·~ .. ' Y•. . .- DEPARTME~T--OF S. tABOR I ! r4U OF LABOR STATISTICS : : ROYAL MEEKER, Commissiol'ler ;

I BllLL-­ ETIN OF THE UNITED STATES\ {WHOLE158 BUR EAU OF LABOR STATISTICS J ' ' ' NUMBER

Ml SCELLANEOUS SERfE.S: N 0. 5

GOVERNMENT AID TO HOME OWNING AND HOUSING OF WORKING PEOPLE IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

OCTOBER 15,11114 -

WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1915 SERIESI OF-BULLETINS PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. .

The publication of the Annual and Special Reports and of the bimonthly Bulletin h8s been dlsron­ tlnned, and since July, 1912, a Bulletin h8s been published at Irregular intervals. Each number contains matter dev.;ted to one of a ser.ies of general subjects. These Bulletins are numbered ronsee. ·atlvely In each series and also earry a consecutive whole number, beginning with No. 101. A list ol the series, together with tlie Individual Bulletins falling under each, is given below. A list of the Reports and Bulletins of the Bin-eau issued prior to July 1, 1912, will be furnished on application.

Wholesale Prices. No. L Wholesale prices; 1890 to 1912. (Bul. No. 114.)" . No.2. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1913. (Bul. No. 149.) Retail Prices and Cost of Living. No. 1. Retail prices, 1890 to 1911: Part I. (Bul. No. 105: Part I.) Retail prices, 1890 to 1911: Part II-General tables. (Bul. No. 105: Part II.) · · · No. 2. Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1912: P,trt I. (Bul. No. 106: Part I.) Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1912: Part II-General tables. (Bul. No. 106: Part II.) No. 3. Retail prices, 1890 to August, 1912. (Bul. No. 108.) No. 4. ·Retail prices, 1890 to October, 1912. (Bul. No. 110.) No. 5. Retail prices, 1890 to December, 1912. (Bul. No. 113.) No. 6. Retail prices, 1890 to February, 1913. (Bul. No. 115.) No. 7. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. (Bul. No. 121.) No. 8. Retail prices, 1890 to April, 1913. (Bul. No. 125.) No. 9. Wheat and flour prices, from fam1er to consumer. (Bul. No. 130.) No. 10. Retail}Jrices, 1890 to June, 1913. (Bul. No. 132.) No. 1:i. Retail prices, ·1890 to AU!,"ltst, 1913. (llul. No. 136.) No. 12. Retail prices, 1890 to October, 1913. (llul. No. 1:18.) No. 13. Retail prices, 18!JO to December, 1!l13. (Bul. No. 140.) No. 14. Retail prices, 1907 to De~ember, 1914. (llul. No. 156.) f,,,~es and Hours of Labor. 1.\'N(). 1. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1S90 to 1912. (llul.- No. 128.) 2. Wages and hours of labor in the lumht1r, millwork, and furniture indus- '~ tries, 1890 to 1912. (Bul. No. 129.) ,11\: Union scale of wages and hours of labor, Hl07 to l!Jl2. (Bul. No. 131.) ;Jt' W::tges and hours of laborin the boot and shoe Hiery t\IH! kn.it goof New York City. (Bul. No. 14G.) No. 9. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt iiHhtHtry. (Bul. No. 147.) • No. 10. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk imlm;trics, 1907 to 1913. (Bul. No. 150.) No. 11. Wages and hours of labor in tho iron and steel industry in tlw 1!uit States, 1907 to 1912. (Bul. No. 151.) No. 12. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furnitum imb tries, 1907 to 1913. (Bul. No. 153.) ' No. 13. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and ~h<>n and lwsil•ry awl knit go · industries, 1907 to 1913. (Bul. No. 1:-.1 • {Sifw •7/Ko tlrird J-'aye of cor / ... ./ ( --- ' I . U. S. 'DEPARTMEi fp LABOR BUREAU OF T- -\BOR STATISTICS ROYAL·MEEKER, Commissioner

BULLETIN OF THE UNITE» STATES} ' !WHOLE158 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ••• (NUMBER

M I S C E L L A N E 0 U 'S SERIES: N 0. 5

GOVERNMENT AID TO HOME OWNING AND HOUSING OF WORKING PEOPLE IN FOREIGN. {;OUNTRIES

...... Ciiij; ... 0 v~\ .e ij''< \ 0 ~ ...l ~.... TEsof"

SEJitVANTS OF INDI~ SOCIETY'S BRANCH LIB~,t.RY BOMBAY

OCTOBER 15,1914

. t~

WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE i' 1915 ~~ ..... ' CONTENTS..

