Greek Stalinists Slay Trotskyists
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Misunderstood and Forgotten: the Greek Naval Mutiny of April 1944 Mark C
Misunderstood and Forgotten 367 Misunderstood and Forgotten: The Greek Naval Mutiny of April 1944 Mark C. Jones Abstract After being driven from Greece by the German military in 1941, the Royal Hellenic Navy (RHN) operated alongside Britain’s Royal Navy (RN) from bases in Egypt, Lebanon, and Malta. In April 1944 the RHN experienced a widespread mutiny, which began in Alexandria, Egypt, over the political composition of the Greek government. This essay explores the importance of the Alexandria mutiny to the RHN. It investigates the role of the navy in the royalist/republican rivalry of the 1920s–1930s, the wartime return to service of republican officers, the RHN’s operations under British direction in the eastern Mediterranean, the political orientation of the government-in-exile, disturbances in the RHN prior to the mutiny, the events of the mutiny itself, the aftermath of the mutiny, how the mutiny affected the RN-RHN relationship, and the significance of the mutiny within the context of naval history in general. Wartime RN records held at the Public Record Office outside London, United States Navy intelligence reports held at the National Archives and Records Administration at College Park, Maryland, as well as unpublished and published secondary sources, provide the basis of this investigation. Multinational naval operations are a common occurrence in today’s world. While the United States Navy is presently the most powerful in the world, it frequently operates with ships from allied navies to reach its security goals. Such allied cooperation dates back to World War II when escort groups in the Battle of the Atlantic were composed of ships from the U.S., Canadian, and Royal Navies along with a handful of Polish, Free French, Norwegian, and Dutch ships. -
Chap 2 PF.Indd
Credit: Shankar I ts chptr… The challenge of nation-building, covered in the last chapter, was This famous sketch accompanied by the challenge of instituting democratic politics. Thus, by Shankar appeared electoral competition among political parties began immediately after on the cover of his collection Don’t Spare Independence. In this chapter, we look at the first decade of electoral Me, Shankar. The politics in order to understand original sketch was • the establishment of a system of free and fair elections; drawn in the context of India’s China policy. But • the domination of the Congress party in the years immediately this cartoon captures after Independence; and the dual role of the Congress during the era • the emergence of opposition parties and their policies. of one-party dominance. 2021–22 chapter 2 era of one-party dominance Challenge of building democracy You now have an idea of the difficult circumstances in which independent India was born. You have read about the serious challenge of nation-building that confronted the country right in the beginning. Faced with such serious challenges, leaders in many other countries of the world decided that their country could not afford to have democracy. They said that national unity was their first priority and that democracy will introduce differences and conflicts. In India,…. Therefore many of the countries that gained freedom from colonialism …hero-worship, plays a part “ experienced non-democratic rule. It took various forms: nominal in its politics unequalled democracy but effective control by one leader, one party rule or direct in magnitude by the part army rule. -
The Road to American Participation in the Greek Civil War, 1943-1949
FROM SKEPTICAL DISINTEREST TO IDEOLOGICAL CRUSADE: THE ROAD TO AMERICAN PARTICIPATION IN THE GREEK CIVIL WAR, 1943-1949 by STEPHEN VILLIOTIS B.A. University of Central Florida, 2004 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2013 © 2013 Stephen Villiotis ii ABSTRACT This thesis examines the way in which the United States formulated its policy toward Greece during the Greek civil war (1943-1949). It asserts that U.S. intervention in Greece was based on circumstantial evidence and the assumption of Soviet global intentions, rather than on dispatches from the field which consistently reported from 1943-1946 that the Soviets were not involved in that country’s affairs. It also maintains that the post-Truman Doctrine American policy in Greece was in essence, a continuation of British policy there from 1943-1946, which meant to impose an unpopular government on the people of Greece, and tolerated unlawful violence of the extreme Greek right-wing. iii For my Parents iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank first and foremost my parents for without whom, this undertaking would not have been possible. I could not imagine how my life would have turned out without your support. To my wife Stephanie, thank you for always believing in me. You are amazing. I would also like to thank my fellow classmates, Dan, Ryan, Andrew, Derek, Lew, Scott, Jennifer, and Shannon. Your friendship and support made this experience worth every second. -
Marxism, Bengal National Revolutionaries and Comintern
