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The ''Germanic'' Triassic of Sardinia (Italy): a Stratigraphic, Depositional and Palaeogeographic Reviev

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The ''Germanic'' Triassic of Sardinia (Italy): a Stratigraphic, Depositional and Palaeogeographic Reviev Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia r.olume 108 pagrne 67-100 Maggio 2002 THE ''GERMANIC'' TRIASSIC OF SARDINIA (ITALY): A STRATIGRAPHIC, DEPOSITIONAL AND PALAEOGEOGRAPHIC REVIEV LUCA G. COSTAMAGNA & SEBASTIANO BARCA Recehed Awgust 3, 2AaA; dccepted December 12, 2A01 -il/estern Key-Words: stratigraphl', sedimentologl., carbonate ramp, "Ge r- of Europe and North Africa. manic" Triassic, "Sephardic" Realm, Sardinia. The lower, essentially siliciclastic, lithostratigraphic units, resr- ing discordantl,v on the Hercynian Palaeozoic basement, resemble the Rìassunto. La raccolta di nuovi dati stratigrafico-sedimento- "Buntsandstein" facies association. They are generally of Anisian age. iogìcì ha portato ad una revisione delle conoscenze sul ciclo di sedi- Theìr depositional environmenrs range lrom high-energy continental mentazione trìassico in Sardegna. I più importanti affioramenti triassi- to transitional environments to the floodplain, where a shallow, epi- ci sono stati rivisitati, reinterprerari e reinqurdr:ti in un contesto continental sea graduall,v transgressed. organico. Viene proposto un quadro stratigrafico dettagliato ed omo- Overlaying these are the carbonate units of the "Muschelkalk" geneo! composto da unità formali ed informali, viene precisato il facies association. They are generally dolomitic at the bottorn passing significato paleoambientale di tali unità e viene Iornito un piìr preciso to calcareous at the top. These deposits, generally of Ladinian age, inquadramento paleogeografico delle successioni interessate, eviden- formed in the r.arious subenvironments of a carbonate ramp. ziando anche le analogie sia con il ripico Trìas germanico deil'Europa The few Upper Triassic successions in Sardinia point to the centrale che con la biofacies sefardica mediotriassica dell'Europa occi- existence, during this period, of diverse depositional conditions in the dentale e dell'Africa settentrionale. North (Nurra) and South (Sulcìs) of the island. In southern Sardìnia, Le unità litostratigrafiche basaii, prevaientemente silicocla- lagoon to shallow sea carbonate shelf deposition predominates, wìth stiche e discordanti sul basamento Paleozoico, sono assimìlabili all'as- minor amounts of evaporites and siliciclastics. By contrast, in North- sociazione di facies "Buntsandstein". La loro datazione indica un'età ern Sardinia mixed evaporitic-siliciclastic-carbonate facies of paralic- generalmente anisica. Il loro ambiente di sedimentazione è compreso continental (mudflat), locally restricted lagoonal environments, were fra il continentale-transizionale di elevata energia sino alla piana allu- deposited. The latter are very similar to the classic Germanic "Keuper" vionale gradualmente trasgredita da un mare epicontinentale. facies. These data suggest that the Upper Triassic successions in Al di sopra si passa ai complessi carbonatici deli'assocìazione di Southern Sardinìa can be set in a transitional environmental context facies "Muschelkalk", da dolomitici alla base a generalmente calcarei betn-een the open Alpine-Tethyan domain and the Germanic Triassic alla sommità. La datazione di talì complessi è riferibile al Ladinico. Gli Proper. ambienti deposizionali rpottzzati sono riferibili ad una rampa carbo- An:rremnr h;s heen made to correlate these successions with natica suddivisibile in r.ari subambienti ed inquadrabile nell'ambito di the Miclclle to Late Triassic eustatic c\.cles. un ciclo rra\gre\\i\ o-regres\i\o. Le rare successioni triassiche superiori dell'ìsola indicano 1'e- sistenza durante questo periodo di condizioni deposizionalì differen- zrate fra nord e sud. A sud gli ambienti deposizionali sono ancora di Introduction piattaTorma carbonatica, con subambienti lagunarì o marini marginali, mentre a nord sono rappresentati da facies evaporitico-silicoclastico- The Triassic successions in Sardinia have long been carbonatiche di ambienti fra paralico-continentali e lagunrri risrretri, recognised (Bornemann 1881; Lovisato 1884, 1896; inferiormente molto simili al "Keuper" germanico. Le evidenze rin- Oosterban 1,936; Yardabasso 1959, 1966; Damiani 8r venute rendono plausibile I'ipotesi dell'appartenenza delle successioni trìassìche superiorì della Sardegna meridionale ad un contesto ambien- Gandin 1973a,b,c; Gandin, 1977, 1978a,b). However, tale di tipo transizionale, in posizione intermedia fra le successioni ad our research group has conducted studies aimed at com- affinità aipino-tetidea ed il Trias germanico propriamente detto. pleting the lithostratigraphic setting of the outcropping In ultimo, è stato eseguito un tentativo di correlazione con i