ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS IN BALUCHISTAN, 1948 and 1957 This page intentionally left blank ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS IN BALUCHISTAN, 1948 and 1957

Beatrice de Cardi

University College London Institute of Archaeology Publications, Vol. 5 Occasional Publication No. 8 Originally published by University College London Institute of Archaeology

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Copyright © 1983 The Institute of Archaeology

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ISBN 978-0-905853-13-0 paperback CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1

COMMUNICATIONS WITHIN THE REGION SURVEYED 4

THE DATING OF THE SITES - EARLY CHALCOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE 7

THE DATING OF THE LATER SITES 13

GAZETTEER 16

THE POTTERY

The neolithic - bronze age wares: some zonal patterns 41

Catalogue of the pottery with reference to comparative material 51

OTHER FINDS 103

BIBLIOGRAPHY 107

PLATES 113

INDEX 121

iii This page intentionally left blank List of figures

Page

Fig. l General location map showing adjacent regions (inset) 3

Fig. 2 Location of sites in the Surab valley 5

Fig. 3 Map showing the location of Sites 1-31 in the region between 18 Quetta-Pishin and northern Jhalawan

Fig. 4 Map showing the location of sites along the Mula River and 32 adjacent areas

Fig. 5 Map showing the location of Togau C pottery 42

Fig. 6 Map illustrating the general distribution of Quetta-ware 44 and the 'Nal* variant ware of late Anjira III-IV Fig. 7 Map showing find spots of two special function wares, 46 circle-stamped wet and Faiz Mohammed grey

Fig. 8 Surface sherds from Sulaimanzai, Kirani, Malazai and Baleli 50

Fig. 9 Surface sherds from Mobi-damb, Sampur and Isplinji 52

Fig. 10 Surface sherds from Tor Warai, Panjpai 54

Fig. 11 Surface sherds from Saiyed Maurez, Shahr Kuloi and Shahr 56 Sardar, Mungachar

Fig. 12 Surface sherds from Saiyed Maurez, Shahr Kuloi, Damb Zerger, 58 Shahr Sardar and Khwaja Zabar

Fig. 13 Surface sherds from Togau, Chhappar 60

Fig. 14 Surface sherds from Togau, Chhappar 62 Fig. 15 Surface sherds from Kuki-damb and adjacent mound, Benn Chah 64 and Barra Kapoto

Fig. 16 Surface sherds from sites in the Surab valley: Pir Haidar 66 Shahr, Hadi, Gorpat and Site 37a

Fig. 17 Surface sherds from Gorpat and Pir Haidar Shahr 68

Fig. 18 Surface sherds from Zari-damb, Surab 70

Fig. 19 Surface sherds from Zari-damb, Surab 72

Fig. 20 Surface sherds from Neghar, Lena Singh, Surkh-damb and Chimri 74

Fig. 21 Surface sherds from Surkh-damb, Neghar, Jahan, Site 55, 76 Pathani-damb II, Chimri and Var-damb

Fig. 22 Surface sherds from sites along the Mula River: Mishk, 78 Singen Kalat and Site 55

V Fig. 23 Surface sherds from Kotra, Gandava 80

Fig. 24 Surface sherds from Pathani-damb I, Gandava 83

Fig. 25 Surface sherds from Pathani-damb I, Gandava 84

Fig. 26 Surface sherds from Pathani-damb I, Gandava 87

Fig. 27 Surface sherds from Alizai, Surab 90

Fig. 28 Surface sherds from Rais Sher Mohammed, Tegak, Hadi in 92 the Surab valley, and Patki and Kale-damb, Nur Gama

Fig. 29 Surface sherds from Londo, Baghwana 94

Fig. 30 Surface sherds from Kinneru-damb, Ornach 96

Fig. 31 Surface sherds from Nindowari-damb, Ornach 98

Fig. 32 Surface sherds from Bamba-damb, Harbab Pass, Sind 101

Fig. 33 Surface finds from Sites 11, 17, 18, 19, 33, 59, 60, 104 65 and 77

Table 1 Chart of relative chronologies 7

Table 2 Chart showing the occupational time-range of sites in 8 the Gazetteer

Table 3 Showing the occurrence of the more important wares noted 48 on sites in the Gazetteer

PI. Ia View of the Mula River near Jahan 113

PI. Ib Site 55, showing walling and a mound on a terrace above the 113 the Mula River

