Re-Creating the Past: on the Quality of Archaeological Reconstruction on Gotland

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Petersson, B. (1999) Re-creating the Past: On the Quality of Archaeological Reconstruction on Gotland. Current Swedish Archaeology, 7: 131-148

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Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53833 131 Re-creating the Past On the Quality of Archaeological Reconstruction on Gotland

Bodil Petersson

Re-creating the past in full-scale, open-air reconstructions has been done for a long time, but the phenomenon has been accelerating and changing character during the last two decades. The article examines how the reconstruction activities are motivated. Explicit aims are contrasted with implicit motives inherent in reconstruction. Public utility is proposed as an important excuse for the reconstruction activities. As a consequence of the relationship between explicit aims and public utility, we get a rigid form of quality thinking that expresses elitism, Instead of fruitless criticism we can express more clearly what we expect from a reconstruction, and why. Examples used are taken from the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea.

Bodil Petersson, Institute ofArchaeology, University of Lund, Sand- gatan I, SE-223 50 Lund, Sweden.

THE VIKING VILLAGE an axe against a tree trunk. Then he showed I knew there was a Viking village on Gotland. me his talents in spinning wool and working Beyond this fact I knew nothing about the in the smithy. It was late in the summer and village itself, however. I expected a place full there were few visitors. The late season and of life. I could see myself mingling among fading enthusiasm was the reason, I decided, happy tourists and active villagers demon- for the apparently weary staff. I went into the strating crafts and arranging competitions. I long-house where no obvious elforts had been imagined myself being invited to take part in made to hide the anachronistic traits of the the exciting and varied everyday life of a sawmill-produced planks. In the centre of the Gotlandic Viking family. hall there was a high settle with the brutal When I arrived at the village one of the features of Odin carved in wood. Torches two villagers, both of whom were men, was illuminated the interior of the hall. In one at the entrance taking the admission fee. corner there was a small exhibition showing When his cell phone rang, he hurried oA'and Viking life and reproductions of Viking hid behind the entrance shed. artefacts. I began to feel gloomy about this Inside the earthen rampart, which was Viking experience and decided to leave the evidently built with the help of an excavator place. But before I left, I asked for some and which surrounded the village, I caught pamphlets about the village and its activities. sight of a tired-looking guy dressed in some- When I read the colourful pamphlet, I was thing old and greyish with a rope round his certainly happy not to have experienced the waist. He asked if I wanted to try swinging activities offered:

Current Swedish Archaeology, Vol. 7, I999 132 Bodi I Petersson

Number ol reeonstruetions

1900-091910-191920-291930-391940-4919SO-591960-691970-791980-89]990-97 Establishment period

Fig. l. Dia& rum showing when the reconstructions tnenlionedin the article were established.

"Erik Bloodaxe ruled his farm as a sove- activities. The Gotlandic Viking village is reign. The free men and women of his great certainly of a more peculiar type, but I am clan were strongly united, and blood feud was inclined to suspect that this reconstruction is always claimed if one of the clan members not the only one to give ambiguous messages was killed. Erik Bloodaxe and his men to its visitors. What shall I expect —science, exchanged slaves and furs into silver coins. education, tourism, experience, adventure, A man of Erik Bloodaxe's caliber can sure pleasure, anachronism, or disappointment? arrange great parties. The evening begins In our time there is an accelerating ten- with all sorts of martial games —throwing dency to re-create the past (fig. I). With this axes. . .and other exciting war games. At the article I wish to examine the following table we eat with our bare hands One thing questions about reconstruction activities: How is certain —this will be an evening you will are the explicit aims of reconstruction activi- never forget!" (Vikingabyn Gotland Infor- ties formulated? What implicit purposes can mation Folder n. d. , author's translation). be traced? What is the relationship between The programme of the Viking village is the explicitly outlined purposes of recon- offered to schoolchildren and tourists as well struction and the modern utilitarian morality? as business companies. Perhaps Erik Blood- Do the purposes aAect the aspect of quality? axe's party is well suited to the advertised What is good-quality reconstruction? "leadership development", strengthening the team and showing who is the boss. THE CONCEPT OF RECONSTRUCTION The impressions I had of the village made First, however, I want to discuss the concept me reflect upon the relation between explicit of reconstruction. It is a central concept in and implicit purposes of the reconstruction this connection, and it is not unambiguous.

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In everyday speech reconstruction is used in reconstruct (rebuild, put parts together to a very wide sense. It refers to such different a whole) for things as textual descriptions, drawings, modernise (without consideration small-scale models in museums, and full- history) scale representations in museums and out- (Ottosen 1984:3). doors. Reconstruction refers to copies, re- From this we can conclude that to reconstruct plicas, restorations, re-erected buildings and is far more intervening than to restore. monuments, reconstructions made from Reconstruction is often done from much fragments, and even imitations. slighter traces than those in restorations. This Reconstruction within archaeology today fits well with the state of most archaeological is carried out both as a science and as traces that constitute the basis for recon- mediation. The word itself means rebuilding, struction. reproduction, re-creation. Reconstruction is During the 19'" and well into the 20'" to present the past by refitting fragments with century there was immense discussion on how interpretations to fill in what is missing. to restore the past, in particular the medieval Reconstruction has also been part of the buildings. There was a schism between history of archaeology since the 18'" century antiquarian-orientated advocates (e.g. John (Petersson 1998). It contains an ambition to Ruskin in England, and later Alois Riegl in rebuild or to restore something to its former Germany) and those purporting the norms of state. It is usually done if something has been unity of style in building restoration (e.g. destroyed or severely changed. Within Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc in France). archaeology reconstruction is primarily The antiquarian-orientated advocates were associated with paper reconstruction or aiming at historical preservation, while the reconstruction inside the museum walls unity-of-style advocates were more concerned (Jacobsson 1995:33ff),often of smaller things with the unity and purity of style, to restore such as pots, weapons and clothing. But even something to its former glory (Kåring indoor exhibitions of whole milieus are 1992:24, 59ff, 187ff, 312ff). This schism has frequent, where huts and living areas are relevance for the reconstruction activities of presented often together with smells and today. In our time there are both reconstruc- sounds. tors who have a cautious attitude, and those There is also a theoretical aspect of the who primarily care about presenting a vision concept ofreconstruction. In connection with of the past in which historically authentic building restoration there is an extensive details do not matter as much. discussion among architects concerning the In this article I use the concept of re- meaning of different relevant concepts. eonstruction as a comprehensive label for the Michael Ottosen discusses the different values ambition —for the purpose of science, media- of restoration. Ottosen uses the concept of tion, tourism, or adventure —to re-create the restoration as overarching, comprising such past in full-scale, open-air context. This phenomena as reconstruction. He refers to delimitation is made so that I can avoid the concepts arranged on a scale according to the discussion of traditional museum mediation degree of intervention: and go a step further to discuss relatively new forms of reconstruction activities used for a put in order wide range ofpurposes. My use ofthe concept preserve (maintain, protect) is close to the everyday use ofthe word, which restore (re-represent) contains different elements as mentioned renovate (renew) above. In my discussion I do not have direct copy (imitate) use for the division among replica, copy, and

