Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam)

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Feb, 2017

N A T U R E C O N S E R V A T I O N S O C I E T Y O L D I T O R O A D , R E D M A , T O P - 2 , D A L T O N G A N J , 8 2 2 1 0 1 , J H Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam)

District- Latehar, Garhwa Jharkhand

Feb, 2017

Prepared by

Nature Conservation Society

Old ITO Road, Redma, TOP- 2, Daltonganj, PIN- 822101, Jharkhand.

Email- [email protected]: [email protected] Contact- Dr. D. S. Srivastava, Secretary Email- [email protected] +91 943 113 8638 Acknowledgement

We are thankful to PCCF and HoFF, Jharkhand, PCCF (wildlife) and CWLW, Jharkhand, CCF and Field Director, Palamau Tiger Reserve (PTR), DFOs of Core Area and Buffer Area Forest Divisions of Palamau Tiger Reserve, Range officer of forests of Kutku, Chhipadohar West, Baresanr and Garu West Ranges of PTR and all forest staff of these ranges for their help and support during the survey and preparation of this document.

We are thankful to village surveyors and villagers of submergence area and impact zone villages for their support in survey and gathering of information on various issues related to Mandal Dam and forest around.

We are thankful to Department of Forest & Environment, Government of Jharkhand, Water Resource Department, Government of Jharkhand, District Administration, Latehar and Garhwa and Panchayat Representatives of Barwadih, Garu, Baresanr, Kutku, Bhandaria and Madgari for use of documents and records under this study.

We are highly obliged and offer our sincere thanks to Palamau Tiger Reserve management for the use of facilities during survey, use of camera trap photographs and permission for conduction of this study.

Dr. D. S. Srivastava, Secretary, Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj

i Preface

Dams and reservoirs have played a key role in economic development, serving a variety of purposes, including electricity generation, flood control, and irrigation. However, large dams have been a subject of growing international debate and controversy. Disagreements and confusion over what happened in the past has splintered the debate, with polarization between people grouped in stark terms as proponents and opponents of dams. Rivers, watersheds, and aquatic ecosystems are the biological engines of the planet. They are the basis for life and the livelihoods of local communities. Understanding, protecting, and restoring ecosystems at river basin level is essential to foster equitable human development and the welfare of all species. Dams transform landscapes and create risks of irreversible impacts. Clashes of ideas between dam proponents and critics have brought the large dams issue into focus as one of the most intensely debated issues in sustainable development in the world.

As applied to dam projects, the core idea of sustainability and development is that all resource management decisions must give adequate weight to accommodating both consumption and conservation as well as to the legitimate role of equity.

Dam promoters face the challenge of devising sustainable strategies that both accommodate societal demands and maintain the essential geomorphic and ecological functions of hydrologic systems while simultaneously pursuing the attainment of economic prosperity, environmental quality and social equity. Large dams have been the subject of growing international debate and controversy. They have played a key role in economic development, serving a variety of purposes, including electricity generation, flood control, and irrigation.

Dams provide about 20% of the world‟s electric power. They also provide flood control services and water supplies for agriculture. There are about forty-five thousand large dams in the world. About half of the world‟s dams are in China and India. Yet concern about their adverse environmental, social, and even economic impacts is growing. (Manatunga, Nakayama and Priyadarshan, Impact of reservoirs- 2000)

ii The opposition to the dam and reservoir construction comes mainly from Social and environmental NGOs platform who fear about large scale displacement of local tribal population and loss of natural forest and wildlife which is vital for ecology and climate change.

The fact is that both proponent and opposition pursue their ideas independently and both suffer with loss. The government planning is never on sustainability parameters and never considers the stake holder as parameters, hence all trouble. The projects take long time to complete and real purpose of the project is defeated.

The North Koel Reservoir Project is no different than other major hydro- electric project conceived from time- to- time in India. This project also started in 1970s and still facing various difficulties in completion. The hard-public money is being wasted till now for no fruitful result. The submergence area has tribal villages including most primitive tribes who will be displaced. The forest and wildlife will also be impacted and dam may change the ecology of entire area also. The impacts on precious forest, rare wildlife and local indigenous people would be seen in this project also.

The following are the main points regarding the events leading to present stage: The North Koel Reservoir Project was conceived at village Mandal, Block-Barwadih in 1970-71 by Irrigation Department, the then Govt. of Bihar. The dam was conceived at 364.82 m height from which water will be released for feeding Mohammadganj and Indrapuri Barrage. The hydro- electricity generation of 24MW is also in the planning. The work started and almost every structure was created except the installation of sluice gate and spillway. The construction of dam started well before the promulgation of Forest Conservation Act, 1980. The forest department initiated action under this Act, when installation of sluice gate was started in 1993. The matter was reported to Govt. of India of the status.

The project received clearance from Project Tiger, Govt. Of India vide letter No. 11025/75-FRY (PT), dated 16 Nov, 1978 which included 5 conditions for compliance.

The process of forest diversion was started in 1982 for the forest measuring 4,170.48 ha. The Govt. of India asked for certain clarification in 1982 which was not submitted.

3 Govt. of IndiaVide Letter No. 03/89/80-HCT/EH-5 dated 02 January, 1984 provided Environmental clearance of the dam and gave 8 conditions for compliances. The Govt. of India again asked clarification on 14 points vide its letter no. 8-178/82-FC dated 30.07.1986.

The irrigation department tried to install the gate in 1993 but was not allowed by Palamau Tiger Reserve management. The matter was reported to Govt. of Bihar and Govt. of India by Palamau Tiger Reserve (PTR).

Govt. of India vide its letter No. DO No. 4-24/93-PT dated 14.07.1993 ordered for stoppage of construction activity of the dam and asked for fixing of responsibility for violation.

After the formation of New state of Jharkhand, the water resource department, Jharkhand furnished the information on 14 points sought by Govt. of India vide its letter No. 8-178/82-FC dated 30.07.1986. This submission involved 6,023.53 ha of forest land for diversion which was different from the earlier proposal of 4,170.48 ha which was against the guideline of forest conservation act, 1980. As the proposal involved huge area of PTR, the PCCF, Jharkhand referred to the judgement to the H‟ble Supreme Court that any forest land diversion in tiger reserve should have prior approval of NBWL and H‟ble Supreme Court.

The Govt. of India asked the regional office, Bhubaneswar to carry out site inspection but it was not done because state govt. has not submitted the forest diversion proposal.

A meeting was called by Govt. of India on 09.01.2015 under the chairmanship of DG (forests), GoI which was attended by MPs, NTCA officers of Bihar and Jharkhand. It was resolved that approval of NTCA, NBWL and H‟ble Supreme Court must be obtained before submission of proposal under Forest Conservation Act.

A meeting held on 07.05.2015 in Parliament House resolved to initiate the proposal for seeking wildlife and forest clearances under the forest Conservation Act, Environment Protection Act and Wildlife Protection Act.

A meeting again held under the chairmanship of H‟ble Minister- Environment & forest, GoI and decided to nominate Mr. Aftab Alam and Md. Ezaj Ahmed as Nodal Officer for this project.

4 The Executive Engineer, Water Resource Department, Medininagar informed Govt. of Bihar on dated 06.05.2015 on the consent to decrease FRL from 367.25 m to 362.28 m. So, submergence area will be reduced from 5113.36 ha to 4253.68 ha.

A letter from National Tiger Conservation Authority, New Delhi vide letter No. F. No.-9-1/2016-NTCA dated- 08.09.2016 was received by Chief Wildlife Warden, Govt. of Jharkhand with a minute of the meeting on North Koel Project held on 11.08.2016 under the Chairmanship of Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister. The letter communicated the decisions taken during the meeting as following: I. It is in principle decided to take up completion of the project. II. The ponding level with be kept at 341 m (MDDL). III. For this ponding the Govt. of Jharkhand will estimate and submit to the Central Water Commission, the following: Submergence with ground truthing. Project design and Execution plan IV. The Govt. of Jharkhand will submit offline application for forest clearance. The application will also mention the issue of 1164.53 ha of forest submergence for compensatory afforestation. V. The state Govt., in consultation with Govt. of Bihar will submit another application to Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) for exemption from compensatory afforestation of the submergence area of 1164.53 ha by making out of strong case for the same. VI. The MoWR will verify whether the project was ever approved under AIBP and releases made. Appropriate action will be taken based on the finding and, VII. The NITI Aayog will review the progress and send report within a month. This site-specific Wildlife Management Plan is being prepared to fulfil the condition under forest conservation act and wildlife protection act for diversion of forest land in PTR and impact on wildlife. The Nature Conservation Society (NCS), Daltonganj was contacted by M/s Mantec consultants Pvt Ltd, Noida for this work in December, 2016 and this plan is being submitted to M/s Mantec consultants Pvt. Ltd., Noida for needful.

5 The NCS consulted Field Director, PTR and DFO, Core Area Forest Division of PTR during the preparation of this plan. The suggestions received were incorporated in this plan.

Dr D. S. Srivastava, Secretary Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj

6 Project Survey Team

Dr. D. S. Srivastava, Former Prof. of Zoology, Principal Investigator

Sri Vikash Kumar Seth, M.Sc. Biodiversity Scientist

Sri Sanjay Xaxa, M.Sc. Biodiversity Scientist

Sri Banaras Singh, M.Sc. Biodiversity Scientist

Sri Anil Kumar, B.Com and P.G. IN RD. Social Scientist

Sri Ajit Kumar, MA, Social Scientist

Sri Manish Kumar Bakshi, M.Sc., GIS Expert

Sri Avinash Kumar, GIS Expert

Field Survey Personnel

Miss Shila Kumari, Village- Khurra

Sri Munna Kisan, Village- Kutku

Chaturgun Singh, Village- Baresanr

Somar Oraon- Village- Tisia

Birssai Oraon, Village- Kujrum

Rimish Oraon, Village- Kujrum

Kanhai Mishra, Village- Mandal

Maksood Alam, Village- Barwadih

Arjun Oraon, Village- Mandal

Sawan Kisan, Village- Madgari

Manoj Kisan, Village- Totki

vii

Contents

Page Chapter Topics No. 1 Introduction 1 to 64 2 Impact of the project 66- 70 3 Objectives and mitigation strategies 71- 84 Proposed management intervention from Project 4 85- 89 Authorities 5 Management interventions for Forest Dept 90- 98 6 Suggested Recommendation 99- 107

viii

List of Maps

Location map submergence area and 10 km Map- 1: 1 impact zone

Map- 2: Submergence/ core area of Mandal dam 11

Map- 3: Villages in impact zone 14

Map- 4: Drainage system 21

Map- 5: Transportation in 10 km Buffer Zone 22

Map- 6: Kutku Dam infrastructure 23

Map- 7: Palamau Tiger Reserve 26

Map- 8: Forest Cover Map of Impact Area 45

Tiger movement in Impact zone and adjoining Map- 9: 50 area Map- Elephant Movement impact zone and adjoining 51 10: area

Map- Line Transect 65 12:

Map- Catchment area and Erosion map 67 12:

Map- Proposed rehabilitation site- 1 & 2 72 13: Map- Proposed extension of Core (CTH) and Buffer of 72 14: PTR

Map- Proposed rehabilitation site- 1 & 2 100 15:

List of Graphs

Graph- 1: Population Structure in impact zone 13

Graph- 2: Land use in submergence villages 17

Graph- 3: Land use in 10 km buffer villages in 18 sampled villages

Graph- 4: Village Livelihood and sustenance 20

Graph- 5: Impact Area 45

Graph- 6: Forest cover of Buffer Area 46

Graph- 7: Transact layout and sample plot design 59

Page List of Tables No. Table- 1: Dam related facts 8 Table- 2: Infrastructure created as Mandal Colony in initial 9 days Table- 3: Submergence land types 9 Table- 4: Demography of Submergence villages 11 Table- 5: Demography of 10 km impact zone villages 13 Table- 6: Cropping pattern 16 Table- 7: Existing land use in core area sampled villages 17 Table- 8: Agricultural land use in impact zone in sampled 18 villages Table- 9: NTFP collection pattern 19 Table- 10: Break up of submergence land 27 Table- 11: Vegetation dynamics 36 Table- 12:Shannon-Wiener diversity index 39 Table- 13: Invasive species of study area 40 Table- 14: List of mammals found in impact zone 44 Table- 15: Forest Cover of the impact zone 46 Table- 16: Mammals reported in survey 48

Table- 17 : Compensation rates 54

Table- 18: Compensation paid in buffer area of PTR 54

Table- 17: Compensation payment by PTR during 2016-17 55 Table- 18: Transect Line Details 64 Table- 19: Delivery Ratio (DR) Criteria 66 Table- 20: Rehabilitated villages (as per WR Department) 69 Table- 21: Details of required fund for CAT Plan 76 Table- 22: List of species to plant in green belt 78 Citation- All camera trap photographs, courtesy- Palamau Tiger Reserve. All Photographs courtesy- Nature Conservation Society and Team All Maps preparation Courtesy- Sri Manish Kumar Bakshi © Nature Conservation Society, 2017

Chapter- 1

Introduction (including 10 km impact zone)

1.A Introduction

1.A.1 Location of the project

This concrete cum masonry Dam project is situated at 186 river kilometers of the North Koel River in village Kutku, block- Bhandaria, Dist. Garhwa, Jharkhand (Latitude 23o 40‟30” N, Longitude-83o59‟0”E).

The dam site falls under the buffer area of Palamau Tiger Reserve in the Kutku range of Core Forest Division of PTR.

Map- 1: Location map, submergence area and 10 km impact zone

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 1 1.A.2 Project at a glance-

1. The North Koel Project was conceived in the late sixties by the Department of Irrigation, Govt. of Bihar. It is being implemented at Mandal in Barwadih Block of Latehar District in Jharkhand. The dam is being constructed on river North Koel (a tributary of river Son) to benefit Aurangabad and Gaya district of Bihar and Palamau district of Jharkhand. The dam has 64.82 meter (212.7 ft) height from which water will be released for augmenting Mohammadganj Barrage and Indrapuri Barrage. Hydro- electric power generation would be 24 MW. The project would submerge 8 villages within the Palamau Tiger Reserve.

The head work of dam as well as barrage falls in Jharkhand and the distribution system fall both in Bihar and Jharkhand. As per the Gazette Notification of Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India on dated 14th Nov, 2000, the project shall continue to be looked after as per the existing arrangement by the Successor State of Bihar.

The construction of dam is almost complete. Only sluice gate and spillway gates are to be installed. The construction of dam and ancillary activities started much before the promulgation of the forest clearance Act in 1980 and continued without hindrance. It was only at the time of installation of sluice gates in 1993 when some serious action was taken by the forest department and the matter was reported to MoEF, Govt. of India.

2. After enactment of forest conservation Act, 1980 the process of diversion of forest land was started. The Govt. of Bihar vide its letter No. Vanbhumi/ha02/82-260V dated 21.06.1982 had sent a diversion proposal to MoEF for diversion of 4170.48 ha of forest area. The MoEF vide its letter No. 8-178/82 FRY (cons.) dated 03.07.1982 asked for certain clarification which could not be complied with the satisfaction of MoEF.

3. MoEF vide its letter No. 3/89/80-HCT/EM-5 dated 02 Jan, 1984 gave Environment clearance with condition which are given below:

i) Adequate fuel arrangements to the construction workers should be made at project cost and open a depot at the site of the project. Authorities will make arrangements for alternative measures.

ii) Restoration of construction area should be under taken to the extent possible, by leveling and filling borrow pits, landscaping etc.

iii) A detailed report for treatment of catchments area should be prepared and adequate budget provided in the scheme to treat at least 20% of the catchments at the rate of Rs. 5,000/- per ha.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 2 iv) A master plan should be prepared for the rehabilitation of the ousters with rehabilitation sites selected outside the forest area. Rehabilitation plan should also provide for the 13 affected villages due to extension of the Nation Park.

v) Equivalent forest area submerged should be acquired or transferred from revenue land by project authorities for afforestation in the command area. For this adequate should be made in the estimate.

vi. A 500mt. Green belt in forest and 50mt. green belt in non -forest area should be treated around reservoir.

vii. A special monitoring committee should be constituted to oversee the effective implementation of suggested safeguards in consultation with the department of Environment.

viii. The buffer zone of the Palamau National Park should be extended up to the river North Koel and the 13 Villages thus affected should be rehabilitation outside.

4. Again the MoEF, Govt. of India vide its letter no. 8-178/82-FC dated 30.07.1986 asked for clarification on 14 points which are given below:

i. A fresh map showing complete forest boundary and location of each item of project work both in forest & non forest land and requirement of area item –wise in metric units.

ii. Land use plan for 557.80 acres of forest land required for dam colony and roads along with Full Justification.

iii. Total submergence area, its break up into forest and non- forest land going under submergence of various FRL levels i.e. below 2m, 3m and 4m. Whether, forest land going under submergence up to 4m form FRL can be saved from felling of trees as these water is not likely to stand for more than a month.

iv. Catchment area of the project along with its break up into forest land, agriculture land and others, along with details of catchment area treatment plan.

v. Total command area.

vi. A detailed rehabilitation plan for settlement of 3,524 persons likely to be displaced due to Project. A certificate to the effect that no forest land will be utilized for rehabilitation ousters. The breakup of ousters into tribal's and non- tribal's, if any may also be given.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 3 vii. A comprehensive scheme of compensatory plantation over equivalent non- forest land as per guidelines issued by the department.

viii. Cost benefits analysis as per guidelines issued by the department.

ix. Total number of trees likely to be sacrificed and their enumeration list.

x. Comments of Chief Wildlife warden form wildlife point of view as it have been mentioned in the proposal that 890 acres of forest area likely to be submerged, falls in core area of Palamau Tiger Project.

xi. Present construction stage of the project works including works done in the forest area before 25.10.80 and after 25.10.80.

xii. If works have been done after 25.10.1980 in the forest land, the reasons for violation may be furnished.

xiii. A copy of the detailed project report.

xiv. Item- wise and year wise expenditure incurred so far.

5. The irrigation department tried to install the gates in 1993 rains but was not allowed by the Project Tiger Authorities. The matter was reported to Govt. of Bihar and Govt. of India by Palamau Tiger Reserve.

6. MoEF vide its letter no. D.O. No. -4 -24/93 -PT dated 14 July 1993 ordered for stoppage of construction activities and fixing of responsibility for violations.

7. After the formation of the new State of Jharkhand, the Water Resources Department, Jharkhand while furnishing the information on 14 points sought by the Ministry vide its letter dated 30.07.86 submitted a proposal which involved diversion of 6,023.53 ha of forest land. The letter of the Water Resource Department dated 13.06.2009 referred to land involving 6,203.53 ha, which was different from the earlier proposal of 4170.48 ha. The area to be diverted for the project was changed, which is against Para 4.14 (i) (c) of the guidelines issued under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.

8. The Proposal involved huge areas of Palamau Tiger Reserve, P.C.C.F., Jharkhand referred to the judgments of H'ble Supreme Court in W.P. No. 202 of 1995, where in diversion of land coming under National Park/ Wildlife Sanctuary cannot be submitted without obtaining prior approval of the NBWL and H'ble Supreme Court.

9. On receipt of the State Govt. letter dated 12.10.09 the Ministry asked the Regional Office, Bhubaneswar to carry out the site inspection. The Regional Office could not carry out the

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 4 inspection as no proposal for diversion of 6,203.53 ha was submitted by the State Government.

10. A letter dated 16.7.2014 from the Ministry of Rural Development, Panchayati Raj, Drinking Water & sanitation, Govt. of India regarding waiving of the condition of making available alternate land in lieu of forest land likely to be submerged under North Koel Irrigation Project. The meeting was called by the Ministry involving all the stakeholders on 9th January, 2015 under the chairmanship of DGF & SS, which was attended by H'ble MPs, ADG (Project Tiger) & Member Secretary (NTCA), Officers of Bihar & Jharkhand State Governments.

In the meeting, Officers of the Forest Department, Jharkhand intimated that since the area proposed for diversion falls under the Palamau Tiger Reserve, Prior approval of NTCA/ NBWL/ H'ble Supreme Court has to be obtained before submitting the proposal under Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. He has been intimated that Forest Environment Department, Government of Jharkhand vide their letter dated 05.11.14 has requested Water Resources Department Jharkhand to submit the proposal in accordance with the rules and guidelines issued by the Govt. of India. The same has not been submitted by Water Resources Department.

11. In a meeting which was held under the Chairmanship of H'ble Minister of Environment Forest & Climate Change on 7th May 2015 at Room No.63, Parliament House, New Delhi, following decisions were taken and all concerns requested to take further action on the minutes of the meeting : -

i. The State Govt. of Jharkhand will immediately initiate the process for submission of the proposals for seeking Wildlife/Project Tiger, Environmental and Forest Clearances as per the provisions of the wildlife Act, 1972, Environment protection Act, 1986 and Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 respectively after due recommendation of the State Board of Wildlife. The State Govt. will process the proposals simultaneously to avoid delay.

ii. The State Govt. of Jharkhand will hold a meeting with the officers of the MoEF&CC dealing with environmental clearance and try to find out the possibility of reducing the time taken in conducting environmental impact assessment study required for the purpose of granting environmental clearance.

iii. In view of the fact that fresh proposals are being submitted by the State Govt. of Jharkhand for the purpose of wildlife /project tiger clearances, Member Secretary, NTCA will constitute a new committee, after receipt of the proposal to assess the impact of the project on the Palamau Tiger Reserve and Wildlife. The committee shall include the experts form hydrology, irrigation and agriculture in addition to

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 5 the experts from forest and wildlife field. The committee while assessing the impact of the project will also consider the recommendation of the report submitted by the committee constituted by the NTCA vides O.M No.15-46/2010(PT) Dated 06.01.2011.

iv. The Payment of Net Present Value (NPV) in respect of such public utility projects is being taken separately as a policy issue in the Ministry.

v. The inter -State issues coming up in the project regarding sharing the cost for providing the land for compensatory afforestation and any other issue shall be resolved by the state at their level through inter -State discussion.

vi. As far as carrying out compensatory afforestation in lieu of diversion of forest land is concerned, as per the guidelines under Forest (Conservation) Act, the compensatory afforestation is required to be taken in the State where the land is being diverted for the non -forestry activities. Therefore, the State Govt. of Jharkhand can identify the land in accordance with the relevant Forest (Conservation) guidelines. However, if the State Govt. of Bihar intends to provide land or compensatory afforestation, the Ministry may consider relaxing the guidelines in this regard for the sake of the public utility projects.

12. In incompliance to the minutes of the meeting of Ministry of Environment & Forest Climate Change which was held under the Chairmanship of H'ble Minister of Environment & Forest Climate Change on 7th May, 2015 at Parliament House, New Delhi, Government of Jharkhand, Department of Water Resources vide letter No.- 671 dated- 21.05.2015 and Govt. of Bihar, Department of Water Resources vide letter No.- 760 dated- 09.05.2015 nominated Mr. Aftab Alam and Md Ezaj respectively as Nodal Officers for this project.

13. Executive Engineer, Organization & Monitoring Division, Medininagar vide his letter No.- 139 dated- 13.08.2015 informed that Government of Bihar vide its letter No.- 300 dated 06.05.2015 agreed to decrease the FRL from 367.25mt. to 362.28 meter. In these circumstances, the submergence area which falls under the Palamau Tiger Reserve comes down from 5113.36 ha. to 4253.68 ha.

14. A letter from National Tiger Conservation Authority, New Delhi vide letter No. F. No.-9- 1/2016-NTCA dated- 08.09.2016 was received by Chief Wildlife Warden, Govt. of Jharkhand with minutes of the meeting on North Koel Project held on 11.08.2016 under the Chairmanship of Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister. The letter communicated the following decisions taken during the meeting:

I. It is in principle decided to take up completion of the project. II. The ponding level with be kept at 341 m (MDDL).

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 6 III. For this ponding the Govt. of Jharkhand will estimate and submit to the Central Water Commission, the following: Submergence with ground truthing. Project design and Execution plan IV. The Govt. of Jharkhand will submit offline application for forest clearance. The application will also mention the issue of 1,164.53 ha of forest submergence for compensatory afforestation. V. The State Govt., in consultation with Govt. of Bihar will submit another application to Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) for exemption from compensatory afforestation of the submergence area of 1,164.53 ha by making out of strong case for the same. VI. The MoWR will verify whether the project was ever approved under AIBP and releases made. Appropriate action will be taken based on the finding and, VII. The NITI Aayog will review the progress and send report within a month.

15. The Water Resource Dept., Govt. of Jharkhand hired the services of M/s Mantec consultants Pvt. Ltd., Noida for compliances of the requirements leading to completion of the project.