SOCIAL TRENDS137 Journal of the Department of Sociology of North Bengal University Vol. 5, 31 March 2018; ISSN: 2348-6538 UGC Approved Marxism, Bengal National Revolutionaries and Comintern Bikash Ranjan Deb Abstract: The origin and development of national revolutionary movement in India, particularly in Bengal, in the beginning of the twentieth century constituted one of important signposts of Indian freedom struggle against the colonial British rule. The Bengal national revolutionaries dreamt of freeing India through armed insurrection & individual terrorism. But in spite of supreme sacrifices made by these revolutionaries, almost after thirty years of their movement, in the thirties of the twentieth century, they came to the realisation about the futility of the method which neglected involvement of the general masses so long. In the first half of the thirties most of these revolutionaries were detained. While in detention in different jails & camps for a pretty long period many of the revolutionaries came in contact with Marxist literature there. Imbibed by the Marxist view of social change they gave up ‘terrorism’ as a method altogether after coming out of jails/camps in 1938 or later. However, a sharp debate developed among them on the perception of the Communist International (CI), its colonial policy in general and the policy with respect to the Indian freedom struggle in particular. Further, CPI’s policy of following Comintern decisions as its national section also came under scrutiny. A large number of revolutionary converts questioned the applicability of the Comintern formulations in the perspective of late colonial Bengal. They were not ready either to accept CPI as a real communist party or to pay unquestionable obedience to the dictates of the Comintern. -
Aruna Asaf Ali Aruna Asaf Ali Was a Freedom Fighter Who Rose to Prominence During the Quit India Movement
Aruna Asaf Ali Aruna Asaf Ali was a freedom fighter who rose to prominence during the Quit India Movement. She is known as the ‘Grand Old Lady of Indian Independence’ for her role in the freedom struggle. This article will give details about Aruna Asaf Ali within the context of the IAS Exam The early life of Asaf Ali Aruna Asaf Ali was born Aruna Ganguly on 16 July 1909, in Kalka Punjab (now a part of the Haryana state). Her parents were Upendranath Ganguly and Ambalika Devi. Ambalika Devi was the daughter Trailokyanath Sanyal was a prominent leader of the Brahmo Samaj Aruna completed her education at the Sacred Heart Convent in Lahore and All Saints College in Nanital. Upon her graduation, she worked as a teacher at the Gokhale Memorial School in Calcutta where she would meet Asaf Ali, a leader in the Indian National Congress (Founded on December 28, 1885). Despite familial opposition, they both got married and she would become an active participant during the independence struggle. Role of Aruna Asaf Ali in the Indian Freedom Struggle Aruna Asaf Ali participated in a number of public processions during the Salt Satyagraha and arrested under many trumped-up charges. Despite the Gandhi-Irwin Pact that promised release of all political parties, she was still not released in 1931. A public agitation by other women freedom fighters and direct intervention by Mahatma Gandhi himself would secure her release later. While serving her jail sentence at Tihar Jail she protested against the severe treatment meted out to political prisoners by launching a hunger strike. -
Macedonians and the Greek Civil War
Macedonians and the Greek Civil War By By Naum Peiov (Translated from Macedonian to English and edited by Risto Stefov) Macedonians and the Greek Civil War Published by: Risto Stefov Publications [email protected] Toronto, Canada Originally published in Macedonian in June 1968 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written consent from the author, except for the inclusion of brief and documented quotations in a review. Copyright 2015 by Naum Peiov & Risto Stefov e-book edition November 16, 2015 2 INDEX Foreword ............................................................................................4 PART ONE – The Greek Civil War 1945 – 1949 - Introduction ......8 CHAPTER ONE – Unilateral Civil War .........................................21 CHAPTER TWO - Restoration of the monarchy ............................52 CHAPTER THREE – ESTABLISHING A DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT..............................................................................72 CHAPTER FOUR - Withdrawal of the Democratic Army .............81 PART TWO - Macedonians in the Greek Civil War .......................91 CHAPTER FIVE – Systematic persecution of the Macedonian people ...............................................................................................91 CHAPTER SIX - RESISTANCE TO NEW PRESSURE .............127 CHAPTER SEVEN - RELATIONS BETWEEN NOF AND THE CPG................................................................................................136 -
THE MARXIST, XXVIII 3, J P. Sundarayya