Cttrrent Sw:edish Archaeology, Vol. 7, l999 134 Bodil Petersson reconstruction. But I avoid using the concept others are stationary. The variety is great. of restoration since it primarily concerns I have chosen to put the reconstructions objects, often buildings still standing, where into four different groups. The settlement the state of preservation is much better than group of reconstructions contains such ele- in the case ofthe reconstructions I study. They ments as houses, churches, walls, banks and have other qualifications with regard to the ramparts, strongholds, cult sites, pasture and state of preservation. arable land. The monument group includes graves, standing stones, cult houses and stone RECONSTRUCTION ON GOTLAND settings. The communication group includes The island of Gotland has quite a number of boats, wagons, bridges, roads, harbours and archaeological reconstructions (fig. 2). To shipyards. The event group includes markets, introduce the reader to the existing pheno- plays and experiments. Of course there are mena, I will give a short presentation of the some overlappings. The categories offer only reconstructions. They are full-scale, open-air a general outline of reconstruction activities. reconstructions. They have all been built or performed during the 20'" century. Some of Settlement them were erected or performed earlier in the The earliest example of settlement recon- 20'" century, others are from the late 1990s. struction on Gotland, and also in the whole They cover a period from the Stone Age to of Sweden, is the Lojsta hall. It was erected the Middle Ages. The reconstructions are in 1932 to try the building technique discer- either built or performed. Some are perma- ned during an excavation of a "giant's grave" nent, others are temporary. Some are mobile, near Lojsta. The giants' graves are house foundations from the Iron Age, around 0-600 AD. After excavation the reconstruction was erected on top of the ancient stone remains, that is in situ. Even the high settle was placed on top of a stone base interpreted as the place for it. The original floor layer was sealed with an earthen layer on top, so that the archaeological site would not be disturbed by the reconstruction activity. The experiment was conducted by the art historian Gerda Boethius and the archaeologist John Nihlén, with the aid of the Lojsta society for local history (Boethius & Nihlén 1932:342ff; Nylén 1966:188f). The Stavgard Iron Age area contains reconstructions from the period 500 BC- 1050 AD, that is, covering the whole Scan- dinavian Iron Age. The period includes the Viking Age, but at Stavgard they do not use the "Viking" label. The activities started in 1976 when a group of schoolchildren and their teachers tried to learn something about how people lived during the Iron Age. By chance they found a silver hoard from the 11'" Fig. 2. The island of Gotland with the reconstructions mentioned in the text. century AD. For this they got a reward from

Current Swedish Archaeotogy, Vol. 7, l999 Re-creating the Past 135 the authorities. They decided to use the money house surrounded by a smithy and an out- to make a trip to the famous reconstructed house. The houses are encircled by an earthen Iron Age village of Lejre in Zealand, Den- rampart that delimits the village area. The mark. The visit to Lejre inspired the teachers Viking Village started its activities around and schoolchildren to establish an Iron Age 1990 as a private limited company (Vikinga- village for school-educational use. The dif- byn Gotland Information Folder n. d. ; Carls- ferent reconstructions at Stavgard consist of son & Söderberg 1995; VHD 1997). a long-house, a baking house, a cooking house, a fireplace, a smithy, ovens, kilns, a Monument picture stone and a sacred area (Stavgard At the Bunge Open-air Museum there is a Information Folder n.d; Populär Arkeologi number of reconstructed prehistoric graves. 1987:34). The museum opened in 1908 and the graves At Fjäle there are reconstructions of were reconstructed and re-erected from the medieval buildings in the countryside, namely very beginning. The monuments span a an early medieval farmhouse and a barn. The period from the Bronze Age to the Viking reconstructions were made in the mid-1980s Age. They comprise examples of ancient under the supervision of the county admi- monuments from Gotlandic prehistory. They nistrative board of Gotland. The buildings are not original in situ graves; they either have were erected in the immediate vicinity of a been moved to the place from cemeteries that large area with ancient remains of houses have disappeared because of development, or from about 100AD until the 14'" century. Part they have been erected as an example of the ofthis area was excavated under the guidance existing grave-types on Gotland. People of the human geographer Dan Carlsson in involved in the activities of moving and the 1970s (Carlsson 1979:127ff; Carlsson reconstructing the graves and stone settings pers. comm. ). The reconstruction is referred include the elementary-school teacher and to in the recently established Viking Heritage museum founder Theodor Erlandsson, the Database (VHD) as a Viking reconstruction, amanuensis and later professor of folklore but at a closer look it becomes evident that research Nils Lithberg, and the lecturer and the Fjäle reconstructions are actually classi- subsequent professor of archaeology Mårten fied as "early medieval" (VHD 1997). Stenberger (T. Erlandsson 1980:42ff, Gervide is a reconstructed Iron Age farm. 1958:6ff; A. Erlandsson 1976:2ff; Bunge- It consists of two buildings: a dwelling house museet n. d. ; Blomberg pers. comm. ). and a barn. The houses were erected in the The wheel-cross grave from the Iron Age mid-1980s. The reconstruction was carried cemetery at Lilla Bj ers was excavated in out under the supervision of the county 1982-83, since the road next to the cemetery administrative board of Gotland. Another two was being rebuilt and broadened. Because of reconstructed buildings are being planned, the interesting pattern in the construction of together with the establishment of arable land the grave it was moved and reconstructed and next to the farm. The prototype of the houses is now possible to see at Stenkyrka Folk and the cultural landscape is situated next to Museum in close connection to its original the place of reconstruction. The Gervide Iron find place. The reconstruction of the grave Age farm is of the same character as Fjäle was undertaken by the Swedish Central Board and dependent on the same initiative related of National Antiquities' archaeological to the county administrative board (Carlsson department on Gotland (RAGU), and it was pers. comm. ). financed by the Swedish national road ad- The Viking Village on Gotland, in Tofta ministration on Gotland (Wickman-Nydolf parish, is a reconstruction of a Viking long- 1983:112ff).

