DOCSLIB.ORG

Efficient Channelization for PMR+4G and GSM Refarming Base Stations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Efficient Channelization for PMR+4G and GSM Refarming Base Stations View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by MURAL - Maynooth University Research Archive Library ISSC 2012, NUI Maynooth, June 28-29 Efficient Channelization for PMR+4G and GSM Re-Farming Base Stations Álvaro Palomo Navarro, Rudi Villing, Ronan Farrell Callan Institute, Department of Electronic Engineering National University of Ireland, Maynooth email : [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] _______________________________________________________________________________ Abstract— Current trends in mobile communications look for a better usage of the frequency spectrum by diverging from the classic frequency bands division for each standard. Instead, sharing a same frequency band by several mobile standards has been motivated by several factors: under-utilisation of some frequency bands, better electromagnetic propagation properties and provision of new capabilities to existing standards. This new way to manage the electromagnetic spectrum has an influence in the devices which form the mobile radio interface: base stations and mobiles stations. In particular for base stations, channelization represents an important challenge. In this paper efficient channelization techniques are proposed as a practical solution for real world professional and commercial mobile communication cases where frequency bands are shared. Depending on each case, the most optimal solution is based on the application of one of these channelization techniques, or a combination of several of them. Keywords – Dynamic spectrum allocation, non-uniform channelization, PMR+4G, GSM re-farming _______________________________________________________________________________ Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) or I INTRODUCTION Long Term Evolution (LTE)—would be integrated with In wireless communications, spectrum has traditionally TETRA/TEDS [2]. Furthermore, the integration should been divided into different coarse frequency bands not require additional spectrum allocations. each of which is allocated to just one wireless In the commercial communications field, standard. The alternative to this is frequency band frequency band multiplexing has been considered to multiplexing in which a set of different communication allow the reuse or re-farming of the Global System for standards may share a single frequency band. In its Mobile Communications (GSM) 900 and 1800 MHz most flexible form, Dynamic Spectrum Allocation frequency bands with third and fourth generation (DSA), more efficient utilisation of the available radio mobile communication standard channels such as the frequency spectrum can be achieved. In particular, Universal Mobile Telecommunications Standard DSA offers a solution to the under-utilisation of (UMTS) [3-4]. The main objective of re-farming the frequency bands reserved for standards with a low data GSM900 frequency band is to bring broadband traffic demand or which do not require a 24 hour usage communications to rural areas with low population by sharing them with standards with a higher traffic density. Because the GSM900 and GSM1800 bands demand. have lower carrier frequencies than the general UMTS The possibility of sharing a frequency band frequency band around 2.1 GHz, lower path losses are between multiple standards has been considered experienced and cell sizes can be up to 2.5 times larger separately for both private/professional and than UMTS2100. Consequently the number of base commercial mobile communication standards. In the stations required to cover an area may be reduced. field of Professional Mobile Radio (PMR), the data Although DSA can help to solve the spectrum rates offered by Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) under-utilisation, it does require some changes in the and its high-speed evolution, TETRA Enhance Data radio frequency interface between the base stations and Service (TEDS) [1] are not sufficient for advanced the mobile stations. In a DSA implementation, the PMR applications such as remote patient monitoring, physical channels of the multiple standards which now full-duplex video streaming, advanced telemetry, share a frequency band are multiplexed onto a single mobile robot control, 3D localization, and downlink or uplink signal. Furthermore, channels geographical information systems. To address this it belonging to different standards can (and usually do) has been proposed that a fourth generation (4G) have different bandwidths and centre frequency broadband wireless technology—either Worldwide allocation requirements. In channelization terms, the Dynamic Dynamic Fixed Continguous Fragmented a) Sub-band RF Sub-band Sub-band BPF LNA IF BPF I Allocation Baseband Allocation Allocation SRC ADC LPF processing 90º Q y y y LO c c c Digital back-end n n n Analogue front-end e e e u u u q q q e e e Analogue front-end Digital back-end r r r F F F Analogue front-end Digital back-end b) Time Time Time RF r e Standard 1 Standard 2 Standard 3 I z LNA IF BPF i BPF l e Baseband ADC LPF SRC n 