Out-Migration, In-Migration and the Strait Region of Nova Scotia, 2001-2006
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Atlantic Metropolis Centre ~ Working Paper Series Centre Métropolis Atlantique ~ Série de documents de recherche “Good to be Alberta Bound?”: Out-Migration, In-Migration and the Strait Region of Nova Scotia, 2001-2006 John Phyne [email protected] and Linda Harling-Stalker [email protected] Department of Sociology St. Francis Xavier University Antigonish, Nova Scotia Canada Working Paper No.43-2011 Série de documents de recherche 43-2011 December 2011 2 The Atlantic Metropolis Centre’s Working Papers Series Série de documents de recherche du Centre Métropolis Atlantique The views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Atlantic Metropolis Centre or its funders. Les opinions contenues dans cet article sont celles des auteur(s) et ne sont pas nécessairement partagées par le Centre Métropolis Atlantique ou ses partenaires. Copyright of this paper is retained by the author(s) Copyright de cet article est maintenu par l'auteur(s) AMC Working Papers Series / Série de documents de recherche du CMA Attention: Shiva Nourpanah, The Atrium, Suite 213, Saint Mary‟s University 923 Robie St., Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 3C3 E-mail / courriel: [email protected] Website / site Web: http://atlantic.metropolis.net/ We are pleased to acknowledge the AMC’s Le CMA tient à remercier chaleureusement les partner organizations: partenaires suivants pour leur soutien: Federal Government Partners: Partenaires fédéraux: Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency, Canada Agence de promotion économique du Canada Border Services Agency, Canada Economic atlantique, Agence des services frontaliers du Development for the Regions of Quebec, Canada Canada, Développement économique du Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, Canadian pour les régions du Québec, Société canadienne Heritage, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, d'hypothèques et de logement, Patrimoine FedNor, Human Resources and Social Canada, Citoyenneté et Immigration Canada, Development Canada, Department of Justice FedNor, Ressources humaines et Développement Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada, Public social Canada, Ministère de la Justice Canada, Safety Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Agence de la santé publique du Canada, Sécurité The Rural Secretariat, Social Sciences and Publique Canada, Gendarmerie royale du Humanities Research Council, Statistics Canada Canada, Le Secrétariat rural, Conseil de Three Lead Universities: recherches en sciences humaines, Statistique Saint Mary's University, Dalhousie University, Canada and Université de Moncton. Les trois universités à la direction: Community Partners: Saint Mary's University, Dalhousie University et Immigrant Settlement and Integration Services l'Université de Moncton. (ISIS), Multicultural Association of Nova Scotia Nos partenaires communautaires: (MANS), New Brunswick Multicultural Council, L'Association multiculturelle de Nouvelle-Écosse, PEI Association for Newcomers, Multicultural Le Conseil multiculturel du Nouveau-Brunswick, Association for the Greater Moncton Area, L'Association multiculturelle du Grand Moncton, Association for New Canadians (ANC) of Association métropolitaine pour l'établissement des Newfoundland, Canadian Council for Refugees immigrants, PEI Association for Newcomers, (CCR), YMCA Newcomer Service. L'association des nouveaux canadiens de Terre- Neuve, Conseil canadien pour les réfugiés, YMCA Newcomer service, Immigrant Settlement and Integration Services (ISIS), 3 John Phyne and Lynda Harling Stalker 2011© Abstract - By drawing from Statistics Canada and qualitative research data, this paper shows that population decline in the Strait Region of Nova Scotia has implications for out-migrants and the remaining aging population. For out-migrants, their departure from the Strait Region often results in upward mobility and increased income opportunities; however, for a significant minority of them, the process is associated with declining income opportunities. While rural and small town youth perceive out-migration to be necessary, those who remain in the Strait Region reflect on the negative consequences of out-migration on the vitality of aging communities. The paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges of trying to promote return migration and immigration as strategies for reversing population decline. Keywords/Mots-clefs: Internal Migration, Immigration, Return Migration, Population Decline. 