Photo- 1: Mandal Dam

The forest area, village area, submergence area is provided in this report as per the data provided by M/s Mantec consultants Pvt. Ltd., Noida.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 7

1 Common Top level of dam El 372.0 m Height of dam from lowest river bed 67.86 m Bottom width at maximum spillway 73.74 m section Top width of dam 8.75 m Total length 343 m Instruments 190 numbers 2 Outlet works Construction Sluices 2 Nos. of 2.5 m X 3 m each Low level sluices 2 Nos. of 2 m X 3 m each Irrigation sluices 4 Nos. of 2 m X 3 m each Average discharge 20 cu.Mt./second for each 3 Gates Construction sluice gates 2 Nos. of 2.5 m X 3 m Low level sluice gates 2 Nos. of 2 m X 3 m Irrigation sluice gates 9 Nos. of 2 m X 3 m Average discharge 9 Nos. of 15 m X 15 m 4 Right Masonry cum concrete Dyke Total Length 278 m Maximum height 36.00 m Instruments 69 numbers 5 Right Earthen Dyke Total length 270 m Average height 16.50 m 6 CCA CCA in Bihar 111800 Ha CCA in Jharkhand 12470 Ha Total CCA 124270 Ha (Source- feasibility report of Kutku Dam by M/s Mantec Consultants) Table- 1: Dam related facts

The Water Resource Department has constructed a colony and created infrastructures at Mandal which is within 1.5 km of the Dam. There are 736 no. of residential quarters and 45 nos. of non- residential establishments in this colony as given below:

S No. Type of Buildings No. of Quarters 1. B- type Residential Quarters 1 2 C- type Residential Quarters 7 3. D- type Residential Quarters 44 4. E- type Residential Quarters 176 5. F- type Residential Quarters 252

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 8

6. G- type Residential Quarters 200 7 Officers Hostel 12 8. Labour Hutments 44 9. Labour Hutments, Post Office, School, Office, I.B. in the 45 form of non- residential Buildings Total infrastructure created 781 Table- 2: Infrastructure created as Mandal Colony in initial days

Photo- 2: Market Area at Mandal and dilapilated building of Mandal colony

As per status report on implementation of environmental safe Guards by Superintending Engineer, North Koel Dam Construction Circle, Mandal, Palamau (March, 1994), the total population in Govt. Quarters are 3,680 nos. if each quarter have on average 5 people per family. The additional population of about 820 nos. belongs to shopkeepers and contractors making regular colony population about 4,500 nos. Daily labour requirements increases in day time population of the colony and varies from 500 to 1,000 nos.

1.A.3 Forest block and proposed land use:

The project falls under Palamau Tiger Reserve, Core Area Forest Division, Kutku and Chhipadohar West Ranges and Kutku, Mandal and Morwai Beats. The dam construction area is situated at Mandal village. The submergence area at FRL 341m will be 1,637.95 ha which includes following land types:

Village GM Jangal Jhar Nadi Ghati* Forest Total S name Land (JJ) No Area (in ha) 1 Kutku 445.16 676.79 71.64 0 1193.59 2 Bhajna 98.09 136.31 8.86 0 243.26

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 9

3 Khura 0 16.17 0 0 16.17 4 Chemo 0 0 2.88 0 2.88 5 Saneya 4.03 0 0 45.03 49.06 6 Khaira 0 3.43 0 0 3.43 7 Mandal 0 3.43 0 0 3.43 8 Meral 0 126.13 0 0 126.13 Total 547.28 962.26 83.38 45.03 1637.95 * Land as acquired by State Irrigation Department Table- 3: Submergence land types

1.A.4 Status of Forest clearance proposal and environment clearance-

The forest clearance proposal as per the recent requirement on FRL 341m have been submitted online on dated 31st January, 2017 (Source M/s Mantec Consultants).

1.B. Villages and habitation core & buffer, demography, occupation, cropping pattern, impact and dependency on forest, NTFP

1.B.1. Village profile:

The impact of the project will fall on 64 villages residing in core (submergence area) and buffer (10 km impact zone). Water Resource Department is off the view that there is no villages in submergence area and all have been rehabilitated. But our survey indicates the following:

1.B.1.1. Core Area (Submergence Area):

The core area villages consisting of dam site and submergence area has 8 villages which are fully or partially submerging under reservoir, these are Mandal, Kutku, Khaira Khura, Bhajna, Meral, Saneya and Chemu. The core area has 670 household with total population of 3,185 consisting of 68.45% of ST population. The literacy rate comes to 30.38% and about 50.36% of non- workers in the population. The tribes in also include most primitive belonging to Korwa, Nagesia, Parahiya and Birjiya. These Dravidian Tribes are also hunters and gatherers. These villages have following demography:

Name OBC S. Admin. Gram House Total Literate Non of S.C. S.T. & No. Block Panchayat hold Population (in %) Worker Village Others Marwai 1 Mandal Barwadih 230 1,043 164 524 355 23.11 599 Kalan 2 Meral Barwadih Lat 35 212 - 212 - 43.83 120 3 Kutku Bhandaria Madgari (Ch) 101 460 44 416 - 38.91 187 4 Bhajna Bhandaria Madgari (Ch) 15 82 8 53 21 25.61 44 5 Khura Bhandaria Madgari (Ch) 81 379 - 350 29 8.97 188

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 10

6 Khaira Bhandaria Madgari (Ch) 2 13 - 13 - 46.15 3 7 Chemo Bhandaria Madgari (Ch) 73 321 - 122 199 5.92 139 8 Saneya Bhandaria Madgari (Ch) 133 675 59 490 126 50.52 324 Total 670 3,185 275 2,180 730 30.38 1,604 Table- 4: Demography of Submergence villages 1.B.1.2 Buffer Area or impact zone of Kutku dam The 10 km buffer of Kutku Dam spreads over 56 villages of District Garhwa and Latehar mainly. A small part of Chainpur Block of Palamau District and Chunchuna Block of Chhattisgarh State. The major impact analysis was made in 56 villages only.

Map- 2: Submergence/ core area of Mandal dam The buffer area consisting of 6,990 households with the population of 35,779. It has tribal population of 69.89% of the total. This population consisting of most primitive as well as normal tribes likes Oraon, Khairwar and Chero. The literacy rate is nearly 39% in these villages. The non- workers are nearly 52.61% of the population.

S. Name of Admin. House Total OBC & Literate Non S.C. S.T. No. Village Block hold Population Others (in %) Worker

1 Parro Bhandaria 1,067 175 41.99 494 206 23 869 2 Harta Bhandaria 393 1,972 310 1110 552 51.46 1409 Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 11

3 Kurun Bhandaria 257 1348 91 874 383 45.42 889 4 Bijka Bhandaria 403 2399 0 1906 493 32.56 1001 5 Duthu Bhandaria 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 6 Arar Bhandaria 12 78 0 78 0 73.08 31 7 Ledki Bhandaria 171 775 0 754 21 35.48 219 8 Binda Bhandaria 228 1183 175 942 66 42.86 781 9 Chapalsi Bhandaria 37 230 30 200 0 60.00 131 10 Majri Bhandaria 163 854 0 770 84 41.33 495 11 Marda Bhandaria 238 1205 216 693 296 45.98 614 12 Nauka Bhandaria 259 1282 41 907 334 52.89 624 13 Rud Bhandaria 53 232 17 122 93 43.53 110 14 Bhajna Bhandaria 15 82 8 53 21 25.61 44 15 Bijpur Bhandaria 98 535 1 436 98 56.26 273 16 Chapiya Bhandaria 56 269 - 268 1 40.15 116 17 Chemo Bhandaria 73 321 - 122 199 5.92 139 18 Hesatu Bhandaria 131 622 - 507 115 36.33 280 19 Khaira Bhandaria 2 13 - 13 - 46.15 3 20 Khura Bhandaria 81 379 - 350 29 8.97 188 21 Korwadih Bhandaria ------22 Korwadih Bhandaria 2 4 - 4 - 50.00 - 23 Kudgara Bhandaria ------24 Kulhi Bhandaria 42 199 - 166 33 34.67 108 25 Kutku Bhandaria 101 460 44 416 - 38.91 187 26 Madgari Bhandaria 921 4,276 1,734 445 2,097 46.52 2,076 27 Parro Bhandaria 206 1,067 23 869 175 41.99 494 28 Polpol Bhandaria 22 90 - 90 - 48.89 35 29 Saneya Bhandaria 133 675 59 490 126 50.52 324 30 Sangali Bhandaria 45 203 - 72 131 15.76 100 31 Saruat Bhandaria 85 412 - 292 120 25.97 208 32 Telri Bhandaria 166 888 465 423 - 73.20 731 33 Totki Bhandaria 55 299 29 268 2 44.82 64 34 Tumera Bhandaria 43 167 - 164 3 29.94 86 35 Turer Bhandaria 71 312 - 310 2 44.23 164 36 Karamdih Barwadih 73 398 - 396 2 33.67 152 37 Tatha Barwadih 118 650 - 643 7 38.15 326 38 Barkheta Barwadih 205 1,183 9 1,149 25 30.52 658 39 Bere Barwadih 170 890 112 697 81 33.71 660 40 Gasedag Barwadih 109 592 - 587 5 20.44 452 41 Harhe Barwadih 157 788 21 648 119 36.55 436 Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 12

42 Khamhikhas Barwadih 55 305 - 282 23 52.79 161 43 Meral Barwadih 35 212 - 212 - 43.83 120 44 Lat Barwadih 216 1,215 38 1,105 72 30.45 494 45 Mandal Barwadih 230 1,043 164 524 355 23.11 599 Morwai 46 Barwadih 457 2,436 532 1,752 152 53.28 1,287 Kalan Morwai 47 Barwadih 52 237 64 173 - 43.88 75 Khurd 48 Nawarnago Barwadih 33 182 - 182 - 56.04 77 49 Patradih Barwadih 28 140 - 118 22 37.86 89 50 Serandag Barwadih 79 447 10 436 1 47.65 216 51 Sindhorwa Barwadih 24 123 24 97 2 48.78 50 52 Tanwai Barwadih 41 210 - 210 - 43.81 79 53 Mangra Garu 7 37 - 37 - 43.24 18 54 Latu Garu 35 206 3 203 - 47.33 132 55 Kujrum Garu 45 281 0 281 0 36.30 187 56 Tisia Mahuadanr 53 306 - 290 16 19.93 139 Table- 5: Demography of 10 km impact zone villages 1.B. 2 Occupation, Cropping pattern and dependency on forest: As the area is dominated by forest dwelling tribal population which has the history of total dependency on forest for their livelihood, culture and religion. They practice very little agriculture because Population Structure 0.00 the land is unfit for major agricultural practices. The low lands are cultivated with paddy and uplands are used for maize and oil seeds cultivation. The 11.86 agriculture practice sustains for about 3 months for their sustenance. The other occupations like government service and other income generation services is mostly 5%. The rest of the occupation depends upon agricultural labourer and other categories of labours. This area is also a Naxalite- Structu prone area and most of the young girls are taking to re 69.89 big cities as domestic help. The villages also face ST crop damages due to presence of elephants and other wildlife around them. Graph- 1: Population Structure in impact zone

1.B.2.1 Agriculture

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 13 Although agriculture is main occupation in the villages, but productivity is very low because the main agriculture crops are practiced only in 10% of the village area. The land condition in buffer villages could be divided into upland (Tanr), Middle slope land (Chour), Down land (Dohar). The paddy is cultivated in dohar land whereas chour is utilized for maize, millet and Arhar. The uplands are generally not cultivated but sometimes Til is cultivated. One can see the vast stretch of upland in the villages covered with Lantana and has no use to the owner. Only 10- 15% of the owner‟s land is available for cultivation. Some areas have dohar in valleys in which summer paddy is also cultivated. Thus, the main cultivation consisting of paddy and maize sustain for about three to five months in the household. The land distribution in the villages is also depending upon the type of community residing in the villages.

Map- 3: Villages in impact zone

The best agriculture land is with the Cheros and Khairwars who are called „agriculture community‟. The community like Birjia and Parahiya belonging to most primitive tribe group are always found in separate hamlet in the some village, having very less land holding. These are

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 14 hunter and gatherer community. The Korwas are called baiga/ medicine- man and are found in the forest areas only. So, land distribution determines the type of agriculture practiced in the buffer villages. The old cultivation method is still used in these villages. The major crops are as following:

A. Kharif- Consists of Paddy, Madua, Maize, Goindli, Urad, Arhar, Moong, Til and Ground- nut.

B. Rabi- The early rabi crops are Kulthi, Lotani, Sargujia whereas late rabi crops are pea, gram, potato, tomato etc. (Cropping pattern)

During the summer season, most of the land remain barren uncultivated with very little summer paddy and summer vegetation cultivation in dohar areas.

1.B.2.2 Cropping Pattern-

Paddy, maize and wheat are the major crops raised in the area. Followed by Bajra, Arhar, Moong, Gram, Sarso. The various vegetable and horticulture plants are also raised.

LOCAL NAME BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY A. CEREALS 1. Paddy Oryza sativa Poaceae 2. Maize Zea mays Poaceae 3. Wheat Triticumaestivum Poaceae 4. Barley Hordeumvulgare Poaceae 5. Bajra Pennisetumtyphoides Poaceae B. PULSES 1. Arhar Cajanuseajan Leguminosae 2. Gram Cicerarietinum Leguminosae 3. Lentil Lens culineris Leguminosae 4. Mung Phaseolusaureus Leguminosae 5. Khsesari Lathyrussativus Leguminosae 6. Kulthi Macrotylomauniflorum Leguminosae 7. Urid Phaseolusmungo Leguminosae 8. Barbati Vignaunguiculata Leguminosae C.OIL YIELDING PLANTS 1. Mustard Brassica campestris Cruciferae 2. Castor Ricinuscommunis Linaceae D. Spices 1. Chilly Capsicum annuum Solanaceae

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 15

2. Garlic Allium sativum Liliaceae 3. Adrak Zingiberofficinale Zingiberaceae E. VEGETABLES 1. Brinjal Solanummelongena Solanaceae 2. Lady‟s finger Abelmoschusesculentus Malvaceae 3. Karela Momordicacharantia Cucurbitaceae 4. Cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. botrytis Cruciferae

5. Pumpkin Cucurbitapepo Cucurbitaceae 6. Bean Phaseolus vulgaris Leguminosae 7. Parol Luffa cylindrical Cucurbitaceae 8. Jhinga Luffaacutangula Cucurbitaceae 9. Kundri Cocciniagrandis Cucurbitaceae 10. Kakori Momordicadioca Cucurbitaceae 11. Sahjan Moringaoleifera Moringaceae 12. Kohra Cueurbita maxima Cucurbitaceae F. FRUITS 1. Guava(piyara) Psidiumguajava Myrtaceae 2. Jamun Syzygiumcumini Myrtaceae 3. Ber Zizyphusmauritiana Myrtaceae 4. Papaya Carica papaya Caricaceae 5. Custard apple Anona reticulate Annonaceae 6. Bel Aeglemarmelos Myrtaceae 7. Toot Morus alba Moraceae 8. Dabh Citrus aurentifolia Myrtaceae 9. Kathal Artocarpusintegrifolia Moraceae 10. Pindra Catunaregamuliginosa - Table- 6: Cropping pattern

The village crop productivity is low as the cultivation is mostly rain fed. The low area is cultivated with Paddy which is most favored crop. The uplands is cultivated with maize in combination with Arhar and Til. The irrigated area has Wheat and Barley also. The Potato is cultivated by every one more or less. However, the production is not much. Very few sell Potato in the market. The following is the productivity percentage.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 16

Barren/ Area of Non Net Un- Un- Well/ Tube agricultural Sown cultivated Irrigated irrigated Well/ Pond usage Fallow Village area Area Area Area Area Canal land Kutku 8.14 60.4 30 80.7 30 30 130.65 102.8 Khaira 670.68 5.25 32 79.16 0 0 16.26 88.66 Khura 434.9 6.32 13 60.83 5 5 5.28 27.07 Saneya 41.62 0 39 111.03 4 4 0 108.69 Chemo 700.27 4.2 13 105.2 4 4 2.25 24.85 Bhajna 44.96 0 22 67.15 4 4 0 44.66 Total 1900.57 76.17 149 504.07 47 47 154.44 396.73 Table- 7: Existing land use in core area sampled villages

Land use in sampled core villages

10000

a) 1000

100

(in h a

A 10

Land use classes

Graph- 2: Land use in submergence villages

Agricultural Land Use in 10 km impact zone (sampled villages)

Well/ Area of

Barren/ Tube Non

net Un- Un- Well/ agri- Sown cultivated Irrigated irrigated pond cultural Fallow Village area Area Area Area Area Canal usage land Madgari 4.62 260.95 24 71.22 24 24 240.65 195.75 Lat 81.18 0 2 274.74 0 0 22.65 198.64 Serendag 86.05 0 1 84.95 0 0 44.38 249.92 Saidup 40.08 31.95 2 38.37 1 1 41.82 108.75 Patradih 24.76 0 1 24.26 0 0 8.31 42.58

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 17

Nawarnagu 44.47 0 1 168.39 0 0 12.45 130.25 Gasedag 51.98 0 1 96.58 0 0 13.57 80.51 Tongari 41.14 0 1 173.34 0 0 26.07 136.08 Harhe 69.72 0 1 189.01 0 0 59.13 124.34 Karamdih 37.67 0 1 100.98 0 0 18.06 67.49 Mandal 114.69 0 1 113.21 1 1 6.12 0 Tatha/ 1083.4 Balbal 1 0 7 1076.49 3 3 18.02 0 Table- 8: Agricultural land use in impact zone in sampled villages

Land use in sampled 10 km buffer villages

10000

1000 a) 100

(in h a

A 10

Land use classes

Graph- 3: Land use in 10 km buffer villages in sampled villages

1.B.2.3 Livestock:

Livestock is important part in the livelihood of these tribal villages. The smaller variety of cattle, goats, local smaller pigs and local poultry are kept. The cattle and goats provide good income through sale. These cattle are unproductive for milk but are kept in large number as these are the base of status in the villages and used for exchange during marriages also. So, these cattle are not stall fed and left in forest for grazing. On an average each household has 5- 10 such cattle.

In recent years, buffalos are also seen in the villages. These are not kept by any tribal but are the property of outside settlers in these villages. The buffalo and larger cattle variety also enjoy the privilege of rights granted to tribal community in the forest. Such villages are found in

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 18 Mandal, Serendag, Lat and Parro area where outside settlers take advantage of tribal‟s right. The magnitude of the cattle is very high to the tune of nearly 45,000 in buffer villages. These cattle are disturbing the fodder balance of the wildlife in the area.

The Yadav community from Chhattisgarh brings their large herd of cattle for grazing in Madgari and adjoining area and has made temporally cattle camps. So nearly 2,000 to 3,000 buffalos alone found in the area, utilizing forest resources in Madgari area.

1.B.2.4 Village Livelihood:

Agriculture and livestock sustain for nearly 6- 8 months of rural livelihood in the area. The rest is earned through:

Labour: The buffer area villages are famous for migratory laborers who go for employment in Punjab, Haryana, U.P., Kerala and Karnataka. The local employment generation is not sufficient and local youths are forced to go to other states to earn livelihood.

NTFP Collection: The NTFP are the major source of the income to local villagers. The collection of kendu leaves, mahulan leaves, honey, amla, harra, bahera, satawar, bel, indrajaw, mushrooms, bantulsi etc. is made and sold in the local market. The magnitude of the collection of NTFP is increasing gradually as the market demand for herbal products is increasing. The similar amount worth of NTFP also comes to Garhwa, Latehar and Lohardagga and Gumla markets (Srivastava, 2010).

S. Natural Resource Season of Collection Remarks No. Common Name 1 Firewood All Seasons 2 Poles Winter & Summer 3 Timber All Seasons 4 Bamboo Summer & Winter 5 Myrobolans Summer & Winter 6 Kendu Leaves Summer 7 Mahua Flower & Seed Summer 8 Sal Seeds Summer 9 Mahulan Leaves Winter & Summer 10 Sal Leaves All Seasons 11 Medicinal Plants Summer & Winter Tulsi, Neem, Kusum, Amla, 12 Other MFP Summer & Winter Harre,Bahera etc. 13 Mushroom Rainy 14 Tubers All seasons

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 19

Bel, Jamun, Tend, Mahua, Kusum, 15 Fruits All seasons Karond, Amla 16 Oil Seeds Summer & Winter Kusum, Neem, Karanj, Dori 17 Honey All Seasons Bamboo shoots, Leaves of Cassia 18 Vegetable All Seasons spp. “Amra” 19 Fodder All Seasons Grasses and Leaves 20 Fibres All seasons “Chop”,“Semal”, wild cotton. Table- 9: NTFP collection pattern

The 78% of population is ST and some most primitive tribe like Nagesia, Korwa also constitute this population. These have nearly 45% of non- workers and rest depends upon minor agriculture forest produce (NTFP) and as labour force.

The major dependency on forests was observed for firewood, grazing, mushroom collection, other MFP collection like Mahua flower, Piyar, tendu leaf and mahulan. As the area is very cold during winter and temperature drops to 1- 2ºC. The requirement of firewood is more in these villages. It is estimated that 1 Household consumes nearly 30,000 kg of firewood per year Village Livelihood in these villages. The total firewood consumption in the buffer area is approx. 5

s) 2,21,970 tonne per year. 4 3 The local labour components also 2 include agricultural labourers and pure (in month e 1

nc labourers who are engaged in various labour a 0

en oriented works. As per the interviewed with the st Agriculture NTFP Labourer Livestock Su support collection support villagers, the local wages sustain them for 2- 3 and Sale months. The rest is depended upon NTFP and Livelihood Supports livestock.

Graph- 4: Village Livelihood and sustenance

1.C Topography, natural drainage, source of any stream, water bodies

The topography is undulating with hills, spur and valleys. The major hill in the buffer zone is Kukud Pat 987 m, Gulgul Pat- 1165m, Lachhua pat- 946m, Kara Pat- 979m, Burha Pahar- 945m from MSL. The highest village Turer is situated at 945m height. These hills and spurs produce the various topographical features and are sources of natural drainages.

The area is the catchment of River North Koel, which receives 100s of streams from Palamau Tiger Reserve area. Some important small rivers are Burha, Gunga, Haraiya, Saphi,

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 20 Masuriya and Kulhi. The major hill streams wihich origin from the hills in buffer zone are Sikariya, Mankoha, Bhutani, Saneya, Pachnadiya, Bhatwani, Chera, Duba, Jamtipani, Bhundupani etc. it is interesting to note that Burha hill produces four streams in which 2 flow in the buffer zone. The area has also springs, locally called „Chuandi‟ everywhere which are the source of the water for streams and finally to North Koel River.

The water bodies are in the form of small bunds and ponds are found in most of the wildlife zone which generally dry- up during summer.

Map- 4: Drainage system

1.D Linear Infrastructures- roads, canals, open wells, safe guards to wildlife

The major road connectivity in the buffer zone is Daltonganj- Ramanujganj via Kutmu- Barwadih- Mandal- Bhandariya- Bargarh- Godarmana. This road meets with NH- 343 at

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 21 Godarmana. This road has connectivity between NH- 343 and NH- 75 (Daltonganj- Ranchi via Latehar).

A forest road connects Mandal- Madgari- Sangali and Bhandariya which passes from the forest area. The nearest rail head of this area is Barwadih, which is nearly 25 km from Mandal Dam site.

There are two spill over canals coming out from the dam and there are 5- 6 wells in each village which are having cemented parapet. The open wells without any parapet are also present which are detrimental to wildlife. There is no record available of any damage of wildlife due to these open wells.

Map- 5: Transportation in 10 km Buffer Zone

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 22 There is delapilated colony erected by Irrigation Department during the construction of Mandal dam at Mandal which is also called as Mandal Colony. Few building are still intact but others are in bad condition. There is a bus stoppage at Mandal which is a life line for the people coming to Daltonganj/ Barwadih for their daily needs. The nearest health centre is Bhandariya and Barwadih both a nearly 25 kms away from dam site. Recently a Police picket and CRPF Camp have been established at Mandal and Madgari.

Map- 6: Kutku Dam infrastructure

1.E Flora and fauna, past and present- threatened, endemic, schedule

1.E.1 Palamau Tiger Reserve

The Palamau Tiger Reserve was notified in 1974 as one of India‟s first nine tiger reserves established under Project Tiger. It is located in the western part of the Chhotanagpur Plateau and spans an area of 1129.93 km2 comprising the Palamau Wildlife Sanctuary (979.27 km2) and Betla National Park (226.32 km2) is spread over the districts of Latehar and Garhwa in Jharkhand. It is bounded by River North Koel on its west and River Auranga on its north. The

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 23 reserve‟s immediate adjoining landscape includes the forests of Mahuadanr Range including Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary and the forests of Bhandaria and Ranka East ranges of Garhwa Forest Division which are contiguous with the Sarguja Forest Division of Chhattisgarh. The forest of Latehar Forest Division is on the western side. There is also connectivity with forests of Medininagar Forest Division on the northeastern part of the reserve. As per the All India Tiger Estimation- 2010, Palamau is believed to have a mean population of 10 adult tigers (range 6-13) with tiger occupancy spread over 1,116 km2. As per partial report, the population estimation as per the All India Tiger Estimation- 2014 for the state of Jharkhand on the basis of scat samples sent from Palamau Tiger Reserve is 3.

Palamau Tiger Reserve has been classed within the Central Indian Landscape Complex– the largest tiger landscape in India as described by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII). On its western side, the contiguity of habitat from Palamau extends into the Sanjay- Dubri Tiger Reserve, through Guru Ghasidas National Park, all the way to Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve. This makes it part of the 25,000 km2 of Bandhavgarh- Sanjay- Guru Ghasidas- Palamau Landscape. Palamau Tiger Reserve is also connected to the Achanakmar- Kanha Tiger Landscape through the Jashpur and Mahan Forests of Chhattisgarh. To its north-east, Palamau TR is weakly connected to the Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary and Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary along the border with Bihar through the Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary in Chatra District as well as the Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary. Towards the south, it is connected to the Saranda/ Odisha landscape through forests of Simdega and Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary in the Gumla district near Jashpur region of Chhattisgarh.

