. However, particular areas are still governed by national rules. This paper identifies the existing gaps in the EU regulatory framework, and discusses future perspectives. In the short and the mid term, the focus should be on filling gaps by using separate instruments, while preserving coherence. In the long term a more comprehensive framework or code would be an option. PE 462.476 EN This document was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Legal Affairs AUTHOR Prof. Dr. Xandra KRAMER Erasmus University Rotterdam Erasmus School of Law P.O. Box 1738 NL-3000 DR Rotterdam e-mail: [email protected] RESPONSIBLE ADMINISTRATOR Ms Vesna Naglič Policy Department C – Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs European Parliament B – 1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN ABOUT THE EDITOR To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe to its monthly newsletter please write to: [email protected] European Parliament, manuscript completed in December 2012. © European Union, 2012. This document is available on the Internet at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. Reproduction and translation for non-commercial purposes are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the publisher is given prior notice and sent a copy.
    [Show full text]
  • Legal Obstacles in Member States to Single Market Rules
    STUDY Requested by the IMCO committee Legal obstacles in Member States to Single Market rules Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies Directorate-General for Internal Policies Authors: Erik DAHLBERG et al. EN PE 658.189 - November 2020 Legal obstacles in Member States to Single Market rules Abstract This study analyses the current state of national obstacles to free movement in the EU Single Market. It focuses on various aspects of obstacles related to free movement of goods and services, the right to establishment, the Digital Single Market, consumer protection and public procurement. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO). This document was requested by the European Parliament's committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection. AUTHORS Erik DAHLBERG, Sigurd NÆSS-SCHMIDT and Laura VIRTANEN, Copenhagen Economics Scott MARCUS, Bruegel Mattia DI SALVO and Jacques PELKMANS, CEPS Virginia DALLA POZZA and Katarina KUBOVICOVA, VVA ADMINISTRATORS RESPONSIBLE Christina RATCLIFF Mariusz MACIEJEWSKI EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS Roberto BIANCHINI Irene VERNACOTOLA LINGUISTIC VERSIONS Original: EN ABOUT THE EDITOR Policy departments provide in-house and external expertise to support European Parliament committees and other parliamentary bodies in shaping legislation and exercising democratic scrutiny over EU internal policies. To contact the Policy Department or to subscribe
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Legal Requirements for Cross Border Judicial Cooperation: the Case of the Service of Documents Amato, Rosanna
    www.ssoar.info Exploring the Legal Requirements for Cross Border Judicial Cooperation: The Case of the Service of Documents Amato, Rosanna Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Amato, R. (2019). Exploring the Legal Requirements for Cross Border Judicial Cooperation: The Case of the Service of Documents. European Quarterly of Political Attitudes and Mentalities, 8(2), 36-53. https://nbn-resolving.org/ urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-62481-8 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de European Quarterly of Political Attitudes and Mentalities EQPAM Volume 8, No.2, April 2019 ISSN 2285 – 4916 ISSN-L 2285 - 4916 Exploring the Legal Requirements for Cross Border Judicial Cooperation: The Case of the Service of Documents _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Rosanna Amato Research Institute on Judicial Systems National Research Council Italy Date of submission: April 19th, 2019 Date of acceptance: April 23rd, 2019 __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract In legal terms, the free movement of citizens, goods, services and capital leads to the creation of cross-border legal relationships involving more than one legal system. Therefore, cooperation between the judicial authorities of the Member States of the European Union is a keystone for a common area of freedom, security and justice. Keywords: judicial system This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
    [Show full text]
  • Jehl 01 2019-1
    table of contents Christian Neschwara: „Zum immerwährenden Gedenken an die Ausrufung des Freistaates“: Das Selbstbild der (deutsch-)österreichischen Republik 1918/19 und seine Verdrängung . 2. Martin Paar: Zur Geschichte des österreichischen Weinrechts von 1907 bis 1985 . 15. Thomas Gergen: Entscheidungsfindung auf kommunaler Ebene vor 80 Jahren – Mobilmachung 1939 im Landkreis Saarlouis . 26. Malte Wilke, Stefan Segerling: Politisierte Beleidigungsprozesse in der Weimarer Republik . 31. Martin Löhnig: Die norwegische Verfassung von 1814 in der deutschen Verfassungspublizistik des 19 . Jahrhunderts . 40. Javier Belda Iniesta, Michela Coretti: The Clementines Dispendiosam and Saepe Contingit and the Evolution of the Medieval Summary Procedure . 46. Dmitry Poldnikov: Two Divergent Approaches to Comparative Legal Studies in Europe and Their Implications for Legal History . 68. Bartosz Kamil Truszkowski: Registration of Civil Status in the Second Polish Republic (1918 – 1939) . 76. Karol Siemaszko: Criminals and Criminality on the so–called Recovered Territories (Poland) after the End of WW II (1945 – 1950) in the Light of Judicature of the Selected Polish Regional Courts . 85. József Szalma: Die Kodifikationsentwicklung des Zivilrechts in Serbien – insbesondere über den Vorentwurf des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches und über das neue Handelsgesetzbuch der Republik Serbien . 90. th st Editorial staff Pavel Salák: The Dating of Last Wills in the Territory of the Czech Lands from the 19 to the 21 Century . 98. JOURNAL ON EUROPEAN HISTORY OF LAW: Pál Sáry: The Ancient Roman Pollicitatio and a Similar Hungarian Legal Institution . 107 Prof. Dr. Christian Baldus Kinga Beliznai Bódi: Judicial Robe . The Insignia of the Judicial Profession . 112 Faculty of Law, Heidelberg University, Germany Jenő Szmodis: Some Newer Views to the Problems of the Hungarian Holy Crown and Holy Crown-Doctrine .
    [Show full text]