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Crime and Policing in Digby, 1909 -1990
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Crime and Policing in Digby. 1909 -1990
Dr. Peter McÇahan University of New Brunswick
Report # 16
August 1990
Police and Community Study Atlantic Institute of Criminology The Atlantic Institute of Criminology receives sustaining contribution from the Ministry of the Solicitor General. This funding enables the Institute to carry out its chief functions of research and dissemination of information. In an earlier Report we examined the early years of policing in Digby after the Town incorporated in March, 1890. 1 The community obtained its first policeman in 1891, in response to the call for more vigorous control over the illegal liquor trade and youthful disorder on public streets. The one-man police force, however, did not ensure these issues were firmly resolved in subsequent years. In the following, we wish to extend this brief survey of the history of policing and crime in Digby to the present day.
The Period 1909 - 1939
H. Bowles had been appointed Chief of Police in the late 1890's and continued to function, as well, as the Scott Act (Canada Temperance Act) Inspector after the turn of the century, assisted at times by a special constable paid by the day for such tasks as
1 Peter McGahan, IlDigby, 1875 - 1900, 11 in Reconstructing Patterns of Crime and Policing in Charlottetown. Vol. 2 (Report submitted to Atlantic Institute of Criminology,,' 1988), pp. 617 - 697. 2 the issuing of warrants. Bowles did not find the enforcement of temperance legislation in this small community always an easy task. In May, 1915 he expressed doubts that the Town Council was indeed ',with him in his efforts to enforce the [Temperance] Act. He had great difficulties to contend with and he wanted to know if the
Council would stand by him in his efforts to enforce the Act." 2 They responded to his appeal by unanimously adopting a resolution of support in his ”persecution of offenders.n This apparently did not appease the communityls sole uguardianu, and two months later he resigned - this time irrevocably. Three years earlier he had also submitted his resignation to accept a government position as night watchman at the Town's public wharf, but at the urging of the Mayor and Town Council had agreed to resume his duties as policeman. His successor, Fred Peck, was appointed in November, 1915 and with a salary initially of $45 per month.
As we have observed marked other communities in the Valley, 3 town fathers tended to demonstrate some degree of penuriousness in authorizing public expenditures, especially those relating to policing. In the early summer of 1917, Digbyls Council expressed
2 The Digby Weekly Courier, 7 May 1915.
3 Peter McGahan, Crime and Policing in Rings County, Nova Scotia, 1920s - 1930s (Police and Community Study, Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1988, Report #2), p. 5. 3 unusual scrutiny over the modest resources committed to the Chief. They resolved uthat in the event of the policeman resigning or leaving the service of the town the salary due him for the last month of his services be withheld until all property in his possession belonging to the town, including uniform has been handed
in to the Town Clerk. 0 4 Peck did not remain long in the service of the Town. He was succeeded by Boyd Bishop, who remained as Chief of Police until
December, 1921, when he was suddenly dismissed. As the reason for this was not apparent to many of the citizenry, such action was attributed to an l'autocraticu Counci1. 5 Their appointment of Cornelius Hatfield, former Chief of Mahone, as Bishop's replacement did not meet with unanimous approval. Two weeks later the community was rocked by an erroneous rumor that Digby's Mayor had been assassinated and that Halifax had been appealed to for police protection. Hatfield's tenure proved to be short-lived. In March,
1922 R.C. Ellis replaced him as Chief and Scott Act Inspector. Unconvinced that they were obtaining the most suitable candidates, for this position, the Council at the same time agreed that any such appointment would lobe more month to month, and not by the
4 The Digby Weekly Courier, 29 June 1917.
5 The Digby Weekly Coruier, 23 December 1921. r---
4 year. 11 6 Such heightened the insecurity of the uguardianssu status, as revealed in February, 1924, when the Mayor suggested that rather than reappoint Ellis tenders be advertised for his position. At that point not only did he serve as Chief of Police and Liquor Inspector, but he also apparently fulfilled the duty of Water and Street Superintendent. Ellis and some of the Councillors themselves took umbrage at the suggestion that the Chief was not doing his duties in enforcing the law and collecting taxes. The policeman sought to lay part of the blame on the Town Clerk, whom he accused of not following up in those cases where a specific charge could be lodged. He cited as an example a case where he had reported a Digby resident for driving a car without a license. The Clerk was duly advised, but the latter took no action. Ellis argued, HU one man go free, then all should have the same
chance." 7 In his own defense the Clerk observed that he had resolved the matter informally by contacting the guilty party (a minister) himself. Two days later the offending car was affixed with the proper plates. The Clerk believed it was wrong for the Town to have a collected a fine, as the Chief had wanted, because the Motor Vehicle Act itself, in his judgment, was flawed: IsInstead of having
6 The Dial:iv Weekly Courier, 3 March 1922.
7 The Digby Weekly Courier, 22 February 1924. -7
5 to purchase numbers in January the law should be made to read May lst.” 8 The majority of the Council apparently did not believe the policeman's negligence could be attributed to the Clerk's own behavior. Ellis was not rehired as Chief. At least in this case the lack of agreement between a small town's police and municipal officials regarding the appropriate level of enforcement had a pointed consequence. The uturmoilu in Digby's police circles 6ontinued. Ellis' successor, Harry A. Halsey, remained in office only a short time. After approximately three months as Chief he submitted his resignation. The search for a new ',guardians' resumed. In May, 1924 Town Council resolved to look outside the community for a suitable candidate, advertising the vacancy in the Halifax Herald. The Police Committee subsequently recommended one such applicant - I.W.P. Adams of Bridgewater. Second on their list was a local man, B.V. Bent. The Mayor lobbied for the former: "Local talent has been tried out for a good many years, and some had proved good officials. 0 But, he contended, what was needed at this time was an nexperienced man." Others balked, nonetheless, at rejecting Bent. By a slim 3 - 2 majority the Digby resident became the community's next policeman. This was not the only time the issue of whether to hire a local candidate as a municipal official
8 Ibid. 6 had been raised. Three years earlier Council had received a petition signed by a number of Digbyls residents protesting against the appointment of an "outsider" to the recently vacated position
of Town Clerk. 9 Yet, the Town's difficulties in retaining its uguardiann continued. In February, 1926 the Mayor voiced displeasure again with the work of the Chief, but did not wish to blame Bent personally, for this, he reminded Council, had been a long-standing problem: leRegarding the police it was always a very unfortunate condition. Digby always had trouble, even in the old days, and this was due to the small salary paid. It is very hard to get the right man. Different men had been tried but they all seem to fall by the wayside. In my opinion the man that we want won't accept such a position." " Allowed to address the Council, Bent stated that during his tenure as Chief he had uendeavored to serve the town to the best of his ability.n He wished to stay on as Chief, but if his request for a $90 per month salary could not be granted, he announced he would submit his resignation.
