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These Mahmoud FINAL REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE ار اا اا ط ا Ministère de L'enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique وزارة ا ا و ا ا Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique ار اط ا #"! Département de Zoologie agricole et forestière En vue de l'obtention du diplôme de Magister en Sciences Agronomiques Option : Entomologie appliquée Essai du champignon entomopathogène Metarhizium anisopliae sur la cuticule des larves L5 de Schistocerca gregaria (Acrididae , Cyrtacanthacridinae) Par : YOUCEF Mahmoud Devant le jury : Président : Mr DOUMANDJI Salaheddine Professeur (E.N.S.A ) Directeur de thèse : Mme DOU MANDJI -MITICHE Bahia Professeur (E.N.S.A) me Co - directeur de thèse : M HALOUANE F Maître de conférences (Université de Boumerdes) Examinateurs : Mme MOUHOUCHE F Maître de conférences (E.N.S.A) Mr HAMMACHE Miloud Chargé de cours (E.N.S.A ) Soutenue le 15 - 11 - 2010 Je dédie mon travail à toutes les personnes qui ont une place particulière pour moi : Mes très chers parents auxquels je témoigne toute ma reconnaissance pour leurs inquiétudes, leurs sacrifices et leurs encouragements durant mes études. Mes très chers frères YOUCEF, BOUMEDIAN et MOHAMED. Ma très chère sœur FATAMA, HORIA, ZOHRA, DJAHIDA et MOUFIDA. Et enfin, à toutes mes amies et mes collègues de l'E.N.S.A. et toutes les personnes qui me connaissent de prés ou de loin. Il m'est très agréable d'exprimer ma profonde gratitude et mes plus vifs remerciements respectueux à toutes les personnes qui de prés ou de loin m'ont témoigné leur aide moralement, matériellement et techniquement tout au long de la réalisation de ce travail : Mme DOUMANDJI-MITICHE B. Professeur au département de Zoologie agricole et forestière à l’E.N.S.A d'EL-Harrach et Mme HALOUANE F. Maître de conférences au département de biologie Faculté des sciences à l’Université de Boumerdes pour leurs encadrement, leurs conseils, leurs encouragements, leur inquiétude, leur gentillesse et leur modestie. Mr. DOUMANDJI S.E., Professeur au département de Zoologie agricole et forestière à l’E.N.S.A d'EL-Harrach, pour m'avoir fait honneur de présider mon jury et aussi pour ses conseils et ses encouragements. Mme. MOUHOUCHE F., Maitre de conférences au département de Zoologie agricole et forestière à l’E.N.S.A. d'EL-Harrach, pour avoir accepté d'examiner mon travail et pour sa sympathie et sa gentillesse. Mr.HAMMACHE M., Chargé de cours au département de Zoologie agricole et forestière à l’E.N.S.A d'EL-Harrach, pour avoir accepté d'examiner notre travail. Je remercie également monsieur BOUFERSAOUI A., Professeur à l’USTHB de Bab- Ezzouar, pour m’avoir autorisé à accéder à son laboratoire. Mme BISSAAD F.Z., Mlle CHAHBAR N., Chargées de cours au département de biologie Faculté des sciences à l’Université de Boumerdes, pour leurs conseils, leur serviabilité et leur gentillesse et Mlle TIRCHI N., Maitre assistante à l’Université de Khémis-Méliana Mr LAZAR M. chef du département de la lutte antiacridienne de l’Institut National de Protection des Végétaux d’El-Harrach pour m’avoir autorisé à accéder à son laboratoire ainsi que Mme HAMDI du département de Mycologie de ce même institut pour sa disponibilité et ses précieux conseils. Mes plus vifs remerciements et un grand respect vont également à toutes les équipes de département de lutte antiacridienne pour leur serviabilité et leur sympathie Il m’est agréable de remercier : Mr. BELABBAS Z, Mr. BENSSAAD H., Mr. CHAOUCH A., Mr. LADJAL A., Mr. BOUAZA S., Mr. BENHAMDOUN Y., Mr. HAINANA M. Mr. BENMESSAOUD A., Mr. SID AMER., Mr. MARZOUGUI Y., Mr. TAIBI A., Mr. MANAA Enfin, que tous ceux qui d’une manière ou d’une autre ont contribué à la réalisation de ce travail soient sincèrement remerciés. Liste des abréviations FAO: Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Agriculture et l’Alimentation. DIC : département d’Intervention et de coordination. PCC : Postes de Commandement communaux. PCW : Postes de Commandement de Wilayas. I.N.P.V. : Institut National De La Protection de Végétaux. % : pourcent. C° : Degré celsius. DL : Dose létale. g : Gramme. h : Heure. Ha : Hectare. Km 2 : Kilomètre carré. UBV : ultra bas volume. ULV : ultra law volume L: Litre. m : Mètre. EC : émulsion concentrée. SC : Suspension concentrée. m.a. : Matière active. Kg : Kilogramme. Cm : Centimètre. Mn : minute. Um : micromètre. T: Temps. ml: Millilitre. m2 : Mètre carré. J: Jour. d : Dose R : Répétition L1: Larve de premier stade. L2: Larve de deuxième stade. L3 : Larve de troisième stade. L4 : Larve de quatrième stade. L5 : Larve de cinquième stade. Et : Ecart type. M : Moyenne P : produit Pi : Poids initial S : Stade. IGRs : Insect growth regulators Liste des tableaux Tableau 1 - Effet du Metarhizium anisopliae sur le taux de mortalité des L5 de Schistocerca gregaria ( Annexe ) Tableau 2 - Probits des pourcentages de mortalités et le logarithme décimal du temps pour les L5 de S. gregaria traitées au M. anisopliae à la dose (D1= 1 x 10 5spores/ml……………………………………………………….