DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolution of the Product Space and a New Proposal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolution of the Product Space and a New Proposal EVOLUTION OF THE PRODUCT SPACE AND A NEW PROPOSAL FOR TURKEY’S EXPORT INCENTIVE SYSTEM OF THE PRODUCT SPACE EVOLUTION EVOLUTION OF THE PRODUCT SPACE AND A NEW PROPOSAL FOR TURKEY’S EXPORT INCENTIVE SYSTEM 768 759 736 737 .tr 755 431 620 728 v 622 407 623 606 607 149 748 764 462 621 625 713 o 632 619 154 767 750 649 618 409 715 758 309 459 517 689 717 735 646 648 653 143 664 752 386 747 497 645 613 647 403 457 615 633 630 396 585 628 612 515 608 204 458 642 357 397 144 662 616 644 554 663 712 .sbb.g 513 617 400 762 766 46 421 629 402 643 w 417 390 751 652 631 761 398 710 520 126 412 540 654 401 410 395 716 720 391 239 708 627 498 121 685 711 703 641 650 256 359 120 383 763 415 371 ww 774 241 704 315 320 80 702 592 624 151 452 249 705 701 240 424 706 734 638 155 456 388 509 399 427 351 756 611 634 700 519 657 454 697 709 635 559 148 698 753 66 426 444 745 147 731 521 692 651 558 423 694 312 416 602 81 695 699 524 157 36 392 358 422 723 729 60 54 746 508 406 85 209 690 730 605 345 86 610 523 437 688 696 205 356 573 434 514 707 203 64 442 510 255 455 348 420 350 77 30 555 570 291 361 404 393 394 201 535 460 73 389 343 118 556 156 347 639 116 71 346 26 757 577 448 575 760 614 687 296 693 362129 349 145 65 586 669 342 772 25 574 3 355 344 101 539 224 353 405 714 79 461 564 438 259 182 742 600 329 289 170 482 372 317 674 518 50 31 557 512 670 70 88 593 661 10 56 471 146 130 691 680 321 52 516 732 326 214 479 413 686 445 579 352 55 199 228 626 484 102 29 576 83 316 583 447 104 215 159 235 322 451 136 572 328 360 604 494 446 449 430 103 542 63 506 684 433 722 609 35 128 124 727 272 281 740 290 478 69 167 681 465 566 659 253 590 530 528 245 470 387 453 57 738 163 584 443 481 78 428 202 314 718 480 369 89 133 534 286 525 744 436 28 550 172 171 486 655 466 32 499 153242 123 158 212 166 354 283 770 189 282 177 439 251 682 257 678 726 724 551 580 603 527 114 72 6 263 640 488 109 53 327 754 27 511 232 233 469 218 264 262 483 463 208 363 299 220 677 666 473 507 381 594 526 284 68 411 122 538 265 178 578 319 505 58 339 591 549 216 107 188 366 238 39 4 248 51 223 92 531 529 222 440 304 74 111 303 261 477 236 219 302 667 277 568 246 749 100 587 119 197 364 637 553 552 305 733 367 206 200 106 599 174 221 268 341 561 414 673 500 280 665 125 49 274 108 137 16 503 179 24 683 117 325 150 162 217 67 313 672 467 260 475 502 226 14 210 234 382 225 96 168 266 195 273 164 743 62 598 533 532 84 38 112 370 596 250 115 161 95 110 563 725 658 543 258 9 165 660 544 152 522 560 668 247 298 376 94 229 769 191 207 169 97 59 13 176 192 23 134 270 425 227 211 243 432 491 377 589 99 33 160 468 184 105 175 318 2 252 464 332 297 419 546 333 308 671 271 567 338 90 601 185 181 490 408 495 501 194 306 196 368 173 679 180 582 292 93 17 87 34 18 378 142 193 487 139 496 429 131 276 493 775 41 676 537 279 186 275 15 536 489 135 675 765 595 562 340 138 237 183 187 8 190 565 597 300 132 230 11 450 485 492 636 98 43 61 472 231 435 581 293 374 373 331 40 140 198 569 91 474 76 336 384 267 311 365 721 269 504 42 113 375 719 323 476 656 334 301 310 254 739 20 12 1 213 5 307 7 285 244 278 47 330 588 141 548 545 127 335 547 541 48 771 294 37 337 385 418 380 571 773 324 295 44 21 19 441 379 45 287 75 22 288 82 741 GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES DIVISION OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND DOCUMENTATION April 2020 Necatibey Cad. No: 110/A 06570 ANKARA-TURKEY Sezai ATA Phone +90 (312) 294 50 00 Fax: +90 (312) 294 52 98 ISBN NO : 978-605-7751-36-2 GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMIC MODELING AND CONJUNCTURE EVALUATION PUBLICATIONS OF PRESIDENCY OF STRATEGY AND BUDGET ARE FREE OF CHARGE AND CANNOT BE SOLD. APRIL 2020 Publication No: 0017 EVOLUTION OF THE PRODUCT SPACE AND A NEW PROPOSAL FOR TURKEY’S EXPORT INCENTIVE SYSTEM Sezai ATA ECONOMIC MODELLING AND CONJECTURAL EVALUATIONS GENERAL DIRECTORATE MARCH 2020 ISBN 978-605-7751-36-2 No permission is required from the Presidency of Strategy and Budget to use as a publication and reference as long as the source is cited. This document has been published in 500 copies. ABSTRACT EVOLUTION OF THE PRODUCT SPACE AND A NEW PROPOSAL FOR TURKEY’S EXPORT INCENTIVE SYSTEM What a country can produce and export says a lot about its development level. All countries are in a race toward producing most cutting edge products. Not all countries are so successful as can be deduced from limited quality of their export baskets. Products can be broadly organized as low-medium-high tech. But as researchers showed in the last decade, under closer scrutiny products shows an intricate network structure called Product Space. Each country only produces and exports a sub-network of