Covernment aid to home owning and houSing or working people in roreign countries: . Page. • Introduction and eum.m.ary ••.••••.•••••••••••••••••••••...· .•....•••••.. · 9-28 Inadequacy of private initiative in providing housing'...... 9, 10 llethods of GQvernment aid in .••••••..•••••.•••••••••.••••. 10,11 Loans of public funds to public-welfare building &ssociations. • • . . • • • • 11, 12 Slum clearances and tehousing in Great Britain.•...•...•... · ...••..•. · 12 Benefits from eanitary housing._. •••••.••••..•..•.....•..•....•.•••• 12, 13 Summary of housing work in countries where Government aid has been · mostimportant•..•.•.•..•. : ....••... ~---···················-~-- 13-28. Austria ...... 13,14 Belgium ...... , ...•.•.•.•• ~.. 15, 16 ...... ! ••••••••••••••••••••••••·• • 16, 17 France •.•.•.•••.•...... •••.••.••.•••••.••...... •••.••••••• 17-19 •.••...... •.•.•.•..•.•.....••••..•...••••.•••••••••• 19-21 Great Britain ...... ••.. ·•...•.•..•..•...... •..••.••••••.•••• '21.:..22 Hungary. . . • ...... • ...... • . • . • . • . • • • . . • . • • • . • • • • . • • • • 22, 23 Italy .....•...... , ...... •.•.••..•...•.•••••••.•••• , •••• 23,24 ••.....•...... •.....•.•••....•.•.•.•••.•.••• :.. 25 •••.... : . . • ...... • . • . . • • • • . • • . • . • . • . • • • . . . • • • • • . • • 25, 26 Australia .....•...•...... •...•....••.•..•.••..•...• :. • . • • • • • 26, 27 _ New Zealand •.•••.••...... ••..•....••.•....•...... •.· ••.••••• 27,28 Other countries ...•.....· .....•.... ~...... 28 Austria ...... '29-93 Introduction ...... ; ••.••. 29-32. Eltemption from or reduction of taxes·---~-- ...•••••.•••.••• -~ •••••• 32-40 Conditions governing exemption •••••.•••...•.•.•.•••.•••. , •••• 33-36 Administrative decree of lanuary 7;1903...... 36 Stipulations in co&tract of eale ..•.....• ·..•.•.••..••••••••••••.. 36,37 ReRUlt.s of tax ~xemption and fed.uction .••...•.••.•..•.••••••••• 37, 38 Reforms mggested .•.••••· ...... 3S-40 State housing fund ...... 40-49 Conditions for grant of loans ••••.•...•.•.•. : .•••••••••• ___ , ••••• 41-47 Administrative features •••.•..••••••.••.••.•.•••.•••.•.•.•••.. 47,48 Success of State housing fund ••••••.•.•••••••••.•••..••••••.••• 48,49 Hereditary right of construction (Baurecht). • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • 49-52 ~<'tical use of the Baurech t .•..••.•....•..• -- •..•••.••••.•• , ~ 52 Building laws . • • . . • • . . . . . • • • • .. . . • • . • . • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • . 53 Expropriation laws ••...... ••....••..••.•.•.....••• : •••••.• 53-57 Expropriation of insanitary areas •••..•.•••..•••••.•.•.•.••••••• M-57 t;neamed increment tax ( Wtrt.ruwacliuteuer) ...... •••••••••• 57,58 <"reA tion of a bUreAu on housing •••• :. • . . . • . . . . . • . • . . . • . . • . . • • • • • • . · 58 Housing work of the State as an employer •••..••••..•..•.....•..... 58--62 1. Loans tobuildingiiBilOCiations ...... 58-60 2. State-built ho~ for GQwmment employees. • . • • • • . . • • • • . . • 60-62 3 4