90º n processing a Q h Different DSA configurations [5]. C Figure 1 LO Analogue front-end Digital front-end Digital back-end extraction of these non-uniform types of channels at the base station requires a non-uniform channelizer to Figure 2 Base station receiver, a) Hardware based filter them at the required centre frequencies. Since b) SDR based. DSA implies dynamic reallocation of spectrum to Traditionally, a base station receiver is composed different standards over time, the non-uniform of parallel hardware blocks, each containing dedicated channelizer must be dynamically reconfigurable. For circuitry to handle a single channel. Figure 2a shows this reason, two of the most desirable characteristics of this structure and how each channel is independently a non-uniform channelizer are channel bandwidth filtered and down-converted from the received RF flexibility and reconfigurability. signal. In each branch the analogue front-end is responsible for filtering the channel of interest from II SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO BASED RECEIVER the other channels in the UL signal and FOR DSA down-converting it. Subsequently, the digital back-end Frequency band sharing between several standards can performs the digital baseband operations. Furthermore be achieved by either fixed or dynamic allocation of the per-channel circuits are usually designed to handle the standard channels into sub-bands [5], as depicted in just one type of communication channel. If the base Figure 1. Each one of the three schemes in Figure 1 station supports more than one mobile communication represents a possible allocation scheme for the standard, more than one type of receiver structure is common uplink or downlink signal. If Fixed Sub-band employed for as many channels as each standard Allocation (FSA) is used, then fixed non-overlapping requires. ranges of the shared frequency band are reserved for The suitability of the structure in Figure 2a for each standard. This scheme, which is essentially the DSA schemes varies depending on whether FSA, traditional independent frequency bands configuration DCSA or DFSA channel allocation is considered (see applied at a finer granularity, is the least flexible but Figure 1). For FSA, the hardware based per-channel simplest to implement option. receiver is a reasonable solution since neither the In contrast, DSA schemes are more flexible and number of channels nor their centre frequencies and permit better spectrum utilization (because fixed bandwidths vary in the FSA scheme. However, when sub-bands need not be reserved when not in use). Two DCSA or DFSA schemes are considered, the use of DSA schemes are considered here and represented in dedicated hardware circuits for each channel is more Figure 1: Dynamic Contiguous Sub-band Allocation complex (and less efficient) since every possible (DCSA) and Dynamic Fragmented Sub-band channel allocation configuration has to be Allocation (DFSA). DCSA allocates standards to implemented. This becomes especially impractical for adjacent frequency sub-bands but does not constrain DFSA. the dividing frequency between them. If one sub-band In a Software-Defined Radio (SDR) receiver is under-utilised then the dividing frequency may be (Figure 2b) one single Analogue-to-Digital Converter moved to expand the bandwidth (and capacity) of an (ADC) is placed as close as possible to the antenna. adjacent band. However, the limitations and Located in the digital front-end [6] the ADC digitizes complexity of this scheme increase when more than the frequency band containing all the channels of two standards must share the frequency band. interest at once rather than digitizing each channel In DFSA, the most flexible scheme, each standard independently. Subsequently, a channelizer extracts the is allocated different bandwidth fragments within the independent information channels. shared frequency band depending on its traffic needs. To make SDR reconfigurable the digital front-end The bandwidth of these fragments can range from a and back-end are usually implemented on single channel to the whole frequency band (if, for programmable hardware platforms such as Field example, only one of the standards needed to allocate Programmable-Gate Arrays (FPGA) and General channels at that specific instant). Unlike DCSA, a Purpose Processors (GPP). In general programmable standard may be allocated multiple fragments and hardware sacrifices efficiency for flexibility and this these fragments need not be contiguous. makes it challenging to realize SDR systems in practice. In particular for multi-standard base stations, the non-uniform channelization of a large number of a) y(n)b) 0 1,0 0 channels from different standards is a computationally 1 y(n) y(n) K-band 1,1 0,Rj 1 1 Recomb. expensive operation to perform [6]. This task becomes GDFT-FB even more complex if DSA schemes are supported, Rj-1 K1-1 y1,K1-1(n) especially DFSA. 0 y2,0(n) yRj(n) 1 y2,1(n) x(n) K2 -band k III EFFICIENT NON-UNIFORM CHANNELIZATION GDFT-FB x(n) yk,Rj(n) K-band Recomb. GDFT-FB FOR DSA BASE STATIONS K2-1 y2,K2-1(n) Non-uniform channelization techniques for SDR k+Rj-1 yk+Rj+1(n) devices have been widely proposed in literature [7-8].