THE MARXIST, XXVIII 3, JULY–SEPTEMBER 2012 PRAKASH KARAT P. Sundarayya: The Builder of the Communist Party The birth centenary of Putchalapalli Sundarayya, who was born on May 1, 1913 is being observed this year. P. Sundarayya is recognized as a builder of the Communist Party, strategist of the agrarian revolution, a defender of Marxist Leninist principles and a man closely associated with the masses. As General Secretary of the CPI(M) from its inception in 1964 to 1976, Sundarayya played a key role in the formation and the development of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Three years ago in 2009, the birth centenary of his colleague and contemporary in the Indian communist movement, EMS Namboo-diripad was observed. Both were leaders with similarities in terms of their political upbringing, their experience in the Congress-led national movement and their evolution into leading communists of the pre-independence generation. Both emerged as leaders of the Communist Party of India and later the Communist Party of India (Marxist). EMS & PS: PARALLEL TRAJECTORIES EMS and PS joined the national movement as students. Neither completed their college studies. Both of them participated in the civil disobedience movement of 1930-31. Both were jailed in the satyagraha. It is in this period that they got disillusioned with the Gandhian movement and began looking for radical alternatives. P. Sundarayya came to communism earlier. While studying in college in Madras, PS joined a youth group set up by H.D. Raja a communist and was later recruited by Amir Hyder Khan into the Party. Later he joined the Congress Socialist Party as per the Party’s decision. -
Communism and Religion in North India, 1920–47
"To the Masses." Communism and Religion in North India, 1920–47 Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) eingereicht an der Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin von Patrick Hesse Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Prof. Dr. Jan-Hendrik Olbertz Dekanin der Kultur-, Sozial- und Bildungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät Prof. Dr. Julia von Blumenthal Gutachter: 1. Michael Mann 2. Dietrich Reetz Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 20. Juli 2015 Abstract Among the eldest of its kind in Asia, the Communist Party of India (CPI) pioneered the spread of Marxist politics beyond the European arena. Influenced by both Soviet revolutionary practice and radical nationalism in British India, it operated under conditions not provided for in Marxist theory—foremost the prominence of religion and community in social and political life. The thesis analyzes, first, the theoretical and organizational ‘overhead’ of the CPI in terms of the position of religion in a party communist hierarchy of emancipation. It will therefore question the works of Marx, Engels, and Lenin on the one hand, and Comintern doctrines on the other. Secondly, it scrutinizes the approaches and strategies of the CPI and individual members, often biographically biased, to come to grips with the subcontinental environment under the primacy of mass politics. Thirdly, I discuss communist vistas on revolution on concrete instances including (but not limited to) the Gandhian non-cooperation movement, the Moplah rebellion, the subcontinental proletariat, the problem of communalism, and assertion of minority identities. I argue that the CPI established a pattern of vacillation between qualified rejection and conditional appropriation of religion that loosely constituted two diverging revolutionary paradigms characterizing communist practice from the Soviet outset: Western and Eastern. -
Iakovos D. Michailidis in the Fall of 1944, the Germans and Their Allies Left the Balkan Peninsula, After Their Defeat in the Ma
Iakovos D. Michailidis Fragile Balance: Greek-Yugoslav relations in the period 1944-1946 In the fall of 1944, the Germans and their allies left the Balkan Peninsula, after their defeat in the majority of the war fronts. For the Balkan peoples, especially those who had fought against the Axis, the future appeared more promising than the present. Expectations had rightfully risen high. However, there were still several unsolved issues. The war had opened wounds that were hard to heal, while the political, social and ideological divisions of the recent past threatened to under mine the precarious peace. For two of the victors, the Greeks and the Yugoslavs, the post-war period seemed full of challenges. Internal problems, like the issue of the German collaborators during the occupation, the emergence of new political powers, mostly communist, in the battlefields, and the pursuit of a balance in an international environment that was totally different from that of the mid-war years, created the conditions for the enfor cement of political and social regimes that differed significantly from those of the recent past. This paper aims to describe the adventure of the diplomatic and political relations between Greece and Yugoslavia from their liberation, in late 1944, to the summer of 1946. After two stormy and controver sial years of tension, when moments of improvement alternated with moments of tension, the relations between the two countries entered a “freezing” stage again for the period 1946-1949. I will support that during that critical period 1944-1946, new players emerged, that af fected and were affected by the diplomatic climate in the relations of the two countries. -
{PDF EPUB} Words of Freedom Ideas of a Nation by Aruna Asaf Ali