_Government aid to home owning and Austria-(Amcluded. Page. Housing work of carriers of S 62-64 Proposed extension of housing ~M>.cia! insurance institutes .•.. 64,65 Municipal housing work •..••••••••••.••.•...... 65-68 Public-weliare building enterprises •••••.•.•...... 6S.90 Cooperative building associations: ...... • 6S.73 Noncooperative public-weliare building enterprises (foundations, stock companies, societies, etc.) ...... -...... 73-83 Statistics of public-weliare building enterprises ...... 83-!JO -Need for 3.dditional building capital...... •...... 90,91 List of references consulted .•..••...... •...... 92, 93 Belgium ...... •.••.••••.••..••...... •...... •...... 95-115 Introduction .....••••••...... •...... -· ... 95, 96 Legislation in force...... • . . . . • . . . 96-105 Administration of the law. • . . • . . • ...... 96 Funds for building loans...... 96, 97 Limitation on amounts advanced •...... :...... 97 Tax exemptions and reductions.. . . • ...... • ...... 97, 98 Conditions of loans to building associations and loan companies .. 98, 99 Loans to individuals...•...•...... •...... _...... 99, 100 Life insurance as a guaranty of loans ...... 100-102 System of annual and monthly repayments of loans ...... 103-105 Practical effects of legislation .•...... •...... 106-112 Operations of the General Savings Bank ...... •...... 106, 107 Operations of building and loan associations ...... 107-109 Life insurance as a guaranty of repayment of loans ..•...... 109, 110 State aid through tax exemption .•...... 110, 111 Housing activities of Provinces...... 111 Housing activities of municipalities and charitable institutions... 112 Proposed reforms...... •...... 112-115 Bill of January 30, 1901 •.•••••••••...•.•.•....•••....•....•. 112, 113 Bill of November 12, 1912 .••••.....•...... •...... 113, 114 Reforms proposed by local patronage committees ...... 114,115 Conclusion ...... ·...... 115 List of references consulted...... 115 Denmark...... •••...... ••...... •..... 117-124 Introduction ...•...... •.•...... •...•...... 117, 118 Legislation in force...... 118 Application of the laws ...... ••.....•...... 11S.120 Success of the housing acts...... 120 Report of the Valby Workingmen's Building Association, January 1 to June 30, 1913 ..•••...•..••.••••••••.•...... ••••..•...•... 12(}-122 Government proposalfor revision of law ...... 122, 12:3 Housing State employees and immigrant labor ...... ,...... 123 Small holdings ...... • ...... 123, 124 List of references consulted...... 124 France ...... •...... •...... 125-156 Introduction .....••...... : ...... 125-127 Legislation in force in aid of workmen's dwellings ...... 127-137 Conditions applying to cheap dwellings ...•...... 127-130 Tax exemptions for cheap dwellings...... 130 Building and loan associations ...... 13(}-132 IllBtitutions authorized to construct low-cost dwellings...... 132 CON'I~~rs. 5

Government aid to home owlling and bou;,;ing-Continued. France-Concluded. · Page. Legislation in force in aid of v ~en's dwell~gs-Cnditions under which loans are granted ••..••••.••••.•••· ••••. 186--191 Btatisti<'l! or State insurance loans .••••••.•....••.••.•••••••.•• 191-199 l"nearnt.-d increment tax in aid of housing...... 199 ' 6 C~TENTS,