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Long-Range Wireless Radio Technologies: a Survey
    future internet Review Long-Range Wireless Radio Technologies: A Survey Brandon Foubert * and Nathalie Mitton Inria Lille - Nord Europe, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 December 2019; Accepted: 11 January 2020; Published: 14 January 2020 Abstract: Wireless networks are now a part of the everyday life of many people and are used for many applications. Recently, new technologies that enable low-power and long-range communications have emerged. These technologies, in opposition to more traditional communication technologies rather defined as "short range", allow kilometer-wide wireless communications. Long-range technologies are used to form Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN). Many LPWAN technologies are available, and they offer different performances, business models etc., answering different applications’ needs. This makes it hard to find the right tool for a specific use case. In this article, we present a survey about the long-range technologies available presently as well as the technical characteristics they offer. Then we propose a discussion about the energy consumption of each alternative and which one may be most adapted depending on the use case requirements and expectations, as well as guidelines to choose the best suited technology. Keywords: long-range; wireless; IoT; LPWAN; mobile; cellular; LoRa; Sigfox; LTE-M; NB-IoT 1. Introduction Wireless radio technologies, such as Wi-Fi, are used daily to enable inter-device communications. In the last few years, new kinds of wireless technologies have emerged. In opposition to standard wireless technologies referred to as “short-range”, long-range radio technologies allow devices to communicate over kilometers-wide distances at a low energy cost, but at the expense of a low data rate.
    [Show full text]
  • Etsi Ts 137 144 V14.2.0 (2017-06)
    ETSI TS 137 144 V14.2.0 (2017-06) TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); User Equipment (UE) and Mobile Station (MS) GSM, UTRA and E-UTRA over the air performance requirements (3GPP TS 37.144 version 14.2.0 Release 14) 3GPP TS 37.144 version 14.2.0 Release 14 1 ETSI TS 137 144 V14.2.0 (2017-06) Reference RTS/TSGR-0437144ve20 Keywords GSM,LTE,UMTS ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice The present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org/standards-search The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at https://portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper 120907 Impact of Own Mobile Phone on Personal RF-EMF
    Impact of own mobile phone in stand-by mode on personal radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure Damiano Urbinello M.Sc. 1,2 and Martin Röösli Ph.D. 1,2 1Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health 2University of Basel, Switzerland Corresponding author: Martin Röösli Socinstrasse 57 4051 Basel Phone 0041 61 284 83 83 Fax 0041 61 284 85 01 [email protected] 1 ABSTRACT When moving around, mobile phones in stand-by mode send periodically data about its position. The aim of this paper is to evaluate how personal radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) measurements are affected by such location updates. Exposure from mobile phone handset (uplink) was measured during commuting using a randomized cross-over study with three different scenarios: disabled mobile phone (reference), an activated dual-band and a quad-band phone. In the reference scenario, uplink exposure was highest during train rides (1.19 mW/m 2) and lowest during car rides in rural areas (0.001 mW/m 2). In public transports, the impact of the own mobile phone on personal RF-EMF measurements was not observable due to high background uplink radiation from other people’s mobile phone. In a car, uplink exposure with an activated phone was orders of magnitude higher compared to the reference scenario. This study demonstrates that personal RF-EMF exposure is affected by the own mobile phone in stand-by mode due to its regular location update. Further dosimetric studies should quantify the contribution of location updates to the total RF-EMF exposure in order to clarify whether duration of mobile phone use, the most common exposure surrogate in epidemiological RF-EMF research, is actually an adequate exposure proxy.