……..…..53 Tableau 3 - Probits des pourcentages de mortalités et le logarithme décimale de temps pour les L5 de S. gregaria traitées au M. anisopliae à la dose (D2 = 1 x 10 6 spores/ml………………………..………………........................................… 53 Tableau 4 - Probits des pourcentages de mortalités et le logarithme décimal du temps pour les L5 de S. gregaria traitées au M. anisopliae à la dose (D3 = 1 x 10 7 spores /ml)…………………………………………………………………………… 53 Tableau 5 - Les valeurs de la Tl 50 pour les L5 de S. gregaria traitées au M. anisopliae à la dose D1 =10 5 spores / ml, D2 = 10 6 spores /ml, D3 = 10 7 spores /ml………………………………………….....................................................55 Tableau 6 - Efficacité du M.anisopliae sur les L5 de S. gregaria au 6 ème jour….……….. 55 Tableau 7 - Evolution du Poids sec moyen en mg de la cuticule abdominale des larves L5 de Schistocerca gregar ……………………………...……………………… 56 Tableau 8 - Poids sec (P1) en mg de la cuticule des larves L5 de Schistocerca gregaria. (Annexe) Tableau 9 - Analyse de variance de l’effet de Metarhizium anisopilae sur le poids sec de la cuticule abdominale des larves L5 de Schistocerca gregaria ……………….56 Tableau10 - Evolution de la quantité moyenne en mg de la chitine cuticulaire dans l’abdomen des larves L5 de Schistocera gregaria ………….…..……………………..... 58 Tableau 11 - Quantités (P2) en mg de chitine cuticulaire chez les larves L5 de Schistocerca gregaria. (Annexe) Tableau 12 - Analyse de variance de l’effet de Metarhizium anisopliae sur la quantité de chitine dans l’abdomen des larves L5 de Schistocerca gregaria ……..….58 Tableau 13 - Taux de chitine cuticulaire (P2/P1 x 100) chez les larves L5 de Schistocerca gregaria (Annexe). Tableau 14 - Taux moyenne (%) de chitine cuticulaire dans l’abdomen des larves L5 de Schistocerca gregaria ………………………………………………..… 59 Tableau 15 - Analyse de variance de l’effet de Metarhizium anisopliae sur le taux de chitine dans l’abdomen des larves L5 de Schistocerca gregaria …….…//////……… 59 Tableau 16 - Quantités (P1-P2) en mg de protéines cuticulaires chez les larves L5 de Schistocerca gregaria (Annexe) Tableau 17 - Evolution de la quantité moyenne en mg de protéines cuticulaires dans l’abdomen des larves L5 de Schistocerca gregaria témoins et traitées……...62 Tableau 18 - Analyse de variance de l’effet de Metarhizium anisopilae sur la quantité des protéines cuticulaire dans l’abdomen des larves L5 de Schistocerca gregaria.. 62 Tableau 19 -Taux de protéines [(P1-P2) /P1]x100 de Schistocerca gregaria (Annexe) Tableau 20 - Taux moyens (%) de protéines cuticulaires dans l’abdomen des larves L5 de Schistocerca gregaria ………………..………………..……………...………. 62 Tableau 21 - Analyse de variance de l’effet de Metarhizium anisopliae sur le taux de protéines dans l’abdomen des larves L5 de Schistocerca gregaria …………..62 Tableau 22 - Evolution de l’épaisseur Moyenne de l’épicuticule en (µm) des L5 de S.gregaria …………………………………………………………..………. 67 Tableau 23 - Epaisseur en µm des différentes couches cuticulaires de L5 de Schistocerca gregaria (Annexe) Tableau 24 - Analyse de la variance pour l’effet de Metarhizium anisopliae sur l’épaisseur de l’épicuticule des L5 de Schistocerca gregaria (Annexe) Tableau 25 - Evolution de l’épaisseur moyenne de l’exocuticule en (µm) des L5 de S. gregaria ………………………...…………………………………………..…96 Tableau 26 - Analyse de la variance pour l’effet Metarhizium anisopliae sur l’épaisseur de l’exocuticule des L5 de Schistocerca gregaria (Annexe) Tableau 27 - Evolution de l’épaisseur moyenne de l’endocuticule en (µm) des L5 de S.gregaria. ………...………………………………………………….…...…. 71 Tableau 28 - Analyse de la variance pour l’effet de Metarhizium anisopliae sur l’épaisseur de l’endocuticule des L5 de Schistocerca gregaria (Annexe) Tableau 29 - Evolution de l’épaisseur moyenne de la procuticule en (µm) des L5 de S.gregaria. …………….....……………………………………….….…..…. 71 Tableau 30 - Analyse de la variance pour l’effet de Metarhizium anisopliae sur l’épaisseur de la procuticule des L5 de Schistocerca gregaria (Annexe ) Tableau 31 - Evolution de l’épaisseur moyenne de la cuticule en (µm) des L5 de S. gregaria …………………………..……………………………………...….… 73 Tableau 32 - Analyse de la variance pour l’effet de Metarhizium anisopliae sur l’épaisseur de la cuticule des L5 de Schistocerca gregaria (Annexe) Liste des figures Fig.1 - Oothèque de criquet pèlerin…………………………………………...............….…. 11 Fig.2 - Larve solitaire ……………………………………………………………………..... 12 Fig.3 - Larve grégaire…………………………………………………………………...…... 12 Fig.4 - Les étapes du développement de Schistocerca gregaria ………….………….......…14 Fig.5
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