Product Space and evolution of this sub-network says a lot about the development of the country. Many, if not all, countries have complicate export incentive schemes but none seems to have a broad and product-based incentive system in which a product is promoted so long as it helps the country reaching the cutting edge regions of Product Space. This book explores the idea that the evolution of Product Space for a country is predictable and that it is controllable by an appropriate incentive system. Keywords: Product Space, Diffusion, Export Incentive System, Industrial Policy ii ÖZET ÜRÜN UZAYININ GELİŞİMİ VE TÜRKİYE'NİN İHRACAT TEŞVİK SİSTEMİ İÇİN YENİ BİR ÖNERİ Ürettiği ve ihraç ettiği ürünler bize bir ülkenin gelişmişlik seviyesi hakkında çok şey söyler. Tüm ülkeler, en gelişmiş ürünleri üretmeye yönelik bir yarış içindedirler. İhracat sepetlerindeki ürünlerden de görüleceği gibi tüm ülkeler bu konuda aynı derecede başarılı değildir. Ticarete konu ürünler kabaca düşük-orta-yüksek teknoloji olarak sınıflandırılabilirler. Ancak araştırmacıların son on yılda gösterdiği gibi, daha yakından incelendiğinde ürünler Ürün Uzayı denilen karmaşık bir ağ yapısı sergilemektedir. Her bir ülke bu Ürün Uzayı’nın sadece bir alt kümesini ihraç etmekte ve bu ağ aynı zamanda ülkenin kalkınma seviyesi hakkında çok şey söylemektedir. Ülkelerin hemen hemen tamamı karmaşık ihracat teşvik sistemlerine sahiptir. Ancak, hiçbiri ülkenin Ürün Uzayı'nın merkezi bölgelerine ulaşmasına yardımcı olacak Ürün Uzayı odaklı bir teşvik sistemine sahip değildir. Bu kitap, bir ülke için Ürün Uzayı’nın gelişiminin öngörülebilir ve aynı zamanda uygun bir teşvik sistemi ile kontrol edilebilir olduğu fikrini savunmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ürün Uzayı, Difüzyon, İhracat Teşvik Sistemi, Sanayi Politikası iii In loving memories of Recai ATA (1971-2016) Senanur ATA (2005-2016) iv PREFACE They say there are two kinds of people: one who tries to understand the world and the other who tries to change the world. Economists in general try to combine them. As an economist, I want to do the same thing in this book. That is first understand a small part of the economy and then try to change it by offering a relevant policy framework. From the viewpoint of an economist, the true purpose of a scientific research must be to change the world that we live around in a better way. In this book, I explain how the export basket of a country changes with time and what are the important policies that make the difference between a high-tech complex basket and a simple low-tech basket. I also make policy recommendations on what we can do to speed up the process so that we can catch and surpass the countries with sophisticated export baskets. This work is a book version of the Ph.D. thesis I completed at Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, The Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Economics in November 2018. I started to work on this project in 2016 which mainly uses product space methodology. After getting preliminary results, I presented them to my colleagues and top executives in Ministry of Development. The 2018-2020 Medium Term Program was the first policy document that included a measure on improving the investment incentive system using the Product Space methodology. In the brainstorming stage of 11th Development Plan, Presidency of Strategy and Budget arranged multiple meetings with line ministries and other public and private organizations to discuss the new road map of industrial policy for Turkey.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Institute-Wide Task Force on the Future of Libraries
    Institute-wide Task Force on the Future of Libraries Preliminary Report October 24, 2016 https://future-of-libraries.mit.edu © 2016 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Institute-wide Task Force on the Future of Libraries—Preliminary Report iii CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................. 4 A Vision for MIT Libraries ............................................................................ 4 Community and Relationships ..................................................................... 7 Discovery and Use ......................................................................................10 Stewardship and Sustainability ..................................................................14 Research and Development ........................................................................16 Tensions and Concerns ...............................................................................18 Summary and Conclusions .........................................................................18 Appendices Appendix 1: Task Force Charge .......................................................20 Appendix 2: Task Force Members ....................................................23 Appendix 3: Task Force Activities ....................................................25 Appendix 4: Idea Bank .....................................................................26 Appendix 5: Glossary .......................................................................27 Institute-wide