    [Show full text]
  • GSM Whitespaces: an Opportunity for Rural Cellular Service
    GSM Whitespaces: An Opportunity for Rural Cellular Service Shaddi Hasan, Kurtis Heimerl, Kate Harrison, Kashif Ali, Sean Roberts, Anant Sahai, Eric Brewer fshaddi, kheimerl, harriska, kashif, sahai, [email protected], [email protected] Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California, Berkeley Abstract—The GSM network is the largest network on Earth, providing vital communications service to billions of people. Yet hundreds of millions of people live outside the coverage of existing cellular providers. Recently, researchers have demonstrated a new model of cellular connectivity, community cellular, that has the potential to bring coverage to extremely rural populations. Although the total capital costs for these networks (<US$10,000) are affordable for rural communities, the high financial and political cost of access to spectrum in GSM bands makes running a legal community cellular network nearly impossible. This is despite the fact that very rural areas typically have substantial amounts of licensed GSM spectrum that is not actively used. Fig. 1. Overview of Nomadic GSM. (1) The secondary initially queries a regulatory database for available channels in its area. (2) The secondary We define this unused spectrum as GSM whitespace. Like gathers measurement reports from its subscribers’ phones. (3) Secondaries TV whitespaces, we argue that GSM whitespaces should be report spectrum usage (both their own and measured) and service usage (e.g., regulated for dynamic spectrum sharing, and that doing so will number of calls and SMS) to a database on a regular basis. (4) Secondaries support the growth of community cellular networks and thereby use measurement report data and guidance from the reg.
    [Show full text]
  • TE Reflection.Eps
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol.2, No.6, December 2012, pp. 846~850 ISSN: 2088-8708 846 Bandstop Filter Design for GSM Shielding Using Frequency Selective Surfaces Umair Rafique*, Syed Ahsan Ali*, M. Tausif Afzal*, Mudassar Abdin* * Departement of Electronic Engineering, Mohamamd Ali Jinnah University Article Info ABSTRACT Article history: In this paper, the performance of bandstop Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) is presented which can be used to provide wireless security on airports Received Aug 20, 2012 and other sensitive places, where a mobile phone can be used to set-off an Revised Nov 24, 2012 explosive device. It can also be used to block the mobile signals at the places Accepted Dec 2, 2012 of worship, hospitals and cinemas where the annoying voice of a mobile phone may irritate the masses. The FSS unit cell consists of two metallic square-loop elements printed on FR-4 substrate with different periodicities. Keyword: The outer and inner square-loop elements are tuned to 900 MHz and 1800 MHz, respectively. It has a stable frequency response at oblique incidences Bandstop filter for both perpendicular (TE) and parallel (TM) polarizations. Simulation Dual-band results are presented to give an overview for the performance of proposed Explosive device FSS design. Frequency Selective Surface Oblique incidences Copyright © 2012 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved. Corresponding Author: Umair Rafique, Departement of Electronic Engineering, Mohammad Ali Jinnah University, Islamabad Expressway, Near Kaakpul, Zone-V, Sihala, Kahuta Road, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploiting Broadcast Information in Cellular Networks
    Let Me Answer That For You: Exploiting Broadcast Information in Cellular Networks Nico Golde, Kévin Redon, and Jean-Pierre Seifert, Technische Universität Berlin and Deutsche Telekom Innovation Laboratories This paper is included in the Proceedings of the 22nd USENIX Security Symposium. August 14–16, 2013 • Washington, D.C., USA ISBN 978-1-931971-03-4 Open access to the Proceedings of the 22nd USENIX Security Symposium is sponsored by USENIX Let Me Answer That For You: Exploiting Broadcast Information in Cellular Networks Nico Golde, K´evin Redon, Jean-Pierre Seifert Technische Universitat¨ Berlin and Deutsche Telekom Innovation Laboratories {nico, kredon, jpseifert}@sec.t-labs.tu-berlin.de Abstract comBB [20, 25, 45]. These open source projects consti- tute the long sought and yet publicly available counter- Mobile telecommunication has become an important part parts of the previously closed radio stacks. Although all of our daily lives. Yet, industry standards such as GSM of them are still constrained to 2G network handling, re- often exclude scenarios with active attackers. Devices cent research provides open source software to tamper participating in communication are seen as trusted and with certain 3G base stations [24]. Needless to say that non-malicious. By implementing our own baseband those projects initiated a whole new class of so far uncon- firmware based on OsmocomBB, we violate this trust sidered and practical security investigations within the and are able to evaluate the impact of a rogue device with cellular communication research, [28, 30, 34]. regard to the usage of broadcast information. Through our analysis we show two new attacks based on the pag- Despite the recent roll-out of 4G networks, GSM re- ing procedure used in cellular networks.
