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Common Diseases of Gamebirds in Great Britain

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Common Diseases of Gamebirds in Great Britain Common diseases of gamebirds in Great Britain In the summer months gamebird flocks may During the rearing stage, growing gamebirds are experience health problems and veterinarians given access to an outside run attached to a may be presented with pheasants, partridges, or brooder pen/house. At this stage, development of other gamebirds. It is therefore important to be a good quality, complete and waterproof aware of and consider some of the common feathering is essential for gamebirds to endure gamebird diseases to aid the investigation and adverse weather conditions. Feather pecking and differential diagnosis of such health problems. aggression between gamebirds poults may have a significant impact on plumage quality. Stocking Health problems during the first three weeks rates, boredom/stress, ill-health, unbalanced diets of life and poor management may be contributory Rotavirus infection is commonly seen in factors that can lead to feather pecking and have pheasants and partridges as the cause of illness, a detrimental effect on birds’ plumage. diarrhoea and death, mostly between the ages of Motile protozoa: Spironucleus meleagridis 4 and 14 days. Grossly, there is distension of the (Hexamita) and Tetratrichomonas gallinarum are intestinal tract and caeca by frothy yellow fluid. motile protozoa that commonly cause health Secondary bacterial infections may cause problems in gamebirds, notably diarrhoea and pericarditis, perihepatitis, hepatomegaly or mortality, during the summer months. S. splenomegaly. Usually, gamebirds are affected by meleagridis has whip-like flagella and is highly group A rotaviruses, but non-group A (atypical) motile with a quick jerky action. In contrast, T. rotavirus infections also occur. Rotavirus detection gallinarum is longer and moves more slowly and is usually by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis smoothly. Large numbers of the motile protozoa (PAGE). Please note that commercial mammalian can be seen in wet preparations of intestinal ELISA kits are not recommended for this mucosa from freshly culled affected birds from 3- diagnosis. Diagnosis by post-mortem examination weeks of age onwards. Submission of live birds (PME) and PAGE test of faeces. for PME is essential for detection of motile protozoa. ‘Starve-out’ occurs when chicks are unable to find feed. Similar to other avian species, mortality Clinical signs can include weight loss (sometimes peaks around day 4 as yolk sac reserves are leading to emaciation), frothy yellow diarrhoea, exhausted. Grossly, the liver is pale, the yolk sac dehydration and death. Grossly, the intestines and remnant is small and the GI tract is empty or caeca are dilated with frothy and watery contents contains bedding/litter shavings. A review of and small boluses of semi-solid material. Enteritis husbandry at placement is recommended, in due to motile protozoa is typically observed in two particular feed presentation and availability, age groups - the rearing pen and the release pen. environmental temperature and water supply. In the rearing pen, young poults can be badly affected with losses up to 50%, foamy diarrhoea Salmonella infections, in particular with and weight loss. In the release pen, the disease Salmonella Typhimurium, can result in high takes a chronic form, and birds may become very mortality, especially in the first 2-3 weeks of life, thin and lethargic, with ensuing losses. with post-mortem lesions including pericarditis, perihepatitis and caseous caecal cores. Pullorum Coccidiosis is often caused by Eimeria colchici Disease (caused by Salmonella Pullorum) can and Eimeria legionensis, which inhabit the caeca cause mortality as high as 50% in the first 1-2 of pheasants and partridges, respectively. weeks of life. At PME, lesions include infected Coccidiosis is most commonly observed in birds yolk sacs, pale nodules in the wall of the caecum in-rear around 3-5 weeks of age and is associated and rectum, caseous caecal cores and white with diarrhoea, weight loss and ruffled feathers, nodules in the lungs. Salmonellosis can also be and sometimes sudden death in red-legged secondary to other enteropathogens. It should be partridges. Grossly, there are off-white cheesy remembered that Salmonella organisms have a cores in the caeca, or fluid/frothy contents in the zoonotic potential and personal hygiene intestines. Coccidiosis control may involve a precautions should be taken accordingly. reduction of the environmental challenge and anticoccidial drugs in feed or in water. Diagnosis Rearing pens (2-7 weeks) APHA Avian Expert Group Page 1 of 3 Revised – August 2015 by PME, direct examination of intestinal smears naïve birds. Diagnosis by PME, histopathology, or and/or