This area could form one of the largest contiguous tiger habitats in Central India and Palamau has the potential to be revived into a source population that supports a stable meta- population of tigers across adjoining landscapes and revitalizes them with tigers and other wildlife in future.

Due to limitations set by the presence of inter-state boundaries, the reserve area constitute the landscape formed by the Palamau Tiger Reserve and adjoining forests of Garhwa, Latehar, Lohardagga and Gumla districts, Jharkhand.

1.E.1.1 Core area of Palamau Tiger Reserve

Critical Tiger Habitat (CTH) of Tiger Reserve is in the District of Latehar in Jharkhand, situated between latitudes 23028‟31” N and 23050‟27” N and longitudes 84000‟32” E and 84019‟39” E.

Constitution

The Palamau Tiger Reserve was constituted in the year 1974 under PROJECT TIGER with an area of 1026 Km2. The Core Area of Palamau Tiger Reserve has been delineated and Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam)

By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 24 duly notified by the Government of Jharkhand vide notification no. WILDLIFE23/07-6589 dated 31-12-2007. The total Core Area is 414.08 km2 comprising of 39 Reserve Forest Blocks (compartments) of Palamau Wildlife Sanctuary (Area 200.54 Km2) and Betla National Park (area 213.54 Km2).

Extent

The Core Area is surrounded by forests on four sides; in the north is habitation & forests of Betla, Barichattan and Morwai. In the east, it is surrounded by the forests of Chungru, Haratu, Ladi, Labhar, Mundu and other Protected Forests of Garu East Range. In the south, Core Area is surrounded by the forests of Netarhat, Dauna, Durup, Baresanr and Chetma of Baresanr Range and in the west are the forests of Chemo, Saneya of Kutku Range and forests of Ambikapur District of Chhattisgarh State. The entire core is surrounded by forests of buffer zone, Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary and forests of Mahuadanr Range.

Notification and Legal Status

Majority of the Reserve Forests were constituted in 1877 under the Indian Forest Act of 1863 later on ratified in 1879 under the Indian Forests Act of 1878.

Protected Forests (old) were earlier notified under section 20 of the Indian Forest Act, 1878. All other forests were later notified as Reserve Forests under section 20 of the Indian Forest Acts, 1927 vide notification No. SO.2688 of June, 1978 by the State Govt. of Bihar. Khalsa Reserve Forests (KRFs) were notified as Reserve Forests vide notification No. 6661– III –F – 339– 1949 dated 7.11.1949 and SO. 100 dated 18.1.1978.These Reserve Forests are free from any Rights. The Core Area of Palamau Tiger Reserve has been delineated and has been duly notified by the Government of Jharkhand vide notification No.WILDLIFE23/07-6589 dated 31-12-2007.

1.E.1.2 Buffer Area of Palamau Tiger Reserve

The buffer area of Palamau Tiger Reserve is situated between latitudes 23º24‟40” N to 23º 56‟58”N and longitudes 83º 51‟55”E and 84º25‟16" E.

The buffer encompasses the Core/ Critical Tiger Habitat and is surrounded by forest of Latehar on eastern side, Daltonganj Forest Division on northern side, Garhwa Forest Division and forests of Chhattisgarh on southern side.

Constitution

The buffer area of the Palamau Tiger Reserve has been delineated and duly notified by the Government of Jharkhand vide notification no. WILDLIFE-05/2012-2911 dated 14.07.2012.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam)

By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 25

Extent

The buffer area spreads over 715.85 km2 comprising of 161.21 km2 Reserve Forests and Protected Forests, which are not part of the sanctuary or National Park area; 541.86 km2 of the Palamau Wildlife Sanctuary and 12.78 km2 of the Betla National Park.

The most of the Reserve Forests of buffer area were constituted in 1877 under the Indian Forest Act, 1863 but they were ratified in 1879 under the Indian Forests Act of 1878.Protected Forests (old) were earlier notified under section 20 of the Indian Forest Act, 1878.All other forests were later notified as Reserve Forests under section 20 of the Indian Forest Act, 1927 vide notification No. SO. 2688 dated 6th month 1978 by the state Govt. of Bihar. Khalsa Reserve Forests were notified as Reserve Forests vide notification No. 6661 – III –F – 339 – 1949 dated 7.11.1949 and No.SO.100 dated 18.01.1978.

Map- 7: Palamau Tiger Reserve

1.E.2 Present study area

The present study area of submergence due to Mandal Dam and adjoining 10 km buffer covers the following forest jurisdictions:

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 26 1.E.2.1 Submergence area:

The submergence area constitutes 547.28 ha of Nadi Ghati land, 83.38 ha of GM land, 962.26 ha of forest and 45.03 ha of Jangal jhari (JJ) land. Thus the total forest land under submergence in 8 villages jurisdiction comes to 1,007.29 ha under 341 m contour of dam FRL.

Village GM Jangal Jhar Nadi Ghati* Forest Total S name Land (JJ) No Area (in ha) 1 Kutku 445.16 676.79 71.64 0 1193.59 2 Bhajna 98.09 136.31 8.86 0 243.26 3 Khura 0 16.17 0 0 16.17 4 Chemo 0 0 2.88 0 2.88 5 Saneya 4.03 0 0 45.03 49.06 6 Khaira 0 3.43 0 0 3.43 7 Mandal 0 3.43 0 0 3.43 8 Meral 0 126.13 0 0 126.13 Total 547.28 962.26 83.38 45.03 1637.95 * Land as acquired by State Irrigation Department Table- 10: Break up of submergence land

The 10 km impact zone covers the Critical Core (CTH) and buffer zone of Palamau Tiger Reserve consisting of 103.23 Sq Km. and 265.30 Sq. Km respectively.

The forest resource assessment of M/s Mantec Consultants in submergence area provides the following. The report is annexed (Annexure- IV):

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 27 1.E.2.2 Vegetation Types of the impact area

The area falls under Palamau Tiger Reserve which is very rich in flora and fauna. the Area under study comes both under CTH and buffer zone of PTR. The following vegetation types are represented in the area:

According to Champion and Seth‟s concept of classification of the forest types of India, the forests of Palamau Tiger Reserve fall under the following types and sub types:

Types and sub- types

Type I - Moist Tropical Forests

Groups 3 - Tropical Moist Deciduous forests. Sub – Groups – 3C Northern Indian Moist deciduous forests Sub – Types – 3C 2(e) Moist peninsular Sal forests. Type II – Dry Tropical Forests.

Group 5– Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests Sub – Group 5B- Northern Tropical Dry deciduous forests Sub – type‟s 5B/C1 (e) – Dry peninsular Sal forests

(i) 5B/C2 – Northern dry mixed deciduous forests. (ii) 5B/E6 – Aegle forest. (iii)5B/E9 – Dry bamboo brake

From the management point of view, the forest composition is as following

5B/C1c Dry Peninsular Sal Forest: It is represented in 31.87 % of the area, covers mainly in Madgari, Morwai, Meral and Adhey forests. 5/E9 Dry Bamboo Brake: this forest type covers 30.98% of the area and represented mainly in Kutku, Tisia, Adhey, Mundu, Kumandih and Mandal forests. 5B/C2 Northern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest: it is represented in 17.58% of buffer area and covers Northern Kutku, Morwai, Kumandih, Hehegada and Rud forests. 3C/2e (ii) Moist Peninsular Low Level Sal Forests: It is represented in 2.07% of total buffer area and found in southern Tisia, Meral, Morwai and Adhey forest. Rest of classes are Non- forest- 15.14%, Plantation/ TOF- 14.57% of the buffer area.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 28 The vegetation composition of above types is as follows:

Dry Mixed Forest

Adina cordifolia, Diospyros melanoxylon, Buchanania lanzan, Madhuca longifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Holoptelea integrifolia, Schleichera oleosa. Acacia catechu, Anogeissus latifolia, Boswellia serrata, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Terminalia tomentosa, Woodfordia fruticosa etc.

Dry Sal Forest

Diospyros melanoxylon, Buchanania lanzan, Pterocarpus marsupium, Anogeissus latifolia, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Terminalia tomentosa, Woodfordia fruticosa, Emblica officinalis, Indigofera pulchella etc.

Moist Sal Forest

Diospyros melanoxylon, Buchanania lanzan, Emblica officinalis, Terminalia tomentosa, Anogeissus latifolia, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Schleichera oleosa, Woodfordia fruticosa, Adina cordifolia, Bauhinia spp. Bombax ceiba etc.

High level plateau Sal Forest

Terminalia tomentosa, Anogeissus latifolia, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Woodfordia fruticosa, Bauhinia spp. Bombax ceiba, Butea monosperma, Madhuca longifolia etc.

Moist Mixed Forest

Terminalia tomentosa, Adina cordifolia, Bauhinia spp. Albizzia procera, Syzygium cumini, Mallotus philippensis etc.

A vegetation dynamics of the buffer area of Palamau Tiger Reserve

As per the survey conducted during the various exercises, it was found that Shorea robusta is still dominating in the buffer with 60% frequency and 5% abundance. The ecological importance of this species was measured to 12%. The other associates of Shorea robusta like Terminalia tomentosa, Adina cordifolia, Lagerstroemia parviflora and Acacia catechu have also good frequency of 60%, 50%, 50% and 50% respectively. The important species like Bombax ceiba, Butea monosperma, Buchanania lanzan, Dendrocalamus strictus, and Gmelina arborea are also in the medium frequency from 20 to 10%. The ecotone species like Madhuca latifolia and Tamarindus indica are nearer to the villages. The open forest has Lantana and Ziziphus jujubaas prominent cover in the buffer area. The introduced species like Tectona grandis are in the frequency of nearly 25% in the different areas. The Eucalyptus also has a frequency of nearly 10%.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 29 The management plan of Palamau Tiger Reserve, Year- 2013- 14 to 2022- 23 given lists 97 species of important seed bearing plants, 46 species of shrubs and herbs, 25 species of climbers, parasites, semi- parasites and orchids and 17 species of grasses, bamboo and agave.

The present survey listed the following flora in the study area, which contains 98 species of trees, 36 species of shrubs and climbers and 46 species of herbs (Annexure- V).

Photo- 3: Landscape at Saidup in impact zone

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 30

Si. Botanical Vascular/ Occurr frequ Abund Densit Distrib No. Name Local name No. Density ence ency ance y/ ha ution BA RD RF RDo IVI Azadirachta 1 indica Neem 12 0.11 8 7.27 1.50 10.91 0.21 4.41 0.20 0.18 0.03 0.41 Agle 118.2 2 marmelosa Bel 87 0.79 70 63.64 1.24 79.09 0.02 7 1.49 1.57 0.71 3.76 3 Acacia nilotica Babul 23 0.21 15 13.64 1.53 20.91 0.11 5.29 0.39 0.34 0.03 0.76 287.3 4 Acacia catechu Khair 113 1.03 80 72.73 1.41 102.73 0.02 0 1.93 1.79 1.72 5.44 Ailanthus 5 excelsa Ghorkaranj 38 0.35 30 27.27 1.27 34.55 0.05 73.10 0.65 0.67 0.44 1.76 Alangium 203.9 6 salvifolium Dhela 102 0.93 70 63.64 1.46 92.73 0.02 2 1.74 1.57 1.22 4.53 174.2 7 Albizia Procera Safed siris 44 0.40 32 29.09 1.38 40.00 0.05 4 0.75 0.72 1.04 2.51 Albizia 125.4 8 lebbecck Kala siris 56 0.51 42 38.18 1.33 50.91 0.03 4 0.96 0.94 0.75 2.65 Albizia 142.2 9 odoratissima Jungle siris 53 0.48 40 36.36 1.33 48.18 0.04 1 0.90 0.90 0.85 2.65 Artocarpus 10 heterophyllus kathal 8 0.07 8 7.27 1.00 7.27 0.14 5.76 0.14 0.18 0.03 0.35 Artocarpus 11 lakoocha Barhar 9 0.08 9 8.18 1.00 8.18 0.12 0.00 0.15 0.20 0.00 0.36 Anogeissus 329.4 12 latifolia Dhavda 121 1.10 75 68.18 1.61 110.00 0.02 2 2.07 1.68 1.97 5.71 Bauhinia 13 purpurea Koenar 21 0.19 15 13.64 1.40 19.09 0.10 8.64 0.36 0.34 0.05 0.75 Bauhinia 14 malabarica Kathul 43 0.39 34 30.91 1.26 39.09 0.04 22.37 0.73 0.76 0.13 1.63 Bauhinia 133.4 15 racemosa Kathmauli 77 0.70 60 54.55 1.28 70.00 0.02 0 1.31 1.34 0.80 3.46 Bauhinia 16 roxburghiana Tewar 62 0.56 52 47.27 1.19 56.36 0.03 60.06 1.06 1.16 0.36 2.58

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 31

Bauhinia Kachnar/ 17 veriegate Kanchan 18 0.16 12 10.91 1.50 16.36 0.14 4.67 0.31 0.27 0.03 0.60 576.0 18 Bombax ceiba Sembal 60 0.55 65 59.09 0.92 54.55 0.02 0 1.02 1.46 3.44 5.92 Boswellia 324.0 19 serrata Salai 80 0.73 70 63.64 1.14 72.73 0.02 0 1.37 1.57 1.94 4.87 Buchanania 337.6 20 lanzan Piar 105 0.95 87 79.09 1.21 95.45 0.02 4 1.79 1.95 2.02 5.76 Butea 21 monosperma palash 48 0.44 56 50.91 0.86 43.64 0.02 58.98 0.82 1.25 0.35 2.43 458.8 22 Bridelia retusa Kajhi 102 0.93 84 76.36 1.21 92.73 0.02 2 1.74 1.88 2.74 6.36 Careya 23 arborea Kumbhi 16 0.15 14 12.73 1.14 14.55 0.09 17.31 0.27 0.31 0.10 0.69 Casearia 103.7 24 tomentosa Beri 97 0.88 75 68.18 1.29 88.18 0.02 3 1.66 1.68 0.62 3.96 25 Cassia fistula Dhanrash 96 0.87 80 72.73 1.20 87.27 0.02 92.16 1.64 1.79 0.55 3.98 26 Cassia siamea Chakundi 23 0.21 20 18.18 1.15 20.91 0.06 8.94 0.39 0.45 0.05 0.89 Cochlospermu 136.8 27 m religiosum Gogal 65 0.59 50 45.45 1.30 59.09 0.03 9 1.11 1.12 0.82 3.05 Cordia 28 dicotoma Bahuar 38 0.35 30 27.27 1.27 34.55 0.05 34.69 0.65 0.67 0.21 1.53 Cordia 29 macleodii Belwanjan 42 0.38 30 27.27 1.40 38.18 0.05 39.69 0.72 0.67 0.24 1.63 Chloroxylon 392.0 30 swietenia Bharhul 110 1.00 78 70.91 1.41 100.00 0.02 4 1.88 1.75 2.34 5.97 Dalbergia 31 paniculata Hardi 60 0.55 43 39.09 1.40 54.55 0.04 60.84 1.02 0.96 0.36 2.35 Dalbergia Kala 32 sissoo Shisham 25 0.23 20 18.18 1.25 22.73 0.07 31.64 0.43 0.45 0.19 1.06 Dalbergia 33 latifolia Shisham 35 0.32 31 28.18 1.13 31.82 0.04 62.02 0.60 0.69 0.37 1.66 34 Dendrocalamu Bans/ 93 0.85 78 70.91 1.19 84.55 0.02 0.00 1.59 1.75 0.00 3.33

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 32

s strictus Bamboo 35 Dillenia indica Korkot 5 0.05 5 4.55 1.00 4.55 0.22 1.10 0.09 0.11 0.01 0.20 Dillenia 36 Pentagyana Rai 13 0.12 13 11.82 1.00 11.82 0.08 6.76 0.22 0.29 0.04 0.55 Diospyros 118.8 37 melanoxylon Tend 109 0.99 87 79.09 1.25 99.09 0.02 1 1.86 1.95 0.71 4.52 Diospyros 193.7 38 montana Patwan 87 0.79 70 63.64 1.24 79.09 0.02 7 1.49 1.57 1.16 4.21 Dolichandrone Medsinghi/ 39 falcata Medh 30 0.27 30 27.27 1.00 27.27 0.04 29.16 0.51 0.67 0.17 1.36 40 Ehretia laevis Bhaire 35 0.32 26 23.64 1.35 31.82 0.06 16.20 0.60 0.58 0.10 1.28 Erythrina 41 indica Hadua 41 0.37 32 29.09 1.28 37.27 0.04 18.53 0.70 0.72 0.11 1.53 Erythrina 42 stricta Gadha Plash 42 0.38 29 26.36 1.45 38.18 0.05 21.34 0.72 0.65 0.13 1.49 Ficus 43 arnottiana Peepli 12 0.11 12 10.91 1.00 10.91 0.09 10.11 0.20 0.27 0.06 0.53 Ficus 207.3 44 benghalensis Bar 32 0.29 25 22.73 1.28 29.09 0.06 6 0.55 0.56 1.24 2.35 Kathdumbar, 748.5 45 Ficus hispida kathumbar 76 0.69 63 57.27 1.21 69.09 0.02 7 1.30 1.41 4.47 7.18 46 Ficus racemosa Dumbar 30 0.27 20 18.18 1.50 27.27 0.08 45.56 0.51 0.45 0.27 1.23 47 Ficus religiosa Peepal 14 0.13 14 12.73 1.00 12.73 0.08 5.66 0.24 0.31 0.03 0.59 48 Ficus virens peepri 2 0.02 2 1.82 1.00 1.82 0.55 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.08 Gardenia 125.4 49 latifolia Papar 70 0.64 50 45.45 1.40 63.64 0.03 4 1.20 1.12 0.75 3.06 Garuga 182.2 50 pinnata Kekkar 60 0.55 40 36.36 1.50 54.55 0.04 5 1.02 0.90 1.09 3.01 Gmelina 51 arbórea Gamahar 47 0.43 41 37.27 1.15 42.73 0.03 67.65 0.80 0.92 0.40 2.12 Grewia 52 tilliaefolia Dhman 58 0.53 46 41.82 1.26 52.73 0.03 65.93 0.99 1.03 0.39 2.41 53 Grewia Phalsa/ 16 0.15 16 14.55 1.00 14.55 0.07 6.55 0.27 0.36 0.04 0.67 Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 33

asiatica Patdhman Grewia 54 orbicualata Gursukhi 24 0.22 23 20.91 1.04 21.82 0.05 25.40 0.41 0.51 0.15 1.08 Grewia 55 nervosa Dhamin 29 0.26 20 18.18 1.45 26.36 0.08 27.25 0.50 0.45 0.16 1.11 Haldina 302.4 56 cordifolia Karam 74 0.67 60 54.55 1.23 67.27 0.02 1 1.26 1.34 1.81 4.41 Holoptelea 405.6 57 integrifolia Chilbil 76 0.69 60 54.55 1.27 69.09 0.02 2 1.30 1.34 2.42 5.07 Holarrhena 129.9 58 antidysenterica Korya 114 1.04 80 72.73 1.43 103.64 0.02 6 1.95 1.79 0.78 4.51 59 Ixora paveta Lohajangin 35 0.32 30 27.27 1.17 31.82 0.04 16.20 0.60 0.67 0.10 1.37 Jatropha 60 curcas Jatropha 18 0.16 10 9.09 1.80 16.36 0.20 3.24 0.31 0.22 0.02 0.55 61 Kydia calycina Pula 32 0.29 27 24.55 1.19 29.09 0.05 16.00 0.55 0.60 0.10 1.25 Lagerstroemia 605.4 62 parviflora Sidha 133 1.21 90 81.82 1.48 120.91 0.02 1 2.27 2.01 3.62 7.90 Lannea 799.4 63 coromandelica Gijan 145 1.32 85 77.27 1.71 131.82 0.02 8 2.48 1.90 4.78 9.16 Madhuca 855.5 64 longifolia Mahua 130 1.18 79 71.82 1.65 118.18 0.02 6 2.22 1.77 5.11 9.10 Mallotus 238.7 65 philippensis Rori 103 0.94 87 79.09 1.18 93.64 0.01 0 1.76 1.95 1.43 5.13 Mangifera 196.0 66 indica Aam 56 0.51 42 38.18 1.33 50.91 0.03 0 0.96 0.94 1.17 3.07 Miliusa 256.0 67 tomentosa Kari 80 0.73 60 54.55 1.33 72.73 0.02 0 1.37 1.34 1.53 4.24 Melia 68 azedarach Bakain 12 0.11 10 9.09 1.20 10.91 0.13 5.76 0.20 0.22 0.03 0.46 Mitragyna 169.0 69 parvifolia Gurikaram 65 0.59 51 46.36 1.27 59.09 0.03 0 1.11 1.14 1.01 3.26 Nyctanthes 70 arbor-tristis Samsihar 55 0.50 42 38.18 1.31 50.00 0.03 30.25 0.94 0.94 0.18 2.06 Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 34

Oroxylum 71 indicum Sonapatta 45 0.41 40 36.36 1.13 40.91 0.03 20.25 0.77 0.90 0.12 1.78 Ougeinia 118.3 72 oojeinensis Sanan 68 0.62 32 29.09 2.13 61.82 0.07 7 1.16 0.72 0.71 2.58 Phoenix 73 sylvestris Khajur 120 1.09 74 67.27 1.62 109.09 0.02 0.00 2.05 1.66 0.00 3.71 Phyllanthus 127.0 74 emblica Amla 98 0.89 70 63.64 1.40 89.09 0.02 1 1.67 1.57 0.76 4.00 Pongamia 75 pinnata Karanj 32 0.29 23 20.91 1.39 29.09 0.07 13.54 0.55 0.51 0.08 1.14 Pterocarpus 1139. 76 marsupium Bija 135 1.23 75 68.18 1.80 122.73 0.03 06 2.30 1.68 6.81 10.79 Schleichera 308.0 77 oleosa Kusum 78 0.71 56 50.91 1.39 70.91 0.03 0 1.33 1.25 1.84 4.43 Semecarpus 78 anacardium Bhelwa 25 0.23 70 63.64 0.36 22.73 0.01 47.27 0.43 1.57 0.28 2.28 1406. 79 Shorea robusta Sal/Sakhua 125 1.14 80 72.73 1.56 113.64 0.02 25 2.13 1.79 8.41 12.33 Soymida 80 ferifuga Rohan 36 0.33 23 20.91 1.57 32.73 0.07 12.96 0.61 0.51 0.08 1.21 Schrebera 81 swietenioides Ghato 35 0.32 30 27.27 1.17 31.82 0.04 37.52 0.60 0.67 0.22 1.49 Spondias 82 pinnata Amda 25 0.23 21 19.09 1.19 22.73 0.06 25.00 0.43 0.47 0.15 1.05 223.8 83 Sterculia urens Keonjhi 68 0.62 50 45.45 1.36 61.82 0.03 0 1.16 1.12 1.34 3.62 Syzygium 423.5 84 cumini Jamun 98 0.89 75 68.18 1.31 89.09 0.02 4 1.67 1.68 2.53 5.88 Syzygium 85 heyneanum Kathjamun 45 0.41 30 27.27 1.50 40.91 0.06 73.10 0.77 0.67 0.44 1.88 Tamarindus 86 indica Imli 22 0.20 18 16.36 1.22 20.00 0.07 30.25 0.38 0.40 0.18 0.96 Tectona 87 grandis Sagwan 32 0.29 26 23.64 1.23 29.09 0.05 35.05 0.55 0.58 0.21 1.34 Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 35

Terminalia 958.5 88 alata Asan 129 1.17 103 93.64 1.25 117.27 0.01 2 2.20 2.31 5.73 10.24 Terminalia 383.3 89 arjuna Kahua/Arjun 89 0.81 79 71.82 1.13 80.91 0.02 8 1.52 1.77 2.29 5.58 Terminalia 282.2 90 bellirica Bahera 96 0.87 68 61.82 1.41 87.27 0.02 4 1.64 1.52 1.69 4.85 Terminalia 137.5 91 chebula Hare 69 0.63 56 50.91 1.23 62.73 0.02 9 1.18 1.25 0.82 3.25 138.3 92 Toona ciliata Toonj 56 0.51 45 40.91 1.24 50.91 0.03 0 0.96 1.01 0.83 2.79 Vangueria 93 pubescens Katai 78 0.71 70 63.64 1.11 70.91 0.02 60.84 1.33 1.57 0.36 3.26 Wendlandia 94 exerta Tiril 67 0.61 51 46.36 1.31 60.91 0.03 70.14 1.14 1.14 0.42 2.70 Wrightia 167.9 95 tinctoria Doodhi 81 0.74 46 41.82 1.76 73.64 0.04 6 1.38 1.03 1.00 3.42 Ziziphus 96 mauritiana Ber 74 0.67 62 56.36 1.19 67.27 0.02 60.37 1.26 1.39 0.36 3.01 Ziziphus 97 xylopyra Kathber 54 0.49 32 29.09 1.69 49.09 0.06 29.16 0.92 0.72 0.17 1.81 Ziziphus Churna/ 98 rugosa Bada ber 35 0.32 22 20.00 1.59 31.82 0.08 13.51 0.60 0.49 0.08 1.17 4060.9 5324.5 1672 Total 5857 53.25 1 5 9.95

RD= BA= Basal Relative RDo= Relative Area Density RF= Relative Frequency Dominance IVI= Importance Value Index