    [Show full text]
  • WP Operator.Indd
    Whitepaper February 2005 Operator options beyond 3G A Northstream analysis of the viability of new access technologies and their impact on the mobile telecom industry From a mobile-industry perspective, alternative access technologies such as WiMAX, Flarion’s FLASH-OFDM and IPWireless’s TDD- WCDMA, have sometimes been mentioned as potential candidates for delivering the next generation of mobile networks. At the same time, mobile operators are presented with ”natural” technology evolution paths by the vendors who sold them their current 3G networks. In this white paper, Northstream takes a look at some of the most talked-about alternative access technologies and compares them with the evolution paths of the currently dominant cellular standards. The alternative access technologies we have examined are all credible technologies, which for some uses outperform established standards. Having said this, we do not expect to see 3G operators abandon their current technology paths. Both operators and their customers benefit greatly from using standardised technologies, supported by multiple vendors and deployed by many operators worldwide. However, some alter- native access technologies could complement cellular 3G networks. About Northstream Northstream provides strategic technology and business advice to the global wireless industry. Northstream has assembled a multinational team with some of the world’s best experts and analysts on wireless communication and technology that supports many of the industry’s leading companies in their strategic and tactical challenges towards continued growth. For more information please visit us at: www.northstream.se Operator options beyond 3G 2 Executive summary and their customers, the benefits which come from using standardised technologies, supported by mul- Alternative access technologies such as WiMAX, tiple vendors and deployed by multiple operators Flarion’s FLASH-OFDM, and IPWireless’s TDD- worldwide, are hard to compete with.
    [Show full text]
  • UMTS); User Equipment (UE) and Mobile Station (MS) Over the Air Performance Requirements (3GPP TS 25.144 Version 9.2.0 Release 9)
    ETSI TS 125 144 V9.2.0 (2010-03) Technical Specification Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); User Equipment (UE) and Mobile Station (MS) over the air performance requirements (3GPP TS 25.144 version 9.2.0 Release 9) 3GPP TS 25.144 version 9.2.0 Release 9 1 ETSI TS 125 144 V9.2.0 (2010-03) Reference RTS/TSGR-0425144v920 Keywords UMTS ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: http://portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission.
    [Show full text]
  • NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY Faculty of Engineering
    NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY Faculty of Engineering Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering GSM Networks Graduation Project EE- 400 ' Student: Ahmad Gharaibeh(20033542) Supervisor: Dr Jamal Fathi Nicosia - 2007 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Jamal Fathi, he was very helpful with me to complete the project. He gave me too much information, advises, comments and endless effort in preparation for this project. Secondly I offer special thanks to my parents and my brothers, who encouraged me in every field of life and try to help whenever I needed. They enhanced my confidence in myself to make me able to face every difficulty easily. I am also grateful to my mother whose prayers and my father whose words for me had made this day comes true. And because of them I am able to complete my work I would also like to pay my special thanks to my all friends who helped me and encouraged me for doing my work. Their reluctance and friendly environment for me has helped me allot. I want to thank them as they contributed their time and provided very helpful suggestions to me. •• TABLE OF CONTANTS TABLE OF CONTANTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTANTS ii INTRODUCTION iv 1. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE OF GSM 1 1 . 1 Overview 1 1 .2 An Overview on the GSM Subsystem 2 1 .3 Mobile Station 3 1 .4 Subscriber Identity Module 3 1 .5 Base Transceiver Station 3 1 .6 Base Station Controller 3 1.7 Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit 4 1 .8 Mobile Services Switching Center 4 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Commission of the European Communities
    COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 09.10.1998 COM(l998) 559 final COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION To THE COUNCIL AND FOR INFORMATION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION AND FUNCTIONING OF THE MOBILE COMMUNICATION FREQUENCY DIRECTIVES TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Ii'I'I'RODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ l 2. COMMUNITY MEAStJRES IN THE AREA OF RADIO FREQUENCIES ......................................... 2 2.1 FRI'QI JI'NCY DIRECTIVES ........................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 fURTIIER DEVI'LOI'l\1ENTS IN C'O-OIWINATION OF FRI'(lllt:NC'II'S ................................................................ 4 2.3 0TllER COMMl INITY MEASURES CON< 'FRNIMi MOim.E ( 'OM!\H INil'ATIONS ................................................ 5 2.4 [VOl.llTION TOWAIWS TIIIIW CiENI:RATION MOBILE C<l.\IMl.INK'ATIONS SYSTI',vlS ..................................... 7 J. DIRE("J'IVE 87/372/EF.C ........................ ~ ................................................................................................... 7 I [!,\( 'K< iR! II INI >.............. · .......................................... : .... ............................................................................... 7 .1.2 ( 'IJI(RI'NT SIT I J,\ Ill lN.: .............. ; ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mobile Communications Chapter 4: Wireless Telecommunication Systems Slides by Jochen Schiller with Modifications by Emmanuel Agu
    Mobile Communications Chapter 4: Wireless Telecommunication Systems slides by Jochen Schiller with modifications by Emmanuel Agu q Market q GSM q Overview q Services q Sub-systems q Components Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 4.1 Mobile phone subscribers worldwide approx. 1.7 bn 1600 1400 1200 ] GSM total 1000 TDMA total million [ CDMA total 800 PDC total Analogue total W-CDMA 600 Subscribers Total wireless Prediction (1998) 400 200 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 year Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 4.2 GSM: Overview GSM q formerly: Groupe Spéciale Mobile (founded 1982) q now: Global System for Mobile Communication q Pan-European standard (ETSI, European Telecommunications Standardisation Institute) q simultaneous introduction of essential services in three phases (1991, 1994, 1996) by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany: D1 and D2) è seamless roaming within Europe possible q today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 200 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America) q more than 1.2 billion subscribers in more than 630 networks q more than 75% of all digital mobile phones use GSM (74% total) q over 200 million SMS per month in Germany, > 550 billion/year worldwide (> 10% of the revenues for many operators) [be aware: these are only rough numbers…] Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/ MC SS05 4.3 Performance characteristics of GSM (wrt. analog sys.) Communication q mobile, wireless communication; voice and data services Total mobility q international access, chip-card enables use of access points of different providers Worldwide connectivity q one number, the network handles localization High capacity q better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell High transmission quality q high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains) Security functions q access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 History 1800 Mhz Frequency Band and the first 1800 Mhz Net- Work Became Operational in the UK by 1993
    GSM For other uses, see GSM (disambiguation). mittee and later provided a permanent technical sup- GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, port group based in Paris. Five years later, in 1987, 15 representatives from 13 European countries signed a memorandum of understanding in Copenhagen to de- velop and deploy a common cellular telephone system across Europe, and EU rules were passed to make GSM a mandatory standard.[3] The decision to develop a con- tinental standard eventually resulted in a unified, open, standard-based network which was larger than that in the United States.[4][5][6][7] In 1989, the Groupe Spé- cial Mobile committee was transferred from CEPT to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).[5][6][6][7] In 1987 Europe produced the very first agreed GSM The GSM logo is used to identify compatible handsets and equip- Technical Specification in February. Ministers from the ment. The dots symbolize three clients in the home network and four big EU countries cemented their political support for one roaming client.[1] GSM with the Bonn Declaration on Global Information Networks in May and the GSM MoU was tabled for sig- originally Groupe Spécial Mobile), is a standard devel- nature in September. The MoU drew-in mobile operators oped by the European Telecommunications Standards In- from across Europe to pledge to invest in new GSM net- stitute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second generation works to an ambitious common date. It got GSM up and (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones. It running fast. is the default global standard for mobile communications In this short 37-week period the whole of Europe (coun- with over 90% market share, and is available in over 219 tries and industries) had been brought behind GSM in a [2] countries and territories.
    [Show full text]