Unilateral Aplasia of Mandibular Condyle: a Rare Case Entity Unilateral Aplasia of Mandibular Condyle: a Rare Case Entity

JIAOMR 10.5005/jp-journals-10011-1147 CASE REPORT Unilateral Aplasia of Mandibular Condyle: A Rare Case Entity Unilateral Aplasia of Mandibular Condyle: A Rare Case Entity

1Anil G Ghom, 2FM Debta, 3Abhijeet Deoghare, 4Sarbani Das Sikdar, 4Anshul Khandewal, 4Savita Ghom 4Raj Diwan, 4Manjari Gupta, 4Bharani Devi 3Prashant Gupta, 4Shantala Naik 1Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, CDCRI, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India 2Associated Professor, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, CDCRI, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India 3Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, CDCRI, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India 4Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, CDCRI, Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India

Correspondence: Anil G Ghom, Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, CDCRI, Rajnandgaon Chhattisgarh, India, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Aplasia of the mandibular condyle is extremely rare when not seen in association with or as a part of any syndrome. The incidence is estimated to be 1 in 5,600 births. Growth disturbances in the development of the mandibular condyle may occur in utero late in the first trimester and may result in disorders, such as aplasia or hypoplasia of the mandibular condyle. We report a case of aplasia of left mandibular condyle along with hypoplasia of right condylar head in a 20-year-old female patient. The patient reported to the clinic with the complaint of proclined upper front teeth, wanting to improve her esthetics. Clinical, conventional radiography and computer tomographic studies revealed the complete absence of condyle on the left and hypoplasia of the head of mandibular condyle on the right side. The etiology was unknown and on the basis of history, clinical study and radiological examination it was suggested to be of developmental origin. Keywords: Mandibular condyle, Condylar hypoplasia, Condylar aplasia.

INTRODUCTION history of trauma or hospitalization or infection to the ear or Aplasia of the mandibular condyle without any other facial surrounding tissues. malformations is extremely rare, but has been reported Clinical examination revealed bilaterally symmetrical previously (Prowler and Glassman, 1954). It is one of the several mandible with prominent angles and severely retruded chin manifestations of varying expression in syndromes including presenting the appearance of bird facies. Her facial profile was hemifacial microsomia, Goldenhar syndrome and Treacher convex and there was incompetent upper lip with absence of Collins syndrome.1-3 The incidence is estimated to be 1 in 5,600 lip seal. Inflammation of marginal gingival in lower anterior births, with Treacher Collins syndrome even more rarely seen region was present (Figs 1 and 2). Condylar head was not (Godin et al 1990).1 When not seen in conjunction with any palpable on either side during opening or closing movements. other developmental anomalies, aplasia of the mandibular Another relevant feature noted was limping of left leg which condyle is an extremely rare condition.4 The literature also was reported to be present from childhood without any history suggests Proteus syndrome, Morquio syndrome and of trauma or infections in that area. auriculocondylar syndrome, which can demonstrate condylar No other important clinical, extraoral or intraoral findings malformations 5-6and condyle agenesis.7-8 In each of these were observed. After clinical examination, a radiographic conditions, in addition to condylar aplasia, there are other facial examination was indicated for further evaluation of the case. or skeletal malformations. In the present report, a patient with Panoramographic examination revealed a small, deformed hypoplasia of head of right mandibular condyle and aplasia of condylar head and short neck on the right side with increased left mandibular condylar head is studied. thickness of the ramus on the same side. On the left side, there was a complete absence of the condyle. Antegonial notch of CASE REPORT both sides were prominent with that on the right side more A 20-year-old female patient reported to the Outpatient accentuated (Fig. 3). The results of the preliminary radiographic Department of Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research examination led to a CT study. Helical slices of 1 mm thickness Institute, Rajnandgaon, with the chief complaint of unesthetic with 1 mm of table feed, without any gantry inclination both appearance due to protruded upper anteriors. The condition has open and closed mouth in axial and coronal planes were been present since childhood, but due to unfavorable obtained. CT study revealed shallow left TMJ space with thin socioeconomic conditions, the patient has not sought assistance condyloid process and complete absence of head of condyle on previously. Clinical history revealed that patient has been born the left side. Right side condyloid head is of reduced dimension at home but the delivery was uneventful and there has been no while joint space is within normal range. TMJ movement is

Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology, July-September 2011;23(3):279-281 279 Anil G Ghom et al

DISCUSSION On the basis of clinical examination alone, it was suggested that the case was that of developmental defect of mandible, possibly hypoplasia of both the condyles. This was opined since the maxilla was of normal morphology and size clinically and the mandible was extremely retrognathic presenting the appearance of bird facies with proclined maxillary anteriors. Further, the mandibular condyles were not palpable on opening and closing movements. Since there was no history of any trauma or surgery, the case was clinically inferred as bilateral hypoplasia of mandibular condyle. Further, the radiological picture based on OPG and CT scan revealed that though the normal development of condyles was hampered on both sides, the left side presented the picture of total aplasia of condylar head with hypoplasia of the right condyle. Condylar hypoplasia of varying degrees from minimal to Fig. 1: Frontal profile of patient almost complete may occur because of abnormal growth and development of the condyle. During growth of the condyle in the human fetus both prenatal and postnatal, the primitive joint within Meckel’s cartilage (before the malleus and incus form) functions briefly as a jaw joint, with mouth-opening movements having started at 8 weeks postconception, well before development of the definitive temporomandibular joint (TMJ) (Table 1). When the TMJ forms at 10 weeks, both the incudo- malleal and definitive jaw move in synchrony, for about 8 weeks during the fetal stage. Both are moved by muscles supplied by the same mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.10

Fig. 2: Lateral profile showing retruded chin present bilaterally in both opening and closing. There was no Fig. 3: OPG showing prominent antegonial notch on both evidence of bone erosion or destruction, the bone density was sides and absence of condyle on left side also reported as normal (Figs 4 and 5). Extraoral radiographs prescribed were AP view of pelvis, PA view of chest and lateral view of cervical spine to detect the cause of limping and rule out any other associated disorders. The chest PA view report was normal. AP view report suggested congenital bilateral hip dislocation. Lateral view of cervical spine indicated mild cervical spondolysis. Her vital signs were in the normal range. The other biochemical tests performed were liver function test, serum acid phosphatase, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum calcium and serum phosphorous. All the values were within normal range. On the basis of clinical and radiological examinations, the diagnosis was suggested as agenesis of condylar head of the left side and hypoplasia of head of condyle of the right side. The patient was referred to maxillofacial surgeon for cosmetic Fig. 4: CT scan (coronal view) showing absence of condylar surgical treatment. head on left side

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Unilateral Aplasia of Mandibular Condyle: A Rare Case Entity

also affects bone formation and chondrocyte differentiation, which leads to condyle malformation.12-13 But in case of this patient, no history pointing to that direction has been detected, additionally, no syndrome can be associated as there are no other positive findings. So if we take into consideration the defect on the right side in the absence of any other etiological factor or family history, it can safely be said the hypoplastic defect is also of developmental in origin. In conclusion, it can be said that it is a rare case of left condylar total aplasia/agenesis and right condylar hypoplasia not related to any clear pathological disorder. This is a case of unknown etiology, it was thoroughly examined and, based on clinical and radiographic findings, we suggest that this case is Fig. 5: CT scan (axial view) showing absence of condyle on left side of developmental origin.

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