    [Show full text]
  • Standardization and Measurement Services in Turkey
    NAT'L INST. OF STAND & TECH NI8T PUBLICATIONS REFERENCE AlllDb 7El'lb3 NBSIR 73-172 Standardization and liHeasurement Services in Turkey A Report of a National Bureau of Standards/Agency for International Development Survey Conducted October 14-28, 1972 A Report of a Survey Conducted jointly by the National Bureau of Standards and the Agency for International Development. October 14-28, 1972 QC /oO U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS NBSIR 73-172 STANDARDIZATION AND MEASUREMENT SERVICES IN TURKEY (A Report of an National Bureau of Standards/Agency for International Development Survey Conducted October 14-28, 1972) Survey Team Director: Professor Dr. Tarik G. Somer, President, Turkish Standards Institution Survey Team Members: William E. Andrus, National Bureau of Standards, USA Robert J. Corruccini, National Bureau of Standards, USA Raul Estrada, Ecuadorean Institute of Standards, Ecuador Velid Isfendiyar, Turkish Standards Institution, Turkey Jeong, Byong Sik, Bureau of Standards, Korea Sanford B. Newman, National Bureau of Standards, USA H. Steffen Peiser, National Bureau of Standards, USA Charoen Vashrangsi, Department of Science, Thailand (as observer) H. Thomas Yolken, National Bureau of Standards, USA M. Fuat Yucesoy, Turkish Standards Institution, Turkey This survey was conducted as a part of the program under the US/NBS/Agency for International Development, PASA TA(CE)5-71. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent. Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts, Director ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The encouragement, planning assistance and generous financial support from the U.S. Agency of International Development, U.S. Department of State are gratefully acknowledged. In addition the Team sincerely thanks the numerous unnamed government, industry and university colleagues in Turkey who gave freely of their time and advice to assist the Survey, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Push and Pull Factors of International Migration: a Comparative Report
    2000 EDITION Push and pull factors of international migration A comparative report THEME 1 EUROPEAN General COMMISSION 1statistics A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000 ISBN 92-828-9721-4 © European Communities, 2000 Printed in Luxembourg PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE-FREE PAPER FOREWORD International migration flows have increased in magnitude and complexity over the past decades. As a result, migration and potential migration to, for instance, the European Union are receiving ever more attention at policy level. Within this context, the Commission of the European Communities entrusted Eurostat, its Statistical Bureau, and the Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute (NIDI) with a project to study the push and pull factors determining international migration flows. The objective of the study is to improve our understanding of the direct and indirect causes and mechanisms of international migration to the European Union, from an internationally comparative perspective. The results are intended to serve as a basis for the development of policy instruments and to provide tools for estimating future migration. The project started in 1994 with the preparation of a study on the ‘state of the art’ in migration theory and research, the identification of national and international research institutes active in this field, and a workshop. Based on the results of this preparatory stage, surveys were set up in a number of countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Norfolk Azalea Festival Queens
    Norfolk Azalea Festival Queens YEAR COUNTRY QUEEN 1954 United States Patricia Ann Priest, daughter of Treasurer of the US, Mrs. Ivy Baker Priest 1955 United States Olivia Barbour Twining, daughter of Gen. Nathan F. Twining, Chief of Staff, US Air Force 1956 United States Nell Eastland, daughter of Sen. James O. Eastland, Mississippi 1957 United Lady Carey Coke, daughter of Fifth Earl Leicester, Thomas William Kingdom Edward Coke 1958 United States Patricia Jane Lemay, daughter of Vice Chief of Staff, US Air Force, Curtis E. Lemay 1959 United States Bonnie Ruth Buchanan, daughter of State Dept. Chief of Protocol, Wiley Buchanan 1960 United States Paula Layton Pace, daughter of former Secretary of the Army, Frank Pace 1961 United States Lynda Bird Johnson, daughter of US Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson 1962 United States Margaret Anne (Peggy) Goldwater, daughter of Sen. Barry Goldwater 1963 United States Verita Korth, daughter of former Sec. of the Navy Fred Korth 1964 United States Gene Zuckert, daughter of Sec. of the Air Force Eugene M. Zuckert 1965 United States Luci Baines Johnson, daughter of US President Lyndon Baines Johnson 1966 Norway Kari Borten, daughter of Prime Minister Per Borten 1967 Belgium Monique Van Den Boeynants, daughter of Prime Minister Paul Van Den Boeynants 1968 Netherlands Cari Luns, daughter of Joseph M.A.H. Luns, Foreign Minister of the Netherlands Norfolk Public Library Norfolk Azalea Festival Queens 1969 United States Tricia Nixon, daughter of President Richard M. Nixon 1970 West Ulrike Ahlers, daughter of the State Secretary of the Federal Republic of Germany Germany, Conrad Ahlers 1971 United Sarah Rippon, daughter of The Honorable Geoffrey Rippon, Chancellor of Kingdom the Duchy of Lancaster (NOTE: Arabella Spencer Churchill, grand-daughter of Sir Winston Churchill, was the original selection for Azalea Queen in 1971.
    [Show full text]
  • A Trans-Disciplinary Review of Network Science
    Disconnected, fragmented, or united? A trans-disciplinary review of network science César A. Hidalgo | Associate Professor | The MIT Media Lab [email protected] Abstract: During decades the study of networks has been divided between the efforts of social scientists and natural scientists, two groups of scholars who often do not see eye to eye. In this review I present an effort to mutually translate the work conducted by scholars from both of these academic fronts hoping to continue to unify what has become a diverging body of literature. I argue that social and natural scientists fail to see eye to eye because they have diverging academic goals. Social scientists focus on explaining how context specific social and economic mechanisms drive the structure of networks and on how networks shape social and economic outcomes. By contrast, natural scientists focus primarily on modeling network characteristics that are independent of context, since their focus is to identify universal characteristics of systems instead of context specific mechanisms. In the following pages I discuss the differences between both of these literatures by summarizing the parallel theories advanced to explain link formation and the applications used by scholars in each field to justify their approach to network science. I conclude by providing an outlook on how these literatures can be further unified. Introduction: Born fragmented “Science must, over the next 50 years, learn to deal with these problems of organized complexity.”—Warren Weaver, 1948 How science evolves? And how is scientific progress tied to improvements in mathematics? In 1948 Warren Weaver, the director of the Rockefeller Foundation’s division of natural sciences, published an essay hoping to answer these questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration and Development in Slovakia
    COMMON HOME PUBLICATION MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN SLOVAKIA Silvia Letavajová, Boris Divinský COMMON HOME series Mgr. Silvia Letavajová, PhD., Faculty of Arts of UKF in Nitra RNDr. Boris Divinský, independent expert in the field of international migration with support of Katarína Marinová and Miroslav Janák (Caritas Slovakia). This publication is part of MIND (Migration. Interconnectedness. Development), a 3-year project financed by the European Commission (DG DEVCO). The aim is to raise public awareness on the relation between sustainable development and migration and the European Union’s role in development cooperation. Led by Caritas Austria, the partners of the MIND project are: Caritas Bavaria (Germany), Caritas International Belgium, Caritas Bulgaria, Caritas Czech Republic, Caritas Europa, Caritas Italy, Cordaid (Caritas Netherlands), Caritas Portugal, Caritas Slovakia, Caritas Slovenia and Caritas Sweden. For more information about MIND follow the campaign: Authors: Mgr. Silvia Letavajová, PhD. a RNDr. Boris Divinský. Reviewers: Prof. PhDr. Jaroslav Čukan, CSc., doc. PhDr. Radoslav Štefančík, MPol., Doc. PhDr. Magdaléna Paríková, CSc. Contributions and editing by Olga Kadysheva, Patrick Taran, and Piyasiri Wickramasekara (Global Migration Policy Associates - GMPA) and Davide Gnes and Shannon Pfohman (Caritas Europa). This publication was proofread by Mauricio Ruiz and Richard Tuffs. Language correction: Marta Glossová. Text editors: Marta Glossová, Boris Divinský. Graphic design by Vanden Broele Group with the support of Leticia Lozano (Caritas Europa). Layout by Kateřina Novotná. Cover illustration by Jean Bernard Boulnois. Pictures in pubication showing the community of Iraqian refugees are from archive of integration project of Slovak NGO Pokoj a dobro. Print: Faxcopy.as, 64 pages. Printed volume: 200 pcs.