Table- 11: Vegetation dynamics

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 36

Biodiversity Index

no.of Si. Pi (Samples/ Botanical Name Samples ln (Pi) Pi*In(Pi) n(n-1) No. sum) (N) 1 Azadirachta indica 12 0.00 -6.19 -0.01 132.00 2 Agle marmelosa 87 0.01 -4.21 -0.06 7482.00 3 Acacia nilotica 23 0.00 -5.54 -0.02 506.00 4 Acacia catechu 113 0.02 -3.95 -0.08 12656.00 5 Ailanthus excelsa 38 0.01 -5.04 -0.03 1406.00 6 Alangium salvifolium 102 0.02 -4.05 -0.07 10302.00 7 Albizia Procera 44 0.01 -4.89 -0.04 1892.00 8 Albizia lebbecck 56 0.01 -4.65 -0.04 3080.00 9 Albizia odoratissima 53 0.01 -4.71 -0.04 2756.00 10 Artocarpus heterophyllus 8 0.00 -6.60 -0.01 56.00 11 Artocarpus lakoocha 9 0.00 -6.48 -0.01 72.00 12 Anogeissus latifolia 121 0.02 -3.88 -0.08 14520.00 13 Bauhinia purpurea 21 0.00 -5.63 -0.02 420.00 14 Bauhinia malabarica 43 0.01 -4.91 -0.04 1806.00 15 Bauhinia racemosa 77 0.01 -4.33 -0.06 5852.00 16 Bauhinia roxburghiana 62 0.01 -4.55 -0.05 3782.00 17 Bauhinia veriegate 18 0.00 -5.79 -0.02 306.00 18 Bombax ceiba 60 0.01 -4.58 -0.05 3540.00 19 Boswellia serrata 80 0.01 -4.29 -0.06 6320.00 20 Buchanania lanzan 105 0.02 -4.02 -0.07 10920.00 21 Butea monosperma 48 0.01 -4.80 -0.04 2256.00 22 Bridelia retusa 102 0.02 -4.05 -0.07 10302.00 23 Careya arborea 16 0.00 -5.90 -0.02 240.00 24 Casearia tomentosa 97 0.02 -4.10 -0.07 9312.00 25 Cassia fistula 96 0.02 -4.11 -0.07 9120.00 26 Cassia siamea 23 0.00 -5.54 -0.02 506.00 27 Cochlospermum religiosum 65 0.01 -4.50 -0.05 4160.00 28 Cordia dicotoma 38 0.01 -5.04 -0.03 1406.00 29 Cordia macleodii 42 0.01 -4.94 -0.04 1722.00 30 Chloroxylon swietenia 110 0.02 -3.97 -0.07 11990.00 31 Dalbergia paniculata 60 0.01 -4.58 -0.05 3540.00 32 Dalbergia sissoo 25 0.00 -5.46 -0.02 600.00 33 Dalbergia latifolia 35 0.01 -5.12 -0.03 1190.00 34 Dendrocalamus strictus 93 0.02 -4.14 -0.07 8556.00 35 Dillenia indica 5 0.00 -7.07 -0.01 20.00 36 Dillenia Pentagyana 13 0.00 -6.11 -0.01 156.00 Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 37

37 Diospyros melanoxylon 109 0.02 -3.98 -0.07 11772.00 38 Diospyros montana 87 0.01 -4.21 -0.06 7482.00 39 Dolichandrone falcata 30 0.01 -5.27 -0.03 870.00 40 Ehretia laevis 35 0.01 -5.12 -0.03 1190.00 41 Erythrina indica 41 0.01 -4.96 -0.03 1640.00 42 Erythrina stricta 42 0.01 -4.94 -0.04 1722.00 43 Ficus arnottiana 12 0.00 -6.19 -0.01 132.00 44 Ficus benghalensis 32 0.01 -5.21 -0.03 992.00 45 Ficus hispida 76 0.01 -4.34 -0.06 5700.00 46 Ficus racemosa 30 0.01 -5.27 -0.03 870.00 47 Ficus religiosa 14 0.00 -6.04 -0.01 182.00 48 Ficus virens 2 0.00 -7.98 0.00 2.00 49 Gardenia latifolia 70 0.01 -4.43 -0.05 4830.00 50 Garuga pinnata 60 0.01 -4.58 -0.05 3540.00 51 Gmelina arbórea 47 0.01 -4.83 -0.04 2162.00 52 Grewia tilliaefolia 58 0.01 -4.61 -0.05 3306.00 53 Grewia asiatica 16 0.00 -5.90 -0.02 240.00 54 Grewia orbicualata 24 0.00 -5.50 -0.02 552.00 55 Grewia nervosa 29 0.00 -5.31 -0.03 812.00 56 Haldina cordifolia 74 0.01 -4.37 -0.06 5402.00 57 Holoptelea integrifolia 76 0.01 -4.34 -0.06 5700.00 58 Holarrhena antidysenterica 114 0.02 -3.94 -0.08 12882.00 59 Ixora paveta 35 0.01 -5.12 -0.03 1190.00 60 Jatropha curcas 18 0.00 -5.79 -0.02 306.00 61 Kydia calycina 32 0.01 -5.21 -0.03 992.00 62 Lagerstroemia parviflora 133 0.02 -3.79 -0.09 17556.00 63 Lannea coromandelica 145 0.02 -3.70 -0.09 20880.00 64 Madhuca longifolia 130 0.02 -3.81 -0.08 16770.00 65 Mallotus philippensis 103 0.02 -4.04 -0.07 10506.00 66 Mangifera indica 56 0.01 -4.65 -0.04 3080.00 67 Miliusa tomentosa 80 0.01 -4.29 -0.06 6320.00 68 Melia azedarach 12 0.00 -6.19 -0.01 132.00 69 Mitragyna parvifolia 65 0.01 -4.50 -0.05 4160.00 70 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis 55 0.01 -4.67 -0.04 2970.00 71 Oroxylum indicum 45 0.01 -4.87 -0.04 1980.00 72 Ougeinia oojeinensis 68 0.01 -4.46 -0.05 4556.00 73 Phoenix sylvestris 120 0.02 -3.89 -0.08 14280.00 74 Phyllanthus emblica 98 0.02 -4.09 -0.07 9506.00 75 Pongamia pinnata 32 0.01 -5.21 -0.03 992.00 76 Pterocarpus marsupium 135 0.02 -3.77 -0.09 18090.00

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 38

77 Schleichera oleosa 78 0.01 -4.32 -0.06 6006.00 78 Semecarpus anacardium 25 0.00 -5.46 -0.02 600.00 79 Shorea robusta 125 0.02 -3.85 -0.08 15500.00 80 Soymida ferifuga 36 0.01 -5.09 -0.03 1260.00 81 Schrebera swietenioides 35 0.01 -5.12 -0.03 1190.00 82 Spondias pinnata 25 0.00 -5.46 -0.02 600.00 83 Sterculia urens 68 0.01 -4.46 -0.05 4556.00 84 Syzygium cumini 98 0.02 -4.09 -0.07 9506.00 85 Syzygium heyneanum 45 0.01 -4.87 -0.04 1980.00 86 Tamarindus indica 22 0.00 -5.58 -0.02 462.00 87 Tectona grandis 32 0.01 -5.21 -0.03 992.00 88 Terminalia alata 129 0.02 -3.82 -0.08 16512.00 89 Terminalia arjuna 89 0.02 -4.19 -0.06 7832.00 90 Terminalia bellirica 96 0.02 -4.11 -0.07 9120.00 91 Terminalia chebula 69 0.01 -4.44 -0.05 4692.00 92 Toona ciliata 56 0.01 -4.65 -0.04 3080.00 93 Vangueria pubescens 78 0.01 -4.32 -0.06 6006.00 94 Wendlandia exerta 67 0.01 -4.47 -0.05 4422.00 95 Wrightia tinctoria 81 0.01 -4.28 -0.06 6480.00 96 Ziziphus mauritiana 74 0.01 -4.37 -0.06 5402.00 97 Ziziphus xylopyra 54 0.01 -4.69 -0.04 2862.00 98 Ziziphus rugosa 35 0.01 -5.12 -0.03 1190.00 N= 5857 469378.00 Table- 12: Shannon-Wiener diversity index

1.E.2.2 Invasive Aliens Plant Species Recorded from the Project Area

During survey, 17 species are considered as invasive alien plant species. Most of them are from Tropical America. Family to which these species belong and their nativity is summarized in Table below: S. No. Name of species Family Nativity 1 Acanthospermum hispidum Asteraceae Brazil 2 Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae Trop. America 3 Argemone mexicana Papaveraceae Trop. America 4 Asclepias curassavica Apocynaceae Trop. America 5 Cassia absus Caesalpiniaceae Trop. America 6 Cassia occidentalis Caesalpiniaceae Trop. South America 7 Cassia pumila Caesalpiniaceae Trop. America 8 Cassia tora Caesalpiniaceae Trop. South America 9 Hyptis suaveolens Lamiaceae Trop. America

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 39

S. No. Name of species Family Nativity 10 Imperata cylindrica Poaceae Trop. America 11 Ipomoea carnea Convolvulaceae Trop. America 12 Lantana camara Verbenaceae Trop. America 13 Parthenium hysterophorus Asteraceae Trop. North America 14 Saccharum spontaneum Poaceae Trop. West Asia 15 Solanum viarum Solanaceae Trop. America 16 Tridax procumbens Asteraceae Trop. Central America 17 Urena lobata Malvaceae Trop. Africa Table- 13: Invasive species of study area

1.E.2.3Aquatic Ecology

Aquatic ecosystem harbors a variety of plants and animals varying from primary producers to large consumers forming different trophic levels. These animals and plant communities are considered as the best indicators of the environment which responds not only to one environmental factor but also to an interacting group of factors. Any change with respect to environmental factors could results threats to the existing aquatic biological diversity. Therefore, to assess the possible impact of such dam on the aquatic environment, the study was conducted in the influence zone and to evolve appropriate mitigation measures. Baseline data was generated for aquatic flora, fauna and habitat structure. A longitudinal study up to 15 km stretch of river Beas and in its tributaries has been carried out in the project influence zone and submergence zone. In post-monsoon season, out of recorded 12 species, 03 species are from Bacillariophyceae, 02 species from Chlorophyceae, 01 species from Cyanophyceae and 5 species of Zooplanktons (02 each from Protozoan and Crustacean group and 01 from Rotifers).

1.E.2.4 Wild Fauna and Habitats

Wild fauna Buffer area of PTR has almost similar distribution of wild fauna. The variation in distribution could be seen in summer days when most of the animals prefer the core habitat because of low temperature and more availability of water.

However the summer days also attract the wild fauna such as sloth bear, elephant, monkey, langur, chital etc. nearer to villages where mahua trees are flowering. So, movement between core and buffer could be seen during summer days. However some animals like leopard, hyena, sambar, barking deer, porcupine, wolf, galenious birds, reptiles and pangolin prefer more of the buffer area than core. The buffer area is very rich in avifauna. The tiger movement is also recorded in different parts of the buffer.

The faunal composition of PTR is very rich and diverse. 40 species of mammals, 205 species of birds, 28 species of amphibians and reptiles, 21 families of insects and 36 species of spiders are recorded (Annexure-).

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 40

Photo- 4: Mammals camera trapped in June, 2016 (Courtesy- Palamau Tiger Reserve)

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 41

Photo- 5: Field activities and field founds Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 42 The past distribution of wildlife in Kutku Range area including Bhandaria Range has a rich history. The report of Sanders (1895 to 1905) records the presence of black buck and chinkara also in the area. The present distribution has no such presence but the area is still very rich in faunal distribution.

The present survey was conducted in December, 2016 and January, 2017 indicates the present listing of fauna.

The keystone species are Tigers, Elephants, Leopards, Grey Wolf, Gaur, Sloth Bear, Four- Horned Antelope, Indian Ratel, Indian Otter and Indian Pangolin. There are 11 Schedule- I species distributed in this area among mammals only.

S. No ENGLISH NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME Schedule* 1 Bandicoot Rat Bandicota indica V 2 Barking Deer Muntiacus muntjak III 3 Common Indian Langur Presbytis entellus II 4 Common Mongoose Herpestese dwardsi II 5 Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus II 6 Four-horned Antelope Tetracerosquadricornis I 7 Grey Musk Shrew Sus cusmurinus IV 8 Indian Bush Rat Golunda ellioti V 9 Indian Elephant Elephas maximus I 10 Indian Field Mouse Mus booduga V 11 Indian Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus V 12 Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensis II 13 Indian Fruit Bat Pteropus giganteus V 14 Gaur (Indian Bison) Bos gaurus I 15 Indian Giant Squirrel Ratufa indica I 16 Indian Hare Lepusnigricollis IV 17 Indian Gerbilles Tarera indica V 18 Indian Jackal Canis aureus II 19 Indian Otter Lutra lutra II 20 Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata I 21 Indian Porcupine Hystrix indica IV 22 Indian Wild Dog (Dhole) Cuon alpinus II 23 Indian Wolf Canis lupus I 24 Jungle Cat Felis chaus II

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 43

25 Leopard Panthera pardus I 26 Long-tailed Tree Mouse Vendeleuriaoleracea V 27 Mouse Deer (Indian Chevrotain) Tragulus meminna I 28 Nilgai Boselaphustragocamelus III 29 Ratel (Honey Badger) Mellivora capensis I 30 Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta II 31 Sambhar Deer Cervus unicolor III 32 Short-nosed Bat Cynopterus sphinx V 33 Sloth Bear Melursus ursinus I 34 Small India Civet Viverricula indica IV 35 Small Indian Mangoose Herpestes javanicus IV 36 Spotted Deer (Chital) Axis axis III 37 Striped Hyaena, Hyaena hyaena III 38 Three-striped Squirrel Funambulus palmarum IV 39 Tiger Panthera tigris I 40 Wild Boar Sus scrofa III * Scheduled as per Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Table- 14: List of mammals found in impact zone The present survey also recorded 71 species of birds including rare pied kingfisher, vulture and Rufous bellied Kite, 17 species of reptiles and 8 species of amphibians (Annexure).

Photo- 6: important birds founds in impact zone

1.F Forests and habitat condition, wildlife census, crime report

1.F.1 Habitat

The habitat of 10km impact zone is excellent for wildlife consisting of 103.23 Sq Km. of core/ CTH and 265.30 Sq. Km of buffer zone of PTR, which is nearly 24% of Core/ CTH and 23% of Buffer zone of PTR. Total 368.53 Sq. Km of forest of PTR and rest areas consist of village land and village forests. The total PTR forests constitute 47% of the total impact zone.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 44

Habitat of impact area also varies in composition, density and types. The habitat is mostly mixed dry Impact Area Forest deciduous having very dense forest- 137.28 Km2, moderate dense forest- 231.33 km2 and open forest- and other land

2 90.59 km in impact area. Core

The moderately dense forests will soon be Buffer converted in to open forest because of anthropogenic factors, if unabated. The moderately Other dense forests are more in North Kutku, Madgari, Areas Parro, Saruwat, Latu, Tisia, Pundag area, Sindhorwa and Bhandariya area. The open forest could be seen more in the periphery of buffer area. Graph- 5: Impact Area

Map- 8: Forest Cover Map of Impact Area

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 45 Forest Cover

S Class name Area (in km2) No 1 Very Dense Forest 137.28 2 Mode. Dense Forest 231.33 3 Open Forest 90.59 4 Scrub 1.88 5 Non Forest 78.48 6 Water bodies 10.37 Total 549.94

Table- 15: Forest Cover of the impact zone 1.F.2 Trophic Niches

The buffer area receives too much biotic pressure from the villages in the form of grazing, firewood collection, NTFP collection and other factors for sustenance of the village community. This area has major part as open and scrub forest, which are utilized by several groups of wildlife. The forest composition indicates the presence of four major classes such as Very Dense Forest (24.9%), Moderately Dense Forest (42%), Open Forest (16.47%) and Water Forest Cover bodies along with river beds and open grasslands Very Dense Forest which could be classified as four different niches. The fire occurrences are also more in these forests Mode. Dense Forest and weeds like Lantana cover much of the open Open Forest areas. The wildlife is much adopted in nature and Scrub several of the wildlife species such as sambar, nilgai, chousingha, porcupines, hyena, wolf, ratel, Non Forest leopard and occasionally tiger could be seen in the Water bodies area. Now a days, lantana despite being a weed, also becomes a good habitat of wildlife because of its protective cover in the wild. Graph- 6: Forest cover of Buffer Area

1.F.3 Major conspicuous changes in the habitat in previous years

The impact area was part of Daltonganj South Forest Division and Garhwa South Forest Division which was famous for Timber, Bamboo, NTFP, Kendu Leaves, Mahulan Leaves collection before the inclusion of the area under administrative control of Palamau Tiger Reserve. Chhipadohar was a major center for trade of forest produce along with Barwadih and Bhandaria. The mahulan leaves were supplied to South India, the Kendu leaves used to provide revenue to the Government, the Sal seeds collection was very good and Government started even a plant for extraction of Sal oil in Latehar. The forest was very good and wildlife was in plenty.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 46 At present, the condition of forest including protected and non- protected areas of 10 km buffer is still very good for the purpose of wildlife. The villages expanded and more and more pressure on forest of buffer was visible because of outside impact. The outside means the villages which were not in buffer and its periphery. The forest degradation around the buffer of Palamau Tiger Reserve was in very rapid pace. The other villages which were not the part of buffer also started coming to the area for benefit of forest produce. This has resulted in the degradation in the fringe area of buffer.

The following changes could be seen in the overall habitat of the buffer:

The degradation of fringe areas particularly in Kutku, Bhandaria, Madgari, Saruwat, Meral, Morwai, Sindhorwa etc. could be seen where blanks have been created and weeds like lantana have spread into forest area. The burning of forest in the fringes and nearer to habitation has created the open forest category. Although the collection of NTFP, Kendu leaf, medicinal plant and other products are banned in sanctuary area, the illicit operation goes on which creates blanks. The buffer area forest had good crop of Acacia catechu (Khair) which are now converted to pole crop or bush forms because of massive illicit extraction of Khair trees and preparation of raw khair in the forest areas during the period 1990- 95. This was the major habitat loss as khair trees are the regular food of most of the wildlife including elephants. The species like Dendrocalamus strictus (Lathi bans) is a most common food of all herbivores. The failure of cultural operation and management of these bamboo clumps prevented it to grow more and the clumps started degenerating. The buffer forest could be seen with bushes like bamboo clumps everywhere but this becomes the major food for wildlife as well as cattle. The increase of grazing by cattle in entire buffer is also a major problem for degradation in buffer forest. The frequent droughts and incidences of fire in fringe areas mostly have caused the degradation in forests and appearance of weeds in grasslands and natural forests. The soil erosion has increased which results in more degradation in fringes and buffer forest nearer to villages.

1.F.4 Wildlife Census in impact zone

Total 35 nos. of line transect line laid in the impact zone. The length of each transect is 2 km. the direct and indirect evidences are collected in these transect line. As per the evidence collected the density of fauna was recorded. The movement of tiger and elephant were recorded separately for analysis. The following list is indicative if density and presence of major wildlife in the impact zone including submergence area.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 47

S.No. English Name Scientific Name Evidences in 1 Barking deer Muntiacus muntijak All Transact area 2 Chital, spotted deer Axis axis All Transact area 3 Common Indian Porcupine Hystrix indica All Transact area 4 Common Indian rat Rattus rattus gangutrianus All Transact area 5 Common Mongoose Herpestes edwardsi All Transact area 6 Common palm civet Paradoxurus hermapharoditusy All Transact area 7 Flying fox Petropus giganteus All Transact area 8 Indian Fox Vulpes bengalensis All Transact area 9 Hyena Hyaena hyaena All Transact area 10 Indian field mouse Mus booduga All Transact area 11 Indian hare Lepus nigricollis All Transact area 12 Indian Palm squirrel Funambulus palmarum All Transact area 13 Indian wild boar Sus scrofa All Transact area 14 Jackal Canis aureus All Transact area 15 Jungle Cat Felis chaus All Transact area 16 Leopard Panthera pardus 50% of the Transact area in Kujrum and Latu area 17 Mouse deer Tragulus meminna only 18 Neelgai Boselaphus tragocanelus in Kutku and Madgari Northern plains grey 19 Semnopithecus entellus All Transact area langoor 20 Pangolin Maniscrassi caudatus All Transact area 21 Rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta All Transact area Meral, Tisia, Kujrum, 22 Sambhar Cervus unicolor Latu, Madgari, Sindhorwa 23 Short-nose bat Cynopterus marginatus All Transact area Kujrum, Latu, Madgari, 24 Sloth bear Melursus ursinus Kutku, Saruwat 25 Small Indian civet Viverricula indica All Transact area evidence reported 26 Tiger Panthera tigris separately on map 27 Indian Bision or Gaur Bos gaurus Ramandag and Kujrum movement and presence 28 Elephant Elephas maximus reported separately on Map Table- 16: Mammals reported in survey Number of faunal diversities on birds, reptiles and amphibian are annexed (Annexure- VI).

1.F.5 Aquatic fauna

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 48 The impact zone has large number of hill streams arising from different hills and forming majors streams and finally these streams form the network of drainages for North Koel River. The major streams in impact zone are- Kohbarwa, Burha, Pachnadiya, Saphi, Masuria etc. These streams have the characteristic feature that they have high oxygen content in the water and form various pools of water where variety of fishes, fresh water crabs and other aquatic animals are found. The fishes form a regular livelihood for local population also and they capture fishes through variety of methods including use of herbal toxins.

Photo- 7: Use of herbal toxins in fishing

The use of electricity through smaller Genset is also common in Kutku area where large pool of water is found. North Koel River is a shallow flowing and thus variety of fishes could be seen in flowing water which is the source of large number of bird fauna present along the river side. During the survey, 20 species of fishes were identified which consists of 3 species of Puntius, two species of barilius, four species of brachydanio, three species of Nemachylus, and one species each of Chela, Tanio, Rasbora, Gara, Loach, Gambusia, Channa and mastocembelus. The fresh water varieties of crabs, prawn, snails are also found in these streams.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 49

Photo- 8: Use of Gen-set in fishing and bird at river bed

1.F.6 Crime report

There is evidence of poaching of chital nearly 6 month back from Kutku area when some poachers were apprehended and case was registered.

1.G Movement of mega wildlife

1.G.1 Tiger:

The impact zone has richness in mega wildlife including tiger, elephant and leopards. The area is occupied by large number of prey species including cattle particularly in Madgari and surrounding area. The prey base for tiger is very good as they prefer open area for kills. The records of tiger movement as recorded in Palamau Tiger Reserve indicate the presence of 5 tigers in the impact zone as shown in the map.

Map- 9: Tiger movement in Impact zone and adjoining area

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 50 The presence of tiger and its movement is regularly monitored in Palamau Tiger Reserve through tiger patrol personnel and field staff. The collection of scat, its analysis, the kill reports and photographic evidences collected through camera trap is basis of this movement record of tigers.

There are 14 reports of tiger kills in Meral, Mandal, Baresanr and Ramandag during 2015- 16. The report of kills of leopard, hyena and tiger is also from Saidup, Ramandag and Baresanr forests.

Photo- 9: Tiger evidence in impact zone 1.G.2 Elephant:

The impact zone has movement of 2 separate populations of elephants.

Map- 10: Elephant Movement impact zone and adjoining area

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 51 1.G.2.1 Resident elephants:

There are nearly 150 elephants in Palamau Tiger reserve who move in the impact zone of Baresanr, Saidup and Ramandag compartments of forests. These elephants have movement in the area and raiding of crops also occurs during paddy season.

1.G.2.2 Migrant elephants:

Chhattisgarh was never an elephant zone but in recent years elephants from West Singhbhoom and Odisha have occupied the various forest s of Chhattisgarh. These elephants are very much aggressive and damage not only crops but houses also. They kill cattle and human also. Some of these elephants regularly move to Madgari, Meral and nearby impact zone from Chhattisgarh.

Photo- 10: Elephant in impact zone

1.G.3 Leopard and other major predators:

The impact zone is a very good habitat for herbivores and also predators. Leopards are very common in each area and their presence is recorded from collection of scats, pugmarks and camera traps.

Photo- 11: Camera trapped leopard

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 52 The sloth bear population is mostly restricted to south and south west of River North Koel. The dug marks, termiteria feeding are the common evidences. There are human causalities also in this part by sloth bear during Kendu leaf collection season. The wolf also has this habitat because lots of small mammals like hares are found in the forest. The capturing of goats is also common in this part by wolf.

1.H Human- wildlife Conflict, reasons, trend and after assessment of the project

1.H.1 Human- wildlife conflict:

Human- wildlife conflict is an integral part of wildlife management. The conflict with wildlife and human is not a new phenomenon, but it is addressed in the form of providing infrastructure, financial and social support to village community to reduce antagonism on wildlife. the conflict is mostly in the form of cattle kills by tigers and other co-predators, crop, house, cattle and human killing by elephants, defacing by sloth bear and crop raiding by chital, languor, monkeys and wild boar. The government pays compensation on various losses as per the Govt. norms.

The conflict with resident elephant population is restricted to crop raiding and accidental human killing only. The major conflict occurs when migrant elephants move in the area. These elephant damage houses, kill cattle, kill human and destroy the grain kept in the houses.