PI. II Surface sherds from Alizai (6, 7), Tegak (2, 5, 8) and 114 Londo (1, 3, 4)

PI. Ill Terracotta objects from the Surab valley (6), Alizai (2, 4), 115 Tegak (3), Hadi (1) and from Londo (5)

PI. IV Surface sherds and bangles from Kotra and Pathani-damb I, 116 Gandava, Kachhi

PI. V Surface •Londo-ware* from Hadi (8) and Londo (1-7) 117

PI. Via Fragments of a stone basin on Kinneru-damb, Ornach 118

PI. VIb Stone weight of Harappan type at Kinneru-damb, Ornach 118

PI. Vila Theriomorphic vessel in the shape of a bull found at 119 Nindowari-damb, Ornach

PI. VIIb Surface sherds and figurines from Kinneru-damb and 119 Nindowari-damb, Ornach

vi Introduction and acknowledgements

Baluchistan is a region whose archaeological potential is only beginning to be recognised despite the wealth of sites revealed by Sir Aurel Stein's exploration in the 1920's. Initially this apparent neglect stemmed from the country's position between the major civilisations of Mesopotamia and the Indus valley upon which attention was focussed for many years. However, a shift in the direction of research towards the examination of wide-ranging cultural interaction resulting from work at Tepe Yahya, Shahr-i Sokhta and several Afghan sites including Mundigak, coupled with the important discoveries made in Turkmenia, now puts Baluchistan in a key position, particularly in relation to movements between south-western Afghanistan and the Indus valley. Coincident with this change of emphasis attempts have been made to establish the antecedents of the mature Harappan culture and in this context northern Baluchistan has a special relevance, the southern regions at present appearing to be more closely linked to the mature Harappan, though recent work at Sutkagen-dor and Balakot will no doubt clarify that relationship.

The reconnaissance carried out in 1948 and 1957 had limited objectives and was subject to the dual constraints of time and resources. With only a few weeks and often no more than one colleague it was clearly impractical to attempt a comprehen­ sive regional survey: selective fieldwork to throw light on the distribution of certain wares seemed to be of greater value.

The 1948 survey aimed to trace the southerly limits of a ware first noted near Quetta (Piggott, 1947) and subsequently shown to spread through southern Afghanistan. This ware could be traced on a number of newly-discovered mounds in Sarawan but it died out as the survey penetrated into northern Jhalawan where unfamiliar wares appeared. It was in the hope of relating the latter to the ceramic sequence established in the Quetta valley that trial excavations were carried out at Anjira and Siah-damb, Surab, in 1957 (de Cardi, 1965) when further exploration was undertaken.

A preliminary study of the regions explored by Stein showed certain gaps in his reconnaissance. For instance, although the Kej and Rakhshan valleys in Makran had been extensively surveyed in 1927-28, work in central Jhalawan had been largely restricted to the main routes radiating from Khuzdar with Drakalo as its southerly limit. In the Ornach valley some 15 miles south-west of Drakalo, R. L. Raikes had discovered 'Kulli-Harappan' pottery on Kinneru-damb in 1956 and the area, investi­ gated at his prompting, was found to contain other important sites including Phusi- damb and Nindowari-damb.

In the fifty mile tract of hills between Khuzdar and the Kirthar range only one site, Zidi, had been recorded and hardly any of the passes through that range to Sind had been reconnoitred with the exception of the Bolan and a short section along the Nai Gaj which the late N. G. Majumdar was exploring when he was killed in 1938 (Deva and McCown, 1949). His survey had shown not only the penetration of Nal pottery into western Sind but the presence of Harappan sites along the Gaj. It seemed likely that a similar pattern might emerge from exploration along some of the other migration routes. Of these, the Mula Pass, traversed during the seasonal migrations from upper and central Jhalawan to Kachhi, was of special relevance as linking trackways lay through Anjira and Surab. With the collaboration of the Kalat authorities it was possible to hire camels for survey down the Mula river where, as anticipated, several sites with Harappan pottery were found as well as a large Harappan settlement not far from the point where the river debouches onto the Kachhi plain.

1 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEYS IN BALUCHISTAN, 1948 AND 1957

Similar surveys of the Harbab and Phusi group of passes had to be abandoned on the advice of officials in Khuzdar who considered the climbing involved along these routes to be too dangerous. Nor was it possible to explore the eastern approaches to these routes from Sind. Animal transport was unobtainable for an ascent of the Harbab Pass, and camel-drivers recruited for survey up the Gaj refused to venture beyond the point reached by Majumdar because the territory was disputed at that time.

