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Boninite Volcanic Rocks from the Mélange of NW Dinaric-Vardar Ophiolite Zone (Mt

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Boninite Volcanic Rocks from the Mélange of NW Dinaric-Vardar Ophiolite Zone (Mt Mineralogy and Petrology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-018-0637-0 ORIGINAL PAPER Boninite volcanic rocks from the mélange of NW Dinaric-Vardar ophiolite zone (Mt. Medvednica, Croatia) – record of Middle to Late Jurassic arc-forearc system in the Tethyan subduction factory Damir Slovenec1 & Branimir Šegvić2 Received: 13 September 2017 /Accepted: 17 September 2018 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract In the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous ophiolite mélange from the Mt. Medvednica (Vardar Ocean) blocks of boninite rocks have been documented. They emerge as massive lavas made of augite, spinel, albite and secondary hydrous silicates (e.g., chlorite, epidote, prehnite, and pumpellyite). An established crystallization sequence (spinel→clinopyroxene→plagioclase ±Fe-Ti oxides) was found to be typical for the boninite series from the suprasubduction zones (SSZ). Augite crystallization temperatures and low pressures of ~1048 to 1260 °C and ~0.24 to 0.77 GPa, respectively, delineated the SSZ mantle wedge as a plausible source of boninite parental lavas. Their whole-rock geochemistry is characterised by low Ti, P2O5, Zr, Y, high-silica, and high Mg# and Cr# values. Low and U-shaped REE profiles are consistent with the negative Nb-Ta, P and Ti anomalies indicative for SSZ. Thorium and LILE enrichment, and very low initial Nd-isotopic values (εNd(T = 150 Ma) +0.49to+1.27)actas vestiges of mantle-wedge metasomatism. The mantle source was likely depleted by the MORB and IAT melt extraction and was contemporaneously affected by subduction fluids, prior to the large-scale adiabatic melting of the mantle hanging wall. This eventually gave rise to boninite lavas and an ultra-refractory harzburgite residiuum. The genesis of boninites is related to the Tithonian mature forearc setting that evolved from an intra-oceanic, Callovian to Oxfordian, island-arc environment. The Mt. Medvednica boninite rocks stand for the youngest SSZ-related Jurassic oceanic crust from the NW segment of the Dinaric-Vardar Tethys that are nowadays obducted onto the passive margins of Adria. Taking into account the existence of similar rocks in the ophiolite zones of Serbia, Albania and Greece, the boninites of Mt. Medvednica strongly favours the single Tethyan oceanic basin that existed in this part of Europe during the Late Jurassic. Keywords Boninite . Ophiolite mélange . Forearc . Suprasubduction zone . Dinaric-Vardar ophiolite zone . Mount Medvednica Introduction Gamble 1991; Woodhead et al. 1998; Winter 2001). It is there- fore an imperative to clearly identify different components of The subduction zone volcanism results from the interaction of island-arc and forearc magmatic systems necessary to produce fluids released from a subducted slab and mantle wedge over- a quantitative model applicable to magma formation in such lying a descending plate. The fluid has a decisive effect in settings. It remains however a challenge to reveal a range of lowering a melting temperature of the mantle and leading to components entrained by subduction fluids into the mantle a melt generation that rises upward to produce a chain of melting portion. The influence of subduction-related fluxes volcanoes known as an island arc (e.g., McCulloch and is best recognizable in magmas derived from refractory mantle sources at low pressures and small crustal depths Editorial handling: Q. Wang (Hawkesworth and Ellam 1989). Boninites can provide fun- damental information in that regard, as they are known to have * Damir Slovenec formed from the part of mantle wedge that had previously [email protected] been exposed to highest degrees of depletion in an island-arc geotectonic regime (Crawford et al. 1989; Taylor et al. 1994; 1 Croatian Geological Survey, Sachsova 2, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia Dilek and Thy 2009; Resing et al. 2011; Escrig et al. 2012). 2 Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, 1200 Memorial Higher degrees of melting at high-temperatures (~1200– Circle, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA 1350 °C) and shallow depths (ca. 25–50 km; pressures 1.0– D. Slovenec, B. Šegvić 1.5 GPa) of hot mantle wedge are needed to produce boninite suprasubduction geological setting these rocks represent a lavas (Umino and Kushiro 1989; Falloon and Danyushevsky missing piece of the puzzle allowing a more exhaustive 2000; Kushiro 2007; Green et al. 2010). There is a general geodynamic reconstruction of this part of the Dinaric-Vardar agreement on boninite petrogenesis suggesting the mantle oceanic space during the Middle to Late Jurassic time source enrichment through the metasomatism of sub-forearc (Slovenec and Lugović 2009; Slovenec et al. 2011; Šegvić mantle by hydrous fluids or melts derived from a subducting et al. 2016). Placed at western margins of the Dinaride- plate (e.g., Hickey and Frey 1982;Murtonetal.1992; Albanide-Hellenide ophiolite realm, the