His audience was not sympathetic. Several weeks later Alfred G. Cowan was appointed Chief. Some stability then was achieved, as he remained in office for the next eight years. During his tenure
9 The Digby Weekly Courier, 4 March 1921. 10 The Digby Weekly Courier, 12 February 1926. 7 the Town saw the brief presence of the Provincial Police, who established a local detachment as part of their Yarmouth district. " /n 1934 Cowan resigned because of poor health. Pred Thibault assumed the responsibilities of Chief for the remainder of this period before WWII. His appointment stimulated concerns over the cost of the local police force, especially in light of the small amount of revenue collected in fines. Some of the citizenry adopted a more supportive and sanguine attitude toward this issue:
We have all heard and read criticisms over the cost of maintaining the police force, and the $15 collected in fines last year. That, in my mind, is something to be proud of. Digby is a busy town in spite of all we hear and the mere fact that in 1933 only $15 was collected in police court fines is certainly to our credit as law-abiding citizens. I suppose there are those who would think it a sign of progress if the fines were in excess of police court expenditures. We have to maintain a local police; we need a local policeman. The police department, I think, is the one department that is to the townls credit when it operates at
" Peter McGahan, Crime and Policing in Rings County, Nova Scotia, 1920s - 1930s (Police and Community Study, Atlantic Institute of Criminolgy, 1988, Report #2), pp. 38f. 8 a loss, particularly when law and order is maintained as it
is in Digby. n
Whether all of the community's residents concurred is uncertain. "Law and order', in a small community encompassed a broad range of duties for the sole ',guardian'', wide definition of the 'police function 1 . 11 13 Illustrative of this, in the fall of 1908 as a response to the problem of truancy Council instructed the policeman to visit the local school each morning uto ascertain the names of non-attending pupils and enquire into the cause of their absence." 14 The policeman also functioned, to a degree, as a ',moral gatekeeperu: directed to enforce the bylaw prohibiting the posting of indecent, obscene and libellous literature or to curtail the use of profane language in public areas. As Scott Act Inspector, the policeman's responsibilities especially focused on controlling the illegal liquor trade. The persistence of this problem was dramatized in November, 1908 with the sudden death of 67-year-old John Meehan. Born in Annapolis, he had moved to Digby in 1875, and for many years worked there as a
12 The Digby Weekly Courier, 9 March 1934. 13 Anthony Thomson and Lynda Clairmont, Berwick Police Department: Size, Structure and Organization (Halifax: Atlantic Intsitute of Criminology), p. 51.
14 The Digby Weekly Courier, 6 November 1908. 9 barber. At the age of six he had one of his legs amputated, and complained throughout his life of constant pain. An inquest concluded that he had been in the habit of ingesting 'limy rum", made from wood alcohol, purchased ostensibly for the purpose of bathing his lame leg. " The liquor trade marked not just the town but also the surrounding County. In his annual report for 1910 to the Municipality of Digby, the C.T.A. Inspector, John Journeay, noted that ten informations had been laid, eight convictions, eight fines collected, and one committal to jail for a fine not paid - all for unlawfully selling liquor in a County where there was no open saloon and where the sale of liquor for beverage purposes was
absolutely prohibited. 16 Such groups as the Sons of Temperance worked actively in the
Town to curb traffic in the slvile liquid.“ By 1920, however, it became increasingly evident that the Scott Act was ineffective. All parts of the Province but the Counties of Digby and Guysboro by this time were governed by the Nova Scotia Temperance Act, viewed as a more stringent prohibition measure. The latter permitted an inspector or police officer to search without a warrant any premises where he believed liquor was kept for sale or disposal. Under the Scott Act a warrant was first required and could only be
The Digby Weekly Courier, 20 November 1908.
16 The Digby Weekly Courier, 28 January 1910; 9 December 1910. • 10
6 a.m. executed and between 9 p.m. The N.S.T.A. also imposed a mandatory jail sentence after conviction for a first offence, and
prohibited the sale of beer with a lighter percentage of alcohol. 17
Complaints of drunks reeling on the streets of Digbyls south end and accosting ladies underscored the need for a change. Finally, in November, 1922 Digby deserted the Scott Act and embraced the
N.S.T.A. - a "suspension" to continue uso long as the provincial laws relating to the sale and traffic in intoxicating liquors continue as restrictive as the Canada Temperance Act such law being, in the opinion of the Governor-Council, substantially not
less restrictive at the present time. 0 The success of prohibition, nevertheless, still hinged on effective enforcement, the local branch of the Social Service Council reminded residents both here and elsewhere in the Province. 19 The call for the citizenry themselves to bring to the attention of authorities those who flagrantly violated the law vas not scrupulously heeded. "Blind operated on the outskirts of the Town, much to the chagrin pigsu of Digbyls policeman whose jurisdiction did not extend beyond the
7 The Digby Weekly Courier, 17 December 1920; 24 December 1920; 7 January 1921.
18 The Digby Weekly Courier, 17 November 1922.
W Peter McGahan, Crime & Policing in Maritime Canada: Chapters from the Urban Records (Fredericton: Goose Lane, 1988), pp. 87 - 97. 11 community's limits. Nightly traffic called attention to these ",dens", and to the other means by which the liquor trade was conducted:
There would not be so many cars out at all hours of the night over to Culloden, down to the Neck or at Marshalltown
unless there was something to draw them to those places. . . • Cars which are known to belong to those carrying on the [liquor] business have been seen to stop and the driver or someone else conceal something under a bridge, pile of lumber or rocks, or behind a fence. Some time after, varying from a few minutes to an hour or two, another car will come along and pick up what was concealed. . • The arrangement would seem to be that the purchaser arranges with the dealer and pays him for a certain amount of merchandise. The dealer drives away, gets the goods from his concealed stock and hides it. Then he tells the purchaser where to find it 20
By 1929, the failure of prohibition to achieve its objectives was apparent. Digby's Town Clerk, among others, argued that the temperance legislation ' ,hadn't worked. 0 In the Province-wide plebiscite Digby joined with many other parts of Nova Scotia in
e The Digbv Weekly Courier, 25 August 1929. 12 rejecting the continuation of the N.S.T.A. By a majority of more than 1100, the community voted in favor of Government Control of the sale of liquor. Annapolis County and Digby Neck, in contrast, favored the status quo, but their voices were muted in the widespread rejection of prohibition. Bootlegging and rum running continued in the surrounding area, calling for vigilance on the part of the Provincial Police, the
RCMP, and the local uguardianu. In late February, 1934 ten barrels of rum were seized in the hold of the Eastern Coastal Steamship Company's steamer Glenholm at Digby, before the cargo had left for Saint John. 21 One year later 29 kegs of rum in a warehouse and on a motorboat, owned by two Saint John men, were confiscated at Deep Brook. This represented one of the largest such seizures in some time. 22 Digby's Chief of Police complained that many of the drunks in the community benefited from the trade in ',wet goods, ' originating from the other shore of the Annapolis Basin, where fishermen collected kegs of rum from the shore. 23 Although rejecting prohibition, Digby's residents still were resistant to measures permitting too liberal the legal sale of liquor. In 1934 local hotel owners had sought the right to sell
The Digby Weekly Courier, 23 February 1934.