Six years later proposals were put forward for excavations on two sites in the Makran in the hope of relating the wares of that region to the Anjira sequence but events in central Baluchistan have precluded work there. The results of the sur­ veys were given in a preliminary report (de Cardi, 1964: 20-29) but in view of several unsolved problems, notably in relation to the 'Kulli-Harappan1 material from Ornach, it had been my intention to await the Balakot report before publishing this material. However, preliminary results of work at Mehrgarh have emphasised the interest of the Sarawan pottery and it has seemed advisable to present the survey material without further delay.

The first survey was carried out during local leave in April, 1948, when I was an Assistant UK Trade Commissioner in Pakistan. Sadly, many of those who helped me are no longer alive, including the late Sir Mortimer Wheeler. I am particularly indebted to the Department of Archaeology, Pakistan, for allowing Sadar Din to accompany me in 1948 and many of our discoveries were due in no small measure to his guidance. I would also record my thanks to Sir Cecil Savidge, then Agent to the Governor-General in Baluchistan, and to the Khan of Kalat and his advisers who gave me hospitality and transport.

On returning to England my commitments to the Council for British Archaeology made it necessary to carry out the 1957 survey during the summer (July-September). The work, sponsored by the Royal Asiatic Society, was made possible by grants from the Leverhulme Research Fellowship, the Pilgrim Trust, the British Academy, the Russell Trust, the University of London, and the Society of Antiquaries of London. As on the previous occasion, officials in Kalat were ever helpful, in particular Mirza Rahimtulla Khan, then Tehsildar of Surab, and Saleh Shah, Naib Tehsildar, Khuzdar. In Ornach Sardar Alem Khan of the Bizanjau supplemented the information kindly provided by Mr Raikes and generously provided for our needs. In many other Brahui villages and encampments we experienced much kindness and hospitality which is remembered long after other aspects of the survey have been forgotten.

In 1957 my team comprised Dr David Trump, Dr Harunur Rashid, seconded from the Department of Archaeology, Pakistan, and the late Mr George Barrington, without whose help as interpreter and driver on the overland journeys to and from England little could have been achieved. Our working conditions, even when in camp, were unavoidably Spartan and I would thank my colleagues for their forbearance.

My comments on the comparative material and the dating of the sites owe much to the splendid collaboration of Dr J-F. Jarrige, Director of the French Archaeolo­ gical Mission in Pakistan, who kindly made available information and illustrations of the Mehrgarh ceramics in advance of his published reports. Since 1957 my interest in Baluchistan has been maintained largely through the work of others in adjacent regions and I am glad to have this chance of expressing my appreciation to colleagues in America, France, India, Italy, Pakistan and the USSR for their efforts to keep me abreast of their research.

The Government of Pakistan allowed a selection of the surface pottery to be exported and the material which forms the basis of this paper was presented to the University of London Institute of Archaeology where it is available for study to­ gether with collections made by the late Colonel D. H. Gordon and Mrs Sylvia Schofield (then Matheson), in some instances relating to the same sites. I am in­ debted to the Institute for providing me with study facilities over the years and my thanks are due to Mr Peter Dorrell, Photographic Department, for his help in regard to the photographic illustrations, and Mr Christopher Cromarty, Department of Geography, University College, who prepared the maps.

The author acknowledges with gratitude a grant-in-aid of publication from the British Academy., BEATRICE DE CARDI 3

KALAT AND SIND w, TURKMENISTAN ; ^ • ‘•^Namazga Tepe \ ^ PAKISTAN

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O ^ fJJ? ARABIANjk r s j r \ # j a f S E /1 £ _ • KARACHI . J} - IJ A\ / 0 Miles 100 1 1 1 1 Land over 3000 feet 0 Km 100

Fig. 1 General location map showing adjacent regions (inset) References

THE DATING OF THE SITES - EARLY CHALCOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE of work at Nindowari and Balakot are available. Bibliography