\ Government aid to home owning and houst -Continued. Germany-Concluded. Page. Housing activities of ...... 199--215 State housing fund...... 200 En:ct~on of dwellings by the State for ~ployees .•..•....• 201, 202 Butldmg loans, etc...... 202-205 Statistics of housing work of Prussia ...... · 205-211 Tax exemptions and concessions ...... ••...... • 212-215 Housing activities of ••.•.•...... 215-219 State provision for housing Government employees .....•...... 215, 216 Loans to building associations...... • ...... 216-218 Financial aid through the State Agricultural Mortgage Bank ..• 218, 219 Housing work of Saxony •••••• : ••••...... 219--221 &using work of Wurttemberg .•.•.•...... •.•...... 221, 222 Housing work of Grand of Hesse .•.•.•.•.•••.•...... •...... 222-226 Housing work of of Baden .•...... 226,227 Housing work of Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin...... 227 Housing work of Grand Duchy of ...... 228 Housing work of Grand ...... 228 Housi.D.g work of Ducl].y of Saxe-Meiningen...... 228, 229 Housing work of Duchy of Saxe"Coburg and Gotha...... 229 Housing work of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen ...... •...•...... 229,230 Housing work of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.. .• ...... 230 Housing work of municipalities ...•...... ~...... 230-266 For their own employees...... 230, 231 For the general working classes ...... 232-266 Proposed housing reforms .•...... 266-279 List of references consulted : . .-. ·'·...... • ...... 279--281 Great Britain and Ireland ••...... - ...... •..... :...... 283-347 Introduction•..•...... : ...... ~ ...... 2~. 284 Legislation in aid of.housing ...... 284-291 Supervisory powers of local Government board ....••...... 291,292 Financial aid to housing by the General Government...... 292-294 Housing work of local authorities...... 294-325 Clearance schemes for large slum areas ...... •....•...... 295-299 Action against small slums and insanitary houses...... 299-303 Provision for new housing by local authorities...... 303-325 Housing work of rural authorities ...... •...... 326,327 Government aid to housing work of societies, private persons, etc ... - 327-331 Housing legislation in Scotland...... 332 Action of municipal authorities of Scotland (slum clearances, housing, and loans)...... • . • . . . . . • ...... • • • • . • ...... 332, 333 Action of local authorities of Scotland against insanitary houses .... 333-335 Government aid to societies, private persons, etc., in Scotland...... 335 Special housing needs of Ireland...... 336 Action of municipal authorities in Ireland (slum clearances, housing, · and loans) ...... •.•...... _...... __ . _...... 336, 33 7 Rural housing in Ireland ...•...... •...... _...... 337-341 Summary of conclusions and recommendations of the British Land Inquiry Committee in regard to urban housing ...... 341-34-'> List of references consulted ..•... : ...... 346, 347 Hungary ...... _...... _ ...... 349-358 Introduction ...... •...... _...... - 349 Tax exemptions and reductions ...... 349, 350 ·CONTEN'IS. 7