4 Introduction1 Moving away is a common theme in the history of Atlantic Canada. With the exception of the First Nations and recent immigrants, Atlantic Canada residents have histories that date back to the 1700s and even earlier for Newfoundland. The sons and daughters of early immigrants continued the migration process and often made their way to the „Boston States‟ or points farther „West‟ in Canada (Fingard 1993; Thornton 1988). Added to this is the temporary migration of those who move away to work to support those who remain behind. Those who migrated included the „harvest train‟ of „Maritimers‟ from 1890-1928. Males migrated „West‟ by rail for the grain harvest and returned afterwards (MacKenzie 2002). In the post-World War II period, Ontario loomed large on the horizon for Atlantic Canadians; migration to work in the province‟s factories was eclipsed only by the Alberta oil boom in the 1970s and beyond (Hiller 2009). Alberta became during the 1970s the „second promised land‟ – a magnet for internal migration in Canada. While Ontario, Québec and British Columbia are the major destination points for current immigrants, Alberta‟s booming resource economy also attracts internal migrants, of which Atlantic Canada is one source. From 1972-1982, nearly 25 per cent of the more than 2.8 million internal migrants in Canada moved to Alberta; from 1996-2002, nearly 20 per cent of the more than 1.9 million internal migrants also moved there. For these periods, the combined total percentage of internal migrants to Alberta matched that to Ontario – a more populous province. For Atlantic Canadians, Alberta was second only to Ontario as a destination for internal migration 1 The authors acknowledge the research funding provided by the Atlantic Metropolis and Atlantic Rural Centres. The Centre for Regional Studies and University Council for Research at St. Francis Xavier niversity also provided funding. The authors thank the Regional Development Authorities (Antigonish, Guysborough County, Strait-Highlands) in the Strait Region and the Guysborough Antigonish Strait- Highlands Health Authority for their collaboration in this research. Ms. Carla Haley-Baxter, Administrative Assistant, Department of Sociology, St. Francis Xavier University, provided excellent organizational assistance. We also thank all our respondents. Kaitlin Brady, Sarah Dunmore, Katie MacDonald, Lisa Rankin and Cory Snider were the student research assistants on this project. This paper is a revised version of one presented at the seminar On the Move: Out-Migration and In-Migration in Rural and Small Town Nova Scotia, on March 11, 2011, at Council Chambers, Bloomfield Centre, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia. The authors acknowledge the suggestions provided by the Atlantic Metropolis copy editor. 5 (Hiller 2009). As the data from this study show, Alberta bound is also a primary destination for Atlantic Canadians from the Strait Region of Nova Scotia, which encompasses the four counties in Eastern Nova Scotia (Antigonish and Guysborough) and Cape Breton Island (Inverness and Richmond) that were connected by the Canso Causeway in 1955. In this paper, we critically examine data pertaining to the most recent wave of out-migration – the period from 2001-2006 – when young, well-educated men and women moved away from the Strait Region and contributed their skills to other parts of Canada. This paper is divided into eight sections: First, we contextualize rural and small town out-migration by referring to some of the vast literature on migration. This literature shows that youth are dominant among international migrants, often bringing high skill levels to their ultimate destinations. This is also true for the internal migration from rural and small town places to urban destinations in nation-states. Second, we provide a social profile of the Strait Region of Nova Scotia. Third, the paper briefly presents our data sources and methods. Fourth, we document population decline and out-migration in the Strait Region. Section Five follows with a statistical profile of out-migrants, while Section Six assesses perspectives on out-migration by „potential‟ young out-migrants and by those who continue to live in the Strait Region. Seventh, we examine the degree to which immigration can counter high levels of out-migration. Our quantitative evidence suggests that immigration, as a policy, is weak because of the high levels of secondary migration among existing immigrants. Section Eight concludes by arguing that immigration, as a policy, for rural repopulation will only succeed if supported by a commitment from the provincial government and host communities. Lack of commitment will only further contribute to rural social decline in Nova Scotia. Section 1: International Migration, Internal Migration and Rural Decline The younger the migrant, the longer the payback period, and the more worthwhile the investment in a long-distance move. T. J. Hatton and J. G. Williamson, Global Migration and the World Economy: Two Centuries of Policy and Performance (2008, p. 78) 6 1.1: International Migration and