22 The Digby Weekly Courier, 22 February 1935.
n The Digby Weekly Courier, 5 April 1935. 13 wine and beer by the glass or open bottle within the Town during meal times, in order to enhance their attractiveness to tourists and compete successfully with New England. Their call for a plebiscite on this issue was granted, but the Liquor Commission insisted the ballot be worded in a less restricted manner: i.e., ',Are you in favor of or opposed to the sale of beer and wine by the glass or open bottle [not just in hotels or at meal times] within the Town of Digby?” By a majority of 245, the community's residents registered their opposition. It would be some time before the local citizenry would view this sympathetically.
The routine of policing in a small town such as Digby (with a population by 1939 of slightly more than 1,500) could be occasionally jarred by a more serious offence than that encountered in the enforcement of temperance legislation. In August, 1916 Charles Robart, a black fireman on the steamer Prince George, returned to Yarmouth on the regular run from Boston. Finding his house vacant, with much of the furniture missing, and his wife also gone, he quickly purchased a revolver, made out a will, gave away his guitar and gramophone, and took the train to Digby. On his arrival in the Town he hired an auto, drove to the home of Luke
Francis at Westville, a village near Digby, where his wife had been staying for several days. Without any warning he drew out his .38 calibre revolver and shot his wife, killing her instantly. He then 14 drove back to Digby. Finding Chief Bowles at the post office, he surrendered his gun. uShe has fooled me long enough e n he explained, ubroke up my home, sold my stuff, and I made up my mind she would never do it again. I have fixed her, I think, and I am willing to take the consequences.“ Robart was convicted and sentenced to hang in December, but gained a commutation to life imprisonment in
Dorchester. 24 Six years later Garfield Tebo was also sentenced to hang for shooting a prosperous farmer at Seabrook, not far from the Town. 25 The nearby village of Bear River, likewise, was the site of yet another sensational case that almost matched what had occurred in 1896. 26 William Lent was charged in January, 1924 with seduction, having kept a young girl captive in his house for five
27 years.
Through these years Digbyls policeman occasionally encountered especially unique offenders. One was a 13-year-old boy from Boston, Paul Boyce. Diagnosed as a kleptomaniac, the youth had been placed in the Home for the Feeble Minded at Waverly, Massachusetts, but soon escaped and came to Digby aboard the S.S. Boston. After
24 The Digby Weekly Courier, 18 August 1916; 8 December 1916.
25 The Digby Weekly Courier, 29 September 1922. 26 Peter McGahan, Killers, Thieves, Tramps & Sinners (Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions, 1989), pp. 77 - 95.
27 The Digby Weekly Courier, 11 January 1924. 15 spending a few days in the Town, he removed a pane of glass from the railway station window early one Sunday morning, and stole a bag of silver containing $51. The next afternoon he took the train to Annapolis, where he spent most of the stolen money. Later he returned to Digby, took employment on a yacht, from whose owner he pilfered $8, and then walked to Bear River. Along the way he broke into several cabins occupied by summer residents and filched cash, watches, railroad and steamboat tickets and other items. Arrested by Chief Bowles, the boy pleaded guilty, but elicited the sympathy of many of the American tourists who were staying in the area. The New Jersey owner of the colony of cabins was so struck by the youth's plight that he agreed to become a surety for $100 to return Boyce to the institution from which he had escaped. The sympathy the youth elicited was misguided. After being taken back to Boston the boy quickly eluded authorities at North Station, and reached Saint John on a steamer. After attending the Exhibition being held in that city, he returned to the Annapolis
Valley. When Chief Bowles again arrested him, the boy carried 60 railway tickets. He admitted to having broken into three railway stations on this latest spree, stealing both money and tickets. His father arrived from Boston, repaid authorities, and sailed home 16
with his infamous son, who never returned. 28 That Digby increasingly had become a tourist haven attracted others like Boyce who broke into summer cottages and stole money and an assortment of goods. Occasionally stores within the Town itself were also burglarized.
As elsewhere in the Valley, the community was also the target of the con artist.During the winter of 1915 a young man suddenly appeared in Digby, registered at a local hotel, and proceeded to rent an office. Expressing little concern for cost, he installed a telephone, purchased expensive furniture and rugs, and engaged two boys to work for him. He also arranged with a stable man to care for his horse and carriage. The stranger said his mother would be arriving soon by train, after which he would purchase a lot of land and construct a summer cottage. As his creditors became uneasy that they had not yet been paid, and with rumors circulating that
the Digby's new resident was actually a German spy, Chief Bowles decided to visit the man to determine more precisely what his business was and what his future plans were. At first refusing to cooperate, the man admitted he had no money, not even the price of a railway ticket. As his office was being stripped, the stranger
The Digbv Weekly Courier, 2 September 1910; 16 September 1910. 17 was seen walking out of Town. 29 In 1934 two women also left the community, but without paying their hotel bill. Pursued by the RCMP, they were returned to Digby, where they cleared their debt. It was discovered that they had been taking orders for snap shot enlargements, falsely announcing the price as $1 when the real price was $4 for the cheap frame which the customer was required to purchase. 30 A year later a man and woman after their arrest in Minto, N.B. were brought back to Digby to face charges of obtaining money under false pretences and misappropriating funds. They had been working their "racket" all through the Valley, collecting hundreds of dollars by pretending to take orders for the Real Silk Hosiery Mill of Hamilton, Ontario.
They were both sentenced to two years at Dorchester. 31 Unruly youths front time-to-time called for attention by Digby's uguardianu. In April, 1921 Town Council directed the Chief to enforce the curfew and curb the disorderly conduct among children on the streets and in the playground at night. 32 The extent of vandalism, however, among the community's youths appeared to be less than that encountered elsewhere in the Valley.
The Digby Weekly Courier, 12 February 1915.
n The Digby Weekly Courier, 15 June 1934.
The Digby Weekly Courier, 8 March 1935.