depo.irional sequences. cìclì eu'tarìcì del Tri.r' medio-'uperrore. Over the last few years we have devoted a major Abstract. The collection oi nes. lithostratigraphical and sedi- effort to the description and sedimentological interpre= mentological data has allon-ed to re-examine the Triassic sedimenta- tation of Triassic lithostratigraphic units, so as to gain a tion cycle ìn Sardìnia. The most important outcrops have been revisit- better knowledge of the depositional environments and ed and their general setting reinterpreted. A detailed and homoge- their relationships (Barca et al. 1995b,c; Barca & Costa- neous depositional, palaeoenvironmental and stratigraphic picrure is proposed, pointing to the analogies v'ith both the typical Germanic magna 1997a,1:: Barca et al. 1997 Costamagna 1998, Triassic of Central Europe, and the Middle Triassic Sephardic domain 2000; Costamagna et al. 2000). Dipartirnento di Scienze della Terra, Via Trentino 51., A91.27 Crgliari - Italx e-mail: [email protected] - [email protected] 68 L,G Costdmagna G S. Barca In addition to new stratigraphical and sedimento- logical data, we have also attempted to apply to the Sar- dinian Triassic, the "Germanic" Triassic depositional model (Aigner 1984, 1985), based on a Middle Triassic carbonate homoclinal ramp. This sedimentary model has also been applied to the depositional context of the Triassic carbonates of Cataluia (Calvet & Tucker, 1e88) Geographic setting Triassic outcrops are found throughout Sardinia (Fig. l), with the exception of the northeastern part of the island. ARDIN Usually', the outcrops are limited in extension and thickness. The most complete succession, about 300 m thick, was found in the Cugiareddu borehoie (Pomesano Cherchi 1968), in the northwest (Nurra), and begins with "red beds", (probably of Permian age), uncon- formably overlaying the Hercynian basement (Gasperi & Gelmini 1979; Cassinis et al. 1996b). The "red beds" are in turn overlain by dolostones and limestones ("Muschelkalk") and then by claystones, gypsum and subordinate dolostones ("Keuper", attributed to the Carnian on the basis of the microflora, Pittau & Del Rio 1 e80). In other areas of the island, the Triassic outcrops are not so frequent and nowhere they are complete. They consist either of the lower part of the succession, ranging from the "Buntsandstein" facies group to the "Muschelkalk" facies group (Scivu-Is Arenas: Damiani & - Location of main Triassic outcrops in Sardinia. Legend - 1: Scivu-ls Arenas; 2: Campumari; 3: Porto Pino; 4: Escala- Gandin 1973c; Barca et aL 1,995b; Barca & Costamagna plano; 5: Orroli; 6: Monte Maiore; /: Punta del Lavatoio; 8: 1997b; Costamagna 1998. Campumari: Cocozza &. Ghisciera Mala; 9: Cala Viola; 10: Monte Santa Giusta; 11: Gandin, 7976;Barca & Costamagna 1997b; Costamagna Monte Corredda; l2: Erula. 1998. Monte Maiore: Damiani 8r Gandin 1973a.b:Barca et aI. 1997; C.ostamagna 1998; Costamagna et al. 2O0O), or, of the upper part, ranging from the "Muschelkalk" to the "Keuper" facies group (Porto Pino: Barca Ec Costa- Fig.2 - Sephardic Realm outcrops and late Ladinian Sepharadic faunal distribution (modified from Parnes et al., 1985); 1) Protra- chltceras bispanicum; 2) P arcbelaus ; 3 ) P. pseud.oarchelaus; 1) P ladinwm; 5) Iberites; 6) Daonella lommeli; 7) Sepharadic conodont-assem- blage; 8) Sepharadic bivalve- assemblage; 9) limits of the Sephardic realm; 10) boundary overthrusted. a { -- v o 500 tooo o 5 -{+lo scaLE The Germanic Triassíc of Sardinia 69 F:ig. 3 - 1)- Scivu-Is Arenas, Arbu- rese, Southwestern Sar- dinia: Punta Su Nuraxi hill. Here is located the Punta Su Nuraxi Fm. tvPe section: at the base, oyer- l,ving the Palaeozoic base- ment (PZ) the first ledge (A) consists of the Bruncu Pilloni Mb. of the Punta S'Arridellì Fm.; at the top, rhe l.r.t ledge 'C ì' com- posed of the blue lime- stones of the Bruncu Zip- pìri Mb. of the Punta Su Nuraxi Fn.. In between (B), the whitish lime- stones of the Case Pìsano Mb. of the Punta Su Nuraxi Fm.. 2) - Cam- pumari, Iglesiente, South- s-estern Sardinia: a vien' of the Campumari highlands. In the background, the Palaeozoic reliefs. 3) - 2 Monre Sanra Cru'ra ridge. Nurra, Northr.estern Sar- dinia: overviesr magna 1.997a; Costamagna 1998; 2000). Average thick- ness is around 40-60 m; only in the southwesternmost area (Porto Pino) is the Triassic succession more than 120 m thick. "Germanic" nature of the Sar- dinian Triassic The affinity of the Trias- sic succession of Sardinia with those of the "Germanic" basin has long been well-established (Bornemann J 88 l; TornquisL i::u:t,: 1902; Oosterban 1936). The typrcal tripartition of the sequence ("Buntsandstein", "Muschelkalk" and "Keuper" facies), the resemblance with the classic outcrop zones of the "Germanic" Triassic, together with evidence of a restricted environment and of the presence of evaporites enhance the possibility of cor- relation.
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