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How Social Dynamics and the Context of Digital Content Impact Workplace Remix CHI 2018 Paper CHI 2018, April 21–26, 2018, Montréal, QC, Canada How Social Dynamics and the Context of Digital Content Impact Workplace Remix Jessica L. Feuston Siân E. Lindley Northwestern University Microsoft Research Evanston, IL, USA Cambridge, CB1 2FB, UK [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT approached and realized. Remix occurs in settings beyond As highlighted in recent work on remix in online content those of online communities, and beyond those of creative creation communities, people commonly take and practices. Themes developed within these particular appropriate digital content for new activities. Less is known, contexts, then, may fail to uncover factors related to remix in however, about how people repurpose digital content as part other environments and applications. In this article, we of work. We report findings from an interview study with 19 present research on how remix is accomplished in the individuals in which we explored how digital content in the workplace. The workplace, though a common and important workplace becomes a material for remix. Our analysis setting for Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research, is emphasizes (i) how digital content is obtained from underexplored in remix and related practices. Further, in this colleagues for remix, (ii) how content is made available for work, we regard remix as a set of processes that is remix by others, and (iii) how digital content is transformed interwoven with access and sharing, both in technical terms for remix. In attending to these broader processes of remix, and as underpinned by social norms and expectations. This we consider the roles of workplace technologies, such as broad approach to remix as a set of processes supports those for file sharing, as well as social norms that mediate examining and designing for specific remix practices, as well access, remix, and acknowledgement. We draw implications as related workplace activities. for design of technology that emphasize support for individuals in making digital content available for remix, and In the HCI and Computer Supported Co-operative Work raising awareness of the context of that content. (CSCW) literatures, workplace research emphasizes understanding collocated and remote collaboration, Author Keywords information processing and flow, and awareness of co- Remix; creative reuse; workplace; access; sharing. workers’ activities, frequently in the tradition of social ACM Classification Keywords translucence [13]. Researchers have also examined the ways H.5.m. Information interfaces and presentation (e.g., HCI): in which shared repositories and similar collective Miscellaneous information management spaces are constructed and maintained [31,43]. Fewer research studies, however, INTRODUCTION examine how individuals remix their co-workers’ digital The ease with which digital content can be copied and edited content, and how this activity is interwoven with technical leads to frequent repurposing. Recent research on remix in permissions and social practices. Understanding how remix online content creation communities showcases the diversity is realized supports a differentiation of this practice from and broad applicability of remix practices to a variety of other common workplace activities, such as direct reuse or mediums (e.g., video, text, music) [11,35,36]. In these co-authoring, and aids understanding of how technology communities, remix is often discussed with an eye toward could be designed in support of the actions and practices that creativity, personal expression, and social practices, facilitate and are bound up with it. particularly social practices that differ between communities or are impacted by the legalities of copyright and fair use. This work addresses gaps in the literature through an Creative repurposing of content, however, provides an interview study describing how individuals approach and incomplete appreciation for the ways in which remix may be accomplish remix in the workplace. We focus on how remix of co-workers’ digital content is enabled, and how this relates Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal to attitudes surrounding the broader set of processes or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or implicated in remix. We make three contributions to remix distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work and workplace research. First, we describe the importance of owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is gaining awareness of and access to co-workers’ digital permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute content, as well as understanding the context of that content to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. in order to accomplish different types of remix. Second, we CHI 2018, April 21–26, 2018, Montréal, QC, Canada. describe how social norms, practices, and hierarchies impact © 2018 ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5620-6/18/04...$15.00. the broader set of processes involved in accomplishing remix https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174171 Paper 597 Page 1 CHI 2018 Paper CHI 2018, April 21–26, 2018, Montréal, QC, Canada in the workplace. We end with a discussion considering of consistency (i.e., where specific elements, such as text, are design of technology to support remix in the workplace as a fixed and used as-is). In contrast, applying a lens of remix to distinct and complex set of processes co-existing, yet this type of appropriation positions associated practices in differing, from the dominant dialogue of collaboration and light of change (i.e., where digital content is modified). co-production. Literature on remix and reuse also examines themes related RELATED WORK to plagiarism and ownership. In classroom research Examining how digital content is remixed in the workplace involving knowledge production novices (i.e., students), advances literatures on creative remix, digital content in the reuse is approached through concerns of student plagiarism. workplace, and technology design for remix practices. Researchers address questions related to plagiarism detection Remixing Digital Content for Creative Expression [25], as well as attitudes towards and perceptions of this Research in HCI and CSCW frequently examines remix (also perceived theft [14,41,42]. Further, some researchers have called ‘creative reuse’ [7]) as a practice related to creativity reflected on textual reuse in academia, examining practices and creative expression, rather than a practice required to related to plagiarism and self-plagiarism [9]. Ownership as fulfill work-related activities. Scholars studying online implicated in expressions of territoriality may also create content creation and remix communities address how barriers to remix and reuse. For example, researchers in [46] elements of existing music, art, video, and text are suggest that encouraging feelings of ownership may transformed into fanfiction, video mash-up, and other motivate experts to contribute, but may demotivate and creative works [6,22,33]. Knowledge of fair use and marginalize others, such as novices. This and similar work copyright can play a role within these communities discusses how experts feel more strongly about content [14,16,17]. [15] notes how misunderstanding copyright and ownership than novices, which can lead to certain, restrictive fair use can lead to a chilling effect, where individuals behaviors (e.g., down-voting novices, reverting novice- interpret laws conservatively to avoid legal complications, produced modifications) [47]. Less frequently, research thereby producing less creative content. However, social examines how remix can be leveraged to support learning norms and practices, rather than explicit legalities and and efficiency when notions of ownership are not stressed technical permissions [16,17,50], typically influence how [4]. Workplaces employ individuals on a spectrum of individuals perceive, approach, and accomplish remix. expertise, where novices and experts are expected to work together toward common goals. Our work discusses the In addition to content creation communities, recent work importance of supporting meaningful ways that individuals highlights attitudes toward remix and creative reuse in social at all levels of expertise can contribute to and remix content. networks (e.g., Twitter [28], Facebook [29]). In digital spaces where technical permissions are flexible and Though many individuals may be involved or implicated in dependent on individual understanding, social relationships workplace remix and reuse, workplace literature does not and social distance influence perceptions of ownership and often consider acknowledgement of digital content the ways remix can be accomplished [29]. Missing from provenance and co-worker contribution. Similar themes, these analyses are the ways that hierarchical relationships, however, have been explored in work related to creativity, common in the workplace, impact remix. collaboration, and online communities [26]. Remix in the workplace is often examined in the context of direct reuse Remixing and Reusing Digital Content for Work and collaboration, which involves co-production [23], Scholars have examined remix and direct reuse (i.e., using contribution [37], and visibility of social interactions resources again sans
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