32 The Digby Weekly Courier, 1 April 1921. 18 Halloween, in particular, was not the occasion for much damage to property during these years. In contrast, a persistent complaint as motor vehicles became more common was that of speeding on Town streets. Laxity in enforcing the laws was periodically condemned. Drunk driving, as well, was denounced. The local Magistrate resolved to deal harshly with the latter. In May, 1924 Town Council instructed the Clerk to purchase a stopwatch for the Chief to curb uspeed fiendsu. 33 The following year the speed limit within the Town limits was set at 15 miles per hour. 34 The problem of cars and trucks roaring through the principal streets in the early hours of the morning persisted. During the 1930Is Digby like many other communities in the region experienced the direct effect of the Depression. 35 The regular May session of the Town Council in 1934 was interrupted by a little Indian girl who appeared carrying a note, asking that they
',help us to go home.” Chief of Police Thibault was sent out to investigate, and encountered an Indian woman with three small children wishing to return to their home near Cambridge, Kings
The Digby Weekly Courier, 30 May 1924. The Digbv Weekly Courier, 4 September 1925,
m Peter McGahan, "The Hoboes of Halifax, The Protectionists of Saint John: An Historical Note,“ Canadian Police College Journal, 11, 2 (1987), pp. 106 - 111. 19 County. Council granted three dollars for their transportation and food. The Chief was instructed to put them on the train. 36 This was not a unique incident. Unemployed men drifted into Town each day, some by train, begging for small amounts of money and food. The Chief lodged them in the jail for the night, but in some cases ordering the hoboes out of Town. It was not uncommon to encounter drunken beggars, as did one farmer confronting a man asking him for a quarter:
The farmer states he told the man he would not give him money as he suspected he would use it for drink, but he said "if you are hungry, come across the street with me to the restaurant and I will see that you get a meal. 0 The beggar refused the offer, and the last the farmer saw of him, he was leaning against the door post of the liquor store, apparently
loanxiously waiting. 11 37
Even though the stream of destitute transients was not as great as elsewhere, still their presence created considerable burden on whatever local welfare services could be provided. Lodging space at the jail was quickly filled. The Town and County
36 The Dicey Weekly Courier, 1 June 1934. 37 The Digby Weekly Courier, 14 April 1939. 20 indeed argued for several years over the disposition of a bill of more than $150 for the keeping of transients in that facility. The County believed this expense should have been borne solely by the
Town. Finally, in May, 1935 in an effort to avoid taking the dispute to court it was agreed that the Town and County would each pay half of the total expenditure. m
The Period 1947 - 1974
In the post-war years Digbyls police force first increased to two men. By 1970 an additional constable had been added. In the months before the department was dissolved in 1974, to be replaced by the RCMP, it included the Chief and three other officers.
Thibault remained as Chief until 1951. As was true for his counterpart in Middleton, 39 his duties included that of Traffic Authority for the Town. The tendency we have observed elsewhere in the Valley for police personnel in these small communities to be assigned additional responsibilities was evident as well in the case of the constable, E.C. Ineson, who joined the force in 1947.
His salary of $1500 was calculated as $1200 for police duty and
The Digby Weekly Courier, 29 March 1935; 10 May 1935; 31 May 1935.
" Peter McGahan, Middleton's Police: 1968 - 1978 (Police and Community Study, Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1989, Report #12), p. 25. 21 $300 as driver for the Townes fire truck. 4 This service created some difficulty for the constable several months later, when he offered his resignation:
Mr. Ineson explained that certain remarks made by members of the Pire Dept. and lack of co-operation between the members of the Dept. and himself made it impossible for him to continue as driver of the Pire Truck. He stated that, practically without exception, there was little assistance in matters concerning the fire truck forthcoming from the Department. It was moved by Councillor Warner, seconded by Councillor McCleave, that Mr. Ineson be asked to reconsider his resignation. Councillor Cardoza stated that he endorsed the motion fully and that it would be a serious loss to the Town if Mr. Ineson left at this time. Mr. Thibault reported that the Police work being carried out by Mr. Ineson was perfectly satisfactory and that he would be very disappointed if Mr. Ineson was to leave his position. Mr. Ineson stated that he was satisfied with the position of Police Constable but that remarks had been made by some members of the Fire Company that the Pump and Fire Truck were
40 Digby Town Council Minutes [DTCM], 4 August 1947. 22 not being kept in good working order although to his knowledge they were working most efficiently and satisfactorily. . . .
Mr. Ineson stated that he would reconsider on receipt of definite instructions as to his duties. Councillor Warner stated that he was primarily a Police Constable and that the Fire Company had a substitute Driver in case he was required elsewhere for Police Duty. He also stated that as Driver of the Fire Truck he was engaged by the Council and directly responsible to the Council, not the Fire Company, and the fact that most members of the Fire Company were not interested in the appearance or working order of the Truck enough to put in
41 any time on it
This satisfied Ineson for the time being, and he remained on the force. Nine months later, however, his resignation was irrevocable. The turnover in the department became especially marked in 1951, with Thibaultes own departure. Eugene Lowe was appointed as his replacement in March. Two months later he too resigned. Raymond Lohnes, the force's only other officer, was promoted to Chief, but remained in office four weeks. Fred Marjoram, finally, gave some stability to the position, serving as Chief from July, 1951 for the
DTCM, 8 January 1948. 23
next four years. In June, 1955 his threat to resign was muted temporarily when Council granted his request for a $12 per month increase in his salary. In January of the next year, nonetheless, he decided to leave the force. His successor, Webster Dunn, saw the force through to its demise in 1974. Policing in the small community of Digby included, as it had in earlier years, a variety of mundane tasks - raising and lowering the flag each day near the downtown monument, driving the Town's car for the Mayor and the Digby Princess in the annual tuna parade. By comparison to what departments in larger centres experienced, ‘'Digbyls uguardiansu did not encounter a significant degree of crime. Tables 1 - 3 summarize for selected years the complaints and offences with which they dealt. With respect to specific patterns, we might note the following: 1. The number of complaints registered was exceptionally high in 1955. Excluding that year, the early 1970 1 s showed some increase
over the number evident the previous decade. (Table 1.)
2. Again excluding 1955 as perhaps an anomaly, field investigations
declined after 1957 and then showed some rise in 1973. (Table 1.)
3. Court cases were more numerous in 1973 than for any other year compared. (Table 1.) 24
4. The number of criminal code offences stabilized in the 1970Is. There was not significant variation throughout the period. (Table
1.)
5. Liquor offences were more common in the early 1970Is (excluding
1971 and again 1955). (Table 1.)
6. Motor Vehicle Act offences likewise were more evident in the
1970Is. (Table 1.)