Current Swedish Archaeology, Vol. 7, l999 136 Bodi t Petersson

Communication the reconstruction was Krampmacken and an On Gotland there are a lot of people interested excavated boat from the boat-grave cemetery in ship-building. The island is situated in the in Valsgärde, north of Uppsala in eastern middle of the Baltic Sea, and with that comes central Sweden. Aifur was built in 1991-92 an interest in communication across the sea by the Gotlandic boat-builder and fisherman, and how transport was conducted. Jan Norberg. The drawings were made by the The Viking ship Krampmacken was built boat club "Aifur" (Carlsson & Söderberg in the years 1979-80by the archaeologist Erik 1995; Edberg 1994, 1998; VHD 1997). Nylén and his friends. The prototype for the Samargon was completed during the first ship was a boat find made in the 1930s in the half of the 1990s, and reconstructed as a so- lake Tingstäde Träsk in the northern part of called knarr, a trading boat from the Viking Gotland. The boat find was dated to the Age. It was Erik Johansson who, again, after transition period between the Viking Age and he had been involved in building Nöiriven, the Middle Ages. Another source of in- wanted to use his newly won skills in ship- spiration was the picture stones on Gotland building to make his own Viking ship. The which depict ships with sails. Once the ship prototype of Samargon was ship represen- was built, it sailed through the eastern parts tations on Gotlandic picture stones (VHD of Europe and Russia along the rivers to 1997). finally reach the Black Sea and the city of The latest, most recent Viking ship built Miklagård/Istanbul. The journey was carried on Gotland is Langsvaige, launched in 1997. out during the first half of the 1980s. It was The project was once again related to Kramp- not an easy task, since political systems in macken. The ambition was to build a ship the countries of eastern Europe at the time that was larger than Krampmacken. All the were not automatically positive to such a people involved had participated in the travel route. This ship experiment was an Krampmacken project many years ago (VHD adventure to be remembered by all the crew 1997). members (Nylén 1983, 1987; Sjöstrand A boat-building project somewhat dif- 1988). It is shown not least in all the suc- ferent from the above-mentioned Viking ceeding boat-building projects carried out in examples, but still with some resemblance to Krampmacken's wake. All other Viking ships them, is the building of Aliaaku I and II, two built on Gotland after that, such as Nöiriven, log boats built as outriggers, an example of Aifur, Samargon and Langsvaige, were more possible boat-types in use during the Stone or less inspired by Krampmacken and its Age. The source of inspiration when building travels. Each of these ships has been built by the boats was ethnographic analogy with boat- people with connection to the Krampmacken building traditions in the South Sea Islands project. and motifs from rock-carvings in southern Nöiriven is a Viking ship built in 1990. Scandinavia. The reconstructions were made The project was led by the fisherman Erik by Sven Österholm from Gotland within the Johansson, who was a member of the Kramp- project "The Stone Age on Gotland" together macken crew during its expedition to the with the Scanian project "The Past in the Black Sea. The ship was built as an improved Present". It was the latter project that provided version of Krampmacken (Nylén 1987:264; the economic prerequisites and the building VHD 1997). place for the boats. The experiments with Aifur, the Viking ship named after a rapid building and sailing the log boats were in the river Dnjepr, was built and sailed conducted primarily in the years 1986 and eastward along the eastern European and 1987. The sailing routes tested went from Russian rivers to the Black Sea. The basis of Gotland to Öland and along the coast of

