·~ .. ' Y•. .- DEPARTME~T--OF S. tABOR I ! r4U OF LABOR STATISTICS : : ROYAL MEEKER, Commissiol'ler ; I BllLL-­ ETIN OF THE UNITED STATES\ {WHOLE158 BUR EAU OF LABOR STATISTICS J ' ' ' NUMBER Ml SCELLANEOUS SERfE.S: N 0. 5 GOVERNMENT AID TO HOME OWNING AND HOUSING OF WORKING PEOPLE IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES OCTOBER 15,11114 - WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1915 SERIESI OF-BULLETINS PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. The publication of the Annual and Special Reports and of the bimonthly Bulletin h8s been dlsron­ tlnned, and since July, 1912, a Bulletin h8s been published at Irregular intervals. Each number contains matter dev.;ted to one of a ser.ies of general subjects. These Bulletins are numbered ronsee. ·atlvely In each series and also earry a consecutive whole number, beginning with No. 101. A list ol the series, together with tlie Individual Bulletins falling under each, is given below. A list of the Reports and Bulletins of the Bin-eau issued prior to July 1, 1912, will be furnished on application. Wholesale Prices. No. L Wholesale prices; 1890 to 1912. (Bul. No. 114.)" . No.2. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1913. (Bul. No. 149.) Retail Prices and Cost of Living. No. 1. Retail prices, 1890 to 1911: Part I. (Bul. No. 105: Part I.) Retail prices, 1890 to 1911: Part II-General tables. (Bul. No. 105: Part II.) · · · No. 2. Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1912: P,trt I. (Bul. No. 106: Part I.) Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1912: Part II-General tables. (Bul. No. 106: Part II.) No. 3. Retail prices, 1890 to August, 1912. (Bul. No. 108.) No. 4. ·Retail prices, 1890 to October, 1912. (Bul. No. 110.) No. 5. Retail prices, 1890 to December, 1912. (Bul. No. 113.) No. 6. Retail prices, 1890 to February, 1913. (Bul. No. 115.) No. 7. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. (Bul. No. 121.) No. 8. Retail prices, 1890 to April, 1913. (Bul. No. 125.) No. 9. Wheat and flour prices, from fam1er to consumer. (Bul. No. 130.) No. 10. Retail}Jrices, 1890 to June, 1913. (Bul. No. 132.) No. 1:i. Retail prices, ·1890 to AU!,"ltst, 1913. (llul. No. 136.) No. 12. Retail prices, 1890 to October, 1913. (llul. No. 1:18.) No. 13. Retail prices, 18!JO to December, 1!l13. (Bul. No. 140.) No. 14. Retail prices, 1907 to De~ember, 1914. (llul. No. 156.) f,,,~es and Hours of Labor. 1.\'N(). 1. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1S90 to 1912. (llul.- No. 128.) 2. Wages and hours of labor in the lumht1r, millwork, and furniture indus- '~ tries, 1890 to 1912. (Bul. No. 129.) ,11\: Union scale of wages and hours of labor, Hl07 to l!Jl2. (Bul. No. 131.) ;Jt' W::tges and hours of laborin the boot and shoe <md h<>Hiery t\IH! kn.it goo<IR industries, 1890 to 1912. (Dul. No. 1:o'L) No. 5. Wages and hours of bbor in the cigar and clothing in<lustries, 1911 and 1912. (Dul. No. 135.) No. 6. Wages and hours ot labor in the building and rop.tiring of stc•<tlll railroad cars. (Bul. No. 137.) No. 7. l[nion scale of wagc!l and hours of Lthor, lllay lli, IUJ:l. (Bul. No. lA:LJ No. 8. Wages and regularity of mnployntt•ut in the <!rusH an<! wai:-Jt induHtry <>f New York City. (Bul. No. 14G.) No. 9. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt iiHhtHtry. (Bul. No. 147.) • No. 10. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk imlm;trics, 1907 to 1913. (Bul. No. 150.) No. 11. Wages and hours of labor in tho iron and steel industry in tlw 1!uit States, 1907 to 1912. (Bul. No. 151.) No. 12. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furnitum imb tries, 1907 to 1913. (Bul. No. 153.) ' No. 13. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and ~h<>n and lwsil•ry awl knit go · industries, 1907 to 1913. (Bul. No. 1:-.1 • {Sifw •7/Ko tlrird J-'aye of cor / ... ./ ( --- ' I . U. S. 'DEPARTMEi fp LABOR BUREAU OF T- -\BOR STATISTICS ROYAL·MEEKER, Commissioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITE» STATES} ' !WHOLE158 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ••• (NUMBER M I S C E L L A N E 0 U 'S SERIES: N 0. 5 GOVERNMENT AID TO HOME OWNING AND HOUSING OF WORKING PEOPLE IN FOREIGN. {;OUNTRIES ...... Ciiij; ... 0 v~\ .e ij''< \ 0 ~ ...l ~.... TEsof" SEJitVANTS OF INDI~ SOCIETY'S BRANCH LIB~,t.RY BOMBAY OCTOBER 15,1914 . t~ WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE i' 1915 ~~ ..... ' CONTENTS.. Covernment aid to home owning and houSing or working people in roreign countries: . Page. • Introduction and eum.m.ary ••.••••.•••••••••••••••••••••...· .•....•••••.. · 9-28 Inadequacy of private initiative in providing housing'................. 9, 10 llethods of GQvernment aid in Europe .••••••..•••••.•••••••••.••••. 10,11 Loans of public funds to public-welfare building &ssociations. • • . • • • • 11, 12 Slum clearances and tehousing in Great Britain.•...•...•... · ...••..