7. The proportion of complaints requiring field investigations was less in the 1970Is than in previous years. (Table 2.)
8. The proportion of complaints resulting in court cases was higher in the 1970Is. (Table 2.)
9. Contrary to the assumption that perhaps because Digby attracted a number of summer visitors the workload for the police would have been greater during that period of the year, there were not significant seasonal variations in the number of complaints registered, field investigations, etc. (Table 3.) 25
Table 1 Complaints Registered, Field Investigations, Court Cases, Digby Police, 1955-1963, 1970-1973
Year Complaints Field Court Criminal Nova Scotia Motor Vehicl Registered Investi- Cases Code Liquor Control Act gations Offences Act Offences Offences
1955 611 469 107 14 75 14 1956 333 150 51 15 33 4 1957 283 176 80 18 52 7 1958 191 114 59 20 37 1 1959 - 166 105 49 15 23 6 1960 159 96 56 14 32 9. 1961 159 92 52 6 39 4 1962 174 96 59 12 37 8 1963 167 84 52 8 35 7
1970 275 89 128 27 60 29 1971 200 72 75 24 32 15 i 1972 253 115 110 24 56 18 ' 1973 284 139 133 22 62 34
Source: Digby Town Council Minutes, Digby Town Hall 26
Table 2 . Complaints Requiring Field Investigation and Resulting in Court Cases, Digby Police, 1955-1963, 1970 -1 9 7 3 00
Year % of Total Complaints % of Complaints Requiring Field Resulting in Court Investigation Cases
1955 76.8 17.5
1956 45.0 15.3
1957 62.2 28.3
1958 60.0 30.9
1959 63.3 29.5
1960 60.4 35.2
1961 57.9 32.7
1962 55.2 33.9
1963 50.3 31.1
1970 32.4 46.5
1971 36.0 37.5
1972 45.5 43.5
1973 48.9 46.8
Source: Digby Town Council Minutes, Digby Town Hall 27
Table 3 Seasonal Variations in Complaints Registered, Field Investigations, Court Cases, Digby Police, 1955-1963, 1970-1973
Year Season Complaints Field Court Criminal Nova Séotia Motor Registered Investi- Cases Code Liquor Vehicle gations Offences Control Act Act Offences Offences
1954 Summer 83 65 24 3 12 9
Fall 148 121 26 2 17 5
1955 Winter_ 142 111 18 3 11 0 Spring 159 129 40 5 27 8
Summer 154 119 20 2 14 4
Fall 156 110 29 4 23 2
1956 Winter 102 53 8 3 4 1
Spring 108 53 17 3 13 1
Summer 77 15 18 5 11 2
Fall 46 29 8 4 5 0
1957 Winter 77 50 11 3 8 0
Spring 70 43 23 2 17 2
Summer 76 . 47 29 6 17 5 Fall 60 36 17 7 10 0
1958 Winter 51 32 14 7 6 0
, Spring 49 29 23 8 15 0
Summer 44 27 17 3 14 0 Fall 47 26 5 2 2 1
28
Table 3 Seasonal Variations in Complaints Registered, Field Investigations, Court Cases, Digby Police, 1955-1963, 1970-1973
Year Season Complaints Field Court Criminal Nova Scotia Registered Investi- Cases Cod t Liquor Veh gations Offences Control Act Offences Offe
1959 Winter 49 32 19 7 9 Spring 42 25 9 3 4
Summer 43 27 16 5 8 _ Fall 32 21 5 0 2 1960 Winter 35 24 13 4 6 Spring 42 24 16 3 9
Summer 42 23 12 2 10 Fall 40 25 15 5 7
1961 Winter 32 20 7 3 3 Spring 43 28 23 0 20
Summer 34 20 7 3 3 Fall 50 24 15 0 13 1962 Winter 42 25 15 2 12 Spring 40 22 16 '4 9 Summer 58 31 19 5 13 Fall 34 18 9 1 3 1963 Winter 37 17 10 2 7 Spring 47 24 20 2 14 Summer 53 27 17 3 12 Fall 30 16 5 1 2 29
Table 3 Seasonal Variations in Complaints Registered, Field Investigations, Court Cases, Digby Police, 1955-1963, 1970-1973
Year Season Complaints Field Court Criminal Nova Scotia Motor Registered Investi- Cases Code Liquor Vehicle gations Offences Control Act Act Offences Offences
1969 Spring 57 29 26 5 13 8
Summer 53 25 31 3 15 10 Fall 38 16 24 9 11 • 4 1970 Wini- er 68 16 18 2 10 5 Spring 64 27 44 11 22 10 Summer 81 26 43 6 19 8 Fall 62 20 23 • 8 9 6
1971 Winter 44 14 13 4 • 6 3 Spring 53 18 25 7 12 6
Summer 52 17 16 5 7 3 Fall 51 23 21 8 7 3
1972 Winter 65 27 22 5 11 3 Spring 53 21 18 5 9 3 Summer 64 37 36 9 20 5 Fall 71 30 34 5 16 7 1973 Winter 53 22 23 6 10 3 Spring 75 37 32 6 14 5 Summer 85 40 41 4 21 16 Fall 71 40 37 6 17 10 1974 Winter 74 50 47 15 25 8 Spring 86 48 42 15 21 5 30
Note: data not available for:
January 1956 - field investigations and court cases
June 1956 - field investigations
July 1956 - field investigations
August 1956 - field investigations
October 1956 - complaints, etc. (total month missing)
December 1956 - court cases, types of offences
May 1962 - complaints, etc. (total month missing)
October 1969 - complaints, etc. (total month missing)
Source: Digby Town Council Minutes, Digby Town Hall 31 In general, these data suggest that thé forcels workload had increased somewhat by the early 1970Is, in comparison especially to similar years in the earlier decade. The local citizenry occasionally expressed displeasure with the force's effectiveness. The Chief was the target in February,
1970, for one unhappy resident:
On motion Mrs. was granted permission to address Council. She was complaining about the work of the police department in not doing their job, mainly Webb Dunn. She was complaining in connection with some clothing which was stolen from her clothesline. She stated that [Constable] Poirier was sent up to make the investigation, but was unable to obtain a search warrant because the Justice of the Peace was away. She claims the persons were caught burning the clothing on the beach, but Dunn would not do anything about. The matter is to be turned over to the Police Committee for investigation and
report. 42
As another example, in July 1971 the Mayor advised Council he had received an unspecified complaint from an American visitor regarding the behavior of one of the constables. The Police
42 DTCM, 2 February 1970. 32 Committee was instructed 'Ito notify the Chief of Police to have the
police conduct themselves in a satisfactory manner.“ 43 The police had also to contend with limited resources during this period. By 1970 their budget in salaries amounted to $16,000. Periodically, as we have seen, members of the force requested an increase in pay. A special meeting of Town Council was called in
January, 1947 to discuss Chief Thibaultls threatened resignation if their previous action in denying his request for an increase in salary of $25 per month was not rescinded. In order to ensure that the community was not left without any police protection before the new Council took office in March they agreed to the raise, but only for the months of January, February and March. 44 Their successors, while supporting the reappointment of Thibault, did not continue the salary increase. 45 The inadequate pay prompted Constable Vidito in February, 1952 to approach Council about the possibility of his taking on outside work during off hours. The Police Committee, after considering the matter, recommended that he not permitted to do this. Instead, they suggested his pay be increased $3 per week
DTCM, 2 August 1971.
