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Antimicrobial Activity, Cytotoxicity and Phytochemistry of Selected Medicinal Plants in Meru Central District, Kenya

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Antimicrobial Activity, Cytotoxicity and Phytochemistry of Selected Medicinal Plants in Meru Central District, Kenya ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY, CYTOTOXICITY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS IN MERU CENTRAL DISTRICT, KENYA Joseph Kisivo Musau, (B.Sc. Nursing -University of Nairobi) r— ■»-/ A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Pharmacology and Toxicology of University of Nairobi Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi University of NAIROBI Library May 2011 UNIVERSITY OFNAIflOBlI K.4SETS LIBRARY I 11 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. Signed J*\ f 3-*-* f ( Joseph Kisivo Musau (BSc-N) This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as university supervisors: Dr. James M. Mbaria (PhD) Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi Signed ------ ¥ ^ W Dr. Daniel W. Gakuya (PhD) Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Nairobi Ill DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my wife Caroline Kirema-Musau and my children, son Edgar Allan Musau and daughter Sheila Muthoni Musau On each hank of the stream all kinds of trees will grow to provide food. .....................The trees will provide food and their leaves will he used for healing people. (Ezekiel 47:12 Good News Bible) IV TABLE OF CONTENTS declaration ............................................................................................................................ II DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................. IV LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................................X LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................XI LIST OF PLATES....................................................................................................................... XII APPENDICES............................................................................................................................XIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..........................................................................................................XIV LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................XV ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................XVI CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 1 1.0 BACKGROUND....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND JUSTIFICATION.................................................... 3 1.2 NULL HYPOTHESIS................................................................................................................4 1.3 OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................................4 1.3.1 Overall objective.............................................................................................................4 1.3.2 Specific objectives..........................................................................................................5 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW...................................... ,.........................................6 V 2 i plants as sources of medicine................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Plant derived drugs.................................................................................................................. 8 2.2.1 Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system.....................................................................8 2.2.2 Drugs acting on the nervous system........................................................................... 10 2.2.3 Drugs acting on the gastro intestinal system............................................................... 11 2.2.4 Drugs acting on the urinary and reproductive systems............................................... 11 2.2.5 Drugs used for treatment of malignancies.................................................................. 11 2.2.6 Drugs used on the endocrine system.............................................................................12 2.2.7 Drugs acting on the respiratory system.........................................................................12 2.2.8 Drugs acting on the skin and mucus membranes..........................................................13 2.2.9 Drugs for treatment of infections................................................................................ 13 2.3 Classification of plant derived drugs......................................................................................15 2.3.1 Alphabetical.................................................................................................................. 15 2.3.2 Taxonomic.................................................................................................................... 15 2.3.3 Morphologic.................................................................................................................. 15 2.3.4 Pharmacologic or therapeutic classification.................................................................16 2.3.5 Chemical or biogenetic................................................................................................. 16 2.4 Commerce in medicinal plants................................................................................................16 2.5Traditional herbal remedies and conventional modem medicine........................................... 17 2.6 Screening of herbal products...................................................................................................19 2.7 Quality control of herbal medicines........................................................................................20 2.7.1 Organoleptic, macroscopic and microscopic methods ( 22 VI 2.7.2 Ash values.....................................................................................................................22 2.7.3 Herbicide and pesticide residues...................................................................................22 2.7.4 Foaming index and haemolytic activity........................................................................23 2.7.5 Foreign matter...............................................................................................................23 2.7.6 Quantification of the active compounds.......................................................................23 2.7.7 Microbial load...............................................................................................................23 2.7.8 Heavy metals.................................................................................................................24 2.7.9 Moisture content...........................................................................................................24 2.8 Regulation of traditional medicine and products................................................................... 25 2.9 Some active principles in medicinal plants.............................................................................26 2.9.1 Alkaloids.......................................................................................................................27 2.9.2 Anthraquinones.............................................................................................................29 2.9.3 Glycosides.....................................................................................................................29 2.9.4 Tannins..........................................................................................................................30 2.9.5 Triterpenoids.................................................................................................................30 2.9.6 Saponins........................................................................................................................31 2.9.7 Flavonoids.....................................................................................................................31 2.9.8 Oils and fats..................................................................................................................32 2.9.9 Toxalbumins..................................................................................................................33 2.9.10 Lignans........................................................................................................................33 2.9.11 Lectins.........................................................................................................................33 2.10 Literature review of the selected plants.................................................................................34 Vll 2.10.1 Ajuga remota Benth....................................................................................................34 2.10.2 Harrisonia abyssinica, Oliv........................................................................................35
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