Photo- 12: House damage and grain eating by elephants

The project tiger authority also takes care of the injured persons and provides medical facilities in addition to compensation. As per the Govt. of Jharkhand norms, the following compensation amounts are provided to mitigate conflict:

Adult Rs. 2.5 Lac

Sub- Adult Rs. 1.5 lac 1 Human Death Severe Injury Rs. 50,000 Normal Injury Rs. 10,000 Permanent Disability due to wildlife- Adult Rs. 1.5 Lac

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 53

House Pucca House- Fully Damage Rs. 75,000 Damage- 2 Rs. 50,000 Complete RCC Damage Kachchha House Rs. 30,000 House RCC Rs. 15,000 Damage- Non- RCC Rs. 10,000 3 Heavy Rs. 7,500 Kachcha Damage Rs. 1,000 per Quintal Stored Grains (Max. of 5,000 Rs.) 4 Grains Rs. 1,000 per Ha (Max. Crop Damage of Rs. 25,000

Ox, Cow, Buffalo Rs. 10,000 5 Cattle Kills Calf Rs. 3,000 Goat Rs. 2,000 Table- 17 : Compensation rates

The following records of Buffer area of Palamau Tiger Reserve indicate the magnitude of conflict with wildlife. This includes 10 km impact area also:

S. No. Categories 2002 to 2014 1 Area of Crop damage by Elephant and other wildlife 230ha 2 Human Death/ Permanent Disability by wildlife 55 Nos. 3 Human death by wildlife 19 Nos. 4 Cattle and goat killed by wildlife 761 Nos. 5 Death of wildlife during conflict 55 Nos. 6 Compensation paid for human death/ permanent disabilities Rs. 2736248.00 7 Paid for cattle and goat killed by wildlife Rs. 2278907.00 Table- 18: Compensation paid in buffer area of PTR (TCP of Palamau Tiger Reserve)

The impact zone survey reveals that cattle kill by tiger, leopard, hyena were carried out in 2015- 17 and compensation paid is worth 8,51,000.00 INR. The crop damage and human killing because of resident and migrant elephant was paid 5,37,000.00 INR. The migrant elephants killed a person in Nawarnago village and injured 2 in Baridohar village during this period.

Death of Years Range House & crop damage Cattle kill human Injury of human ChhW 80,000 40000 0 0 2015- 16 Kutku 207000 72000 0 0 2016-17 ChhW 0 96000 0 0

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 54

Kutku 0 16000 250000 90000 Total 2,87,000 2,24,000 2,50,000 90,000 Table- 19: Compensation payment by PTR during 2016-17

1.H.2 Reason of conflicts:

There is no exact reason to pinpoint the conflict situation. However, the increasing human population, creation of more infrastructures in and around forest areas, anthropogenic activities like canals, roads, electrification, dams, mining, railways etc. caused the degradation of habitat condition and also loss of habitat for wildlife. the agricultural practices adjacent to wildlife zone is bound to attract elephant and other herbivores to raid crops as a change of taste. The tigers and other co- predators also kill cattle and other domestic animals nearer to the villages as these prey become easy availability. Sometimes, disturbances created due to movement of armed personnel, anti- social elements, forest fire and non- availability of water in the forest also forced these animals to come to the villages and conflict occurs. The resident population of elephant in PTR has a fixed movement pattern from home- ranges to winter paddy season. This is well known to villagers as well as managers. The precautionary measures as taken to minimize paddy and maize crop raiding in the impact zone. The migrant elephant from Chhattisgarh are unpredictable in movement pattern and also timing of visit. These elephants are very aggressive and they damage houses to take away grains and also kill cattle and human frequently. The recent movement has been shown in the Map- 10. In recent years, the villagers adjoining the forest are cultivating vegetables, paddy, maize and other crops during summer also. This is also attracting wildlife to come to the villages and conflict occurs. The entire PTR area including impact zone is Naxalite prone and there is a frequent encounter between CRPF and these Naxalite. The wildlife choose to avoid such situation and move towards fringes and non- conflict zone. It is also causing conflict between wildlife and villages. The creation of patrolling camps of CRPF at various location in the area is also causing much more disturbance to the normal movement of wildlife.

1.H.3 Trends

The various anthropogenic activities are on the increase and all these activities cause conflict with wildlife either in the form of disturbance or in the loss of habitat. So, the conflict situation is always on the rise despite the Govt. attitude to minimize it. The sustainable planning and putting wildlife as a stakeholder in the developmental processes can reduce the conflict.

1.H.4 After assessment of the project:

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 55 This project is submerging some very good habitat of wildlife as well as it will cause several points which are not friendly to wildlife, such as-

1. The Mandal colony created already and in delapilated condition. The dam construction will require creation of settlement for nearly 5,000 persons for officers, staffs, shopkeepers and contractors etc. The electricity generation, lighting, sound of machines and vehicles, continuous movement of vehicles etc. will create a high disturbance area for wildlife. This wildlife will try to move other areas to avoid these disturbances and will come in contact with other villages thereby more conflict with man.

2. The loss of habitat in the impact zone due to various anthropogenic factors will force wildlife to other areas for refuse, breeding and feeding. The submergence area of 1007.29 ha and adjacent area to FRL will be a loss for wildlife feeding and movement habitat.

3. The creation of reservoir and subsequent permanent storage of water will change the ecology of the area. There will be wetlands and subsequent arrival of new plant species. The wildlife will also arrival to utilize the change habitat. This will result in the migration of wildlife from adjacent area to this area.

4. The villages nearer to ponding area like Lat, Nawarnago, Meral, Latu, Kujrum, Khamikhas, Karamdih etc. will face much more depredation from wildlife including elephants and conflict will increase.

5. The water table will increase and it will cause the change in forest species adopted to dry condition as of now. This will change the composition of forest and thus entire ecosystem will be affected. The area will be occupied by different species of wildlife which will be a change from present.

1.I List of experts involved, methodology and sampling process

1.I.1 List of experts involved in the study and their visit in the area.

The field survey of the plant area was conducted for assessment of flora, fauna, and socio- economics of the core block and also 10 kms buffer zone. The survey team of Nature Conservation Society, under the overall super vision of Dr. D. S. Srivastava conducted the survey in different stages from Dec, 2016 to January, 2017. The members of the team are-

Dr. D. S. Srivastava, Former Prof. of Zoology, Principal Investigator Sri Vikash Kumar Seth, M.Sc. Biodiversity Scientist Sri Sanjay Xaxa, M.Sc. Biodiversity Scientist Sri Banaras Singh, M.Sc. Biodiversity Scientist Sri Anil Kumar, B.Com and P.G. IN RD. Social Scientist Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 56 Sri Ajit Kumar, MA, Social Scientist Sri Manish Kumar Bakshi, M.Sc., GIS Expert. Sri Avinash Kumar, GIS Expert

The work was initiated in December, 2016 to January, 2017. It was felt necessary to collect information on vegetation, distribution and abundance of plants and animals, the changes in the landscape during the last few years and also the life form of the villagers including their dependence on forests for their livelihood. Considering these, the following methods were adopted for collecting the required information on random basis. The survey was conducted by using standard formats for socio-economics. The 10% villages were selected for random sampling on socio- economic and results were analyzed to assess the present socio-economics of the villages, likely impact and strategy to mitigate.

The assessment of flora and fauna was carried out by using standard line transect and quadrate laying and surveying methodology. The direct and indirect evidences were collected for fauna study.

1.I.2 Methodology and sampling procedure

The major objective of this survey is to collect primary data on flora and fauna and to prepare an inventory of plants and animals along with their abundance and distribution details, the survey aims to:

(a) Provide baseline information regarding vegetation and flora values of the study area. This incorporated a desktop review of available information, together with a field study (utilizing techniques generally accepted as standard for the region) which addressed: description and mapping of vegetation types occurring in the study area; identification of any vegetation types of particular conservation significance and; collation of information regarding any rare flora or other flora of conservation interest; (b) Place the information from the study area in regional context by comparison with available data from other localities. (c) To identify major flora and fauna within the project area and study area of 10 km around the

Dam site.

(d) To prepare an inventory of plant and animal species along with their abundance and distribution details.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 57 (e) Preparation of authenticated map identifying the forests in the areas along with plant and animal species distribution (Quadrates) of the study area. (f) Provide management recommendations to minimize impact to vegetation types and flora species of conservation significance within the study area. (g) Preparation of Wildlife Conservation Plan.

Methods

Abundance and Distribution of Plants and Animals

It was important to collect information on the plants and animals in various parts of the study area along with their abundance. An inventory of plants and animals along with information on the status were surveyed during the field work. Different areas in the study area were covered on foot for inventory of plants and animals. In addition, transects of 1-2 km length in different forest area were laid and covered recording the plant species and animal signs observed. Transects were laid in the Buffer Zone (10 km impact zone from the power plant). Total 4 transact were laid, out of the 4, three transects were 2 km long and one transact was 1 km long. Total effort made along the transact is 22 km. All these transact were laid one in each sub- beat in different locations. A total of 110 quadrates/ sampling plots were studied in 11 transects laid one in each sub-beat in different locations of the study area (Kutku Range).

For plant abundance estimation

Quadrates were laid at every 100m for 1 km transact and at 200 m for every 2 km transect. The tree species along with number of each within 10 x 10 m sampling plots were recorded. The same procedure was followed in 5 x5 m sampling plots for shrubs and climbers, and 1 x 1 m for herbs and grass species. The observations were recorded in a proforma (Annexure). The density/ha, abundance, percent frequency and Whitford‟s index among the different plant species growing in the area was worked out. The value of Whitford”s index is Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 58 <0.025 = Regular distribution; 0.025-0.05 = Random distribution; >0.05 = Contagious or

Clumped distribution.

For animal abundance estimation

The quadrates of 10 x 10 m at every 100m for 1 km transact and at 400 m for every 2 km transect laid for plants were used. Since there were not much sightings of animals indicating low abundance, it was decided to depend on the indirect evidences such as hoof mark/foot print/ pellets/ scats/ scratches in the quadrates. The quadrates were searched for indirect evidences of mammals and recorded in a proforma (Annexure). The quadrates were searched thoroughly for amphibians and reptiles recording the species sighted along with the number of each. In addition, information on the animals sighted in the area was also collected from the villagers during the interaction.

Opportunistic recording of birds and butterflies encountered during the field visits were also done. The villagers angling in different places were approached for fish specimens for collection and identification, but not much was done since, most of the fishes were coming from other states.

Transect layout and sample plots design

Design of plot

Stratification and RME Trails For seedlings (1m radius) For shrubs and saplings (5m radius) For trees (10m radius)

* Use of GPS and permanent markers Graph- 7: Transact layout and sample plot design

Quantitative analyses

a) Plant density was calculated by the formula given below; density is defined as the number of individuals of a particular species per unit area.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 59 To tal num ber of indiv idu als of a s pec ie s in all �� = Total number of quadrates studied

b) Frequency of a sp퐷푛ecies푖 푦 is the measure of the chance of finding it with any one throw of quadrate in a given area. This indicates the dispersion of a particular species and its numerical strength in a community. It was calculated using the following formula. Number of quadrates in which species occurs Frequency = x 100 Total number of quadrate sampled

c) Abundance refers to the study of individuals of different species in the community per unit area

which is expressed by the formula.

Total no of individuals of the species Abundance = x 100 Total no. of quadrate in which species occurred

Whitford‟s index is the ratio of Abundance and Frequency, it is expressed by

Abundance W = Frequency

Importance Value Index

This index is used to determine the overall importance of each species in the community structure. In calculating this index, the percentage values of the relative frequency, relative density and relative dominance are summed up together and this value is designated as the Importance Value Index or IVI of the species.

(a) Relative density: Relative density is the study of numerical strength of a species in relation to the total number of individuals of all the species and can be calculated as: Number of individual of the species Relative density = x 100 Number of individual of all the species

(b) Relative frequency: The degree of dispersion of individual species in an area in relation to the

number of all the species occurred.

Number of occurrence of the species Relative frequency = x 100 Number of occurrence of all the species

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 60 (c) Relative dominance: Dominance of a species is determined by the value of the basal cover. Relative dominance is the coverage value of a species with respect to the sum of coverage of the rest of the species in the area.

Total basal area of the species Relative dominance = x 100 Total basal area of all the species

The total basal area was calculated from the sum of the total diameter of immerging stems. The basal area was measured at breast height (1.5m) and by using the formula πr2. Area was calculated as:

2 Area = ( ) 2 휋 Where,

π = 3.1459 and d = diameter.

Basal Area of the sampling plot was calculated by using the formula:

2 2 BA(m )= ��* [GBH(cm)] /40000

Indices of Diversity

Species diversity is an expression of community structure and is a characteristic unique to the community level of organization. The number of species in a community is referred to as species richness. The relative abundance of rare and common species is called evenness. Species diversity includes both species richness and evenness. A community demonstrates a high species diversity if many equally or nearly equally abundant species are present. Communities with a large number of species that are evenly distributed are the most diverse and communities with few species that are dominated by one species are the least diverse. If a community is composed of only a few species or if only a few species are abundant, then species diversity is low. Various indices of diversity were calculated using the following methods.

(a) Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’)

Shannon wiener diversity index has been the most common index of measure of species diversity index used by ecologists. The Shannon wiener index was developed form information theory and is based on measuring uncertainty. If a community is dominated by one species (low diversity), the uncertainty of prediction is low: a randomly sampled species is most likely going to be the dominant species. However, if diversity is high, uncertainty is high. Biologically realistic H’ values range from 0

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 61 (only one species present with no uncertainty as to what species each individual will be) to about 4.5 (high uncertainty as species are relatively evenly distributed). In theory, the H’ value can be much higher than 4.5, although most real world estimates of H’ range from 1.5 to 3.5. In general, it is thought that more disturbed and less stable environments should have lower H’ values.

Formula:

H’ = -SUM [(pi) * ln(pi)]

E=H/Hmax

Where,

SUM = Summation pi= Number of individuals of species i/total number of samples S = Number of species or species richness Hmax = Maximum diversity possible E= Eveness=H/Hmax (b) Simpson's Diversity Index

The term 'Simpson's Diversity Index' can actually refer to any one of 3 closely related indices.

Simpson's Index (D) measures the probability that two individuals randomly selected from a sample will belong to the same species (or some category other than species). There are two versions of the formula for calculating D. either is acceptable, but be consistent.

2 D = ( )

푛 ∑ 푁

n = the total number of organisms of a particular species

N = the total number of organisms of all species

The value of D ranges between 0 and 1

With this index, 0 represents infinite diversity and 1, no diversity. That is, the bigger the value of D, the lower the diversity. This is neither intuitive nor logical, so to get over this problem, D is often subtracted from 1 to give: Simpson's Index of Diversity 1 - D

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 62 The value of this index also ranges between 0 and 1. For animal abundance estimation

Determination of: Total no of quadrate in which species has occurred Frequency = x 100 Total no. of quadrate studied

Total no of individuals of the species Density = x 100 Total no. of quadrate studied

Total no of individuals of the species Abundance = x 100 Total no. of quadrate in which species occurred

Distribution

Whitford suggested the abundance/ frequency ratio ( ) as a measure of contiguousness. The ratio 퐴 was determined for elucidating the distribution patterns. As퐹 a general rule high frequency and low

abundance indicates regular distribution whereas the converse indicates contiguous distribution. The ratio indicates regular (< 0.025), random (0.025 – 0.05) and contiguous (> 0.05) distributions.

Transect Start Point End Point Forest Forest Beat Sub Beat Line ID Longitude Latitude Longitude Latitude Range Division 1 83°54'21.90" 23°41'23.40" 83°54'13.50" 23°42'27.60" Kutku Core Area Madgari Madgari W 2 83°51'49.50" 23°40'27.80" 83°52'51.90" 23°39'57.40" Kutku Core Area Madgari Madgari W Madgari 3 83°53'45.80" 23°38'48.70" 83°54'55.20" 23°39'01.60" Kutku Core Area Madgari Sadar 4 83°54'16.90" 23°36'40.00" 83°54'18.10" 23°37'45.00" Kutku Core Area Madgari Hesatu S 5 83°54'57.30" 23°35'59.80" 83°56'07.30" 23°35'50.30" Kutku Core Area Madgari Hesatu S 6 83°58'38.63" 23°38'22.58" 83°59'58.20" 23°38'30.30" Kutku Core Area Kutku Tumer 7 83°58'28.50" 23°39'58.10" 83°59'23.50" 23°39'17.70" Kutku Core Area Kutku Tumer 8 83°55'47.50" 23°39'43.30" 83°56'58.00" 23°39'44.50" Kutku Core Area Madgari Madgari E 9 83°56'45.37" 23°41'21.65" 83°57'41.70" 23°42'00.00" Kutku Core Area Madgari Totki 10 84°00'33.60" 23°41'26.40" 84°01'10.90" 23°40'30.50" Kutku Core Area Kutku Saneya 11 84°02'15.30" 23°41'14.80" 84°02'56.90" 23°40'22.70" Kutku Core Area Kutku Chemo Chhipadoha Morwai 12 83°59'44.00" 23°42'58.30" 84°00'54.18" 23°43'05.93" Core Area Mandal r W Kalan (S) P

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 63

Chhipadoha 13 84°01'48.10" 23°42'47.20" 84°02'58.40" 23°42'40.30" r W

Chhipadoha 14 84°00'23.80" 23°43'44.90" 84°01'34.30" Morwai 23°43'43.40" Core Area Mandal r W Kalan (S) P 15 84°02'22.80" 23°44'21.10" 84°03'30.40" Chhipadoha Morwai 23°44'40.20" Core Area Morwai r W Kalan (S) 16 84°02'09.70" 23°45'56.20" 84°02'38.00" Morwai Chhipadoha Core Area Morwai 23°44'57.10" Kalan (S) 17 84°04'26.00" 23°40'54.50" 84°05'26.80" r W Sindhorwa Chhipadoha Core Area Morwai 23°40'08.00" S 18 84°05'03.70" 23°41'57.20" 84°05'50.10" r W Core Area Lat Karamdih Chhipadoha 19 84°06'14.50" 23°44'20.00" 84°06'47.10" 23°42'46.40" r W Core Area Lat Lat (W)- II Chhipadoha 20 84°05'34.30" 23°44'35.50" 84°06'35.00" 23°43'21.70" r W Core Area Lat Lat (W)- I

21 84°06'48.50" 23°45'14.50" 84°07'15.60" Chhipadoha 23°45'08.30" r W Core Area Morwai SC- 7

22 84°03'31.70" 23°47'27.80" 84°02'46.70" Chhipadoha 23°46'14.20" Core Area Morwai SC- 7 r W 23 84°03'27.60" 23°46'37.20" 84°04'34.10" Chhipadoha Sindhorwa 23°46'38.10" r W C or e Area Morwai S

Chhipadoha Morwai 23°46'15.40" Core Area Morwai r W Kalan (S) Buffer 24 84°07'36.00" 23°41'42.00" 84°07'19.50" 23°40'39.20" Garu W Mundu Serendag Area Buffer 25 84°08'42.10" 23°41'32.70" 84°08'14.90" 23°40'33.10" Garu W Mundu RC- 7 Area

Buffer 26 84°07'18.80" 23°39'07.70" 84°08'29.30" 23°39'18.10" Baresanr Kujrum (E) BC- 1 Area Buffer 27 84°06'30.00" 23°38'24.10" 84°07'36.30" 23°38'46.50" Baresanr Kujrum (E) BC- 1 Area Buffer 28 84°05'30.60" 23°38'15.50" 84°05'33.00" 23°37'10.50" Baresanr Kujrum (E) BC- 2 Area Buffer Kujrum 29 84°03'23.80" 23°37'46.80" 84°04'32.50" 23°38'02.20" Baresanr BC- 4 Area (W) Buffer Kujrum 30 84°04'06.30" 23°39'41.60" 84°05'15.70" 23°39'27.60" Baresanr BC- 3 Area (W) Buffer 31 84°03'09.00" 23°35'17.40" 84°04'10.90" 23°34'45.90" Baresanr Baresanr Tisia (N) Area Buffer Kujrum 32 84°02'11.40" 23°35'45.30" 84°02'21.50" 23°36'49.60" Baresanr BC- 5 Area (W) Buffer Kujrum 33 84°00'38.30" 23°36'32.30" 84°01'48.60" 23°36'34.60" Baresanr BC- 5 Area (W)

Buffer 34 84°06'12.30" 23°36'27.10" 84°07'20.00" 23°36'45.60" Baresanr Kujrum (E) BC- 9 Area Buffer 35 84°07'28.30" 23°37'04.90" 84°08'38.80" 23°37'02.70" Baresanr Kujrum (E) BC- 9 Area Table- 19: Transect Line Details

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 64

Map- 11: Line Transect

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 65 Chapter- 2

Impact of the project

The Mandal Dam has a wide- ranging impact on environment, ecology, eco-system including habitat and wildlife, socio- economical, water regime, increasing vehicular traffic, infrastructure, noise pollution etc.

Although, in a common term small reservoir has little impact on various parameter but when comes to large reservoir, it becomes a major impacted zone. Approx. 45,000 major reservoirs are in the world, in which 50% are constructed in India and China. It is estimated that 10% of electricity generation is from Hydro- power. The major closer of dams could be seen in Narmada Dam projects in which out of 3,50,000 oustees, only 10% have been rehabilitated.

It is an agony that all the big reservoir are proposed in the valleys where forests and forest dwelling people are in plenty. So, the major catastrophic effect comes on forests and local tribal communities. The forests constitute all forms of biodiversity which regulate ecology and environment. The local people have no say and simply they are being thrown away from the area. So, the major impact of any dam including Mandal dam comes on environment, ecology including soil, vegetation, water, flora and fauna and of course people.

2.A On environment in general, soil, vegetation, water, air

2.A.1 Environment and Ecology:

The dam will create a pool of stagnant water in 1,637.95 ha. This will create a major environmental impact on- a. Temperature: The temperature stratification from top to bottom will change and this will result in the occupancy of different types of life forms. This temperature difference will also create humidity during summer and winter. The fluctuation of humidity will cause several impacts on surrounding area as well as habitation in the water. b. Green House Gases: The spread of water will produce capture and release of various gases particularly Green House gases like CO2 and Methane. The CO2 will come from micro- biotic components and Methane will be generated from the decomposition of organic matters of the reservoir.

2.A.2 Siltation

The river flow will be checked and the streams coming to feed river North Koel will drain their soil and other sediments into reservoir. As per Proposed Report of Catchment Plan for Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 66 2 North Koel Reservoir (Mandal Dam) Project (called CAT Plan), the catchment area is 2,855 km and the sediment deposit will be as below:

Delivery Ratio (DR) Criteria Adopted for the Project Nearest Stream Delivery Ratio (DR) 0- 0.9 km 1 1.0- 2.0 km 0.9 2.1- 5.0 km 0.8 5.1- 15.0 km 0.7 15.1- 30.0 km 0.5 Table- 19: Delivery Ratio (DR) Criteria

The CAT Plan also delineates the treatment of watersheds coming in the catchment area which might prolong the dam life by managing the less sediment deposit in the dam. There are 399 Micro watersheds which will require treatment. The catchment area will also be prone for soil erosion and it is estimated in the CAT Plan, the total sediment deposit has to be calculated while implementing the CAT Plan. The catchment area covers 814.88 km2 of Palamau Tiger Reserve, outside of the PTR is 1911.76 km2 and 158.45 km2 falls in Chhattisgarh state.

Map- 12: Catchment area and Erosion map (Courtesy M/s Mantec Consultants)

The dam such as Mandal reservoir block the natural flow of water on which fishes, micro- flora, micro- fauna and aquatic insects survive. It is necessary to provide regular flow of water during dry season also.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 67 2.B.3. Potential for disaster:

The Mandal dam is being constructed at the elevation of 341 m contour. The water release will go down to Mohammadganj Barrage which is situated at 150m from MSL. The difference of force from Mandal to Mohammadganj will be 191m. The dam is being constructed since 1970 and has passed 50 years already. Any construction defect will be catastrophic impact on the villages and townships along River North Koel and its tributaries.

2.B.4. Human health:

The water storage, wetland created by storage, canals arising from storage and spilling of water during agriculture use will create pools of water best for breeding of various types of mosquitoes, leeches and snails which are carrier of large number of diseases in human, cattle and wildlife population.

2.B.5 Resettlement of villages

2.B.5.a Submergence villages:

This is most complex process of any dam construction. The population is displaced which has no other place to go, if proper settlement is not carried out. The Mandal dam is a classic case of mismanagement of this issue. As per the letter of Rehabilitation officer, North Koel Project, Daltonganj, Letter No.- 87, dated 25.01.2017, 634 families from 15 affected villages were relocated and rehabilitated in which all 83 families were allotted land and 551 families were given compensation in lieu of land. All 634 families were paid for transport. There is no mention of relocation places for these families except 83 who got rehabilitation land. Villages and its families are as per below:

S No Village No. of Families 1 Kutku 119 2 Khaira 5 3 Bhajna 20 4 Chapiya 64 5 Saneya 105 6 Khura 56 7 Korwadih 2 8 Polpol 8 9 Sinjo 1 10 Chemo 48 11 Totki 54 12 Meral 13 13 Tanwai 40

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 68

14 Madgari 72 15 Nawarnago 27 Total 634 Table- 20: Rehabilitated villages (as per WR Department)

Our socio- economic survey of submergence area reveals that 670 households in 8 village namely Kutku, Bhajna, Mandal, Meral, Khura, Khaira, Chemo and Saneya are still occupying the villages and cultivating their land. There is a Panchayat- Madgari (Ch) and elected Mukhiya for all the villages.