Government aid to home owning and housing--C-ontinued. Hungary-Concluded. Page. Building operations of the· State •. -...•...... •••••••••••••••.•••• 350,351 -JT --lBing work in Budapest. .••••••••.••...•...... : •••..•..•••... 351-353 _ I'-- lBmg· wor k In . c1t1es . . ot h er tha_ n B u d apest ...•.... :...... - - 353 , 354 Public-welfare building associations ...... : ..•...... •..• , •.•..•• 354, 355 . Housing of agricultural laborers ... , ...... · ...... - .... , .•...... • 355-357 List of references consulted .... : •...... •...... •••.••..••.•. , . ~ ... . 358 Italy •.•••.....•...... •. ; ... :: ...... •.. ·, ..•...... ·.: .....••••. 359-379 Introduction ...... -...... ••••.... , , ...... • . . . . 359 Housing legislatio11 in regard to Rome ...... ••. , . . . . 359, 360 Movement for dwellings for working people in Italy ...•...... 361-379 Housing work of cooperative societies, etc .. ' •. ~ •••••.•....•.. 362-364 Housing work of private organizations under the law •...... • 364:--366 Housing work in Milan ...... : ...... -~ ... -. 366-370 The garden city of Mila.nino ...... 37(}-372 Housing work in Bologna .• , ... t • • • . • • • • • • .. • .. • • • .. • . . • • • • • • 372-376 Housing work in Venice ...... , •• "· ... , ...... , 376-379 Luxemburg ••...... -.,...... 379 Netherlands ...... <;E:RV.AN:tS.OE'.INDJA.SQCJET.Y~~--- 381-388 Intr~du?tio~ ...... •...... "BRJ);NCH· tiBR.A-R¥. •. . . • ...... 381 Leg~Blation m force ...... 381, 382 Administration •. -- .... -- ... -- ...... ao.MBAY...... :. -.... -.. --- 382 Funds for housing loans ...... _...... 382 Financial aid by the State ...... •...... •. , .... : ..•...... ,. 382, 383 Communal financial aid for housing...... 383, 384 Expropriation and long-term lease ...... -..... 384 Extent of State financial aid ...... - ...... ~ ...... • .. . .. 384, 385 Housing work in Amsterdam...... • ...... 385-387 Housing work in Rotterdam ...... 387, 388 List of references consulted ...... •.•... , ...... ~. 388 Norway...... • ...... 389-401 Introduction ...•...... c •••••••••••••••••••••••••••-..... • .. • • • • • 389, 390 Legislation in force. : ...... •...... •...... •.•-- . 39(}-395 Adininistration ...... ~-...... 390, 391 Funds available...... 391 Purpose of loans ...... _ ...... ·.. 391 Loans to individual borrowers ...... ••...... • :...... • . 392-394 Loans to building associa~i.ons ...•.....•...... ••...•. - 394 Loans to communes for purchase of small holdings ...... · 394, 395 Miscellaneous provisions. .. • • • ...... • . . .. - 395 Operations under the law. . • ...... 395-399 Occupation of purchasers of allotments under the act of 1903. • • • . • • • 399 Proposed reforms ...... ' ...... ~ 399-401 List of references consulted ...... :...... • . 401 Roumania ...... •..•...... :...... 401 .•.•...... •...... _...... 403 Sweden...... 405-415 Introduction ...... • 405 Lcgi~la tion in force. • . . . . . • ...... 405, 406 Success of the Swedish homestead system...... 406-408 OccupatiollB of purchasers ...... • • .. • 408 Proposed reforms ..... -...... -...... ; .. 408-410 Division of 1arge estates ...... _...... 410 8 'Cr~TE~TS. Government aid to home owning and~ousing-Concluded. Sweden-C~ncluded. . \ Page. Housing of State employees ...... 410,411 Housing work in Stockholm ...... 412-414 Housing work in cities other than Stockholm ...... 414,415 List of references consulted ...... 415 Switzerland...... 417 Australia ...... 419-430 State loans for workers' dwellings . . • ...... 419 Legislation in force ...... : ...... 419-423 Administration...... 420 .Funds ...... :...... 420 ·Purposes for which adv~nces may be made ...... : .... 420, 421 Amounts and conditions of loans ...... 421,422 Interest rates ...... 422 Repayments ...... : ...... 422, 423 Stamp-tax exemption ...... :...... 423 . Foreclosure proceedings ...... 423 Practical effects of legislation ...... , ...... 423--428 New South Wales...... 424 Queensland ...... 424, 425 South Australia .. _...... 425-427 Victoria...... 427 Western Australia...... 428 Government land purchase and building...... 428-430 Western Australia ...... ~ ...... 428, 4:::!9 New South Wales ...... 429,430 New: Zealand ...... ~ ..· ...... 431-437 Introduction ...· ..... , ...... 431-436 Expenses of administration...... 436 Occupations of purchasers :...... 436 Life insurance guaranty ...... 436 Benefits of system...... 437 Canada (Ontario) ...... :.:...... 439 Cuba ..... ; ...... , ...... ,._ ...._ ...... 4·11 Chile .._ .... _...... • ...... • . . • ...... 443-445 INDEX.