Current Swedish Archaeology, Vot. 7, 1999 Re-creating the Past 137

Öland to the mainland of Sweden (Österholm in August 1997, Byggnadshyttan performed 1996, 1997). an experiment with a lime kiln before the public to test an authentic method of pro- Evenl ducing lime for use in mortar. Medieval Week The events on Gotland are of very different engages local government institutions as well character. The Torsburgen wall experiment as private groups and individuals. The fact was done to see whether lime was formed that the town of Visby with its well-preserved when burning a stone-and-timber wall re- medieval character was put on the World sembling that of the Iron Age hillfort of Heritage List in 1995 has undoubtedly meant Torsburgen. Calculations were made con- a strengthening of the medieval profile of the cerning the number ofworkdays it might have whole island (Edlund 1996; Tchudi-Madsen taken to build a wall like Torsburgen. The 1997:166ff).Each year this profile is accen- experiment took place at Klints backar in a tuated by Medieval Week. parish near a limestone quarry in the year Another event related to the Middle Ages 1980 and was conducted by an archaeologist is the performance and documentary filming from Uppsala University, Johan Engström of a medieval mass in Endve Church. This (Engström 1982, 1984). was done in 1989 as a joint project involving The Middle Ages is the period in Got- the County Museum of Gotland, the Swedish landic history that has the greatest impact Central Board of National Antiquities, and because of the annual Medieval Veck the Swedish Adult Education Company (Sw. arranged in Visby and in later years also on Utbildningsvadion). The minister and scholar Gotland as a whole. This arrangement started of medieval history, Anders Piltz, held the in 1984 as an initiative by the former county mass. He worked with experts on different antiquarian on Gotland, Marita Jonsson, and subjects such as liturgy, church inventories it has since been established as an annual and their use, and the laymen's roles during event (Jonsson 1990). It is in fact an occur- the mass (Helander el al. 1993:9ff). rence beyond classiftcation, but its annual appearance makes it best fit into the category EXPLICIT AIMS OF RECONSTRUCTION of events. Many people all over the island I have tried to find some essential motivations and even all over the world that have an overtly used to explain why a reconstruction interest in the medieval way of life, visit is made. As a guideline I have used the Gotland during this week in August every categorizations oftwo scholars who specialize year. Not least the Society for Creative in reconstruction activities, namely the Anacronism (SCA) constitutes a great visual American historian Jay Anderson and the and contextual base for the experience of German archaeologist Claus Ahrens. Ander- medieval atmosphere during the week (Gus- son divides "living history" activities into tafsson 1995). Lots of activities keep people mediation, science and play/game (Anderson busy the whole year round in study circles 1984).Ahrens has almost the same categories and projects related to Medieval Week. One for "archaeological reconstructions" with the example of activity is the manufacturing of exception of the last one. He mentions costumes in medieval style for people to wear mediation/education, science/experiment and during the week (Gutarp 1994).The so-called commercial reconstructions (Ahrens 1990). "Stiftelsen Byggnadshyttan", an institution on I agree with the science and mediation Gotland that takes care of the medieval categories. Aside from these two I have buildings' restoration all over the island, is established two other categories, namely also part ofthe arrangements during Medieval tourism and way of life. Tourism is partly Week. During my visit to Gotland and Visby related to Ahrens' commercial category, and

Current Swedich Archaeology, Voh 7, l999 138 Bodil Petersson way of life is partly related to Anderson's playl roach of the natural sciences. game category, but I find my two categories Alkraku I and II were experiments carried more suitable than the preceding because they out to show the possibility of getting infor- relate to explicit phenomena in our time such mation about the past through ethnographic as cultural tourism and role-playing societies sources combined with other clues, in this like the Society for Creative Anachronism case how people during the Stone Age trans- (SCA). I have thus established four categories ported themselves across the sea. ofexplicit aims ofreconstruction, exemplified in the following: Medi ati an Mediation in archaeology was for a long time reconstruction as science restricted to the world of the museum. In the reconstruction as mediation last twenty years the sector of mediation has reconstruction as tourism widened, not least in open-air arrangements reconstruction as a way of life. (Andersson et al. 1995). One common purpose of mediation is educational, to give Science schoolchildren knowledge of archaeology. Scientific experiment in archaeology is Another reason is to give the general public closely associated with an established method the possibility to obtain knowledge about the within the natural sciences. This kind of past. scientific archaeology found its broader way Stavgard is an obvious example of how a into archaeology thanks to the impact ofNew single school activity develops into a con- Archeology during the 1960s and 1970s. tinuous reconstruction activity with the aim Within this methodological approach lies a ofeducational mediation primarily for school- wish to control and repeat a course of events. children. But even though it is intended for Because of the close connection with the this group of people, the place is open in the scientific approach of New Archeology, the summer to the public at large. Interestingly, crucial point in experiment in archaeology however, the staff at Stavgard do not put up a lies within the field of economical and lot of signs announcing its existence, since technological "processes". A "process" is they believe that it is up to the interested something expected to be controllable. The public to find their way there (Stavgard guide experimental archaeology approach existed pers. comm. ). They obviously do not need also before New Archeology, even though it tourists to make the activities succeed finan- was not formulated in the same way (Sehested cially. Evidence of this attitude is also the 1885; Boethius éc Nihlén 1932). above-mentioned fact that they do not use the Lojsta hall is one example. It was erected "Viking" label in spite of its well known to show how a roof truss might have been power to attract tourists. designed on top of a stone base. It was an The wheel-cross grave at Lilla Bjers has experiment, since the purpose was to discuss been moved to a place which makes it possible the roof construction and not to use the for people to see how a rather unique Iron building for mediation or tourism. Age grave was constructed. Today it is The Torsburgen wall experiment was situated within the area of the Stenkyrka primarily an attempt to answer some scien- Open-air Museum so that it can be seen tifically formulated questions concerning the together with houses from historic times on wall of an archaeological monument and how Gotland, almost in the same way as the it was constructed and treated. It was a typical prehistoric cemetery at the Bunge Open-air test inspired by and within the tradition of Museum. New Archeology and the experimental app-