Read Ebook {PDF EPUB} Words of Freedom Ideas of a Nation by Aruna Asaf Ali , 1942. ‘ ’ . 16 1909 ( ) 29 , 1996. 23 1928 - 1930 , - , 1932 10 1942 8 ‘ ’ 5000 26 1946 1948 1955 1958 , 1960 1975 1991 29 1996 1998 ‘ ’ , Words Of Freedom: Ideas Of a Nation. ‘ ’ 1944 ‘ ’ , ‘ - , ’. ‘ ’ ‘1942 ’ ‘ ’ , , , : Purnima Banerji (1911 – 1951) Purnima Banerji* was a part of the constituent assembly from 1946 – 1950. She represented the United Provinces in the assembly. She was serving as a member of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in 1946. Apart from her many debates in the assembly, she also led the chorus in singing Jana Gana Mana after its official adoption as the national anthem on January 24th, 1950. Purnima Banerji was one among a radical network of women from Uttar Pradesh who stood at the forefront of the freedom movement in late 1930’s and 40’s. Her colleagues included Sucheta Kripalani, Vijaylakshmi Pandit, Uma Nehru, Rameshwari Nehru, Hajra Begum and many more. She was a member of the Congress Socialist Party since its inception in 1934, and a secretary for the Indian National Congress’ city committee in Allahabad. In 1941, she and Sucheta Kripalani were arrested for offering Individual Satyagraha. She was later arrested again for her participation in the Quit India Movement. She is said to have pursued her B.A in prison **. She was a close friend of the Nehru family, often sharing jail space with Nehru’s sisters, nieces, and with Indira Gandhi. Purnima Banerji was also the younger sister of freedom fighter Aruna Asaf Ali. One of the more striking aspects of Purnima Banerji’s speeches in the constituent assembly was her steadfast commitment to a socialist ideology. -
Parliamentary Documentation Vol.XLV 16-30 June, 2019 No.12
Parliamentary Documentation Vol.XLV 16-30 June, 2019 No.12 AGRICULTURE -AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES-RICE 1. SONI, Jeetendra Kumar and Others Weedy rice : Threat for sustainablility of direct seeded rice production. INDIAN FARMING (NEW DELHI), V.69(No.4), 2019(April 2019): P.37-40. Discusses the weedy rice and its impact on direct seeded rice production. **Agriculture-Agricultural Commodities-Rice; Herbicide; Infestation. -AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 2. BEHERA, S. K. and Others Best micronutrient management practices for ameliorating micronutrient deficiency and enhance crop productivity. INDIAN FARMING (NEW DELHI), V.69(No.4), 2019(April 2019): P.11-16. **Agriculture-Agricultural Production; Fertilizer; Micronutrient. 3. NOGIYA, M and Others Biological interventions to improve P-use efficiency and sustainable crop production. INDIAN FARMING (NEW DELHI), V.69(No.4), 2019(April 2019): P.17-19. Discusses the method to improve phosphorus use efficiency of soil to maintain sustainble crop production. **Agriculture-Agricultural Production; Micro-organism; Soil; Fertilizers; Soil conservation. 4. RAGHAVENDRA, M. and Others System of wheat intensification : An innovative approach. INDIAN FARMING (NEW DELHI), V.69(No.4), 2019(April 2019): P.23-26. Discusses the management practices for raising wheat production. **Agriculture-Agricultural Production; Agricultural Research; Food Security; Wheat. -AQUACULTURE 5. PRADHAN, Sweta and Others Designer pearl production in freshwater : an upcoming technology. INDIAN FARMING (NEW DELHI), V.69(No.4), 2019(April 2019): P.53-56. **Agriculture-Aquaculture; Designer Pearl; Pond Culture; Pearl Farming. 2 **-Keywords -CROPS 6. VANDANA SHIVA Crime against nature and society are not "Satyagraha". JANATA (MUMBAI), V.74(No.22), 2019(23.6.2019): P.5-6. -
Jayaprakash: the Road Back to Gandhi New Delhi, India January 3, 1958 Mr
INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS WDF-22 c/o American Embassy Jayaprakash: The Road Back to Gandhi New Delhi, India January 3, 1958 Mr. Walter S. Rogers Institute of Current World Affairs 522 Fifth Aenue New York 36, New York Dear Mr. Rogers: ,,Jayaprakash,"-" said Prime Minister Nehru to an American journalist a few years ago, is the future Prime Minister of India." Een with ehru's blessing i.t would not hae been easy, for Jayaprakash Narayan became head of the Praja Socialist Party, hich steed a poor second to ehru's Indian ational Congress. Nevertheless, he was youthful, vigor- ous, articulate, honest, prestigious and popular. Me had an excellent ,independence record (the Indian equivalent of the ar records,,), and he attracted large numbers" of politically minded youth who found the Con- gress too stolid and the Communist Party too extravagant. Today, Jayaprakash is most unlikely to become a Prime Minister of India. He has left ",party and power politics", and joined the Bhoodan (Land-gift) movement led by Vinoba Bhave. Indeed he has made ivandan the gift of one's life, to the ideal of Saro.da_a_, or voluntary XTZ' tarian+/-sm. In so doing, Jayapraks;sh has--diSapponted a lot of Praja 2oclalists, and many Indians who hoped that he would lead his party to become the Opposition in a two-party system o government. He also dis- appointed some who wonder, with some anxiety, who will lead India after lehru leaves the scene. Jayaprakash is still celebrated---he is known at J.P. ,:,, with all the fame that the abbreviation implies.