.Amorti1.ation. (Srr Repayment ofloans.) Page. Amst-4:'rdam, housi.t1g \\~ork in ...... , ...... 385--387 Australia: I>wellin~s for workpoople,cost or...... 426,423 I>wellin~s for wo::JiMple, style and equipment or...... 429,430 ~'::..~l~~~~~;:~~um::;:y0~f~~-~s-~-~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::::::::::::::::::::: 26~ Interest rat<'6 on loans...... 422 Land purchase and building, by Government...... 428-430 Loans, conditions governing ...... 421,422 Loans, purposM for which permissible...... 420,421 Repayment of loans.••.•.••.•••••••••.•.•••...... ___ .... ------..•..•..•• : •••••••••• 422,423 Tax exemption ...... -~...... 423 Workmen, classes of, benefiting by housing acts ...... : .••.••• 420,421,424,425 Austria: . . Accident and invalidity insurance institutes, housing work of...... : •••••• 14,62-M Air space, floor space, etc., of workmen's dwellings ...•..•..•.....•.....•....••••.•••••••• 35,42,45, 75 ~:!'Jd'G:":~~.;;;,i;.;;.;n.•:~·.;.;.p~~~ii;e:::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :;:~~ Building associations, cooperative, general statistics of.••...•....•..•...... •..•.•.••.••••••••••• 84-86 Building associations, cooperative, Government employees ••..•...... •...•...•••••••••••••••••• 70..72 Building assoc ia lions, cooperative, private employees. • ...... • . . . . . • . • . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • 72 Building associations,cooperativf!, workmfln and others._ ...... 72,73 Building associations, noncommercial, housing. work of...... 14,68-90 ~~~!~~:~:~sbt;:{r~,:i~~;;f::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~= Capital, additions , for building purposes, need of...... 90,91 Capital invested, etc., by noncommercial building enterprises, 1912 •••••••••••.••••••••••••••••• 84-87. E::,?t;8~1 :~~s:!~~~~~~~::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: "30,31,~ Dividends of bn ilding assuciations,limitation of. ..••....•.••.•...••.....•..•.••••.... ·.••••••••• 11,41 Dwellin~s erected by municipalities...... 68 Dwellings erected by Stat<> for its employees ....•...•..•...... •...... •..••...•...•••••••• 6(H;2 Dwellings for workpeople, cost of ...... 63, 68 Dwellings for work people, style and equipment of ...... 33-36,42,56, 7&-81 Earnings of tenant work people ...... _...... ••.••..•.••••••• 81,82 Emperor Francis Joseph I Foundation .••.•••.• : •....•..•..••.....•..•...•.•••••••••.••••.••••• 74--81 Expropriation laws ...... •.. __ .... _...... ~ ...... : •.•...... ···················- 53-57 Government employees, Stat.&-built houses for ...... 6(H;2 lleriditaryright of construction (Baurecht) ••.••••••••••.•.•...... •..•.•...••••••••••••••••••. 49-52 Housing fund, State..•.....••...... •...•.•..••...... •...... •...... •••.•••.••••.•••••• 10,4o-49 Housing work of State as an employer...... 14,5lHi2 ~~~~~~m::~--~=~:m:=.-~- .. :. ·.. ··.=~:.:·:m;~~*:~ Lodgin~ houses erect«! by Emperor Francis Joseph I Foundation•••••••••••.•••.•••••••••••••• 7S..81 Municipalities! housing work of .....•.....•....•.••••••••••••.•••••.•..••...... •..•.•••••••• 14,65-68 Occupations o tenant workpoople.••....••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••.•.••••••....•••.••••• 76,81 Rental<•harge, workmen's dwellings••••...... ••••..•••••.•.••••.•••••••••..•• 33,34,46,61, 78,82 ~~~~~~~~~ti11lH~HH~iiiiii~Iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijji~~f:i8~:~ Tax rates le,'ied on workmen's dwellings...... 39 W orkm..n, classes of, benefiting by honsing acts...... 34 llelgium: !Jiblio!!l'Sphy... •• .•.••••••. .•• .••••. ..•...•••.••.•...... •.•.••..••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••• 115 Building and Iran companies, operations or. ••...... •.••••..•••..••.•••..•••••••••••.•••••••• 107-109 lluildmg asso<'iations, joint stO<·k and oooperatlve.••.•....••.•••••••••••..••••••••.•••....•.••• 97-W Committees of patron"'!e (comit~s de patronage) ...•..•..•••••••••••.•.•••••.••• 95, 96, 99,112, 11-i, 115 Din'.li ~:>avings B~ funds, operation, etc., of•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 95-97,106,107 H~L1E~~~V:n.~F~7·:·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~~~~~ rile ilL'Il~"' 8S & f!'Uar8Dt ~ of loans •.•.. : ...••••..••••.•....•...••...•.•••••.•••.••• 101)-102, 109,110 ...oQ.Il romt anlE'S, )oint storJL and coopera.tt~e ...... 97-99 ~~~'. (~~il.itiOllS gove~in~--~---.-·-·.····--····.-·············-································ 98-10() umt·lpAhttes and dl&rlt:lhle mstltutloos, housmg work oL...... 112 J>ro,·UH"C"S, hOtL.Jnft oa·ork of...... 111 H•pa)·m•nt of loo.ns, system of a.nnual and monthly...... 103-105 1a.x f-Xf'tnption ...... 95,97,98,110.111 W orlilllt".O, classes of, benefiting under honsing acts.•.••••...••.•••••.•.••••.•.••••••••••••••••. 119, 1U 447" 6 INDEX.