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    Last Update: 8/04/2020 CURRICULUM VITAE Albert-László Barabási Northeastern University Department of Physics Center for Complex Network Research (617) 373-2355; [email protected] 1100-177 Huntington Avenue Place and Date of Birth: Karcfalva, 30 March 1967 Boston, MA 02115 Citizenship: Hungarian, Romanian, US Education: • 1986-1989, University of Bucharest, major in physics and engineering • M.Sc., 1991, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, in physics; advisor T. Vicsek • Ph.D., 1994, Boston University, in physics; advisor H.E. Stanley Employment and Teaching Experience: ¾ 1989-91, Research Institute for Technical Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Research Assistant ¾ 1991-92, Boston University, Teaching Assistant ¾ 1992-94, Boston University, Research Assistant ¾ 1994-95, IBM, T.J. Watson Research Center, Physical Sciences Department, Postdoctoral Associate ¾ 1995-99, University of Notre Dame, Assistant Professor ¾ 2000, Institute of Advanced Studies, Collegium Budapest, Senior Fellow ¾ 1999-2000, University of Notre Dame, Associate Professor ¾ 2005-2006, Harvard University, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Visiting Professor ¾ 2004-2007, Center for Complex Network Research, University of Notre Dame, Director ¾ 2000-2007, University of Notre Dame, Emil T. Hofman Professor ¾ 2007-present, University of Notre Dame, Adjunct Professor of Computer Science and Engineering ¾ 2007-present, Northeastern University, Departments of Physics and the College of Computer and Information Sciences, Distinguished University Professor ¾ 2007-present,
    [Show full text]
  • The Rules Governing the Conduct of Hostilities Under International Humanitarian
    INTERNATIONAL EXPERT MEETING 22–23 JUNE 2016 – QUEBEC THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY IN THE RULES GOVERNING THE CONDUCT OF HOSTILITIES UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW REPORT This meeting was supported by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada INTERNATIONAL EXPERT MEETING 22–23 JUNE 2016 – QUEBEC THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY IN THE RULES GOVERNING THE CONDUCT OF HOSTILITIES UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW Report prepared and edited by Laurent Gisel Legal adviser, ICRC TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................... 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 8 The principle of proportionality ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Challenges in the application of the principle of proportionality ............................................................................ 8 Purpose of the meeting and scope of the discussions ................................................................................................... 9 The importance of policies for the protection of civilians during armed conflicts .........................................10 Background
    [Show full text]
  • The Egyptian Diaspora in the United States
    RAD Diaspora Profile Prepared for the Rockefeller Foundation-Aspen Institute Diaspora Program (RAD) The Egyptian Diaspora in the United States May 2015 Revised Summary1 Approximately 248,000 Egyptian immigrants and their children (the first and second gen- erations) were living in the United States as of 2013. People of Egyptian birth comprise less than 1 percent of the U.S. foreign-born population, making it one of the country’s smallest national-origin groups and the second-smallest population in the Rockefeller Foundation- Aspen Institute Diaspora Program (RAD) analysis.2 Nevertheless, it is a rapidly growing population. The recent growth in the Egyptian immigrant population in the United States is largely attributable to the opportunities that the Diversity Visa Program provides to histori- cally underrepresented populations, while economic and security-related factors may be intensifying emigration from Egypt. This population’s high educational attainment sets it apart from the U.S. general population, as does its income inequality. While about one in six Egyptian diaspora households have incomes that exceed $140,000 (the threshold for the top 10 percent of all U.S. households), another 23 percent live below the federal poverty level. Egyptian immigrants are dispersed DIASPORAthroughout the United States, and New York City and Los Angeles are its main population hubs. California has the greatest number of Egyptian immigrant residents of any U.S. state. Considering the small size of the diaspora in the United States, Egyptian diaspora organiza- tions are relatively abundant. Of the 42 U.S.-based Egyptian diaspora organizations identi- fied for this study, many advocate for political or human rights, provide medical care, or represent the Coptic community (a Christian denomination in Egypt).