It is important to know that Water Resource Department is contemplating that all 8 villages under submergence area had been paid compensation and rehabilitated. But the ground reality suggests that these villages are still there with their local administration of Panchayat and Mukhiya elections. The Mukhiyas of the affected villages are still demanding suitable compensation and rehabilitation package. There is an apprehension that if these villages are not rehabilitated before the closure of dam gate, these villages will remove the forests and create new villages inside Palamau Tiger Reserve forest which will be a great loss. The Water Resource Department, GoJ trying to rehabilitate these villages on the place selected at Marda, near Bhandaria. The land has been acquired and few settlements have been made for this rehabilitation. More efforts are required towards this rehabilitation mechanism.

5.b. Village under impact zone falling under wildlife depredation zone:

There are several villages which will be impacted because of creation of reservoir. These villages will also be affected from the change of movement pattern of wildlife particularly elephant as referred in chapter- 1, section- G and H. The most affected villages will be Lat, Serendag, Bere, Gasedag, Karamdih, Khamikhas, Tanwai, Harhe, Barkheta and Nawarnago. This consist of 1,138 household as per Census of India, 2011 report.

5.c. General Impacted villages:

Apart from these villages, other villages falling under 10 km impact zone from submergence will also be greatly affected for their livelihood and extreme- movement of wildlife along with other factors of the reservoir. This consist 5,852 household in 46 villages.

2.B.6. Due to Infrastructure creation:

The colony and the workforce at Mandal will attract nearly 5,000 persons for work and supervision. The shopkeepers, transport owners, transport vehicles and machineries and other transport requirement will impact greatly. The sound, lighting and burning of fuel will create further pollution and effect on the surrounding (Chapter-1, Section- H.5)

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 69

2.B.7. On Forests and habitat

2.B.7.a On Forests and habitat:

The submergence area will completely submerge 1007.29 ha of forests. The 10 km buffer will come into impact consist of Very dense forest- 13728.37 ha, Moderate dense forest- 23133.19 ha, open forest- 9058.57 ha and scrub- 187.82 ha of forest. The major impact will come on moderate dense forest and open forest because all the impact will on be these two forest from villages as well as construction phase on the dam. These 2 forests will be further degraded if not protected or rehabilitated.

2.B.7.7.b On wildlife:

As already described in chapter- 1, section- F and G, the wildlife will be more on receiving end because of high disturbance due to creation of infrastructure, loss of habitat, change in movement pattern, change in food and feeding and prone for poaching, hunting and other types of abuses in the area. The presence of more people during construction and after construction of dam will create more prone condition for fire in the forests.

2.B.7.7.c Avifauna:

The water spread and surrounding wetland area created by reservoir will attract avifauna may be from distant places. The conservation of these fauna should be through creation of plantation for birds as well as strict measure for protection. The fish introduction for such ponds will be necessary.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 70

Chapter 3- Objectives and mitigation strategies

The objective for this plan is to minimize the negative impact of Mandal dam on forests, wildlife, environment and ecology and local tribal communities. The plan will provide the various strategies to minimize these impacts. However, the total mitigation is not possible but it depends on the timely implementation and monitoring of the mitigation strategies suggested.

3.A. Pre- Construction phase

The pre- construction phase will be the most disturbance causing and polluting phase. All types of activities during construction will pollute water, land and degrade nearby forest area. The adjacent forest much more disturb because of presence of nearly 5,000 persons trying to take benefit from the forest area. So, strategies are suggested here to minimize the disturbances during construction phase.

3.A.1 Displacement of people

Rehabilitation of submergence area villages 8 villages are still there in submergence area with their elected representative like Mukhiya and Panchayat. These approx. 670 household demands that they should be rehabilitated first before closing the gate as per their resolution in Gram Sabha. Hence, it is requested that Govt. of Jharkhand consider the point and villages are rehabilitated first on proper guidelines of Govt. of Jharkhand and Govt. of India (NTCA) (please refer Chapter- 2, Section- 5.a). The submergence area villages were proposed to be resettled at Marda, near Bhandaria and Water Resource Department has started some initial work also. This rehabilitation process must be initiated again to resettle these villages. Any construction work should not be started till these villages are resettled outside of the PTR Area. Rehabilitation of wildlife impact villages These villages with 1,251 households (1,138 Household (Census of India, 2011) + 10% increase) commonly called as 13 villages of Lat group will be worst affected due to creation of reservoir and thereby possible change of movement route of elephants, tigers, leopards and other wildlife to Saidup block of forests from Baresanr and Ramandag Forests through these villages. The conflict with wildlife will be extreme because of regular presence of elephant, tigers and leopard and other wildlife in the vicinity of these villages. (Map- 10)

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 71 These 13 villages could be rehabilitated on the land between Barwadih to Kechki along the right bank of river North Koel. This will not change the voting constituency, block and district. The second option could be land already acquired By Water Resource Department in Pokhraha Village, District- Palamau.

Map- 13: Proposed rehabilitation site- 1 & 2 These villages must be rehabilitated and Core Area/ CTH forests of PTR such as Saidup forest block should be extended to reservoir and the Baresanr Forest block should be extended up to Masuria Nallah in Kutku Range. The buffer should be extended up to adjoining Chainpur forests and Bhandaria forests beyond the North Koel River.

Map- 14: Proposed extension of Core (CTH) and Buffer of PTR

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 72 10 km impact villages 5,852 household resident in the 10 km impact zone of Mandal dam, these are mostly tribal villages who are depending upon resources of Palamau Tiger Reserve and other forests. The development of these villages through Eco- development initiative and conversance of program of state govt. is essential for their reduction in dependency on forest. The Eco- development plan of 10 years on Rs. 50,000.00 per household per year planning is suggested for 56 impacted EDC. The EDC will be provided with solar lantern for each household. A Micro Plan of 10 years for each Eco- development Committee (EDC) will be prepared on the basis of budgetary provision of Rs. 50,000 per year per household. The following activities should be considered for the benefit of the community: o A family consumes nearly 30,000 kg fuel wood and timber per year which is a great loss on the part of existing forest. This problem should be met with either provision of LPG gas or providing ventilator Chulha for each household. o Each household should be provided with 10 plants of fuel and fodder species like Subabul, shisham, gamhar etc. which will be available for timber and fuel- fodder requirement of household. the stall feeding should be promoted by introduction of high yielding variety of cattle through dairy farming scheme of the Government and provision of power tiller in the villages to reduce the bullock dependency in agriculture. o The area is dry and horticulture species like Amla, Bair, Citrus should be introduced and provision of at least 10 horticulture plants for each household will be a good option. o The promotion of vegetable cultivation in the villages will be a cash- rewarding mechanism. The women folk should be involved in value edition of food and cluster should be developed on these activities at Barwadih, Madgari, Bhandaria, Baresanr and Garu. o The planning of Eco- development should be made keeping in mind that 40% budget should go to fuel, fodder, horticulture development, 20% on vegetable cultivation and water, 20% on women empowerment, 20% on awareness generation and celebration of important environmental days. o This fund is edition to provision of fund from State and Central Government to Eco- development Committees. The convergence program should also be taken. o Silvi- pasture development will be undertaken separately to compensate the loss of approx. 4.0 lakh plants. This scheme will be undertaken with the provision of 2 permanent nurseries at Tataha & Chapiya villages @ Rs. 10.0 per nursery and Rs. 1.0 lakh per EDC per year for selvi-pasture development = Rs. 580.0 Lakh. The nurseries will be self- sustaining after 1 year from the sale of the plants.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 73 Promotion of education is suggested in the impact villages through sponsoring of computer, modern education aids in schools based in the all impacted villages. A budget provision for Rs. 1,00,000 (One lakh) for preparation of plan for 10 years has to be provided.

3.B. Site Development

The renovation of colony and roads should be done on bare minimum of requirement. The major building such as rest houses and major store house should be at Barwadih to minimize disturbance. The creation of VIP Rest Houses, VIP facilities, stores of heavy machineries, stores of oil, grease etc. should be at Barwadih and only required materials should be brought to dam site for minimizing the environmental pollution. The worker shed with accommodation, clean toilet, kitchen with gas connection, water and lighting facilities should be provided. The transport shed should be under a separate enclosure. The workshop, heavy machine areas should be part of this enclosure. There will be proper mechanism of disposal of oil, greases etc. No pollutant should come to land and water in and around colony. The bus stand, public places like market with shops should be away from colony and construction sites. These will no removal of any tree during colony renovation. The project authorities must insure that there is no any use of timber wood from the forest for burning. All kitchen fuels should be from LPG gas. The provision of gas will be made from project authorities. The timber requirement for fuel wood or other activities should be met from the store created separately under the permission of forest department. All electric lines should be under covered wire/ underground and light should be anti- glare and covered from top to protect the movement of nocturnal animals. The sound production should not be more than 75 dB during day and 65 dB during night. There will be no blasting as dam is already constructed, if at all it is necessary than permission from Field Director, PTR should be obtained and it should be based on state of art modern technique and with proper care. The dust control measures should be adopted during construction by spraying of water at the source of dust and on the roads. The open dump of soil must be covered through geo- textile and over seeding of local grasses on these dumps to prevent washing of soil to the river and forest area. The guard walls could also be provided if necessary.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 74 The water, air and sound quality should be regularly monitored during construction phase.

Photo- 13: Geo- textile

3.B.1 Provision in dam

The fish passes/ fish ladders will be constructed in the dam to allow breeding fishes to cross. The dam construction should also provide fish mesh to filter fishes during intake of water from reservoir.

3.C. Operational phase

The Water Resource Department will keep only the minimum of buildings and infrastructure created for operational use and maintenance. The rest of the structure will be handed over to Forest Department. The flow of water should be maintained to 10- 20% of the regular flow during dry season to maintain the aquatic flora, fauna and ecology of the down streams.

3.C.1. Control of siltation:

The cost required for Catchment Area Treatment is calculated by taking rate of INR 15000/- per ha for Integrated Watershed Management. The entire catchment area will be treated as per the CAT Plan submitted to the Government. The budget for the treatment as per below:

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 75

Details of required fund (in Rs.) Total area of 30% of the S. Rate per total amount Items Micro area proposed No. ha (in lakh) watershed (ha) (ha) Inside Palamau Tiger 1 Reserve (124 Micro 81488.22 24446.47 15,000.00 3,666.97 Watershed) Out Side Palamau 2 Tiger Reserve (275 191176.71 57353.01 15,000.00 8,602.95 Micro Watershed) Total 272664.93 81799.48 30,000.00 12,269.9

Table- 21: Details of required fund for CAT Plan The 124 Micro watershed area 814.88 sq km falls under Palamau Tiger Reserve taken up into the priority and 30 % of its area should be cover under soil conservation work. 30% area of 275 Micro watersheds, area 1911.76 outside of PTR but inside the catchment is also cover under soil conservation work. 158.45 sq, km catchment area falls outside of state (Chhattisgarh), Hence this catchment plan did not proposed any measures for that area. As per the status report of Superintending Engineer, North Koel Dam Construction published on March, 1994, the treatment of catchment is being carried out phase wise, but the fund availability is main constant. The area under Palamau Tiger Reserve of 814.88 km2 should be treated through Palamau Tiger Reserve by creation of gully plugging, contour trenching, loose bolder checks, creation of check dams and plantation.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 76 A detail CAT Plan should be prepared separately for treatment of each micro- watershed. The various structures suitable for prevention of silt and checking of water flow should be incorporated in the plan.

3.C.2 Development of permanent nursery: Two permanent nurseries of local species should be developed at Mandal and Madgari to facilitate this work. Rs. 10.0 lakhs per nurseries is proposed with increase of 1 lakh per year after second year. As per the status report, the non- forests area will be planted with 50m width and surrounding reservoir area will be planted with 500m width green belt. The forest Department will execute the work with the funding of Water Resource Department. The detail estimate of plantation and creation of the nursery will be submitted by Forest Department to the Water Resource Department.

3.C.3 Loss of habitat There are 1,007.29 ha of forests which are submerging under reservoir. The double of this area as compensatory afforestation should be acquired adjacent to buffer area of Palamau Tiger Reserve to develop it through plantation of native species as planted forests. This will be also a part of buffer area of Palamau Tiger Reserve. For gap plantation of native species an amount of Rs. 0.5 lack per ha is suggested or as per prevalent rate of forest department for such plantation. An area of 100 ha should be taken for these activities per year for 10 years. There will be enhancement of 10% every year from second year.

3.C.4 Green Belt: A 500 m width green belt of native plant species shall be created to safeguard the reservoir. This scheme is already under- consideration of project authority. The forest department should take the lead in completing this scheme. Rs. 1.5 lakh per ha is proposed to develop green belt including survey, demarcation, work and preparation of plan for 10 years. Plantation of following is suggested:

S No. Botanical Name Local name 1 Acacia nilotica Babul 2 Aegle marmelos Bel, 3 Cassia fistula Amaltas 4 Dalbergia sissoo Shesham 5 Ficus benghalensis Bar 6 Ficus religiosa Pipal 7 Madhuca indica Mahua 8 Syzygium cumini Jamun 9 Terminalia arjuna Arjun 10 Butea monosperma Palas

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 77

11 Holoptelea integrifolia Chilbil 12 Zizyphus mauritiana Ber 13 Lagerstroemia parviflora Sidha 14 Terminalia bellerica Bahera 15 Albizia lebbeck Siris 16 elia azedarach Bakain 17 Boswellia serrata Salai Table- 22: List of species to plant in green belt

3.D 10 km impact zone/ buffer 3D.1 10 km impact zone/ buffer 10 km impact zone consist of Very dense forest- 13,728.37 ha, Moderate dense forest- 23,133.19 ha, open forest- 9,058.57 ha and scrub- 187.82 ha of forest and covers 83% of total impact zone as forest area. It is suggested that most of the wildlife including elephant prefer bamboo as food. 7157 ha of impact zone which falls in PTR (exclude core of PTR) used as bamboo restoration activities. This bamboo clump should be cleaned and loaded with soil for argumentation and for this work 40 man days per ha is proposed. Rest areas in impact zone should be taken for ANR/ gap plantation activities. Rs. 0.5 lakh per ha is proposed with 0.2 lakh per ha increase per year for 10 years. The loss of forests due to creation of Mandal dam and its wide ranging impact on wildlife habitat will be felt. So, the reorganization of core and buffer area of PTR is suggested (Refer section 3.A.1).

3.D.2 Forest fire management

These areas should be protected from forest fire through community support and modern techniques. A fire management theme plan will be prepared for entire area and detail planning on fire management will be made. Approx. 3 fire lines of maximum length of 7 km per sub beat will be laid and maintained every year at the cost of 120 man-days per km per year. It should be laid as per the theme plan before fire season. 15 Fire watch towers will be created and manned by 3 persons during fire season for monitoring of fire in the area. People from EDC will be taken as fire watchers and manning of fire watch towers for 3 months of fire seasons. Each sub beat will have at least 4 fire watchers during fire season.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 78 A L.S. of Rs. 0.5 lakh each sub beat is proposed to purchase various equipment like goggles, fire resistant gloves, chest guard, head light, water bottle, first Aid kit, beating fire equipment, anti- fire blower. A L.S. of Rs. 0.5 lakh per year per sub- beat is suggested to provide Sattu, Gur and Alkacitron syrup during firefighting.

3.D.3 Wildlife management

The conventional wildlife management will be greatly disturbed in the impact zone because of creation of new infrastructure, colony, presence of people, machineries, water spread, loss of read and communication and movement of wildlife in other areas. The conflict will increase and also management technique of wildlife will be modified. The requirement of more staffs, mechanism of protection, mechanism of conflict mitigation and monitoring will be more than the present scenario. The following interventions are suggested for better wildlife management:

3.D.4 Protection:

Creation of patrolling camps- the area will be vulnerable for forest felling and poaching, so creation of patrolling camps is proposed at Kujrum, Latu, Khapri Mahua, Saneya, totki, Madgari, Meral, Mandal, Parro, Nawarnago, Karamdih, Morwai kalan and Tisia= 13 nos at the cost of Rs. 7.0 lakh and annual maintenance of 0.5 lakh. These camps should be three storeys patrolling- cum- watch tower structure with the support of five staffs provided with all basic facilities including first aid facilities and at least one motor-cycle for transport. Each camp will be provided with a handheld GPS, Range finder, field camera, field evidence collection kit, elephant torches, mobile phone etc. The camps should be provided with solar power and should be protected by elephant proof trench/ solar powered fencing. The camp personnel should be provided with uniform and covered under insurance.

3.D.4.1 Patrolling on reservoir:

The reservoir will be prone for outside forces for fishing, poaching of birds, wildlife and timber extraction.

Creation of one each jetty at Meral & Totki for water patrolling. These two camps will be provided with two each patrolling boats with proper maintenance and personnel. The construction cost for jetty will be approx. 30.0 lakh each and for patrol boats will cost nearly 15.0 lakh per boat. The annual maintenance and running cost will be approx. 1.0 lakh per boat. The patrol camps at these two places will be responsible to patrol on water.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 79 3.D.4.2 Provision for patrolling vehicles:

3.D.4.3 Staff welfare: a. The staff should be provided with uniform, rain- coat, field boots, first aid kit, torches, field camera, GPS, Mobile phone and other facilities. b. All the staff should be covered under insurance scheme with medical facilities.

3.D.4.3.1 Capacity Building:

The staff has to be trained on basic knowledge of all the Acts, laws (Wildlife protection Acts, Biodiversity Act, Forest Act, Environment Act etc.), basic wildlife monitoring technique, use of GPS and other equipment, firefighting, biodiversity assessment etc. the capacity building program will be undertaken at beat level through experts in the field including institution, NGOs and forest officers. A L.S.of Rs. 100.0 lakh for 10 years is proposed for this activity.

3.E Habitat creation:

3.E.1 Weed Management:-

All the open area along the roads and blank created in the open forest are infected with lantana and other weeds which obstruct the growth of grasses and other food species of wildlife. It is proposed the weed removal program and replacing weed with bamboo should be taken in 20% of the impact area. The total area available for this scheme will be 500 ha which will require the budget for 40 mandays per ha in 10 years.

3.E.2 Grassland management:-

The creation of grassland and its maintenance is important part of wildlife management. 5% area in the impact zone should be created for grassland development at the rate of 40 mandays per ha per year.

3.E.3 Water Management:-

The waterhole management and provision of water to wildlife in this dry zone is essential during summer. The natural waterholes have to be maintained and small reservoir/ check dams should be created at various places on drainage lines to recharge the waterholes as well as forest area. It is proposed that 1 Ahars (mud checks) in each sub beat is created in addition to

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 80 catchment area plan structures. The cleaning and maintenance of regular waterholes 5 nos. in each sub beat is proposed at the rate of 40 mandays per year (120 days).

3.E.4 Conflict Management:

The creation of reservoir will change the movement pattern of elephants, tigers and other wildlife. The depredation will be more in new areas and that will be a problem to mitigate. The following is suggested:

a. Empowerment of EDCs:- 20 elephant impacted EDCs in impact zone will be trained on anti- depredation measures and will be provided with elephant torches, fire- crackers, flaming torches, kerosene oil etc. Each EDC will have two elephant watchers under the control of EDC. The EDC will submit the report of crop and other damages to Forest Department for compensation payment. The EDC will also look after the cattle kills by predators and will communicate with Forest Department for compensation. b. Emergency fund to DFOs: The concerned DFO will have a reserved fund of Rs. 10.0 lakh for emergency payment of any eventualities on conflict mitigation. c. The Govt. of India has included elephant crop damage also under agricultural insurance recently. The concerned Range Officer will see that the villages under depredation are insured for agriculture insurance. d. An elephant depredation vehicle: The three ranges namely Baresanr, Kutku and Chhipadohar West will be more effective by elephant depredation. It is suggested that each range should be provided with a camper vehicle with all elephant anti- depredation materials such as torches, crackers etc. with five trained staffs on elephant anti- depredation. This vehicle will be available for any emergency on elephant depredation and patrolling. A budget of Rs. 15.0 lakhs and running expense of Rs. 0.5 lakh per year per range is proposed. e. Provision of grain tanks: The Kutku Range is prone to migrant elephant raids from Chhattisgarh which are grain- eaters and damage houses in search of grains. It is suggested that each household is provided with at least 2 plastic water tanks as grain tank buried inside the soil for grain keeping on experimental basis in 100 household. f. Promotion of Bee- keeping: It is also an experimental activity to ward off elephants from cropping areas by keeping honey boxes nearer to the crop fields. Elephants avoid honeybees and crop raiding is minimized. g. The compensation payment: The adequate and timely compensation payment is one of the tool for reducing conflict. The state Govt. releases payment on the reports submitted to it through demands. It takes a long period, sometimes years. The creation of demand of compensation is a long process and requires certification from Circle Officer of the land. It takes several months to obtain such certificate. This process must be simplified and power should be vested to Gram Sabha/ EDC for certification of land and identification of person concerned. The persons residing in submergence area villages are not getting any

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 81 compensation in absence of land record on their name in Circle Office. Although there are cases of cattle kills by tigers and leopards and damages by elephants.

The strategies to minimize this impact will be :

o Patrolling on water, o Patrolling of land surfaces, o Providing protection mechanism support to Ranges, o Anti- depredation measures in villages o Provision of modern monitoring and documentation mechanism, o Management of avifauna etc.

3.E.5 Birding area management:

The creation of reservoir will cause formation of wetlands along the streams and on the fringes of water spread. This wetland will be occupied by varieties if insects, snails, smaller mammals, reptiles and amphibians. This area will also have annelids like earth-worm etc. the reservoir will create habitat for fish fauna also. This will create a good habitat for various types of birds in the area. The local birds as well as possible home for migratory birds will be attracted to this area.

The following management interventions are suggested:

a. The reservoir will be declared as Core (CTH)/ Reserved Forest under PTR and any hunting will be prohibited under Wildlife Protection Act. b. The naturality of reservoir will be maintained by not introducing any outside aquatic flora and fauna. The local fishes of streams will be allowed to grow and prosper. c. The PTR will provide bird floats on the reservoir surface for resting of birds. Rs. 10.0 lakh suggested to provide bird floats and will be replaced after every 5 year.

3.F Wildlife health monitoring:

3.F.1 Veterinary Center & Rescue Center-

The veterinary care towards wildlife is most wanted topic. The trained veterinary doctors are not available for treatment of diseases in wildlife particularly elephants. It is suggested that a modern veterinary lab with a doctor with two assistants on contract preferably from the retired veterinary service of the state is created. It should be at Barwadih/ Mandal for better communication. The doctor and staffs should be sent to reputed wildlife veterinary institute for proper training. The lab will have tranquilizing guns, cages, medicines and other equipments. A mobile veterinary van will be provided to this centre. The PTR will provide 5 acres of land for the lab and rescue centre attached to this lab. A sum of Rs. 30.0 lakh is proposed to initial

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 82 establishment and Rs. 10.0 lakh in every year for maintenance, honorarium and operating expenses.

The immunization of cattle will be undertaken through this center.

3.F.2 A water testing lab: Water testing lab will be created under PTR to monitor the pollution content, DO2, DCO2 and pH of the water. The interventions like control of pH are suggested for better fish growth. Rs. 10.0 lakh will be provided to establish lab at Mandal and Rs. 1.0 lakh for annual maintenance.

3.G Awareness creation

This is most important part to create awareness among local people mainly youths of the area. The following program in suggested:

3.G.1 Nature Interpretation Center:

A well- developed nature interpretation centre will create awareness on general mass on conservation of forest and wildlife. This information Centre should have provision of auditorium and displays of plants and wildlife found in PTR area. There should be light- and- sound shows, Audio- visual shows etc. also. The campus of NIC should have enclosure of buffer fly park, orchidarium and medicinal plants found in PTR. An expert organization should be instructed with work of this NIC development. The NIC will run under PTR with separate caretaker with two assistant and 10 workers will be provided for upkeep and maintenance. This will be created at Mandal. A sum of Rs. 80.0 lakh for the structure and Rs. 30.0 lakh per year for wages and maintenance is proposed.

3.G.2 General awareness:

It will be done through distribution of printed materials on conservation, awareness meetings, youth awareness programs in schools, Panchayat level awareness program and celebration of important conservation days.

3.G.3 Vulture conservation awareness program:

The vultures were reported time to time in submergence area. They have to be protected and for this a massive awareness program in the villages and particularly in veterinary and medical practitioners and chemists against the use of Diclofenac medicine in the cattle is suggested. Capturing and selling of Munia, Patridges, doves is common in the area and awareness generation is required in this topic also.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 83 3.H Documentation, research and monitoring

The creation of reservoir will have wide ranging impact on its surrounding. This must be documented through researches on habitat change, utilization by wildlife, occupation of wildlife habitats, behavior changing, change in ecology and environment, socio- economic change by dam on people etc. A documentation researches and monitoring mechanism should be integral part of this planning process.

3.I. Eco- tourism:

3.I.1. Eco- tourism centre:

The Mandal dam and its surrounding forest, reservoir and presence of wildlife in reservoir will attract tourists from local and faraway places. We proposed to create an eco- tourism centre at Mandal with two four bedded facilities for the tourists. The locals as guides, tour operators, trekkers, food providers, cultural entertainment providers could be engaged for tourism as well as growing of local economy of the area. This eco- tourism center could be established in any of the present rest house of the Mandal colony. The similar facilities could be created at Bhandaria and Barwadih with the support of local community. These centers will run by EDC under the control of PTR. Rs. 5.0 lakh per center is proposed as budget.