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Tounsm of life" and "adventure", since it is members The third main purpose of reconstruction of the Krampmacken expedition who have activities has economic and personal instead continued to build ships. Building and sailing of scientific or educational implications. As ships seems to have become a second identity a tourist attraction the reconstruction can for the crew members. They build, they travel, perhaps attract enough people to make a place and they write books and articles about their or region interesting within the tourist in- ships and travels. It has become a separate dustry. The individual also makes a choice genre, a life-style. My reason for not including whether or not to take an interest in the so- the Krampmacken project here will be ex- called cultural tourism. Tourism as a category plained later. therefore belongs to two different spheres at the same time, namely the economic and the EXPLICIT VERSUS IMPLICIT personal. To show how explicit aims work together with Fjäle is an example of reconstructions some yet undefined implicit purposes within being used as educational sites for the public, one and the same reconstruction activity, I who can visit areas with remnants of old will exemplify with four different recon- cultural landscape. The two early medieval structions: the Viking ship Krampmacken, houses reconstructed in Fjäle stand next to the Iron Age sites of Stavgard and Gervide, the cultural landscape which contains re- and Medieval Week. These four are all more mains from the past that can not be decip- ambiguous in their character than the above- hered by the untrained eye. The reconstructed mentioned examples related to explicit aims. houses are an aid to understanding the past. They are hard to put into one category of Even though the houses are not made "living" explicit aims. with people and interiors, they illustrate at least some part of the past to the public at Krampmacken large and even to archaeologists. The Krampmacken project is the first reconstruction of a Viking ship on Gotland. It 8ay of life should be noted that the reconstruction was People who engage in reconstruction acti- made around fifty years after the prototype, vities often have a personal reason for it. The the Bulverket boat, was found, and was wish to experience the past as a vivid reality probably an effect of the growing knowledge is expressed by many people who choose to in Scandinavia about boat construction in the do reconstruction. Often it develops into a Viking Age thanks to the finds and activities hobby and becomes a way of life, for example, concerning the Skuldelev ships in Roskilde to travel between annually recurrent medieval Fjord in Denmark in the late 1960s (Olsen & markets to engage in activities or to practise Crumlin-Pedersen 1969).The reconstruction craftmanship in a medieval context. The of Krampmacken was done in the first half adventure of sailing across the sea with a of the 1980s when the reconstruction boom newly built Viking ship is a challenge for had started. many people. Way of life may overlap part of Krampmacken is officially called a "scien- the tourism category, but it is more deeply tific experiment" in the report on the first half felt because it is not a single opportunity but of the project, edited in 1983 (Nylén 1983:6). a permanent interest that generates activity. It is also referred to as an important and The ships Nöiriven, Aifur, Samargon and impressive part of the strivings to investigate Langsvaige have all come about as an effect how the Vikings made their way along the of the Krampmacken project. I prefer to rivers in eastern Europe to Bysans (Vadstrup categorize these subsequent projects as "way 1993:65.

Carrent Snedish Archaeology, Voh 7, l999 140 Boclil Petersson

The Krampmacken project was initiated which is very important for Nylén in his within the Swedish Central Board of National argument for why he has chosen Gotlandic Antiquities' archaeological department on remains and traces from totally different Gotland (RAGU). The leader of the project, contexts to build his ship. the archaeologist Erik Nylén, was at the time Nylén's own publications on the subject head of the department. He was also named are rather revealing. The report from 1983 is professor of archaeology in 1984. written in a joking manner, often pointing Nylén has taken part in the debate con- out the Viking character and mentality ac- cerning the subject of experimental archaeo- quired by the crew during the adventurous logy and archaeology as a science (Nylén travel. Pictures are shown of a "Viking pack 1987:10ff). He criticises what he calls the ofwolves around beautiful female slaves" and "complicating and theorizing that have of "naked rowing" (Nylén 1983:86, 95). characterized the subject [ofarchaeology] for Needless to say, all of the crew were men. decades". He considers himself as a find- The report mediates an obvious wish to tell a positivist and well familiar with the archaeo- Viking story in which the author and his crew logical material. He describes experimental all seem to have adopted an identification archaeology as practical tests based on finds with the supposed Viking mentality. Both text and facts. He points out that the serious and photographs tell this male and brutal scientific researcher must tell enthusiastic story ofhard life as a Viking. All of this could amateurs that "it must not be done in this of course be related to the obviously ambi- way" —it is not permissible to mediate a valent archaeologist Nylén, who on the one severely wrong picture of the real circum- hand propagates for the empirical approach stances. Nylén points out the aAinity between and on the other hand legitimizes Viking experimental archaeology and natural science myth by exclaiming, "Does research have to (Nylén 1987: 1 5). be boring?" (Nylén 1983:5). Nylén's words are promising because the To contrast Nylén's own words, I read a Krampmacken project really seems to have book about Krampmacken's eastward ex- the values of scientific archaeology in the pedition by two of Krampmacken's crew form of experiment. And all the published members, both amateurs at the time. This books and articles on the subject also show book is much more of a poetic contemporary the scientific ambitions. But what is said, travelogue. It is rather free from the macho written and done in between? style inherent in Nylén's opus. Instead it In a publication from a conference on boat observes the crew as well as the people that replicas, we can discern some arguments they meet along the travel route. The book revealing the complexity of purpose. Nylén contains reflections upon the political system is criticised by his colleague from Roskilde, in eastern Europe at the time: "We are Ole Crumlin-Pedersen. He says that Kramp- travelling in a Europe where the borders are macken is an unfortunate combination of two moved after each war so as to secure occu- totally separate time periods, namely the 8'" pation for cartographers and incomes for century and the 11'"century. Nylén's defence publishers of geographical productions" is that, "I must admit that we have very little (Sjöstrand 1988:117,author's translation). to build this experiment on because in the Regarding boat replicas and reconstruc- whole of Sweden, ifwe omit the Fotevik ships tion, there has been an intense debate on and these are Danish ships and not Swedish quality. The maritime archaeologist Christer ones, very little is left" (Nylén 1986:112f). Westerdahl has said about the Krampmacken Here he emphasizes a nationality that might project that it is "the worst Nordic example" not have been very relevant at the time, but of an attempt to build a Viking ship, because