44 DTCM, 14 January 1947.
DTCM, 3 March 1947. 33
provided he was prepared to do janitorial work at the Town Hall. 46 The financial burden that policing placed on the community
encouraged such action as the support it gave in 1971 to New Waterford's resolution that the Province amend the funding formula under the Municipal Services Act and thus provide greater financial assistance ',with a view to making it possible for municipalities
to raise the standards of police protection." 47 As we have seen in other small communities such as Middleton and Berwick, 48 the technology of policing was likewise constricted.
Et was not until the 1960Is that the Town purchased a police vehicle, and abolished the use of private cars by members of the
force. An accident in April 1970 that damaged the vehicle then in use beyond repair necessitated rental of a replacement until a new car could be delivered. 49 Although constant attention focused on curbing speeding, in the late 1950's the Chief reported he was unable to rent a radar machine. Council authorized him to accept the offer from Middleton's Chief to demonstrate how the equipment
4.5 DTCM, 6 February 1952; 22 February 1952.
47 DTCM, 5 April 1971.
48 Peter McGahan, Berwick's Board of Police Commissioners, 1977 - 1987 (Police and Community Study, Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1989, Report #4), p. 15.
49 DTCM, 4 May 1970; 5 October 1970. 34
was operated. "By the early 1960's the RCMP was using radar within the Town limits to check for speeders. 51 Related to another aspect of traffic control, the Town installed parking meters for the first
time in December, 1950. 52 The Chief, in his capacity as Traffic Authority, periodically reported when and where new meters were needed. As another mark of "modernization", three years earlier than
had occurred in Middleton, Digby's force indicated its desire to unionize. The local Police Association applied for certification with the Labor Relations Board of the Province. The Town Council agreed not to oppose unionization, but not without observing "that by permitting the police to unionize it would be a 'two-way' street, at which the Town could possibly require and obtain more satisfactory work from the police force." 53 The Police Committee and the Police Association held their initial meeting in November, 1970 to discuss bargaining for an acceptable contract. That process of negotiation proved to be a lengthy one. Unlike in Middleton a
collective agreement was never signed in Digby. As in other communities of the Valley consideration was given
50 DTCM, 2 July 1957.
51 DTCM, 1 October 1962.
52 DTCM, 16 December 1950.
53 DTCM, 25 September 1970. 35 to an alternate form of policing. In March, 1974 the Chairman of the Police Committee expressed the hope that the force would be run more efficiently in the coming year. The Chief of Police was directed to start attending all meeting of Council. 54 Two months later, however, the Town agreed to approach the RCMP about the possibility of their providing police protection. This was not the first time such a measure had been considered. In June, 1947 information had been given by the Attorney General regarding RCMP services which might be available to the Town. 55 Some 27 years later this had now become a more compelling alternative. By June, 1974 Chief Dunn reported his force was operating founder difficult circumstances'', as only he and one constable remained to police the community. Council held an emergency meeting two weeks later, at which they debated what the RCMP representatives had advised the
Police Committee. For a total cost of approximately $38,000 per year the RCMP was prepared to make available three constables to provide police protection on a regular basis within the Town. Such an expenditure also covered the hiring of a stenographer and rental of office space. This appeared to be a reasonable proposal:
Mayor Kinney asked Council if in their opinion the
DTCM, 27 March 1974.
55 DTCM, 27 June 1947. 36 Council was taking a step forward in calling upon the RCMP for police protection, and it was the general feeling of Council that it was a step in the right direction, and that the extra cost involved would have had to have been picked up by the
town if a police union were formed. 56
One factor, thus, that made the establishment of a local detachment of the RCMP attractive was the belief its impact on the municipality's budget would not have been greater than the cost of a collective agreement with a unionized local force. Council unanimously agreed to accept the services of the RCMP. Advised by the Town Solicitor that the two remaining members of Digby's police force could be dismissed with due notice, the
Councillors terminated their employment 24 June 1974. The position of Parking Meter Attendant was created, and action was taken to draft a suitable job description. A member of the new RCMP detachment was appointed Traffic Authority. A stenographer was hired, and the Police Committee began to make arrangements to dispose of the old police car, as a new set of uguardiansu arrived.
56 DTCM, 20 June 1974. 37
The Period 1974 - 1990
There did not appear to be significant problems in the transition to the new force. The citizenry initially expressed reluctance to use the Zenith number if the local RCMP office could not be reached. The cost of policing to the municipality increased. The formula by which communities and the Province were charged for the service was changed in 1981. By 1990 Digbyes budget included an allotment of over $300,000 for RCMP protection. 57 Concern had been evident for controlling this cost through limiting overtime by, for example, seeking to have court appearances scheduled when members were on duty. A three-man detachment soon proved too small given the case load and problems in scheduling shifts. A fourth member was soon added. In July, 1980 the force increased to five officers, aided at tirdes by those in the rural detachment. Six years later a sixth constable was assigned. At its January, 1990 meeting members of the Town's Police and License Committee were advised by the Yarmouth Sub-Divisionls Inspector that na reduction in policemen is an incentive for the criminal element to return to