Allchin, F. R. and 1978 The Archaeology of Afghanistan from earliest times to the Hammond, N . Timurid period. London: Academic Press. Amiet, P. and 1978 Phase 10 at Shahr-i Sokhta: Excavations in Square XDV and Tosi, M. the Late Fourth Millennium BC Assemblage of Sistan. East and West 28: 9-31. Amri See Casal, 1964. Anjira See de Cardi, 1965. Audouze, F. and 1979 A Third Millennium Pottery-Firing Structure at Mehrgarh Jarrige, C. and its Economic Implications. South Asian Archaeology, 1977: 213-221. Baluchistan District Gazetteers 1907 IVA, Chagai; V, Quetta-Pishin; VI, Sarawan; VIB, Jhalawan. Casal, J-M. 1961 Fouilles de Mundigak. MDAFA, 17. Paris. 1964 Fouilles d'Amri. Paris. 1966 Nindowari: A Chalcolithic Site in South Baluchistan. Pakistan Archaeology 3: 10-21. Dales, G. F. 1974 Excavations at Balakot, Pakistan, 1973. Journal of Field Archaeology 1: 3-22. 1979 The Balakot Project: Summary of Four Years Excavations in Pakistan. South Asian Archaeology, 1977: 241-273. Dani, A. H. 1966 Shaikhan Dheri Excavation (1963 and 1964 seasons). Ancient Pakistan 2: 17-214. 1971 Excavations in the Gomal Valley. Ancient Pakistan 5: 1-177. de Cardi, B. 1951 A new prehistoric ware from Baluchistan. Iraq 13, 2: 63-75. 1964 British expeditions to Kalat, 1948 and 1957. Pakistan Archaeology 1: 20-29. 1965 Excavations and Reconnaissance in Kalat, West Pakistan. Pakistan Archaeology 2: 86-182. 1970 Excavations at Bampur, a Third Millennium Settlement in Persian Baluchistan, 1966. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, New York 51, 3: 233- 355. Deva, K . and 1949 Further Exploration in Sind: 1938. Ancient India 5: 12- McCown, D. E. 30. Dupree, L. B. 1963 Deh Morasi Ghundai: A Chalcolithic Site in South-Central Afghanistan. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, New York 50, 2: 59-135. Dupree, L. B. and 1975 Ceramics from Aq Kupruk, Dara-i-Kur and Hazar Gusfand. Kolb, C. Afghanistan 27, 4: 47-69. Emery, I . 1966 The Primary Structure of Fabrics. The Textile Museum. Enault, J. F. and 1973 Chalcolithic pottery from four sites in the Bolan area of Jarrige, J-F. Baluchistan, West Pakistan. South Asian Archaeology 1: 181-196. Fairservis, W. A. 1956 Excavations in the Quetta Valley, West Pakistan. Anthro­ pological Papers of the American Museum of Natural His­ tory, New York 45, 2: 169-402. 1959 Archaeological Surveys in the Zhob and Loralai Districts, West Pakistan. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, New York 47, 2: 277-447. 1961 Archaeological Studies in the Seistan Basin of south­ western Afghanistan and eastern Iran. Anthropological