Cttrrent Sn:echsh Archaeology, Vol. 7, l999 Re-creating the Post 141 the prototype Bulverket boat was too frag- directly wrong. But the emptiness underlines mentary and probably also of Slavonic origin a prejudice against the past which is very (Westerdahl 1994:98).Also Westerdahl takes common among the public at large, namely up the question of nationality as an important how primitive it must have been in prehistory. argument against the project. The emptiness could have been an aspect of Nylén himself still has no problem con- good quality since it does not consciously add cerning the classification of his Kramp- fuel to the creation of myths, but instead it macken project. As late as 1996 he writes creates another fictive image. about "more or less serious projects with the Not much has been written about Stavgard purpose to re-create the Viking Age In this or Gervide. This indicates that they are not jungle of 'projects' ranging from pure more considered to belong to the scientific sphere. or less carnival-like enterprises with a strong Mediation is seldom written about or analy- local patriotic tone to those of pure com- zed. Reconstruction places that are mediated mercial interest, it is possible to discern a few today but were written about a great deal where pure scientific aims dominate" (Nylén earlier, have often started as a scientific 1996:117,author's translation). Of course he experiment. includes his own project among the scien- tiftcally oriented ones. Medievctl Veck Explicitly and officially Medieval Week has Stavgctrd and Gervide been used as a main tourist attraction on On Gotland there are two Iron Age recon- Gotland since 1984. The event is assigned to structions of settlements that are totally the second week in August so as to prolong different in character, Still, both can be the tourist season, and it has been a complete categorized as mediation in an educational success. And of course all these tourists do a sense. Stavgard has mediating ambitions lot more than just take part in the medieval primarily conceming schoolchildren. It has arrangements. They sleep, they eat, they buy, a well-planned school programme. The staff and they travel around the island. Initially is dressed up in Iron Age clothing. The place Medieval Week was confined primarily to is filled with narrative and the guides also Visby, but in later years it has spread all over discuss beliefs related to the picture stones. the island. During the week there are arrange- Thus it is not only technique that is presented ments from the north to the south. Most here. activities in the countryside focus on markets, As a visitor I was told the story of the music and on church-related ceremonies Gotlandic farmer Stavar and his silver hoard (Program 1997), not on specific peasant by the guide. It is a local myth that fits well activities. as an expression of pride over the regional Medieval Week is an event that gives the Gotlandic identity from the Iron Age until tourists a vision of the past in well-suited today. surroundings. The town of Visby and the Completely different from Stavgard is island of Gotland provide unsurpassed coulis- Gervide. It is a reconstruction oftwo Iron Age ses for playing games related to the Middle houses belonging to a farm with fences, arable Ages. land and pasture. Here nothing is done to the In a book about Medieval Week the ques- interior of the houses. No activities are going tion is posed, "Where did the idea come on. It gives a very naked and empty impres- from. .."? The explanation given is that sion. It expresses an empty past. Perhaps it is Gotland and Visby have a rich history and scientifically tolerable in this form because many historic monuments. It has a "medieval the reconstructions do not show anything atmosphere". In order not to be like tourism

Current Swethsh Archaeology, Voh 7, lWV 142 Bodi l Petersson all over the world, the tourist board and the wish to play. The ethnologist Lotten Gustafs- antiquarian authorities together chose to build son has described the role-playing, through up tourism around the medieval theme, which the actors search for genuine ex- considered to be "new" and "unusual" (Jons- perience during the week (Gustafsson 1995). son 1990:99). It seems to be important to protect the The history told in the events during atmosphere so that adults as well as children Medieval Week relates to the year 1361 when get the opportunity to enter into the world of the Danish king Valdemar Atterdag came to the Middle Ages. This protected atmosphere Gotland and extorted payment from the is exactly what Visby provides during the burghers of Visby. This act of oppression week in August. against the rich town of Visby is an excellent The fact that Visby is now on the World background for the manifestation of regional Heritage List is important for cultural independence today. tourism, and it is a good incitement for When Valdemar came to Gotland he first coming arrangements in connection with the confronted with armed peasants outside Middle Ages theme. Throughout the year the Visby's walls. The peasants defended the county museum in Visby arranges conferences island and may have hoped for some aid from with a medieval theme under the slogan: the burghers, but the latter did not come to "With our aid your conference will become help. Around 1800 men died and were buried historic". Food, tournaments and old Got- outside the town wall (Jonsson 1990:103). landic games and handicrafts are on the This confrontation and "regional betrayal" programme. between burghers and peasants is passed over in silence during Medieval Week. The so- IMPLICIT AIMS OF RECONSTRUCTION called Valdemar cross marking the place As we have seen in the examples above, there where the men were buried has no part in the are constant meetings between explicit aims activities relating to Valdemar and the Got- and implicit ones in the reconstructions. In landic people. To a large extent it is a peasant- trying to discern obvious categories of implicit free story that is told, in spite of the fact that aims, I find the following: the majority of the medieval population on reconstruction as cultural identity Gotland were peasants. reconstruction as a wish to play When people dress up, many of them do reconstruction as commercial interest. it as burghers. There are few peasants. The knights and ladies are all the more frequent. The first implicit theme, cultural identity, The younger generation is not content with covers a lot of different uses of the past. It identifying themselves with well-situated can represent everything from regional pride burghers. They want to play the role of and identity to racism and political supremacy noblemen and -women. They are part of a expressed in terms ofcultural identity. Among common idea about the Middle Ages more other social anthropologists, Jonathan Fried- than part ofa specific Gotlandic history. Many man has reflected upon this phenomenon, ofthe knights and ladies belong to the Society which he understands as an effect ofthe crisis for Creative Anachronism, SCA. They mani- of modernity (Friedman 1994:17ff). fest the obvious wish for role-playing and they The second theme is a wish to play. At have chosen a good playground with a ge- first it seems to be related to the explicit aim nuine atmosphere. For them, travelling to call ed way oflife. My distinction here is based Gotland from all over the world to take part upon the concept of morality, to which I shall in Medieval Week activities is not done out return below. Way of life is related to hobby of Gotlandic regional interest but out of the and interest; the wish to play, on the other