    [Show full text]
  • Growing Isolation: Political and Ethnic Tensions in the Slovak Republic
    Growing isolation: political and ethnic tensions in the Slovak Republic Edwin Bakker 1. Introduction Of all Central European capital cities, Bratislava is situated closest to the borders of the European Union. In fact, the capital city of the Slovak Republic is located at the border of the Union, only 60 kilometres from Vienna. However, in political terms, Bratislava is much further away from the West than other Central European capital cities such as Warsaw, Prague and Budapest. The process of transforming Slovakia from a communist state into a liberal democracy and market-oriented economy is lagging behind compared to changes in Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary. Under the present administration of nationalists and neo-communists, democracy in Slovakia has been seriously undermined. In addition, antagonism between the ruling Slovak political parties and representatives of the 570,000 strong Hungarian minority has notably increased. Relations with neighbouring states have also deteriorated under the government headed by Prime Minister Vladimir Me_iar. As a result of growing political and ethnic tensions, Slovakia has become increasingly isolated. The Poles, Czechs and Hungarians have joined the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), have been invited to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and will start negotiations to join the European Union (EU) in 1998. The Slovaks, however, did not make the grade for the next wave of NATO expansion and are stuck in the queue for the other two `clubs'. 2. Political tensions In the past three years, political tensions have increased dramatically between the government1 and Prime Minister Me_iar on the one hand, and opposition parties2 and the President on the other.
    [Show full text]
  • Complexity and Policy Making I Ty an Ty D P Ol Ic Y Mak I Ng
    OECD INSIGHTS EDITED BY PATRICK LOVE AND JULIA STOCKDAle-OTÁROLA AND JU AND EDIT E D BY PATRICK LOV PATRICK D BY L IA STOCKDA IA le - O E , TÁRO L A DEBATE THE ISSUES: DEBATE THE ISSUES: COMPLEX ISSUES: THE DEBATE COMPLEXITY AND POLICY MAKING I TY AN D P OL ic Y MAK I NG OECD Insights Debate the Issues: Complexity and policy making This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2017), Debate the Issues: Complexity and policy making, OECD Insights, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264271531-en. ISBN 978-92-64-27152-4 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-27153-1 (PDF) ISBN 978-92-64-27158-6 (epub) Series: OECD Insights ISSN 1993-6745 (print) ISSN 1993-6753 (online) Revised version, June 2017 Details of revisions available at: http://www.oecd.org/about/publishing/Corrigendum_Debate_the_Issues- Complexity_and_policy_making.pdf Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm. © OECD 2017 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given.
    [Show full text]
  • Latent Dirichlet Allocation Models for World Trade Analysis
    Latent Dirichlet Allocation Models for World Trade Analysis Diego Kozlowski∗1, Viktoriya Semeshenko2, and Andrea Molinari2 1DRIVEN, FSTM, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg 2Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas. Buenos Aires, Argentina. CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto Interdisciplinario de Economía Política de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, Argentina Abstract The international trade is one of the classic areas of study in economics. Nowadays, given the availability of data, the tools used for the analysis can be complemented and enriched with new methodologies and techniques that go beyond the traditional approach. The present paper shows the application of the Latent Dirichlet Allocation Models, a well known technique from the area of Natural Language Processing, to search for latent dimensions in the product space of international trade, and their distribution across countries over time. We apply this technique to a dataset of countries’ exports of goods from 1962 to 2016. The findings show the possibility to generate higher level classifications of goods based on the empirical evidence, and also allow to study the distribution of those classifications within countries. The latter show interesting insights about countries’ trade specialisation. Keywords: COMTRADE Data, Data Analysis, Topic Modelling, Latent Dirichlet Alloca- tion, Unsupervised Learning 1 Introduction The role that countries play in the global market is profoundly determined by their insertion into global value chains, and by the types of goods they produce for the global market (Coe et al. 2004; Gereffi, Humphrey, and Sturgeon 2005; Gereffi 1994). Production systems, which were traditionally analyzed as almost independent national systems, are now continuously more connected on a global scale.
    [Show full text]