3.I.2 Village tourism:

3.J. Monitoring and fund flow:

The funding required for various activities and program suggested here will be provided by Water Resource Department to forest department under CAMPA. The fund for activities will be demanded by Field Director, PTR on the basis of plan suggestions. This plan is a dynamic and Field Director, PTR is requested to review the plan after second year and may change the prescriptions and program as per the need. The Water Resource Department shall bear the cost of additional requirement.

The Field Director, PTR will assess the impacts of the plan implementation through monitoring reports every year. It is requested that independent persons/ organizations may be involved for such monitoring reports.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 84 Chapter 4-

Proposed management intervention from Project Authorities

The budget provision has not been made for Water Resource Department because management interventions are suggested and Department will formulate its own budget for various activities as per the plan of Mandal dam.

S No. Strategies Intervention Justification The renovation Renovation of previous roads, The renovation mechanism is associated with of colony and buildings etc. in Mandal use of heavy transport, materials and people. roads should 1 Colony should be undertaken The large structure is not necessary as the be done on for minimum of disturbances dam is already constructed and few facilities bare minimum of requirement. and non-polluting. are needed to develop it.

To minimize disturbance to wildlife and VIP rest All the rest houses and VIP habitat as VIP visits are always associated 2 houses and facilities will be stationed at with large number of vehicles and people. facilities Barwadih. This will create unfriendly environment towards wildlife and forest.

The workforce is always left alone after the The worker shed with work in day time. These workers consume accommodation, clean toilet, 3 Worker-shed forest resources and create hutments. To kitchen, water and lighting avoid such conditions, separate worker shed facilities should be provided. with all amenities is justified. It is found that any construction sites have

various types of transports standing at The transport shed and area different places. The repairing and other should be separated. the works are done in unorganized manner, which workshop and heavy machine causes disturbances to surrounding. As this 4 Transport areas should be form separately area is a wildlife zone the animal movement as transport enclosure with during night may be disturbed. The release of proper mechanism of disposal oil, greases and other materials pollute soil of Oil, greases etc. and water. this has to be stopped for the forest, water and wildlife. The bus stand and public The public transport should have a particular Public 5 places should be in seculated place to avoid unplanned parking and transport place with all facilities. unhygienic condition of the passengers.

The modern concept of town or colony

Removal of These will no removal of any planning says that no tree should be cut for 6 trees tree during colony renovation. any structure creation, so this should be followed strictly.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 85

The project authorities must This is to create an environment of clean insure that there is no any use No use of kitchen. The workers and all staffs including 7 of timber wood from the forest timber wood shops must use LPG Gas as fuel. This will for burning. All kitchen fuels also save the precious forest around the site. should be LPG gas. All electric lines should be

through covered wire/ The birds, nocturnal animals like bats, etc. are Protection of underground and light should attracted towards light and they will be killed. 8 nocturnal and be anti-glare and covered from So, all the electric line has to be with covered other wildlife top to protect the movement of wire/ underground wire. The open light nocturnal animals and wildlife should be covered from top. movement at night.

The sound from heavy machineries, pressure The sound production should Sound horns and other sound producing activities 9 not be more than 75 dB during pollution has to be curtailed to permissible limit as per day and 65 dB during night. prescribed by Govt. of India. There will be no blasting as

dam is already constructed, if at all it is necessary than Unnecessary blasting without proper No blasting permission from Field 10 safeguard will be detrimental to wildlife in the activities Director, PTR should be area as it is important elephant and tiger zone. obtained and it should be based on state of art modern technique and with proper care.

The dust control measures the generation of dust through various activity should be adopted during like transport, machine movement etc. will Dust control 11 construction by spraying of cause choking of plants and habitat will be activities water on roads regularly degraded. So, dust management should be though sprinkler trucks. done on priority basis. The loose soil washes and creates major soil

Any loose soil should not be erosion as well as water pollution. Any loose Protection of kept open it has to be covered soil created has to be covered with geo- 12 loose soil by geo-textile and over-seeding textile and sprinkler with water for wetting. of grasses of local species. The grasses could be used for control of the soil. The water, air and soil quality

should be regularly monitored during construction phase by Quality sampling of these. An The quality of groundwater, surrounding air 13 maintenance of environmental lab should be and soil should be good for better ecology to water and air setup to monitor the quality of benefit all. water, air and soil. All these should be under permissible limit as prescribed by Govt. of Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 86

India.

The fish passes/ fish ladders The fish fauna will be worst affected due to will be constructed in the dam creation of dam and blocking of flow of river. to allow breeding fishes to The river and its tributaries are full of hill Provision for 14 cross. The dam construction stream fishes of different varieties. The fishes should also provide fish mesh checking of flow of water will stop the to filter fishes during intake of breeding behaviour of these fishes. hence this water from reservoir. precaution. The water resource department

will keep only the minimum of After the construction of dam, the water Minimum buildings and infrastructure resource department will require only 15 construction at created for operational use and personnel for operation only. So, the creation site maintenance. The rest of the of a township in Mandal is not justifies to structure will be handed over maintain the wildlife zone. to Forest Department. The flow of water should be maintained to Maintenance The flow of water during dry 10- 20% of the regular flow during dry season 16 of Regular season should Be maintained to to maintain the aquatic flora, fauna and flow 10 - 20% of the regular flow. ecology of the down streams. There are 670 households still

residing in submergence area villages. They have Panchayat

election and elected Mukhiya.

They demand that they should be properly rehabilitated under

Govt. of India guideline (NTCA)/ R&R policy of

Jharkhand before the The submergence area villages are part of

reconstruction of dam starts. buffer area of PTR, they are depending upon As per the records of water resources of PTR and still living in these Rehabilitation resource department, there is villages. If they are not rehabilitated properly of under 17 no Raiyati land in these as per NTCA guideline, these villages will submergence villages which is certified by move into adjoining core and buffer area of area villages Circle Officer also, but on the PTR and will create new villages. This will be other hand, Govt has created a great loss to forest and wildlife of PTR Panchayat for these villages hence this prescription. and all villages has Anganbadi Kendra as well as elected Mukhiya. This problem of rehabilitation of tribal population must be solved by water resource department before any activity regarding reconstruction of dam/ closing

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 87

of gate etc. is started. The rehabilitation efforts started at Marda Rehabilitation Site near Bhandaria may please be taken up at urgently by providing remaining facilities at this site. These villages with 1,251 households (1,138

Household (Census of India, 2011) + 10% increase) commonly called as 13 villages of

Lat group will be worst affected due to creation of reservoir and thereby possible 13 villages of Lat group will be change of movement route of elephants, worst affected due to creation Rehabilitation tigers, leopards and other wildlife to Saidup of villages of reservoir and thereby block of forests from Baresanr and Ramandag 18 under wildlife possible change of movement Forests through these villages. The conflict impact route of elephants, tigers, with wildlife will be extreme because of leopards and other wildlife. regular presence of elephant, tigers and leopard and other wildlife near these villages. These villages could be shifted to Govt. land between Kechki to Barwadih along river North Koel or on the land acquired by water resource department at Pokhraha village. There are 1,007.29 ha of

forests which are submerging under reservoir. The double of As per the tree enumeration report of M/s this area should be acquired Mantec Consultants Pvt. Ltd. On

adjacent to buffer area of submergence area is losing total 3,44,644 of Palamau Tiger Reserve to trees under 3 classes based on girth. This loss

develop it through gap has to be compensated by planting double of plantation of native species as the number of plants at least to balance the planted forests. This will be ecology of the area and availability the habitat Compensatory also a part of buffer area of to the wildlife. 19 Afforestation Palamau Tiger Reserve. For The Water Resource Department is trying to gap plantation of native species wave out this clause of compensatory an amount of Rs. 0.5 lakh per afforestation but it is an important step in ha or as per prevalent rate of restoration of forests and ecology. The work plantation of GoJ is suggested. should be interested to Forest Department at An area of 200 ha should be the earliest. taken for these activities per year for 10 years. There will be enhancement of 10% every year from second year.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 88

5,852 household resident in the 10 km impact zone of Mandal dam, these are mostly tribal

villages who are depending These villages depend upon the forest upon resources of Palamau resource of PTR for livelihood, grazing, fuel 10 km Tiger Reserve and other and fodder, MFP collection, timber 20 Impacted forests. The development of requirement etc. The development of these villages these villages through Eco- villages will save the natural resources for development initiative and posterity. conversance of program of state govt. is essential for their

reduction in dependency on forest.

This important soil and

moisture conservation measures must be implemented

in excellent manner as per the CAT Plan prepared already. The Forest Department will to control siltation, soil erosion and 21 CAT Plan execute this work on the augmentation of forest and wildlife. funding support from water resource department. It will check the silt of the reservoir and will also benefit forest and wildlife habitat.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 89 Chapter 5 –

Management interventions for Forest Dept

This chapter is important for conservation of forest and wildlife in the impact zone. The major program with their intervention, justification and 10 year‟s budget are provided. The consolidated budget has been provided for each activities based on 10 years. The Forest Department is requested to chalk out the planning and fund involve per year as per the requirement. Concerned Forest Divisions and PTR will execute this program in association with community support. The program implementation should be participatory and NGO help may be sought during planning and implementation stage.

The following activities are suggested:

5.A. Habitat Management:

5.A.1 10 km impact zone

10 km impact zone consist of Very dense forest- 13,728.37 ha, Moderate dense forest- 23,133.19 ha, open forest- 9,058.57 ha and scrub- 187.82 ha of forest and covers 83% of total impact zone as forest area.

5.A.2 Bamboo restoration activity:

The wildlife including elephant prefers bamboo as food. The bamboo is an important to forest growth and indicator of good health of forests. The impact area excluding Core Area of PTR, Non- Forests area and water bodies is 35,785 ha. The 20% (7157 ha) of this which is suggested to be taken for bamboo restoration The bamboo clump should be cleaned and loaded with soil for argumentation and for this work 40 man days per ha is proposed for better regeneration of bamboo in the area. The total budget requirement will be 7157 ha x 40 man days x Rs. 221.61 minimum wages per day= Rs. 634.425 lakh. The present rate of 30 man days has being enhanced to 40 man days to compensate any change of wage rate.

5.A.3 Habitat argumentation: -

The buffer area of PTR will have habitat improvement program to accommodate wildlife movement because of reservoir creation. This area will have plantation of wildlife friendly species like ficus, khair, kajhi, salai (table- 23). 1,000 ha of the impact buffer area will be treated for habitat improvement at the rate of L.S. of Rs. 1.0 lakh per ha for 10 years= Rs. 1,000 Lakh.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 90 5.B Forest fire management

Approx. 3 fire lines of maximum length of 7 km per sub beat will be laid and maintained every year at the cost of 30 man-days per km per year. 7 km x 35 forets sub beats x 40 man days x Rs. 221.61 minimum wages= Rs. 21.717 lakh 15 Fire watch towers will be created and manned by 3 persons during fire season for monitoring of fire in the area. Construction of fire watch tower at the rate of Rs. 3.0 lakh for 15 towers= 45.0 lakh. The wages of 3 fire watchers for each watch towers for 120 days for 10 years= 119.67 lakh. In addition to this, each sub beat will have 5 fire watchers taken from EDC for 120 days during fire season for 10 years= 465.381 lakh; grand total of watch tower and watchers= 630.05 lakh. Fire theme plan= Rs. 1.0 lakh. A L.S. of Rs. 0.5 lakh each sub beat is proposed to purchase various equipment like goggles, fire resistant gloves, chest guard, head light, water bottle, first Aid kit, beating fire equipment, anti- fire blower. The budget for equipment for each tower is 35 sub beats x Rs. 0.5 lakh= 17.5 lakh. A L.S. of Rs. 0.5 lakh per year per sub- beat is suggested to provide Sattu, Gur and Alkacitron syrup during firefighting= 17.5 lakh. The grand total for forest fire program= Rs. 687.767 lakh.

5.C Wildlife management

5.C.1 Protection:

5.C.1.1 Creation of patrolling camps-

The area will be vulnerable for forest felling and poaching, so creation of patrolling camps are proposed at Kujrum, Latu, Khapri Mahua, Saneya, Totki, Madgari, Meral, Mandal, Parro, Nawarnago, Karamdih, Morwai kalan and Tisia= total 13 nos at the cost of Rs. 7.0 lakh= 91.0 lakh + manned by 5 persons with minimum wages of Rs. 221.61 per day for 10 years= 40.443 lakh + annual maintenance of 0.5 lakh for 10 years= 5.0 lakh + L.S. 1.0 lakh for motor cycle and provision of uniform and insurance to staff for 13 tower= 13.0 lakh. Total 149.443 lakh

Each camp will be provided with a handheld GPS, Range finder, field camera, field evidence collection kit, elephant torches, mobile phone etc. L.S. Rs. 1.0 lakh for 13 camp= 13.0 lakh. The camps should be provided with solar power and should be protected by elephant proof trench/ solar powered fencing. L.S. Rs. 1.0 lakh for 13 towers= 13.0 lakh. Grand total for protection program= 175.443 lakh

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 91 5.C.1.2 Patrolling on reservoir:

The reservoir will be prone for outside forces for fishing, poaching of birds, wildlife and timber extraction. To patrol this area the following is suggested: construction of two jetty at Meral & Totki for reservoir patrolling. These two camps will be provided with two each patrolling boats with proper maintenance and personnel. The construction cost for 2 jetties will be approx. 30.0 lakh each and for patrol boats will cost nearly 15.0 lakh per boat. The annual maintenance and running cost will be approx. 1.5 lakh per boat. The patrol camps at these two places will be responsible to patrol on water.

Construction of 2 jetties= L.S. Rs. 30.0 Lakh

Purchase of 4 boats @ L.S. 15.0 lakh each= Rs. 60.0 lakh

Maintenance & running cost of 4 boats for 10 years= L.S. Rs. 60.0 lakh

Wages for 4 Driver @ Rs. 500.00 per day for 10 years= 73.0 lakh

Grand total= 223.0 lakh

5.C.2 Provision for patrolling vehicles:

A patrolling vehicles (camper type) should be provided to Foresters of Madgari and Kutku beat of Kutku Range, Mandal Beat of Chhipadohar West range and Kujrum East and Kujrum West beat oh Baresanr Range. L.S. of Rs. 15.0 lakh + annual maintenance and running cost= L.S. Rs. 1.0 lakh. Purchase of 5 Vehicle= 75.0 lakh Annual maintenance and running cost for 5 vehicles for 10 years= 50.0 lakh Grand total= 125.0 lakh 5.C.3 Staff welfare: a. The staff should be provided with uniform, rain- coat, field boots, first aid kit, torches, field camera, GPS, Mobile phone and other facilities for 10 years= 5.0 lakh b. All the staff should be covered under insurance scheme with medical facilities for 10 years= L.S. Rs. 20.0 lakh c. Capacity Building: the staff has to be trained on basic knowledge of all the Acts, laws (Wildlife protection Acts, Biodiversity Act, Forest Act, Environment Act etc.), basic wildlife monitoring technique, use of GPS and other equipment, firefighting, biodiversity assessment etc. the capacity building program will be undertaken at beat level through experts in the field including institution, NGOs and forest officers. A L.S.of Rs. 100.0 lakh for 10 years is proposed for this activity.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 92 Grand total= 125.0 Lakh

5.D Habitat creation:

5.D.1 Weed Management: -

All the open area along the roads and blank created in the open forest are infected with lantana and other weeds which abstract the growth of grasses and other food species of wildlife. it is proposed the weed removal program and replacing weed with bamboo should be taken in 20% of the impact. The total area available for this scheme will be 500 ha which will require the budget for 40 man day per ha for 10 years= 44.322 lakh.

5.D.2 Grassland management:

The creation of grassland and its maintenance is important part of wildlife management. 1800 ha area in the impact zone should be created for grassland development at the rate of 40 man day per ha per year= L.S. Rs. 160.0 lakh.

5.D.3 Water Management:

The waterhole management and provision of water to wildlife in this dry zone is essential during summer. The natural waterholes has to be maintained and small reservoir/ check dams should be created at various places on drainage lines to recharge the waterholes as well as forest area. It is proposed that 1 Ahars (mud checks) in each sub beat is created in addition to catchment area plan structures= 35 Ahar x Rs. 5.0 Lakh= 175.0 Lakh. The cleaning and maintenance of regular waterholes 5 nos. in each sub beat is proposed at the rate of 120 mandays per year= 46.53 lakh.

Grand total for water management= 221.53 lakh

5.E Conflict Management:

5.E.1 Empowerment of EDCs:-

20 EDC in impact zone where elephant depredation is found, will be trained on anti- depredation techniques and will be provided with elephant torches, fire- crackers, flaming torches, kerosene oil etc. @ Rs.50.000 x 20 EDC x 10 years= 100.0 lakh. Each EDC will have two elephant watchers (wages Rs. 221.61 per day) under the control of EDC kept for 120 day during depredation for 10 years= 106.37 lakh.

Grand total- 206.37 lakh

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 93 5.E.2 Emergency fund to DFOs:

The DFOs of PTR will have a reserved fund of Rs. 10.0 lakh for emergency payment of any eventualities on conflict mitigation. This provision will be one time and will be replaced with the Govt. fund received from time to time. Total 20.0 lakh

5.E.3 An elephant depredation vehicle:

The three ranges namely Baresanr, Kutku and Chhipadohar West will be more effective by elephant depredation. It is suggested that each range should be provided with a camper vehicle with all elephant anti- depredation materials such as torches, crackers etc. with five trained staffs on elephant anti- depredation. This vehicle will be available for any emergency on elephant depredation and patrolling. A budget of Rs. 15.0 lakhs and running expense of Rs. 0.5 lakh per year is proposed= 60.0 lakh.

5.E.4 Provision of grain tanks:

The Kutku Range is prone to migrant elephant raids from Chhattisgarh which are grain- eaters and damage houses in search of grains. It is suggested that each household is provided with at least 2 plastic water tanks as grain tank buried inside the soil for grain keeping on experimental basis in 100 household. Rs. 5,000.00 per household including fixation x 100 household= 5.0 lakh.

Grand total- 251.37 lakh

5.F Avi and aquatic fauna management: a. The naturality of reservoir will be maintained by not introducing any outside aquatic flora and fauna. The local fishes of streams will be allowed to grow and prosper. b. The PTR will provide bird floats on the reservoir surface for resting of birds. Rs. 20.0 lakh suggested to provide bird floats. These floats could be created through floating poles or using other materials for resting and sitting for birds on the reservoir surface. Grand total for avi and aquatic fauna management - 20.0 lakh

5.G. Wildlife health monitoring:

5.G.1 Mobile veterinary unit:

The veterinary care towards wildlife is most wanted topic. The trained veterinary doctors are not available for treatment of diseases in wildlife particularly elephants. It is suggested that a modern veterinary lab with a doctor with two assistants on contract preferably from the retired veterinary service of the state is created. It should be at Barwadih/ Mandal for better communication. The doctor and staffs should be sent to reputed wildlife veterinary institute for proper training. The lab will have tranquilizing guns, cages, medicines and other equipments. A Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam)

By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 94 mobile veterinary van will be provided to this centre. The PTR will provide 5 acres of land for the lab and rescue centre attached to this lab. A sum of Rs. 30.0 lakh is proposed to initial establishment and Rs. 100.0 lakh for 10 years for maintenance, honorarium and operating expenses, immunization of cattle @ 50.0 lakh for 10 years, purchase of veterinary van @ 10.0 lakh and maintenance and running cost 100.0 lakh for 10 years.

Grand total for wildlife health monitoring program= 280.0 lakh

5.G.2 Water testing lab: A water testing lab will be created under PTR to monitor the pollution content, DO2, DCO2 and pH of the water. The interventions like control of pH are suggested for better fish growth. Rs. 10.0 lakh will be provided to establish lab at Mandal and Rs. 10.0 lakh for maintenance for 10 years. The lab will be part of NIC at Mandal and will be manned by NIC staffs. A qualified Lab Assistant to handle the water quality equipment and preparing report will be kept on contract @ 1.2 lakh annual wages for 10 years= 12.0 lakh. total 32.0 lakh. Grand total- 52.0 lakh

5.H. Eco- development

5,852 household resident in the 10 km impact zone of Mandal dam, these are mostly tribal villages who are depending upon resources of Palamau Tiger Reserve and other forests. The development of these villages through Eco- development initiative and conversance of program of state govt. is essential for their reduction in dependency on forest. A micro plan of 10 years for each Eco- development committee (EDC) will be prepared on the basis of budgetary provision of Rs. 50,000 per household= 2926.00 lakh. A budget provision for Rs. 1,00,000 (one lakh) for preparation of plan for 10 years has to be provided= 56.0 Lakh. The EDC will be provided with solar lantern for each household @ Rs. 2,500.00 per household= 146.3 lakh Promotion of education is suggested in the 54 impact villages through sponsoring of education materials, modern aids on education and 1 computer set @ Rs. 1.0 lakh per primary/ middle schools= 56.0 lakh. Promotion of Bee- keeping: It is also an experimental activity to ward off elephants from cropping areas by keeping honey boxes nearer to the crop fields. Elephants avoid honeybees and crop raiding is minimized. This will also help in income generation and PTR has already established honey processing unit at Maromar to process honey. So, this will be an extension activity. To promote this activity a sum of Rs. 0.5 lakh is proposed to all 56 EDCs= 28.0 lakh Development of Kisan Nursery and Promotion of Mukhyamantri Jan- Van Yojna: development of Kisan nursery in each EDC will be undertaken for growing of native fuel, fodder, timber and horticulture plants. A sum of Rs. 2.0 lakh per nursery is proposed as seed

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam)

By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 95 money= 112.0 lakh. The plants will be purchased by Forest Department or other persons for the sustainable growth of these nursery. Silvi- pasture development will be undertaken separately to compensate the loss of approx. 4.0 lakh plants. This scheme will be undertaken with the provision of 2 permanent nurseries at Tataha & Chapiya villages @ Rs. 10.0 per nursery and Rs. 1.0 lakh per EDC per year for selvi-pasture development = Rs. 580.0 Lakh. The nurseries will be self- sustaining after 1 year from the sale of the plants. Grand total for Eco- development activity= 3,904.3 lakh

5.I. Awareness creation

This is most important part to create awareness among local people mainly youths of the area. The following program in suggested:

5.I.1 Nature Interpretation Centre:

A well- developed nature interpretation centre will create awareness on general mass on conservation of forest and wildlife. This information Centre should have provision of auditorium and displays of plants and wildlife found in PTR area. There should be light- and- sound shows, Audio- visual shows etc. also. The campus of NIC should have enclosure of buffer fly park, orchidarium and medicinal plants found in PTR. An expert organization should be instructed with work of this NIC development. The NIC will run under PTR with separate caretaker with two assistant and 10 workers will be provided for upkeep and maintenance. This will be created at Mandal. A sum of Rs. 80.0 lakh for the structure and Rs. 200.0 lakh for 10 years for wages and maintenance is proposed for 10 years. Grand total- 280.0 lakh

5.I.2 General awareness:

5.I.3 Vulture conservation awareness program:

The vultures were reported time to time in submergence area. They have to be protected and for this a massive awareness program in the villages and particularly in veterinary and medical practitioners and chemists against the use of Diclofenac medicine in the cattle is suggested. Capturing and selling of munia, patridges, doves is common in the area and awareness generation is required in this topic also. Rs. 10.0 lakh is proposed for 10 years.

Grand total for awareness program= 310.0 lakh

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 96 5.J. Eco- tourism:

5.J.1. Eco- tourism centre:

The Mandal dam and its surrounding forest, reservoir and presence of wildlife in reservoir will attract tourists from local and faraway places. We proposed to create a eco- tourism centre at Mandal with two four bedded facilities for the tourists. The local as guides, tour operators, trekkers, food providers, cultural entertainment providers could be a program for tourism as well as growing of local economy of the area. This eco- tourism centre could be established in any of the presence rest house of the Mandal colony. The similar facilities could be created at Bhandaria and Barwadih with the support of local community. These centers will run by EDC under the control of PTR. Rs. 5.0 lakh per centre is proposed as budget= 10.0 lakh

5.J.2 Village tourism:

It is coming as a modern concept of tourism in India and becoming popular. The city dwellers want to see the life style of the local community and want to interact with them. It is proposed that 5 double bedded cottages with bathroom facilities are constructed in the Morwai and Madgari villages. These centers will run through EDC of PTR. Rs. 5.0 lakh per centre including furnishing is proposed as budget. The sharing of benefit will be done at the ratio of 1 Govt. : 1 Village community : 1 the workers involved. The Govt. will maintain the establishment through the profit coming to it. The DFO concerned will distribute rest of the money to the village community and actual workers involved. Grand total= 35.0 lakh

Grand Total for eco- tourism- 45.0 lakh

5.K. Documentation, research and monitoring

5.K.1 Documentation, research:

The creation of reservoir will have wide ranging impact on its surrounding. This has to be documented through researches on habitat change, utilization by wildlife, occupation of wildlife habitats, behavior changing, change in ecology and environment, socio- economic change of dam on people etc. a sum of Rs. 20.0 lakh is proposed to carry out this activity.