Current Swedish Archaeology, Vol. 7, l999 Re-creating the Past 143 hand, has no good moral reason, and it is accepted in our society. And to intermingle suspect as an explicit category because in a commercial interests with cultural matters is world ruled by utility it is not accepted to play not very respected, at least not as a leading for the sake of playing alone. Johan Huizinga reason. has reflected upon the concept of play/game To illustrate more clearly what I mean, I as a genuinely cultural activity. Play/game is have found an article by the economic his- often interpreted from its apparent opposite: torian Svante Beckman. He discusses utility seriousness and labour (Huizinga 1945:55). aspects on human action. He has formulated From this point of view the moral content of the "Svante law", social norms for human play/game is inferior. action, as follows: The third implicit reason for recon- l. You shall behave in a motivated way struction is commercial interest. Of course 2. You shall have strong motives there are overlappings with the explicit 3. You shall have explicit motives tourism reason. But while tourism is some- 4. You shall have respectable motives thing good both for the economy and the 5. You shall have the right motive for the individual, the commercial interest is "pure" right action economy. It is not often seen as morally 6. It is of greater value to act out of utility defensible when related to cultural issues. and norm than out of pleasure and need Instead commercial interest must be put under 7. You shall not act out of pleasure alone the tourism label. This is done the eco- by (Beckman 1997:7, author's translation). nomist Peter Bohm, who has written about tourism from a purely political-economical Public utility becomes an important excuse point of view: "To obtain an economic for reconstruction activities in our time. Not optimum concerning the production of to put a clearly defined utility label on your tourism services in Sweden it is thus a activities can be the same as asking for a question of trying to identify those product reputation of bad quality. Therefore, the variants that for a proper cost gain the Krampmacken project is labelled as science demands of the tourists, and at the same time and Medieval Week as tourism, in spite of trying to minimize the production costs for their complex character. these services" (Bohm 1990:127, author's It becomes obvious that respectability translation). depends on the observer, on whether he/she The Viking Age and the Middle Ages are is the tourism manager, the financier/sponsor, well known to attract great interest. This fact the archaeologist, the museum official, or the is expressed on Gotland by Krampmacken visitor. Within the sphere of each observer and Medieval Week. The reason for the there is a separate list of precedence con- popularity of these periods is probably the cerning qualities, which complicates the possibility to combine explicit and implicit discussion. purposes within one and the same reconstruction activity. This ambiguity is needed GOOD QUALITY RECONSTRUCTION to attract as many people as possible. Public utility is utility without the dark Like the "good" explicit aims —science, shadows of misuse represented by the more mediation, tourism, way of life —the above- ambivalent implicit purposes. Science! Me- mentioned implicit ones contain more of diation! Tourism! Way of life! All these ambivalence. This has to do with our views explicit aims are accepted as public utility. of the use of such aims. A morally indefen- And therefore we agree to see quality in them. sible use of cultural identity can be racism. They represent absolute purposes, each one To play as an adult human being is not really good in itself. But combined with each other

Current Swedish Archaeology, Voh 7, /999 144 Bodi l Peiersson they lose their respectability and tum into the typical researcher's rather elitist defence of field of ambivalent, sometimes bad-quality, good quality and taste, based on his judge- reconstructions. If, for instance, you try to ment that a crisis is occurring in our post- combine science with any one of the other modern society (Beckman 1993:39).I would three explicit aims, then the scientific aims dare to call his attack "class-related" in the are automatically being questioned. same manner as the tourism example we shall The only way to close in on the problem see below. Are the different uses of the past is to learn how to use the "quality" stamp. really a threat? Then we can free reconstruction activities from hypocrisy and allow combination forms, RECONSTRUCTION AS HISTORY AND provided we are aware that reconstructions HERITAGE always combine purposes, something my I started this article by presenting my own examination has showed very clearly. experience from visiting and reading about We are necessarily confronted with our the Viking Village on Gotland. The village own ideas and shortcomings when we try to may seem to be an obvious example of bad- visualize and sensualize the past. As long as quality reconstruction. It repeats an all too reconstruction remains two-dimensional on often used conception of Vikings, it has no a book's page it is not dangerous and does major claims on authenticity, and it continues not challenge our preconception that we are to tell old sagas about the Viking Age. But it capable of re-creating the past by using a also has the ambition to show everyday work source-critical standpoint. There is pro- at a Viking Age farm. nounced criticism of reconstruction activities The analysis in this article has shown that among archaeologists (cf. Näsman 1986; most of the reconstructions have explicit as Edgren & Herschend 1987), since the purpose well as implicit purposes at the same time. of many of the newer reconstructions is not Therefore it is not possible to put an equal purely scientific. As archaeologists we want sign between what is said about a recon- reliable reconstructions. Therefore we pri- struction and how it really tums out. Quality marily reconstruct things related to some kind does not seem to have much to do with of work, such as households with cooking and whether there are amateurs or professional weaving and surroundings with arable land archaeologists conducting the activity (cf. the and pasture for cattle. When, as is becoming Kiampmacken project). Yet this is often more and more usual in all sorts of recon- claimed by archaeologists (cf. Andersson & struction as well as in research, we start to Olausson 1996). I find it rather obvious that reconstruct art, religion, symbols, and sen- archaeologists are worried that compromise, sations, we find it strange and unscientific. simplification, and divergence from scientific Svante Beckman reflects upon cultural results will appear in mediation situations heritage in an ironic manner. His main points such as reconstructions. The archaeologist's of criticism are very much in accordance with fear is a fear of the uncontrollable. Or as the presented implicit purposes. He criticises Camilla Caesar has pointed out: a threat the use of cultural heritage for identity against the archaeologist's profession and purposes, whether they are national or local. identity (Caesar 1997:32). He expresses his disgust ironically when The geographer David Lowenthal distin- commercial interests use experience and guishes between "history" (read "archaeo- identity as a way to force money out ofculture. logy") and "heritage". History is the scholarly He also ridicules people as unreflecting enterprise that "explores and explains pasts", consumers of experience (Beckman while heritage "clarifies pasts so as to infuse 1993:28f). Beckman's example shows a them with present purposes. . ." (Lowenthal