Page. ~~~:r~EJ;1~~::t~:·:·:·:::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: m=m ~::a, ntario, egislative housing"provisions of...... 439 ~?'!~~r:~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ :~f::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-:::::::: :::::~~31!! 443 citi~~ t;,~m¥~~~iri~iiiie5, ·Ii9~siiii ·work" iii specilleci.Y ·· · · · · · · · · · · ·- ·· · · · · ·- ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Cuba~ legislative housmg provlSions of...... • 441' Deatn rate and morbidity: ' . i Dea~~~~~~~:C:£~i:s:l~~~i~i{~~:~~~: j~~~~~:.:i ~~~~j~~:,~~:~~;:::: :; :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~ ~i:.%.!f .. !i UUi/i/W?Oi/W:; i5i·;,.m Denmark: ' i -Bibliography...... • ...... · 124 Building associations and communes, State funds loanable to...... 118 Dividends of loan companies, limitation of...... • ...... • • . . • • 117 Dwellings for workpeople, style and equipment of...... 120 Housing acts in force ...... •...... ~...... 118 fg§f£~~;mm :. . u :· :;.;:1~\ij Small holdings or homesteads...... 123, 124 Workmen, classes of, benefiting under housing acts ...... • fls, 120, 122 Dublin, housing work in ...... ~...... 336 Dwellings .for workpeople, cost of: · ~~:flt·:·: :::::::::::::::::::: ~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::: ::::::~~3~~ Chile...... 444 Cuba...... 441 ~~ffttt:~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ \/ ~ / ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ /~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ I"I.J"lli:~;t~ Sweden ••....••...... • 412, 414, 415 Earnings of applicants for loans. (See Workmen, classes of, benefiting under housing acts.) France: . · Bank of Deposits, housing work, loan funds, etc., of ...... : ...... 17,127, 151-153 Bibliography...... 155 Building and loan associations, cooperative and joint stock ...... 18, 13{}-132, 142,143 Charitable institutions, hospitals, etc., housing work of...... •..•• 153-155 Committees of patronage...... • ...... • 127 Dividends of building associations, limitation of...... 18, 131, 147 Dwellings for workpeople, institutions authorized to construct ••...... •..•• 132,133 Dwellings for workpeople, style and equipment of...... ••.••...... ••.....•.. 128-130 Garden plats, public baths, and popular-priced hotels for workmen...... 136 Housing of large families, special provisions for...... • . . . • . . 133

!~~~~:li~:{~E.'~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::-~:r:~tiLife insurance as a guaranty ofloans ...•...... 127, 134-136 LoariS for building projects, institutions permitted to grant...... •...• 149-156 Loans to individuals ...... 132, 134 Municipalities and departments, housing work of...... • ...... 131, 155, 156 Old-Age Retirement Fund, loan funds, housing work, etc., of...... 127, 142, 153 Real estate loan associations ...... ••••••••..••...•••••••••••... : ...... •...... 142-147 Rental charge, workmen's dwel'.:Ogs •••.•...•..••....••••••...... •...••.•.• 127-130 ~m~:,r~in~~1g~iries-iea:d:S::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·i37J!~ Tax exemption .•••••...... •..••.....•...... •...... 125,126,131,138,147-149 Workmen, classes of, benefiting under housing acts...... • • . . • ...... • . • . • • . • 137 Geneva, housing work iri. .•.•••••••.••••'r···········">.···········...... 417