boninite rocks of Ishikawa et al. 2002; Dilek and Thy 2009). Such processes Mt. Medvednica (Fig. 1) are of high importance for the po- that affected the mantle source have already been documented tential correlation with similar rocks known from the ophiolite in post-subduction blocks of igneous rocks archived in the zones in the southern part of the Balkans. The aim of this work ophiolite mélange of Mt. Medvednica (Lugović et al. 2007; is to propose a comprehensive petrological and geochemical Slovenec and Lugović 2009). characterization of boninites from the ophiolite mélange of Boninite rocks present sensitive but powerful indicators of Mt. Medvednica and to report on its petrogenesis and geotec- mantle wedge processes in the suprasubduction zones and tonic significance in the light of high-resolution geodynamic their appearance has always had important tectonic implica- reconstruction of the evolution of the Jurassic north-western tions (e.g., Meijer 1980;Crawfordetal.1989; Pearce et al. branch of the Dinaric-Vardar Tethys. Finally, an attempt was 1992; Falloon et al. 2008). They have been reported in numer- made to investigate the correspondence of analysed rocks with ous Tethyan ophiolites (Troodos, Oman, Pindos -e.g., their analogues from the southern parts of the Dinaric-Vardar– Cameron 1985; Kostoeoulos and Murton 1992;Ishikawa Albanide–Hellenide ophiolite belts in order to test a hypothe- et al. 2002;Pe-Piperetal.2004; Saccani et al. 2017 and sis of the single oceanic space that existed in this part of references therein) or in the Izu-Bonin and Tonga arcs (e.g., Tethys during Mesozoic times. Crawford et al. 1989) where they are frequently associated to ophiolite rock suites. Most of the authors link modern boninite lavas to intra-oceanic forearc-arc systems, with boninites typ- Geological setting ically forming at the basements of arc volcanoes (e.g., Hawkins et al. 1984; Murton 1989; Falloon and Crawford Mount Medvednica, located in northern Croatia, is situated at 1991; MacPherson and Hall 2001; Resing et al. 2011; the triple junction of three major geotectonic units - the South- Saccani and Tassinari 2015; Saccani et al. 2011, 2017). Eastern Alps, the Dinarides and the Tiszia continental block Boninite genesis is thought to have been related to the sub- (Pamić and Tomljenović 1998; Slovenec and Pamić 2002; duction inception, slow convergence and slab roll-back that Fig. 1). Its northern slopes bear the record of the Triassic eventually lead to forearc-arc splitting and/or forearc rapid and Jurassic oceanic crust of the Neotethys (Lugović et al. extension and upwelling of the mantle allowing a volatile- 2007; Slovenec and Lugović 2008, 2009, 2012; Slovenec fluxed decompression melting of severely depleted mantle et al. 2010) that belongs to the westernmost segment of the rocks (e.g., Crawford et al. 1981, 1989; MacPherson and Western Vardar Ophiolitic Unit (sensu Schmid et al. 2008). Hall 2001;Ishikawaetal.2002 and references therein; Dilek Along with other intra-Pannonian inselgebirge like the Mts. and Thy 2009). A similar genetic succession of oceanic crust Kalnik, Ivanščica and Samoborska Gora, the Mt. Medvednica formation during the Mesozoic has already been suggested for represents a part of the Sava Unit (sensu Haas et al. 2000; the ophiolitic sequence of Mt. Medvednica (Slovenec and Fig. 2) or the Zagorje-Mid-Transdanubian Zone (ZMTDZ; Lugović 2009). sensu Pamić and Tomljenović 1998). The Sava Unit is an Boninite rocks have rarely been documented in the about 100 km wide and approximately 400 km long sheared ophiolite zones of Albanides and Hellenides but their petro- belt sandwiched between the two regional fault systems: the genesis was thoroughly investigated (Beccaluva and Serri Zagreb-Zemplin (ZZL) and the Periadriatic-Balaton lineament 1988;Bébienetal.2000; Bortolotti et al. 2002;Pe-Piper (PL-BL). The PL-BL separates the Sava Unit to the north from et al. 2004; Saccani and Tassinari 2015; Saccani et al. 2017 the Austroalpine and Pelso Units, while the ZZL confines the and references therein; Fig. 1). However, in the Dinaric- Sava Unit south-westward towards the Tiszia Mega-unit Vardar ophiolite zone the boninite-type rocks are reported (Fig. 2). The geological history of the Sava Unit is complex solely in the region of Kopaonik (southern Serbia; Marroni which is mirrored in its composition consisted of amalgamat- et al. 2004) and at the extremely west portion of the Dinaric- ed Dinaric and South Alpine tectonostratigraphic fragments Vardar Ophiolitic Zone in the area of Mt. Medvednica, which (e.g., Haas et al. 2000). The Paleotethys back-arc oceans is a part of the Sava Unit (sensu Haas et al. 2000;Fig.2). This known in the literature as Meliata-Maliac or Meliata- study brings a first report on the occurrence of boninites from Hallstatt (e.g., Stampfli et al. 2002) experienced a constant the ophiolite mélange of Mt. Medvednica in Northern Croatia shortening during the Jurassic period due to the rotation of (Fig. 3). Having originated intheLateJurassic Africa with respect to Europe (Cavazza et al. 2004;Burke Boninite volcanic rocks from the mélange of NW Dinaric-Vardar ophiolite zone (Mt.
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