Digby.n 58 Tables 4 - 6 present some data for selected years regarding
57 DTCM, 7 May 1990.
Police and License Committee Minutes, 25 January 1990. 38 that Ifcriminal element'''. There are gaps in the RCMP monthly reports, which make it difficult to identify trends through this most recent period. It is of interest to note a more short-term comparison in Table 6. Between 1987 and 1988 shoplifting (Theft Under), passing of fraudulent cheques (Frauds), and damage to property (Other CC) showed significant increases. One problem encountered was that of loitering and disorderly conduct, especially on Water Street in the downtown near a popular lounge, as the April 1985 report underscored:
• . The problem causing the most concern this month was policing a local liquor establishment on Thursday, Friday and Saturday nights. On some weekends, patrons of this place come out into the streets as late as 3:00 a.m., at which time some are yelling, others are intoxicated; and even fighting in the street. This results from other liquor establishments in the area closing at 1:00 a.m. and their customers pouring into the town for those last drinks. A lot of this crowd are drinking when they arrive. It was learned that this establishment has a liquor license until 2:30 a.m. but people have been observed going into same after that. On two weekends this month, a marked police car has parked just up the street and stayed there from 1:30 a.m to keep things in order. On one weekend 39
Table 4
Criminal Code and Provincial Statutes, Liquor Offences, Digby, December 1979 - November 1982, March 1985, February - December 1986
Criminal Code Prov. Stats. Liquor
Year Month Reported Charges Reported Charges
1979 December 43 14 11 10
1980 January . 32 20 11 11
February 37 17 12 11
_ March 27 10 19 14 April 29 13 21 19
May 36 17 19 19
June 36 16 24 24
July 20 4 28 27
August 33 7 26 25
September 33 12 21 18
October 42 8 14 10 November » 30 12 8 5 December 33 12 4 2 1981 January 26 13 4 4 February 22 6 16 13 March 22 6 18 17 April 44 6 14 11
40
Criminal Code Prov. Stats. Liquor
Year Month Reported Charges Reported Charges
1981 May 50 19 35 17
June 32 8 25 19
July 15 8 25 19
August 40 8 35 18
September 27 2 20 12 3 ' October 29 5 4 November 37 3 10 7 .. December 84 23 19 14
1982 January 45 Not given 14 11
February 31 6 10 9
March 30 3 18 18
April 57 8 ' 19 19 _ May 41 7 13 13
June 38 2 23 19
July 39 6 11 7
August 36 2 13 8
September 52 2 17 13
October 29 3 15 12 . November 38 4 11 9 * * * * * *
1985 March 18 20 3 2 * * * * * *
1986 February 37 5 7 ' 2 41
Criminal Code Prov. Stats. Liquor
Year Month Reported Charges Reported Charges
1986 March 34 14 11 5 April 40 13. 10 4
* * lc' * *
July 65 10 12 9
* * * * *
September 53 7 5 3
-October 35 30 9 ' 11
November 41 15 11 7
December 28 20 4 8
Source: RCMP Monthly Reports for the Town of Digby, Digby Town Hall 42
Table 5.
Offences Reported to RCMP, January - April 1983, January - April 1984
CRIMINAL CODE 1983 1984
Property Checks 11 13
False Alarms: These alarms are in the Banks, Fish 13 20 Plants and other businesses in Digby.
Assaults: - Common 16 10 Causing bodily harm 1 2 On Police 1 3 _ Break and Enter: Business Premises 3 10 Residence 0 3 Other, i.e. Fish sheds and boats 0 3
Thefts: Auto 0 1 Motorcycle 1 0
Thefts from Motor Vehicles: i.e., stereos, tapes, etc., 5 2 valued over $200
Theft: Under $200: Bicycles 0 1
Thefts from motor vehicles: Under $200 4 0
Shoplifting: Under $200 8 8
Fraud: Cheques 5 2
Offensive Weapons 0 1
Trespass by Night 2 2
Wilful Damage: Private Property 19 17 Public Property 5 1 43
CRIMINAL CODE (continued) 1983 1984
Disturb the Peace 9 9
Obstruct Peace Officer 2 1
Indecent Act • 0 1
Escape custody from Digby Jail 0 1
Other Criminal Code offences: this group covers 9 9 those not specifically identified, i.e., threatening, perjury, mischief, breach of probation, etc.
DRUG OFFENCES
Marihuana:_ Possession 3 4 Possession for the purpose 0 2 of trafficking
PROVINCIAL STATUTES
Provincial Liquor Act, includes illegal possession 20 18 and drunk offences
Provincial Statutes, other: i.e., Protection of 2 6 Property Act
Municipal Bylaws: i.e., loitering 1 2
TRAFFIC
Accidents: Injury 1 3 Property Damage 10 15
Criminal Code Traffic Charges: Fail to remain at accident scene 0 1 Drive while impaired 1 1 Refuse roadside ALERT 2 0 Refuse breathalyzer 3 1 Drive in excess of 80 mgs 4 4 44
TRAFFIC (continued) 1983 1984
Motor Vehicle Act Charges: Fail to remain at accident scene 3 0 Dangerous Driving . . 0 3 Suspended Driver 0 1 Other moving violations: i.e., speeding fail to stop or yield, etc. 5 11 Other non-moving violations: i.e., insufficient equipment, expired permits, unlicensed operator, etc. 10 23 Driver permit recoveries for the Motor Vehicle Branch 4 1 Parking Violations, i.e., Winter Parking Violations 16 29 Written warnings 100 84
Source:RCMP Monthly Reports for the Town of Digby, Digby Town Hall
45
Table 6
Offences Reported to RCMP, 1987, 1988
1987 1988
Assault 51 55
B & E 21 54
Theft MV 4 6
Theft Over 4 5
Theft Under 82 95
_ Frauds 18 35
Other CC 170 224
Drugs 17 17
Liquor 127 129
Traffic - Prov. 248 226
Traffic - CC 48 52
Fatal 0 0
Injury 10 6
Prop. 101 82
Source: RCMP Monthly Reports for the Town of Digby, Digby Town Hall 46 alone, five (5) persons were incarcerated during this period. Local businessmen in the south end of town are concerned about their properties while this crowd is milling about in the early hours. it is felt that if this establishment had to close at 1:00 a.m., this problem would be eliminated j
immediately. 59
Subsequently, the Province's Chief Liquor Inspector was advised of a series of similar complaints the following year. Vandalism, as well, was of periodic concern to the businessmen. By 1990 incidents of drug offences seemed more evident. For the local detachment's sergeant recent drug investigations uconfirmed the popularity of drugs in our area and the fact that we in fact are a distribution point to other areas. It is also confirmed that many of our Criminal Code offences are directly related to the drug scene. This is not unlike other areas of the Province.” 6° To reduce damage to property, break and enters, and disorderly conduct members of the detachment conducted foot patrols on Town streets during the day and late at night. The Council itself reviewed the monthly total hours devoted to this service, and could
59 RCMP Monthly Reports for the Town of Digby, April 1985. 60 letter S/Sgt E.J. Blackman to Mayor Richard Levy, 19 January 1990, RCMP Monthly Report for the Town of Digby, Digby Town Hall. 47 respond critically:
Councillor VanTassel informed Council that he had received complaints that there were not enough foot patrols conducted by the RCMP. It was suggested that an officer be stationed at the intersection of Victoria Street and Racquette Road during the times when the traffic is heavy in that area, particularly during the time when there is considerable boat traffic. m
Involvement in several serious investigations at the same time or temporary reductions in manpower due to illness or vacation could reduce for a given month the time foot patrols could be conducted. As their municipal predecessors had experienced occasionally in previous years, the RCMP were at times not without reproach, as one visitor to the Town reported to the Mayor:
16 September 1989 Dear Sir: Just recently, my wife and I decided to stay overnight in Digby. Having registered in the Motel, we drove down the main street for a meal.