faecal samples. AGIDT (for antigen). Infectious sinusitis (aka ‘bulgy eye’) is a Pasteurella multocida and Erysipelothrix common disease of pheasant poults in the late rhusiopathiae septicaemia can cause outbreaks summer and autumn. It is characterised by of sudden death in well-grown pheasant poults swelling around one or both eyes, shaking of the after release, or in adults. Signs of septicaemia head, an oculonasal discharge, respiratory noises are found grossly at PME, and in birds with and dyspnoea, followed by purulent conjunctivitis pasteurellosis the lungs are often congested or and keratitis, with loss of feathers around the consolidated, resembling Marble Spleen Disease. eyes. As the disease progresses the sinuses Diagnosis by PME and bacteriology culture. become progressively more swollen with caseation of the contents, at which stage Endoparasites: The most common endoparasites treatment is impractical. A range of respiratory found are Syngamus trachea (the gapeworm), agents may cause swelling of the infraorbital Heterakis gallinarum (the caecal worm) and sinus, and the most common agent is usually hairworms of the subfamily Capillariinae. Mycoplasma gallisepticum, but other agents like Diagnosis by parasitological examination of avian metapneumovirus (TRT) and avian faeces. coronavirus can also be found. Diagnosis by The gapeworm Syngamus trachea is probably the mycoplasma PCR/DGGE and/or histopathology. most important parasitic worm of pheasants and is Serology by rapid slide agglutination test for is not associated with coughing, sneezing, head considered reliable in pheasants. shaking, neck-stretching and gaping (dyspnoea). In poults, Aspergillus sp. can cause a severe It is associated with weight loss, egg production airsacculitis. Mouldy straw bedding is usually drop and sometimes death. Diagnosis by PME considered the source of Aspergillus sp. and other and observation of red gapeworms in the trachea. fungi. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) can Caecal nematodes include Heterakis isolonche also be found, but it is usually secondary to other and Heterakis gallinarum. In pheasants, H. agents such as Mycoplasma spp. isolonche causes necrotic typhlitis by burrowing deep in the caecal mucosa. H. isolonche is now Adult birds considered very rare. H. gallinarum is a caecal Pheasant coronavirus nephritis is characterised nematode that usually does not cause major by gross enlargement and pallor of the kidneys, problems. However, heavy burdens of H. urate impaction of one or both ureters and gallinarum may affect breeding performance and deposition of urates on the surface of the liver and body weight, particularly if birds are on a poor heart. It is essentially a disease of adults. Affected plane of nutrition. H. gallinarum is the vector for birds may die suddenly, in good body condition, the protozoan organism Histomonas meleagridis, showing non-specific malaise and sometimes the cause of Blackhead (or histomonosis). staining of the vent with white urates. A reduction in egg production and egg peritonitis may also Blackhead is a protozoal disease that affects feature. For Infectious Bronchitis virus (IBV) and gamebirds and poultry, characterised by multiple IBV-like gammacoronaviruses, APHA has necrotising lesions in the liver (circular depressed developed a real-time RT-PCR (RRT-PCR) assay. area of necrosis circumscribed by a raised ring) Diagnosis by PME, histopathology and PCR. and caeca (severe ulceration and/or necrotic cores). Red-legged partridges are susceptible and Marble Spleen Disease (MSD) is also another rearing birds on the same ground/location year viral disease of adult gamebirds that causes after year may increase the risk of disease. sudden death, and is caused by a siadenovirus Infection occurs when birds ingest the eggs of the (formerly group II adenovirus). Grossly, the lungs nematode Heterakis gallinarum or earthworms, are heavily congested and the spleen is usually containing the Histomonas organism. Pheasants markedly enlarged and with confluent grey foci, are less susceptible. Clinical signs include sudden giving it a ‘marbled appearance’. The digestive mortality, weight loss, emaciation and yellow tract may be full. MSD appears to be widespread diarrhoea. Diagnosis by PME and histopathology. in some populations of pheasants, and stress may precipitate viral shedding, resulting in disease in APHA Avian Expert Group Page 2 of 3 Revised – August 2015 Pheasant ataxia is a sporadic condition that Cryptosporidium baileyi. This presentation may be causes incoordination and ataxia in pheasant confused with Mycoplasma gallisepticum poults from seven weeks of age onwards, infection, a common cause of sinus swelling in affecting up to 1% of birds. This condition is now pheasants and partridges (see Infectious sinusitis above). Diagnosis by PME, direct impression
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