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Rôle Des Oiseaux Marins Tropicaux Dans Les Réseaux Trophiques Hauturiers Du Sud-Ouest De L’Océan Indien

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Rôle Des Oiseaux Marins Tropicaux Dans Les Réseaux Trophiques Hauturiers Du Sud-Ouest De L’Océan Indien UNIVERSITE DE LA REUNION U.F.R. SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE LA REUNION Discipline : Océanologie biologique présentée et soutenue publiquement le 08 juin 2005 par Sébastien JAQUEMET Rôle des oiseaux marins tropicaux dans les réseaux trophiques hauturiers du sud-ouest de l’océan Indien JURY C. Conand Professeur émérite, Université de la Réunion Directeur de thèse H. Weimerskirch Directeur de Recherches, CNRS Chizé Directeur de thèse C. Feare Professeur, Université de Leeds, Royaume Uni Rapporteur D. Grémillet Chargé de Recherches, CNRS Strasbourg Rapporteur F. Marsac Directeur de Recherches, IRD Sète Examinateur M. Le Corre Maître de Conférences, Université de la Réunion Examinateur UNIVERSITE DE LA REUNION U.F.R. SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE LA REUNION Discipline : Océanologie biologique présentée et soutenue publiquement le 08 juin 2005 par Sébastien JAQUEMET Rôle des oiseaux marins tropicaux dans les réseaux trophiques hauturiers du sud-ouest de l’océan Indien JURY C. Conand Professeur émérite, Université de la Réunion Directeur de thèse H. Weimerskirch Directeur de Recherches, CNRS Chizé Directeur de thèse C. Feare Professeur, Université de Leeds, Royaume Uni Rapporteur D. Grémillet Chargé de Recherches, CNRS Strasbourg Rapporteur F. Marsac Directeur de Recherches, IRD Sète Examinateur M. Le Corre Maître de Conférences, Université de la Réunion Examinateur UNIVERSITE DE LA REUNION U.F.R. SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES THESE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE LA REUNION Discipline : Océanologie biologique présentée et soutenue publiquement le 08 juin 2005 par Sébastien JAQUEMET Rôle des oiseaux marins tropicaux dans les réseaux trophiques hauturiers du sud-ouest de l’océan Indien JURY C. Conand Professeur émérite, Université de la Réunion Directeur de thèse H. Weimerskirch Directeur de Recherches, CNRS Chizé Directeur de thèse C. Feare Professeur, Université de Leeds, Royaume Uni Rapporteur D. Grémillet Chargé de Recherches, CNRS Strasbourg Rapporteur F. Marsac Directeur de Recherches, IRD Sète Examinateur M. Le Corre Maître de Conférences, Université de la Réunion Examinateur SOMMAIRE AVANT PROPOS INTRODUCTION GENERALE CADRE THEORIQUE DE L’ETUDE…………………………………………………………………… 1 CHAPITRE 1 CADRE PHYSIQUE ET MODELES BIOLOGIQUES…………………………………………………………… 6 1.1-Contexte géographique et océanographique de l’étude……………... 8 1.1.1-Généralités sur l’océan Indien………………………………………………… 8 1.1.2- Notions de climatologie dans l’océan Indien………………………………… 8 1.1.3- La circulation océanique générale de l’océan Indien……………………….. 12 1.1.4-Variations saisonnières des températures de surface………………………... 16 1.1.5- Variations saisonnières de la salinité de surface…………………………….. 18 1.1.6- Le canal du Mozambique……………………………………………………... 21 1.2- Réseaux trophiques dans le sud-ouest de l’océan Indien…………… 24 1.2.1- La production primaire et secondaire……………………………………….. 24 1.2.2- Les prédateurs supérieurs…………………………………………………….. 29 1.3- Les communautés d’oiseaux marins…………………………………. 34 1.3.1- Généralités……………………………………………………………………... 34 1.3.2- Les communautés d’oiseaux tropicaux………………………………………. 37 1.3.3- La sterne fuligineuse (Sterna fuscata, Linné 1766)………………………….. 38 1.4- Europa, Juan de Nova & Glorieuses………………………………… 41 1.5- Conclusion……………………………………………………………... 47 1.6- Objectifs de la thèse…………………………………………………… 48 CHAPITRE 2 APPROCHE MULTI-ECHELLE DE LA DISTRIBUTION ET DE L’ABONDANCE DES OISEAUX MARINS DANS LE SUD-OUEST DE L’OCEAN INDIEN………………………... 52 2.1- Introduction…………………………………………………………… 54 2.2- Matériels et méthodes………………………………………………… 55 2.2.1- Echantillonnage en mer……………………………………………………….. 57 2.2.2- Echantillonnage depuis les colonies………………………………………….. 58 2.3- Distribution et abondance des oiseaux marins à l’échelle du sud- ouest de l’océan Indien…………………………………………………….. 58 2.3.1- Définition des zones d’étude………………………………………………….. 58 2.3.2- Effort d’échantillonnage……………………………………………………… 60 2.3.3- Composition spécifique……………………………………………………….. 62 2.3.4- Résultats généraux sur la distribution des oiseaux dans les zones d’étude... 65 2.3.5- Etude par zone………………………………………………………………… 72 2.3.6- Discussion sur la distribution spatiale multi-échelle………………………... 80 2.4- Déterminisme de la structuration des communautés d’oiseaux tropicaux dans leurs habitats océaniques………………………………… 83 2.4.1- Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 83 2.4.2- Principaux résultats…………………………………………………………… 86 2.4.3- Discussion……………………………………………………………………… 89 2.5- Stratégies individuelles de recherche alimentaire de deux espèces d’oiseaux marins tropicaux………………………………………………... 