DTCM, 5 May 1980. 48 Later we [had] one of the most unpleasant experience we'd ever had. I started my car, then found that the brakes had seized so that it would barely move. There was a continuous stream of cars and trucks passing with blaring radios, and the filthiest mouthed lot of 1 hooligans I've encountered anywhere. No one would allow me to 1 ease into the traffic so that I could get my car to the station by our motel until, finally, a passerby took his life into his hands, by standing in the road and forcing the vehicles top slow enough for me to get moving. In the short distance from there to the motel horns blasted at me constantly. On arrival at the motel I had to apply the brakes, which caused them to seize again and when I got out to wave the traffic by, so that the mechanics could get my car out of the road, the abuse got even louder and more obscene than before.
When we finally got back to our room I was a nervous wreck and my wife, who suffers from acute hypertension, was almost in a state of collapse. Even then, because of the noise of radios, squealing tires, and shouting that went on until the early hours of the morning, we were unable to sleep. Owing to the consideration shown us by the proprietor of the service station (I think his name is ) we were able to leave 49 Digby the following morning and return home, neither of us feeling like continuing our trip. If there is a police force in your town, all I can say is that they were very conspicuous by their absence. Because of the kindness shown us by the proprietors of both the Motel and the station, and also of the unknown person who slowed the traffic for me, I
realise there are many decent people in Digby. I feel sorry for them at having to put up with this type of annoyance, and for tourists arriving on the ferry, their first experience of Nova Scotia must come as quite a shock. C.C. Digby Board of Trade (signed) 62
The local detachment increasingly devoted attention to police- community relations. In 1984 support was given to the establishment of a Block Parent program for the Town. Several sessions were held at the local high school to encourage alcohol/drug free graduation festivities. In November one of the constables commenced a program at the local schools, utouching on such subjects as child safety and tips for babysitting. Talks on other subjects are being
a Letter to Mayor of Digby, 16 September 1989, RCMP Monthly Reports for the Town of Digby, Digby Town Hall. 50 scheduled.” e In 1989 on the recommendation of the Police and License Committee, Town Council agreed to donate $1,000 to support Crime Stoppers. 64 Just as the Town now saw such new technology as the Police Information Retrieval System in use, efforts were made to maintain the "service-style" of policing that had marked earlier
decades not just here but elsewhere in the Valley. 65
RCMP Monthly Reports for the Town of Digby, November 1984.
Police and License Committee, 26 June 1989; DTCM, 4 July 1989.
65 Thomson and Clairmont, p. 56. ATLANTIC INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY
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Clairmont, Donald. Community - Based Policing: Implementation and Impact, Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1991.
Village Constable Conference: Summary Report, Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1991.
Chronology of the Community-Based Policing Initiative. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Crimintology, 1988.
Alpha Volunteers: A Pre-Zone Policing Snapshot. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1988.
The Platoon Constables. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1988.
Work Innovations in a Public Sector Organization: A Case Study. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1988.
The Squad Visits: An Overview. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1988.
Community-Based Policing and Investigative Quality. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1988
The Halifax Police Department: On the Eve of Radical Change. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1988.
Community-Based Policing and Organizational Change. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1988.
Halifax Area Survey of Public Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Crime. Public Safety and Policing: Some Preliminary Observations. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1988.
Clairmont, Donald and Lynda Clairmont. The Alpha Volunteers: Zone Policing. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1988.
Clairmont, Lynda. Community-Based Policing: Charlie Zone Follow - Up. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1989.
Clairmont, Lynda and Anthony Thomson. Kentville Police Department: Size. Structure and Organization. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1990. Kai11, Robert and David Murphy, Measuring Community Correctional Centre Effectiveness: An Empirical Evaluation. Halifax:Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1985.
McGahan, Peter. Crime and Policing in Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Kings County. Nova Scotia. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology. REPORT #1, October 1988. .
Crime and Policing in ICings County. Nova Scotia: 1920's - 1930's. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology. REPORT #2, November 1988.
Crime and Policing in Kings County. Nova Scotia: 1940's - 1960's. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology. REPORT #3, December 1988.
Crime and Policing in Late Nineteenth Century Halifax. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology. REPORT #5 April. 1989.
Disciplining the "Guardians":Halifax Police Force.1905 -1913. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology. REPORT #6, May 1989.
The Re-Organization of the Halifax Police Force - 1893. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology. REPORT #7 June 1989.
Detective Nick Power and the Halifax Police Department. Early 1900's. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology. REPORT #8 July 1989.
The Police Commission and The Halifax "Guardians" 1925-1931. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology. REPORT #10 August 1989.
Middleton's Police: The First 60 Years. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology. REPORT #11, October 1989.
Disciplining the Guardians. Paper presented at the Atlantic Law and History Workshop, Fredericton, New Brunswick, October, 1989.
Middleton's Police: 1968 - 1978. Halifax:Atlantic Institute of Criminology. REPORT #12, October 1989.
Middleton's Board of Police Commissioners. 1978 - 1988. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology.REPORT #13, October 1989.
Halifax Police Department. 1919-1924. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology. REPORT #14 December 1989.
2 McMullan, John, David Perrier and Norman Okihiro. Law. Regulation and Illegality in the Nova Scotia Lobster Fishery. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology. 1988.
Murphy, Christopher. The Future of Non - Urban Policing in Canada: Modernization, Regionalization. Provincialization, Halifax, Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1991.
The Modernization of Traditional Small Town Policing in Canada: Causes and Consequences. Halifax: King's College, 1988.
"The Development, Impact and Implications of Community Policing". in Community Policing Rhetoric or Reality. J.R. Greene and S.D. Mastrofski (eds.) New York: Praeger Publishers, 1988.
Community-Based Policing: A Review of Critical Issues. Ottawa: Department of the Solicitor General, Programs Branch. 1984.
Phyne, John Prohibition's Legacy: The Emergence of Provincial Policing in Nova Scotia, 1921 - 1932, Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology, 1991.
Thomson, Anthony. Berwick Police Department: Size. Structure and Organization. Halifax: Atlantic Institute of Criminology, November, 1989.
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I HV McGahan, Peter. î 8159 Crime and policing in .N8 Digby, 1909-1990. M3p
, 1990
DATE ISSUED TO
HV McGahan, Peter. 8159 Crime and policing in .N8 Digby, 1909-1990. M3p 1990