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Using the Arts for Economic Development

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Using the Arts for Economic Development USING THE ARTS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE CANTON ARTS DISTRICT A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Tricia M. Ostertag May, 2011 USING THE ARTS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE CANTON ARTS DISTRICT Tricia M. Ostertag Thesis Approved: Accepted: _____________________________ _____________________________ Advisor School Director Mr. Durand L. Pope Mr. Neil Sapienza _____________________________ _____________________________ Committee Member Dean of College Ms. Kathleen Ringley Dr. Chand Midha _____________________________ _____________________________ Committee Member Dean of Graduate School Mr. Neil Sapienza Dr. George R. Newkome _____________________________ Date ii DEDICATION This manuscript is dedicated to: …my beautiful sons Dane and Jesse and to my wonderful husband for keeping them out of my hair while I researched and wrote it. …all of the teachers and professors along this journey who have inspired me to pursue higher education not only out of necessity, but out of passion, especially Susan Triner, Kathy Ringley, David Scholl, Mark Rogers and Randy Pope. …my colleagues, friends and mentors at the Canton Players Guild who instilled in me a love for the arts that will never die. …my parents who I know would be so proud of my accomplishments. iii AKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank my classmates in the Akron Arts Administration program, especially Brian Marshall for encouragement to finish this in a timely manner. I also want to thank Randy Pope for his guidance. I feel privileged to have been your student. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES……………..……………………………………………..….……...vi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….1 II. WAYS TO USE THE ARTS FOR COMMUNITY RENEWAL………...……...…...3 City Beautiful Movement…………………………………………………………4 Increase Tourism………………………………………..………………….....….6 Drawing a Young and Creative Workforce…………..……………………..……8 Creating Jobs…………………………………………………...……………..….10 III. THE CANTON ARTS DISTRICT……….……….……………………………...….13 IV. ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE ARTS IN THE UNITED STATES.........…...…...23 V. COMMUNITY BASED ARTS SUPPORT AND ITS IMPORTANCE………......…29 Examples of the Growth of Arts-based Strategy..…………………….….….….29 Federal Funding……….…………………………………………………...…….32 VI. SUGGESTIONS TO COMMUNITIES LOOKING TO IMPLEMENT ARTS- BASED COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS……………………………...36 VII. CONCLUSION………………………………………………….………………….41 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………..42 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Spending by Resident and Nonresident Audiences ………………………..……7 2.2 Percentage of U.S. Workforce………………………………………….………..10 2.3 Expenditures by Nonprofit Arts & Culture Organizations………………....…...11 4.1 Growth of the Nonprofit Arts & Culture Industry between 2000 and 2005………………………………………………...……….25 4.2 Impact of Nonprofit Arts and Culture Audiences ……………………..……….26 4.3 Breakdown of Income Generated by Arts Attendees Based on 2005 Data ……………………………………………………....……..27 vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The nonprofit arts industry, which generates $166.2 billion in economic activity each year, is a powerful force for economic development nationwide. Arts initiatives have served as components of economic development programs by assisting local governments in many ways. Communities that invest in the arts reap additional benefits of jobs, economic growth, and quality of life. In times of economic difficulties people often look for things to eliminate in order to save money. Support of nonprofit organizations has taken a hit in the last five years and the arts have felt the cuts more than any other. Sources of support include corporate donations and sponsorships, giving by individuals, federal and state government grants, and grants from private foundations. The USA Today explains that because of the widespread impact of the current crisis, support from all these sources has decreased or dried up altogether (McCoy). What so many fail to see, and what this thesis will examine, is the economic stimulus that the arts can bring to communities when founded and nourished by sound business principles. In the chapters that follow I hope to encourage community based arts revitalization. 1 The arts can create an influx of tourism, a surge in job creation, and have the ability to draw a young, creative, and energetic workforce to a community. The arts draw business industry professionals seeking inspiration, entertainment and a thriving home to raise their families. Nonprofit arts and culture organizations are an important component of a prosperous community. They are employers, consumers, producers and members of local organizations such as chambers of commerce and because of these roles, they have a strong position in the economic stability of an area. The direct economic impact that this has will be explored. The thesis will delve into the successful creation of a community arts district and its effect on the local economy by examining the Canton Arts District. This in-depth look at a depressed city center‟s metamorphosis into a thriving arts hub bares evidence to the power the arts can provide. This study also shows how a single city arts initiative transitioned into a county wide arts council, thereby spreading its effect to every corner of its community base. The examples of arts rejuvenation spread from coast to coast with wide-ranging strategies and successes. By looking at the facts and statistics gathered in the following chapters I hope to expose bankable concepts for real community arts growth. 2 CHAPTER II WAYS TO USE THE ARTS FOR COMMUNITY RENEWAL Local governments across the United States look for ways to increase economic success. According to Dr. Rhonda Phillips, a well published author and professor of community development, only as recent as the mid-nineties was the arts accepted as an industry and as a tool for economic development strategy. Much of the data used to prove the connection between the arts and economic success comes from Americans for the Arts, a highly respected nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing the arts in the United States. In 2005, Americans for the Arts released their third study of the nonprofit arts and culture industry‟s impact on the nation‟s economy. This study is the most up-to-date, reliable and most used data to demonstrate the value of the arts in terms of economic impact (“Arts & Economic Prosperity III”). Americans for the Arts is currently conducting the fourth round of the study and results from that will be published in 2012. Robert L. Lynch, President and CEO of Americans for the Arts, says that as public funding for the arts continues to decrease, arts administrators and supportive government officials are looking for creative ways to make the arts a necessary part of community sustainment and renewal. In order to prove this point to their constituents, 3 elected officials and business leaders need strong, credible data that demonstrates the economic benefits of a vibrant arts and culture industry (“Arts & Economic Prosperity III”). City Beautiful Movement Despite the more recent trend towards using the arts in specific strategy, the role of the arts in community development has a long history, with roots in the City Beautiful Movement that began in the 1890s (Phillips). The City Beautiful Movement was a reform movement in North American architecture and urban planning that flourished in the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of using beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. The movement, which was originally most closely associated with Chicago, Detroit, and Washington, D.C., did not seek beauty for its own sake, but rather for the common good, to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations. Advocates of the movement believed that such beautification could promote a harmonious social order that would increase the quality of life (“City Beautiful Movement”). Urban populations grew drastically in the late 19th century due to high birth rates, increased immigration, and consolidation of rural populations into cities (“City Beautiful Movement”). During the period 1860 to 1910 urban population jumped from 31.4 million to 91.9 million, and the percentage of Americans living in cities increased as well, with 46% of Americans living in cities with populations of over 2,500 (“The City Beautiful Movement”). This population growth created many problems for urbanites, 4 including such things as unsanitary conditions, overcrowding, and corruption of government. The result was growing social unrest, violence, labor strikes, and disease. A leading urban designer named Frederick Law Olmstead was highly influential in transforming the American landscape through the City Beautiful Movement. He, along with many of his peers, wanted to improve the social environment through urban planning and design. The World Fair of 1893 showcased many of their ideas employing the Beaux-Arts style of Paris when designing the fairgrounds in Chicago. After the success at the World Fair, the utopian ideals of the City Beautiful Movement were reproduced in over seventy-five civic improvement societies (“City Beautiful”). The City Beautiful Movement advocated the utilization of the economic and political structure of the time to create spacious, orderly, and beautiful cities that reflected high moral values. It was believed that people that lived in this type of city lived a more virtuous and moral life (“City Beautiful”). The idea of integrating public art, public
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