5.K.2 Monitoring:

The monitoring and evaluation of the plan activity proposed here is important aspect. The Field Director, PTR should form an evaluation and monitoring committee of independent persons for assessment of the program implemented. As this plan is a dynamic document, the revision of activities as per need could be done after 2nd year of implementation and new sections in the plan could be added as revised document. The project proponent will pay for the additional

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 97 programs suggested in the revised plan. A sum of Rs. 10.0 lakh is proposed for monitoring and Rs. 10.0 lakh for revision of the plan. Grand Total= 20.0 lakh.

Grand total- 40.0 lakh

5.L Summary of budget

Components Proposed amount (Rs. In lakh)

Habitat Management 2,322.192 Wildlife management 648.443 Habitat creation 286.67 Conflict Management 271.37 Avi and aquatic fauna management 20 Wildlife health monitoring 280 Eco- development 3,904.3 Awareness creation 310 Eco- tourism 45

Documentation, research and monitoring 40

Total 8127.975 I words- Total Rs. Eight Thousand one hundred twenty seven lakh only

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 98 Chapter- 6:

Suggested Recommendation

The following recommendation are providing for the consideration to the Government to minimize the impact of North Koel Reservoir project (Mandal Dam). These recommendations has been provided for Project proponent, water Resource Department, Govt. of Jharkhand and also for Forests Department, Govt. of Jharkhand. As the impact of dam falls on forest, wildlife, ecology, environment and local people of the area, it will be necessary to implement these recommendation as per as possible. The Govt. of Jharkhand is requested to accept these recommendations for the benefit of forest, wildlife, ecology, environment and local people.

6.A. Pre- construction phase:

The major part of dam has been constructed earlier but gate closure and allied construction activities are awaited. The following recommendations are provided for consideration to the government before any activity is initiated: i). Safeguards provided in Project Tiger Clearance vide letter No. 11025/75-FRY (PT), dated 16 Nov, 1978 and environmental clearance provided by Government of India vide Letter No. 03/89/80-HCT/EH-5 dated 02 January, 1984 has to be fulfilled by water resource department, Government of Jharkhand before any activity is initiated on ground level regarding dam construction. ii). The reservoir created will be declared as Reserve Forest/ core area of PTR as per the environment clearance. The water Resource Department will use water only for dam purpose and rest of the control will be vested in Field Director, Palamau Tiger Reserve for conservation of wildlife in reservoir. iii). Rehabilitation of submergence area village- All the 8 villages under submergence on 341 m contour shall be rehabilitated under complete packages of R & R Policy, Govt. of Jharkhand and National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), Govt. of India guideline on rehabilitation of villages.

As stated in the impact analysis, the villages are still there in submergence area with their elected representative like Mukhiya and Panchayat. These approx. 670 household demands that they should be rehabilitated first before closing the gate as per their resolution in Gram Sabha. Hence, it is requested that Govt. of Jharkhand consider the point and villages are rehabilitated first on proper guidelines of Govt. of Jharkhand and Govt. of India.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 99 iv) Rehabilitation of wildlife impact villages- All the 13 villages of Lat group namely Lat, Serendag, Bere, Gasedag, Karamdih, Khamikhas, Tanwai, Harhe, Barkheta and Nawarnago will be affected due to creation of reservoir and most of the wildlife will start moving through these villages. It is necessary to rehabilitate these villages to outside with all R & R packages of state Govt. and NTCA policy. The same has been proposed under environment clearance provided by Government of India vide letter No. 03/89/80- HCT/EH-5 dated 02 January, 1984 on North Koel Reservoir project by Govt. of India. v). These villages could be shifted on the right side of river North Koel between Barwadih and Kechki (Site- 1)/ or land acquired by Water Resource Department in Village Pokhraha, Dist- Palamau (Site- 2) (Map 13). The site- 1 will not change the assembly constituency, block and district.

Map- 15: Proposed rehabilitation site- 1 & 2

6.B. Site Development:

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 100 The bus stand, public places like market with shops should be away from colony and construction sites. These will no removal of any tree during colony renovation. The project authorities must insure that there is no any use of timber wood from the forest for burning. All kitchen fuels should be from LPG gas. The provision of gas will be made from project authorities. The timber requirement for fuel wood or other activities should be met from the store created separately under the permission of forest department. All electric lines should be through covered wire/ underground and light should be anti-glare and covered from top to protect the movement of nocturnal animals. The sound production should not be more than 75 dB during day and 65 dB during night. There will be no blasting as dam is already constructed, if at all it is necessary than permission from Field Director, PTR should be obtained and it should be based on state of art modern technique and with proper care. The dust control measures should be adopted during construction by spraying of water at the source of dust and on the roads. The open dump of soil must be covered through geo- textile and over seeding of local grasses on these dumps to prevent washing of soil to the river and forest area. The guard walls could also be provided if necessary.

The water, air and sound quality should be regularly monitored during construction phase. There will no work in the dam site from 05.00 PM to 05.00 AM to allow movement of wildlife during night as per prescribed in Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 guideline.

6.B.1 Provision in dam

The fish passes/ fish ladders will be constructed in the dam to allow breeding fishes to cross.

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 101 The dam construction should also provide fish mesh to filter fishes during intake of water from reservoir.

6.C. Operational phase

6.D Control of siltation:

The CAT Plan of entire catchment zone of river North Koel will be prepared by Water Resource Department and the fund will be transferred to Forest Department for treatment of the area on soil and moisture conservation.

6.E. Development of permanent nursery and green belt:

Two permanent nurseries of local species should be developed at Mandal and Madgari to facilitate this work. Rs. 10.0 lakh per nurseries is proposed with increase of 1 lakh per year after second year. The forest Department will execute the work with the funding of Water Resource Department. The detail estimate of plantation and creation of the nursery will be submitted by Forest Department to the Water Resource Department.

6.F. Loss of Habitat:

There are 1,007.29 ha of forests which are submerging under reservoir. The double of this area as compensatory afforestation should be acquired adjacent to buffer area of Palamau Tiger Reserve to develop it through plantation of native species as planted forests. This will be also a part of buffer area of Palamau Tiger Reserve. For gap plantation of native species an amount of Rs. 0.5 lack per ha is suggested or as per prevalent rate of forest department for such plantation. An area of 100 ha should be taken for these activities per year for 10 years. There will be enhancement of 10% every year from second year.

6.G. Habitat and wildlife management

The 10 km impact zone of 549.93 km2 of the dam will be treated for habitat management of PTR and adjoining forest divisions through bamboo augmentation, ANR, gap plantation, grassland management, water management, fire management etc.

6.H. Protection:

6.H.1 Creation of patrolling camps-

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 102 The area will be vulnerable for forest felling and poaching, so creation of patrolling camps are proposed at Kujrum, Latu, Khapri Mahua, Saneya, totki, Madgari, Meral, Mandal, Parro, Nawarnago, Karamdih, Morwai kalan and Tisia= 13 nos. These camps should be three storeys patrolling-cum- watch tower structure with the support of five staffs provided with all basic facilities including first aid facilities and at least one motor-cycle for transport.

6.H.2 Patrolling on reservoir:

The reservoir will be prone for outside forces for fishing, poaching of birds, wildlife and timber extraction. There will be creation of 2 water jetties with provision of 2 each motor boats for protection of wildlife in reservoir area.

6.H.3 Provision for patrolling vehicles:

6.H.4 Staff welfare:

The staff should be provided with uniform, rain- coat, field boots, first aid kit, torches, field camera, GPS, Mobile phone and other facilities. All the staff should be covered under insurance scheme with medical facilities.

6.I Habitat creation:

6.I.1 Weed Management:- All the open area along the roads and blank created in the open forest are infected with lantana and other weeds which abstract the growth of grasses and other food species of wildlife.

6.I.2 Grassland management:

The creation of grassland and its maintenance is important part of wildlife management. 5% area in the impact zone should be created for grassland development.

6.I.3 Water Management:

6.I.4 Conflict Management:

The creation of reservoir will change the movement pattern of elephants, tigers and other wildlife. All the EDC in impact zone will be trained on anti- depredation measures and will be

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 103 provided with elephant torches, fire- crackers, flaming torches, kerosene oil etc. each EDC will have two elephant watchers under the control of EDC. The EDC will submit the report of crop and other damages to Forest Department for compensation payment. The EDC will also look after the cattle kills by predators and will communicate with Forest department for compensation.

6.I.4.1 Emergency fund to DFOs:

The concerned DFO will have a reserved fund of Rs. 10.0 lakh for emergency payment of any eventualities on conflict mitigation.

The Govt. of India has included elephant crop damage also under agricultural insurance recently. The concerned Range Officer will see that the villages under depredation are insured for agriculture insurance.

6.I.4.2 An elephant depredation vehicle:

6.I.4.3 Provision of grain tanks:

6.I.4.4 Promotion of Bee- keeping:

It is also an experimental activity to ward off elephants from cropping areas by keeping honey boxes nearer to the crop fields. Elephants avoid honeybees and crop raiding is minimized.

6.I.4.5 The compensation payment:

The adequate and timely compensation payment is one of the tool for reducing conflict. The state Govt. releases payment on the reports submitted to it through demands. It takes a long period, sometimes years. The creation of demand of compensation is a long process and requires certification from Circle Officer of the land. It takes several months to obtain such certificate. This process has to be simplified and power should be vested to Gram Sabha/ EDC for certification of land and identification of person concerned. The persons residing in submergence

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 104 area villages are not getting any compensation in absence of land record on their name in Circle Office although there are cases of cattle kills but tigers and leopards and damages by elephants.

6.I.4.6 Birding area management:

6.J Wildlife health monitoring:

6.J.1 Veterinary center and rescue center

6.J.2 A water testing lab will be created under PTR to monitor the pollution content, DO2, DCO2 and pH of the water. The interventions like control of pH are suggested for better fish growth.

6.K. Awareness creation

This is most important part to create awareness among local people mainly youths of the area. The following program in recommended:

6.K.1 Nature Interpretation Centre:

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 105 two assistant and 10 workers will be provided for upkeep and maintenance. This will be created at Mandal.

6.K.2 General awareness:

6.K.3 Vulture conservation awareness program:

6.L Documentation, research and monitoring

The creation of reservoir will have wide ranging impact on its surrounding. This has to be documented through researches on habitat change, utilization by wildlife, occupation of wildlife habitats, behavior changing, change in ecology and environment, socio- economic change of dam on people etc. A documentation researches and monitoring mechanism should be integral part of this planning process.

6.M Eco- tourism:

6.M.1 Eco- tourism centre:

6.M.2 Village tourism:

It is coming as a modern concept of tourism in India and becoming popular. The city dwellers want to see the life style of the local community and want to interact with them. It is proposed

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 106 that 5 double bedded cottages with bathroom facilities are constructed in the Morwai and Madgari villages. These centres will run through EDC of PTR.

6.N. Monitoring and fund flow:

******

Final Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan of North Koel Reservoir Project (Mandal Dam) By Nature Conservation Society, Daltonganj; 28 Feb, 2017 107

Annexure-i

Botanical Name of Species

Sl. No. LOCAL NAME LATIN NAME

A. TREES:

1 Ach Morinda tinctoria 2 Amla Emblica officinalis 3 Amda Spondias mangifera 4 Arjun Terminalia arjuna 5 Asan Terminalia tomentosa 6 Babul Acacia arabica 7 Bahera Terminalia belerica 8 Bahuar Cordia myxa 9 Bakain Melia azedarach 10 Bar Ficus benghalensis 11 Barhar Artocarpus lakoocha 12 Barun Ficus tomentosa 13 Bel Aegle marmelos 14 Belwanjan Cordia Macleodii 15 Ber Ziziphus mauritiana 16 Beri Casearia tomentosa 17 Bhabiranj Antidesma ghaesembilla 18 Bhaire Ehretia laevis 19 Bharhul Chloroxylon swietenia 20 Bhelwa Semecarpus anacardium 21 Bhurkur Hymenodictyon excelsum 22 Bia/Paisar Pterocarpus marsupium 23 Champa Michelia champaca 24 Chatni Alstonia scholaris 25 Chilbil Holoptelea integrifolia 26 Dhanraj/Amaltas Cassia fistula 27 Dhautha Anogeissus latifolia 28 Dhela Alangium lamarckii 29 Dimar Ficus hispida 30 Galgal Cochlospermum gossypium 31 Gamhar Gmelina arborea 32 Genjan Lannea grandis 33 Ghato Schrebera swietenioides 34 Ghorkaranj/ Ghorkaram Ailanthus excelsa 35 Guri/Gurikaram Mitragyna parviflora 36 Gursukhi Grewia hirsuta 37 Hardi Dalbergia lanceolaria 38 Harra Terminalia chebula 39 Imli/Jojo Tamarindus indica 40 Jamun Eugenia jambolana 41 Jang Siris Albizzia odoratissima 42 Jotsingh Rubia cordifolia 43 Kachnar Bauhinia variegata 44 Kajhi Bridelia retusa 45 Kala Shisham Dalbergia latifolia 46 Kamini/Otel Murraya exotica 47 Karam Adina cordifolia

Saccopetalum tomentosum 49 Kari (Syn. miliusa velutina) 50 Katai Vangueria pubescens 51 Katber Ziziphus mauritiana 52 Kathal Artocarpus integrifolia 53 Kathul Bauhinia retusa 54 Katjamun Eugenia heyneana 55 Katmauli Bauhinia racemosa 56 Keonjhi Sterculia urens 57 Khair Acacia catechu 58 Koenar Bauhinia purpurea 59 Koreya Holarrhena antidysentrica 60 Kudmi Polyalthia cerasoides 61 Kumbhi Careya arborea 62 Kusum Schleichera oleosa 63 Lohajangin Ixora parviflora 64 Madartendu Diospyros embryopteris 65 Mahua Madhuca latifolia 66 Mango Mangifera indica 67 Medh Litsea sebifera 68 Neem Azadirachta indica 69 Pader Stereospermum suaveolens 70 Paiman Eugenia operculata 71 Palas Butea frondosa 72 Papra Gardenia latifolia 73 Parho Ficus cunia 74 Patdhaman Grewia asiatica 75 Piar Buchanania lanzan 76 Pipal Ficus religiosa 77 Piurar Randia uliginosa 78 Pula Kydia calycina 79 Rai Dillenia pentagyna 80 Ratangur Elaeodendron mukorossi 81 Ritha Sapindus mukorossi 82 Rohan Mallotus philippinensis 83 Rohena Soymida febrifuga 84 Safed Siris Albizzia procera 85 Sagwan/Teak Tectona grandis 86 Sal/Sakhua Shorea robusta 87 Salia Boswellia serrata 88 Sandan Ougeinia oojeinensis 89 Semal Bombax ceiba 90 Shisham Dalbergia sissoo 91 Sidha Lagerostroemia parviflora 92 Siris Albizzia lebbek 93 Sonapatta Oroxylum indicum 94 Tend/Kend/Tiril Diospyros melanoxylon 95 Tilia/Tiril Wendlandia exserta 96 Toon Toona ciliata 97 Tut Morus spp.

B. SHRUBS AND HERBS 1 Aitha/Atham Helicteres isora 2 Akaon Calotropis gigantea 3 Amti Antidesma diandrum 4 Baborang Embelia robusta 5 Ban/ Kapasi Thespesia lampas 6 Belsain Limonia acidissima 7 Bhant Clerodendron infortunatum 8 Binda/Bindhu Colebrookea oppositifolia 9 Birja/Bara/Jirhul Sophora bakeri 10 Chakor Cassia tora 11 Chandra Rauwolfia spp. 12 Chirchiri Achyranthes aspera 13 Chiretta Swertia pulchella 14 Dekamali Gardenia gummifera 15 Dhathora Ziziphus oenoplia 16 Dhawai Woodfordia fruticosa 17 Dudhi Euphorbia hirta 18 Gaiti Hypericum gaitii 19 Galphuli Flemingia chappar 20 Gond/Marmaridara Strobilanthes auriculatus 21 Jangli Karonda Carissa spinarum 22 Jangli Piaj Urginea indica 23 Jirhul Indigofera pulchella 24 Kalchu/Chiku Glochidion lanceolarium 25 Kalmegh Andrographis paniculata 26 Kanwar Carissa carandas 27 Kapar/Adhkapar Wrightia tinctoria 28 Kargali Cleistanthus collinus 29 Karhar/Dhanuk Gardenia turgida 30 Kashmoi Berberis aristata 31 Katai Flacourtia ramontchi 32 Keonti Ventilago maderaspatana 33 Khejur Phoenix acaulis 34 Lajwanti Mimosa pudica 35 Lodh Symplocos racemosa 36 Makoi Solanum nigrum 37 Mowar Randia dumetorum 38 Putri Croton oblongifolius 39 Putus Lantana camara 40 Rengni Solanum xanthocarpum 41 Salpani Flemingia stricta 42 Samshihar/Harsingar Nyctanthes arobor-tristis 43 Sarpuka Tephrosia purpurea 44 Satawar Asparagus racemosus 45 Sika Flueggia obovata 46 Sindwar Vitex negundo

C CLIMBERS, PARASITES, SEMI- PARASITES, ORCHIDS

1 Alaj-jori/ Parasite Cuscuta reflexa 2 Alkosi Mucuna pruriens 3 Arar Acacia pennata 4 Banda Loranthus spp.

D. GRASSES, BAMBOO, AGAVE

1 --- Chrysopogon mountanus 2 Bans/Bamboo Dendrocalamus strictus 3 Bara bans Bambusa arundinacea 4 Cherograss Imperata arundinacea 5 Chor kanta Chrysopogon aciculatus 6 Doob Cynodon dactylon 7 Dudhia sauri Apluda varia 8 Jharu/Broom grass Thysanolaena agrostis 9 Jharu/Motaminijhar Arundinella setosa 10 Kher/Sauri grass Heteropogon contortus 11 Khrj Panicum montana 12 Khus-khus Vetiveria zizanioides 13 Moraba Agave spp. 14 Munj Saccharum munja 15 Nanha dudhe grass Cymbopogon martinii 16 Sabai Eulaliopsis binata 17 Ulu Imperata cylindrica

Annexure-ii List of Birds

S. No. Name Scientific Name Schedule 1 Alexandrine or Large Indian Parakeet Psittacula eupatria 2 Ashy Swallow Shrike Artamus fuscus 3 Ashy Wren Warbler Prinia socialis 4 Baby-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 5 Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 6 Barn or Screech Owl Tyto alba 7 Barred Jungle Owlet Glaucidium radiatum 8 Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus 9 Black Bird Turdus merula 10 Black Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis 11 Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa 12 Black Partridge Francolinus francolinus 13 Black-bellied Finch Lark Eremopterix grisea 14 Blackbreasted or Rain Quail Coturnix coromandelica 15 Black-breasted Weaver Ploceus benghalensis 16 Black-headed Cuckoo Shrike Coracina melanoptera 17 Black-headed Munia Lonchura malacca 18 Black-headed Oriole Oriolus xanthornus 19 Black-necked Strok Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus 20 Blackwinged Kite Elanus caeruleus 21 Blackwinged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 22 Blossom-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala 23 Blue-tailed Bee-eater Merops philippinus 24 Blue-throated Barbet Megalaima asiatica 25 Blue-winged Leaf bird Chloropsis cochinchinensis 26 Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus 27 Brahminy Myna Sturnus pagodarum 28 Brown Fish Owl Bubo zeylonensis 29 Button Quail Turnix tanki 30 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 31 Chestnut Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus 32 Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch Sitta castanea 33 Chestnut-headed Bee-eater Merops leschenaulti 34 Collared Scopes Owl Otus bakkamoena 35 Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 36 Common Green Pigeon Treron phoenicoptera 37 Common Grey Hornbill Tockus birostris 38 Common Hawk Cuckoo Cuculus varius

39 Common Hoopoe Upupa epops 40 Common Indian Nightjar Caprimulgus asiaticus 41 Common or Bluelegged Bustard Quail Turnix suscitator 42 Common or Grey Quail Coturnix coturnix 43 Common Pariah Kite Milvus migrans 44 Common Sandgrouse Pterocles exustus 45 Common Sandpiper Tringa hypoleucos 46 Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 47 Common Teal Anas crecca 48 Common Wood Shrike Tephrodornis pondicerianus 49 Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala 50 Crested Hawk Eagle Spizaetus cirrhatus 51 Crested Lark Galerida cristata 52 Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela 53 Crested Tree Swift Hemiprocne longipennis 54 Crow Pheasant Centropus siensis 55 Curlew Numenius arquata 56 Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus 57 Golden-backed Woodpecker Dinopium benghalense 58 Golden-fronted Leaf bird Chloropsis aurifrons 59 Green Munia Estrilda formosa 60 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 61 Grey Patridge Francolinus pondicerianus 62 Grey Tit Parus major 63 Grey Wagtail Motacilla caspica 64 Grey-headed Flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis 65 Grey-headed Myna Sturnus malabaricus 66 House Crow Corvus splendens 67 House Sparrow Passer domesticus 68 House Swift Apus affinis 69 Indian Great Horned Owl 70 Indian Myna Acridotheres tristis 71 Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus 72 Indian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 73 Indian Pitta Pitta brachyura 74 Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 75 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 76 Indian Small Skylark Alauda guagula 77 Indian Tree Pie Dendrocitta vagabunda 78 Indian Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida 79 Indian Wren Warbler Prinia subflava 80 Iora Aegithina tiphia

81 Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 82 Jungle Bush Quail Perdicula asiatica 83 Jungle Crow Corvus macrorhynchos 84 Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus 85 King or Black Vulture Torgos calvus 86 Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 87 Large Cuckoo Shrike Coracina novaehollandiae 88 Large Grey Babbler Turdoides malcolmi 89 Large Pied Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 90 Little Brown Dove Streptopelia senegalensis 91 Little Egret Egretta garzetta 92 Little Green Bittern Butorides striatus 93 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius 94 Little Stint Calidris minutus 95 Lorikeet Loriculus vernalis 96 Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis 97 Malabar Pied Hornbill Authracoceros coronatus 98 Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 99 Painted Sandgrouse Pterocles indicus 100 Palm Swift Cypsiurus parvus 101 Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi 102 Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 103 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 104 Pied Myna Sturnus contra 105 Pigmy Woodpecker Picoides nanus 106 Pintail Duck Anas acuta 107 Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 108 Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 109 Purple-rumped Sunbird Nectarinia zeylonica 110 Quaker Babbler Alcippe poioicephala 111 Racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus 112 Red Jungle Fowl Gallus gallus 113 Red or Waxbill Munia Estrilda amandava 114 Red Spurfowl Galloperdix spadicea 115 Redrumped or Striated Swallor Hirundo 116 Redshank Tringa totanus 117 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 118 Redwattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 119 Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus 120 Red-winged Bush Lark Mirafra erythroptera 121 Refous-tailed Finch Lark Ammomanes phoenicurus 122 Ring Dove Streptopelia decaocto

123 River Tern Sterna aurantia 124 Roseringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 125 Rufous Woodpecker Micropternus brachyurus 126 Rufous-backed Shrike Lanius schach 127 Rufous-bellied Babbler Dumetia hyperythra 128 Scarlet Minivet Pericrocotus flammeus 129 Shama Copsychus malabaricus 130 Shikra Accipiter badius 131 Short-toed Eagle Circaetus gallicus 132 Sirkeet Cuckoo Taccocua leschenaultii 133 Slaty-headed Scimitar Babbler Pomatorhinus schisticeps 134 Small Blue Kingfisher Alcedo atthis 135 Small Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 136 Small Minivet Pericrocotus cinmamomeus 137 Spotted Babbler Pellorneum ruficeps 138 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis 139 Spotted Munia Lonchura punctulata 140 Stone Curlew Burhinus oedicnemus 141 Streaked Fantail Warbler Cisticola juncidis 142 Streaked Weaver Ploceus manyar 143 Tailor Bird Orthotomus sutorius 144 Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax 145 Thick-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum agile 146 Tickell's Blue Flycatcher Muscicapa thalassina 147 Tickell's Flowerpecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos 148 Verditer Flycatcher Terpsiphone paradisi 149 White Ibis Threskiornis aethiopica 150 White Scavenger Vulture Neophron percnopterus 151 White Stork Ciconia ciconia 152 White Wagtail Motacilla alba 153 White-backed Munia Lonchura striata 154 White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis 155 White-bellied Drongo Dicrurus caerulescens 156 White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 157 White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus 158 White-eyed Buzzard Butastur teesa 159 White-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus 160 White-spotted Fantail Flycatcher Rhipidura albicollis 161 White-throated Munia Lonchura malabarica 162 Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 163 Wood or Spotted Sandpiper Tringa glareola 164 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava

165 Yellow-eyed Babbler Chrysomma sinense 166 Yellow-fronted Pied Woodpecker Picoides mahrattensis 167 Yellow-headed Wagtail Motacilla citreola 168 Yellow-Throated Sparrow Petronia xanthocollis 169 Yellow-wattled Lapwing Vanellus malabaricus

LIST OF REPTILES 1 Red Sand Boa Eryx johnii 2 Indian Cobra Naja naja naja 3 King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah 4 Banded Karait Bungarus fasciatus 5 Common Karait Bungarus caeruleus 6 Indian Python Python molurus 7 Rat Snake Ptyas mucosa 8 Russel Viper daboia

River North Koel just before Mandal Dam

Nature Conservation Society

Old ITO Road, Redma, TOP- 2, Daltonganj, PIN- 822101, Jharkhand.