91 2.5.1- Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 91 2.5.2- Principaux résultats…………………………………………………………… 94 2.5.3- Discussion……………………………………………………………………… 96 2.6- Discussion……………………………………………………………… 98 2.7- Conclusion……………………………………………………………... 101 CHAPITRE 3 REPRODUCTION ET ECOLOGIE TROPHIQUE DE LA STERNE FULIGINEUSE (STERNA FUSCATA) EN RELATION AVEC L’ENVIRONNEMENT MARIN…………………... 103 3.1-Introduction……………………………………………………………. 105 3.2- Variations géographiques de la phénologie de la reproduction……. 107 3.2.1- Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 107 3.2.2- Matériels et méthodes…………………………………………………………. 109 3.2.3- Principaux résultats…………………………………………………………… 110 3.2.4- Discussion……………………………………………………………………… 112 3.3-Ecologie alimentaire de la sterne fuligineuse (Sterna fuscata) dans le canal du Mozambique……………………………………………………... 116 3.3.1-Introduction……………………………………………………………………. 116 3.3.2- Matériels et méthodes…………………………………………………………. 116 3.3.3-Principaux résultats……………………………………………………………. 121 3.3.4- Discussion……………………………………………………………………… 127 3.4- Conclusion……………………………………………………………... 131 SYNTHESE & CONCLUSION GENERALE…………………. 133 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES………………………. 147 LISTE DES TABLEAUX……………………………………….. 159 LISTE DES FIGURES…………………………………………... 160 ANNEXES AVANT-PROPOS Cette thèse s’est intégrée dans un programme de recherche sur l’écologie des prédateurs marins supérieurs du sud-ouest de l’océan Indien, mené par le laboratoire d’Ecologie Marine de l’Université de la Réunion (ECOMAR), en collaboration l’Unité de Recherche 109 (THETIS) de l’Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) et le Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), Unité Propre de Recherche du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-UPR 1934). Une allocation de recherche de l’Ecole Doctorale Interdisciplinaire (EDI) de l’Université de la Réunion, un poste de moniteur de l’enseignement supérieur (2001-2004) et un demi-poste d’Attaché Temporaire d’Enseignement et de Recherche (ATER, 2004-2005) au Département de Biologie de l’Université de la Réunion m’ont été attribués et m’ont permis de réaliser cette thèse. Les recherches menées par le laboratoire ECOMAR sur les oiseaux marins des Iles Eparses ont été subventionnées par la Direction Régionale de l’Environnement de la Région Réunion (DIREN) dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche sur cinq ans intitulé «Fonctionnement, perturbations et restauration des populations d’oiseaux marins des Iles Eparses, îles coralliennes de l’océan Indien occidental ». Les campagnes en mer ont été organisées par l’UR THETIS et la station IFREMER de la Réunion (dans le cadre de son programme de recherche DORADE, sur la dorade coryphène) et soutenues par les financements du Contrat de Plan Etat Région (CPER 2000-2006), dans l’axe structurant « Espaces marins et côtiers ». L’accès aux Iles Eparses n’aurait pas été possible sans les autorisations du Préfet de la Réunion, du Commandant Supérieur des Forces Armées de la Zone Sud de l’Océan Indien (FAZSOI) et ses hommes, du directeur de Météo France, du Comité Scientifique des Iles Eparses. Ma participation au 11ème colloque panafricain d’ornithologie a été financée par l’Ecole Doctorale Interdisciplinaire (EDI) et la Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA). Ce manuscrit se fonde sur six articles scientifiques publiés et deux soumis ou en préparation. Pour une lecture plus aisée, le texte est entièrement rédigé en français, mais fait référence à ces articles. Pour une bonne compréhension du manuscrit, il est nécessaire de lire l’ensemble des articles qui sont annexés à la fin du document. Certaines parties du texte français ne font que reprendre les principaux résultats des articles. Le sujet de recherche abordé est très vaste et j’ai pleinement conscience que cette thèse n’est qu’une contribution à l’étude des réseaux trophiques océaniques. Ce travail est avant tout une formidable expérience humaine, passionnante et pleine d’enseignements. Cette thèse n’aurait pas pu être réalisée sans le concours d’un grand nombre de personnes que je tiens à remercier sincèrement. En premier lieu, je remercie les personnes de mon comité de thèse, qui m’ont encadré, guidé et fait partager leur expérience de chercheur, au cours de ces 4 dernières années. Le professeur Chantal Conand, qui dirigeait le laboratoire ECOMAR au début de mon travail de doctorat, m’a permis de réaliser cette thèse dans les meilleures conditions possibles. Elle a su depuis longtemps me faire partager sa passion du milieu marin et sa grande expérience de la recherche. Je suis extrêmement reconnaissant pour toute l’énergie qu’elle a déployé pour moi, depuis toutes ces années et jusqu’à la dernière minute de la rédaction. Sans le docteur Matthieu Le Corre, je n’aurais jamais su ce qu’était un oiseau marin, ni connu tous les endroits merveilleux de l’océan Indien que j’ai eu le privilège de visiter
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