•. · 12 Benefits from eanitary housing._. •••••.••••..•..•.....•..•....•.•••• 12, 13 Summary of housing work in countries where Government aid has been · mostimportant•..•.•.•..•. : ....••... ~---···················-~-- 13-28. Austria ....................................................... 13,14 Belgium ....................................... , ...•.•.•.•• ~.. 15, 16 Denmark.......................... ! ••••••••••••••••••••••••·• • 16, 17 France •.•.•.•••.•........•••.••.••.•••••.••.......•••.••••••• 17-19 Germany •.••......•.•.•.•..•.•.....••••..•...••••.•••••••••• 19-21 Great Britain .........••.. ·•...•.•..•..•......•..••.••••••.•••• '21.:..22 Hungary. • . • . • . • . • . • . • • • . • . • • • . • • • • . • • • • 22, 23 Italy .....•...... , ..............•.•.••..•...•.•••••••.•••• , •••• 23,24 Norway ••.....•.............•.....•.•••....•.•.•.•••.•.••• :.. 25 Sweden •••.... : . • . • . • . • • • • . • • . • . • . • . • • • . • • • • • . • • 25, 26 Australia .....•...•.........•...•....••.•..•.••..•...• :. • . • • • • • 26, 27 _ New Zealand •.•••.••.........••..•....••.•....•......•.· ••.••••• 27,28 Other countries ...•.....· .....•.... ~........................... 28 Austria .............................................................. '29-93 Introduction ............................................... ; ••.••. 29-32. Eltemption from or reduction of taxes·---~-- ...•••••.•••.••• -~ •••••• 32-40 Conditions governing exemption •••••.•••...•.•.•.•••.•••. , •••• 33-36 Administrative decree of lanuary 7;1903....................... 36 Stipulations in co&tract of eale ..•.....• ·..•.•.••..••••••••••••.. 36,37 ReRUlt.s of tax ~xemption and fed.uction .••...•.••.•..•.••••••••• 37, 38 Reforms mggested .•.••••· ...................................... 3S-40 State housing fund ............................................... 40-49 Conditions for grant of loans ••••.•...•.•.•. : .•••••••••• ___ , ••••• 41-47 Administrative features •••.•..••••••.••.••.•.•••.•••.•.•.•••.. 47,48 Success of State housing fund ••••••.•.•••••••••.•••..••••••.••• 48,49 Hereditary right of construction (Baurecht). • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • 49-52 ~<'tical use of the Baurech t .•..••.•....•..• -- •..•••.••••.•• , ~ 52 Building laws . • • . • • . • • • • .. • • . • . • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . • . 53 Expropriation laws ••.............••....••..••.•.•.....••• : •••••.• 53-57 Expropriation of insanitary areas •••..•.•••..•••••.•.•.•.••••••• M-57 t;neamed increment tax ( Wtrt.ruwacliuteuer) ...............•••••••••• 57,58 <"reA tion of a bUreAu on housing •••• :. • . • . • . • . • . • . • • • • • • . · 58 Housing work of the State as an employer •••..••••..•..•.....•..... 58--62 1. Loans tobuildingiiBilOCiations ............................... 58-60 2. State-built ho~ for GQwmment employees. • . • • • • . • • • • . • 60-62 3 4 _Government aid to home owning and Austria-(Amcluded. Page. Housing work of carriers of S 62-64 Proposed extension of housing ~M>.cia! insurance institutes .•.. 64,65 Municipal housing work •..••••••••••.••.•......................... 65-68 Public-weliare building enterprises •••••.•.•....................... 6S.90 Cooperative building associations: .............................• 6S.73 Noncooperative public-weliare building enterprises (foundations, stock companies, societies, etc.) ............... -............... 73-83 Statistics of public-weliare building enterprises ................. 83-!JO -Need for 3.dditional building capital.. .............•................ 90,91 List of references consulted .•..••.......................•.......... 92, 93 Belgium ......•.••.••••.••..••.................•......•.............. 95-115 Introduction .....••••••............................•......... -· ... 95, 96 Legislation in force................................ • . • . 96-105 Administration of the law. • . • . • . 96 Funds for building loans....................................... 96, 97 Limitation on amounts advanced •........ :..................... 97 Tax exemptions and reductions.. • . • . 97, 98 Conditions of loans to building associations and loan companies .. 98, 99 Loans to individuals...•...•.......•............... _. 99, 100 Life insurance as a guaranty of loans ......................... 100-102 System of annual and monthly repayments of loans ............ 103-105 Practical effects of legislation .•..........•........................ 106-112 Operations of the General Savings Bank ........•.............. 106, 107 Operations of building and loan associations ................... 107-109 Life insurance as a guaranty of repayment of loans ..•......... 109, 110 State aid through tax exemption .•........................... 110, 111 Housing activities of Provinces................................ 111 Housing activities of municipalities and charitable institutions... 112 Proposed reforms...........•...................................