Cnrrent Sw~edish Archaeology, Voh 7, l999 Re-creating the Patt 145

1997:xi).In this scheme most ofthe Gotlandic reserved for the upper classes gradually reconstruction activities must be called turned into a pleasure for the majority of "heritage". But within the realm of archaeo- people, it became disregarded (Löfgren logy the distinction between fact and ftction 1990:40ff). The same is valid for museums is hard to maintain. From a source-critical and reconstructions. We must be aware of the point ofview almost everything in an archaeo- elitism and utilitarian morality that charac- logically based reconstruction can be dis- terize the criticism. It is of greater importance missed as fiction (read "bad quality"). This that we can judge each reconstruction accor- is sometimes done, especially by archaeo- ding to its ambition, appearance, and im- logists themselves. Curiously enough, the pression. We must also consider the visitor's criticism often does not include the two- own judgemental ability regarding quality. dimensional reconstructions made in books, And we must be aware and also respect that either as texts or drawings. The distinction different users have different claims, exactly between archaeological fact and fiction is in the same way as you choose to go sun- actually difficult to discern immediately. bathing in Mallorca, look at paintings in All reconstructions contain "history" as Florence, or camp in the wilderness (Löfgren well as "heritage" in the Lowenthal sense. 1990:32ff). We do not have to claim one or the other just to guarantee good quality in reconstructions. RE-CREATING THE PAST Instead we as users, visitors, tourists, critics, The supposedly dangerous thing concerning or researchers must put the following ques- reconstruction of the past can be formulated tions to ourselves: What kind of quality do I with the aid of David Lowenthal. "History" demand? From what point of view? Do I have is when we see the past as "the other". explicit and/or implicit purposes behind my "Heritage", among which are reconstructions, demands for "good quality"? What are my becomes an equality of then and now, "they" ideals? It is in fact the conception of "bad- become "us" (Lowenthal 1997:139).But is it quality" reconstruction that makes it possible dangerous and wrong? Jay Anderson, who has for each of us to formulate alternatives. focused on the theme of "living history" in Probably reconstruction would be boring if it his book Time Machines. The 14orld of living was adapted to suit, say, professional ar- History (1984), is of the opinion that living chaeologists. history in different forms is not a "lunatic Reconstructions are part of the growing fringe" but "a medium of historical research sector of cultural tourism. As the anthro- interpretation and celebration that is ab- pologist Inge Damm points out concerning solutely right for our times" (Anderson the cultural tourism sector, it is sensitive to 1984:189).Even though he is a historian, he mass effect. If cultural tourism becomes respects a kind of empathy that challenges commonplace it loses its exclusive cultural everyone involved and is as important as value (Damm 1995:26f). I think this is one understanding (Anderson 1984:191). aspect ofthe criticism against reconstruction. Kevin Walsh, on the other hand, has It is easy to find fault, and much harder expressed sharp criticism of so-called heritage to find valid alternatives and at the same time centres and open-air museums in our (post-) be tolerant of who may be permitted to do modern times (Walsh 1992:94ff). He sees reconstruction and of what reconstruction is. empathy as a dangerous thing, excluding But who is to give permission, and for what? questions and criticism, promoting escapism The ethnologist Orvar Löfgren writes of and the idea that time travel is possible and tourism that it has been exposed to elitist criti- that history becomes constructed as a single que from the beginning. When the tourism historian's monopoly (Walsh 1992:102). He

Current Syyedish Archaeotagy, Vcrt. 7, tillte 146 Bodil Petersson means that it is dangerous when it becomes concept of quality within the complex, ex- difficult to discern education from enter- tensive and expansive world ofreconstructing tainment. He discusses the possibility to relive the past. the past; that many heritage centres have the The advantage of re-creating the past with ambition to give the visitor a "first-person" the help of reconstructions is that they invite experience, while a former "third-person" you to an archaeology of the senses, that is, interpretation would be more accurate (Walsh that all senses are allowed to be used in the 1992:101). encounter with the past. Reconstructions I see an important difference between encourage an active, four-dimensional, do- experiencing and living the past, between it-yourself participation in the essence of third-person and first-person achievements. interpretations of material culture. Recon- Experience does not necessarily mean that I structions inevitably reveal the miscon- as a visitor am part of history. That is more ceptions and obscurities inherent in written explicit in "living" the past. I mean that it is interpretations. possible to distinguish between places that go in for experience, and places that want English revised by Laura Wrang. the visitor to "live" in the past. And I do not think that either of them is wrong. The conflict here is at the level of single heritage A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS centres and open-air sites that reconstruct the Thanks to Birgitta Håkansson, Kristina past. Some have not decided what form the Jennbert and Jes Wienberg for their con- place should have. I think that is part of the structive comments on the text, to Hilde- ambiguity of for example, the Viking Village brandsfonden for the grant which made it on Gotland. Are we as visitors "others" who possible for me to visit Gotland and take part come there, or are we members of Erik in Medieval Week, to Maj-Gun Blomberg at Bloodaxe's clan? It is better that each place the Bunge Open-air Museum on Gotland for decide which direction should be taken. information, and to Dan Carlsson, Gotland But I am optimistic about the aims of University College, for information about experiencing history, and I am positive to the Fjäle and Gervide. alternative it comprises to the traditional, sometimes dull, museum exhibitions with ABBREVIATION S their supposedly objective attitude. As I see SCA=Society for Creative Anachronism it, we are dealing with a hermeneutic under- VHD=Viking Heritage Database standing derived from practice and experience within the realm of "living history" activities PERSONAL COMMUNICATION from experiment to re-enactment. And it is Blomberg, Maj-Gun, Bunge Open-Air Museum, 1998-03-16. an understanding that accepts the "play with Carlsson, Dan, Gotland University College, history", or re-enactment, one to reach as way 1998-03-26. an idea about the This wide and tolerant past. Stavgard guide, Stavgard Iron Age area, perspective, represented by Jay Anderson, is 1997-08-05. the best way to tackle and understand the

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