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Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, New York 48, 1: 5-128. 1971 The Roots of Ancient India. New York. Field, H. 1959 An Anthropological Reconnaissance in West Pakistan, 1955. Papers of the Peabody Museum 52. Cambridge, Mass. Fussman, G. 1974 Ruines de la Vallee de Warduk. Arts Asiatiques 30: 65- ISO. Gedrosia See Stein, 1931. Ghosh, A. 1948 Taxila (Sirkap), 1944-45. Ancient India 4: 41-84. Hargreaves, H. 1929 Excavations in Baluchistan, 1925, Sampur Mound, Mästung, and Sohr Damb, Nal. Mem. Arch. Survey of India 35. Hodder, I. 1979 Pottery distributions: service and tribal areas. Pottery and the Archaeologist. Institute of Archaeology Occasional Paper No. 4. London. 7-23. Jarrige, J-F. 1981 Economy and society in the early chalcolithic/bronze age of Baluchistan: new perspectives from recent excavations at Mehrgarh. South Asian Archaeology, 1979: 93-114. Jarrige, J-F. and 1979 Excavations at Mehrgarh, Baluchistan: their Significance Lechevallier, M. in the Prehistorical Context of the Indo-Pakistani Border­ lands. South Asian Archaeology, 1977: 463-535. Jarrige, J.F. and 1979 Fouilles de Pirak. Paris. Santoni, M. Khan, F. A. 1965 Excavations at Kot Diji. Pakistan Archaeology 2: 11-86. Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. 1973 Shahr-i Sokhta and Tepe Yahya: Tracks on the Earliest and Tosi, M. History of the Iranian Plateau. East and West 23: 21-57. Lechevallier, M. and 1981 The Neolithic in Baluchistan: new evidences from Mehrgarh. Quivron, G. South Asian Archaeology, 1979: 71-92. Mackay, E. J. H. 1938 Further Excavations at Mohenjo-daro. New Delhi. 1943 Chanhu-daro Excavations, 1935-36. American Oriental Society 20. Boston. Majumdar, N. G. 1934 Explorations in Sind. Mem. Arch. Survey of India 48. Marshall, J. H. 1904 A new type of pottery from Baluchistan. Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report 1904-5: 105-6. Sir. J. (ed.) 1931 Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization. London. 1951 Taxila. Cambridge University Press. Masson, C. 1842 Narrative of various journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan, and the Panjab. 4 v o 1s . Masson, V. and 1969 Afghanistan in the Ancient East. Afghanistan 22, 2: 7-19. Sarianidi, V. McNicoll, A. 1978 Excavations at Kandahar, 1975, Second Interim Report. Afghan Studies 1: 41-66. Meadow, R. H. 1973 A Chronology for the Indo-Iranian Borderlands and southern Baluchistan 4000-2000 BC. Jn, D. P. Agrawal and A. Ghosh (eds.) Radiocarbon and Indian Archaeology. Bombay. 190— 204. Mehrgarh See Jarrige and Lechevallier, 1979. Mughal, M. R. 1970 The Early Harappan Period in the Greater Indus Valley and Northern Baluchistan (c.3000-2400 BC). Ann Arbor: Univer­ sity Microfilm. 1972 A Summary of Excavations and Explorations in Pakistan. Pakistan Archaeology 8: 114-158. Mundigak See Casal, 1961. Nal See Hargreaves, 1929. Nindowari See Casal, 1966. Piggott, S. 1947 A new prehistoric ceramic from Baluchistan. Ancient India 3: 131-142. 1949 Sassanian Motifs on Painted Pottery from North-west India. Ancient India 5: 31-34. 1950 Prehistoric India. Harmondsworth, England: Pelican Books. Pirak See Jarrige and Santoni, 1979. Quetta See Fairservis, 1956. Raikes, R. L. 1968 Archaeological Explorations in southern Jhalawan and Las Bela (Pakistan). Origini 11: 103-171. 1979 Prehistoric Iran and Baluchistan: the environmental con­ straints. South Asian Archaeology, 1977: 553-559. Raikes, R. L. and 1961 The Prehistoric Climate of Baluchistan and the Indus Dyson, R. H., Jr. Valley. American Anthropologist 63: 265-281. Ross, E. J. 1946 A Chalcolithic Site in Northern Baluchistan. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 5, 4: 291-315. Rydh, H. 1959 Rang Mahal. Acta Archaeologica Lundensia 4, 3. Sarianidi, V. 1971 Northern Afghanistan in the Bronze Age. Afghanistan 24: 26-38. Shaffer, J. G. 1973 Prehistoric Baluchistan: a systematic appraisal. Ann Arbor: University Microfilm. BEATRICE DE CARDI 109

Shaffer, J. G. 1978 Prehistoric Baluchistan. Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies. 1978 The Later Prehistoric Periods. Zn, F. R. Allchin and N. Hammond (eds.) The Archaeology of Afghanistan. London: Academic Press. Sharif, M. 1969 Excavation at Bhir Mound, Taxila. Pakistan Archaeology 6: 6-99. Stein, Sir A. 1929 An archaeological tour in Waziristan and northern Balu­ chistan. Mem. Arch. Survey of India 37. 1931 An archaeological tour in Gedrosia. Mem. Arch. Survey of India 43. Tosi, M. 1969 Excavations at Shahr-i Sokhta. Preliminary Report on the Second Campaign, September-December 1968. East and West 19: 283-386. 1979 The Proto-urban cultures of eastern Iran and the Indus Civilization. South Asian Archaeology, 1977: 149-171. US Board on Geographic Names 1978 Pakistan. Gazetteer, 2nd ed. Washington DC. Waziristan See Stein, 1929. Wheeler, R. E. M. 1947 Harappa 1946: the Defences and Cemetery R 37. Ancient India 3: 58-130. Sir M. 1962 Charsada, a metropolis of the North-West Frontier. London: Oxford University Press. Zhob See Fairservis, 1959 This page intentionally left blank