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The Use of the Female Doppelganger in Shirley Jackson's the Bird's Nest, the Haunting of Hill House and We Have Always Lived

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The Use of the Female Doppelganger in Shirley Jackson's the Bird's Nest, the Haunting of Hill House and We Have Always Lived T.C. DOKUZ EYLÜL ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ BATI D İLLER İ VE EDEB İYATLARI ANA B İLİM DALI AMER İKAN KÜLTÜR VE EDEB İYATI PROGRAMI YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ THE USE OF THE FEMALE DOPPELGANGER IN SHIRLEY JACKSON’S THE BIRD’S NEST , THE HAUNTING OF HILL HOUSE AND WE HAVE ALWAYS LIVED IN THE CASTLE Esen KARA Danı şman Yrd. Doç. Dr. Esra ÇOKER 2009 YEM İN METN İ Yüksek Lisans Tezi olarak sundu ğum “The Use of the Female Doppelganger in Shirley Jackson’s The Bird’s Nest , The Haunting of Hill House and We Have Always Lived in the Castle ” adlı çalı şmanın, tarafımdan, bilimsel ahlak ve geleneklere aykırı düşecek bir yardıma ba şvurmaksızın yazıldı ğını ve yararlandı ğım eserlerin kaynakçada gösterilenlerden olu ştu ğunu, bunlara atıf yapılarak yararlanılmı ş oldu ğunu belirtir ve bunu onurumla do ğrularım. Tarih 10/02/2009 Esen KARA İmza I YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ SINAV TUTANA ĞI Öğrencinin Adı ve Soyadı : Esen KARA Anabilim Dalı : Batı Dilleri ve Edebiyatı Anabilim Dalı Programı : Amerikan Kültürü ve Edebiyatı Tez Konusu : The Use of the Female Doppelganger in Shirley Jackson’s The Bird’s Nest, The Haunting of Hill House and We Have Always Lived in the Castle Sınav Tarihi ve Saati : Yukarıda kimlik bilgileri belirtilen ö ğrenci Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü’nün …………………….. tarih ve ………. sayılı toplantısında oluşturulan jürimiz tarafından Lisansüstü Yönetmeli ği’nin 18. maddesi gere ğince yüksek lisans tez sınavına alınmı ştır. Adayın ki şisel çalı şmaya dayanan tezini ………. dakikalık süre içinde savunmasından sonra jüri üyelerince gerek tez konusu gerekse tezin dayana ğı olan Anabilim dallarından sorulan sorulara verdi ği cevaplar de ğerlendirilerek tezin, BA ŞARILI OLDU ĞUNA Ο OY B İRL İĞİ Ο DÜZELT İLMES İNE Ο* OY ÇOKLU ĞU Ο REDD İNE Ο** ile karar verilmi ştir. Jüri te şkil edilmedi ği için sınav yapılamamı ştır. Ο*** Öğrenci sınava gelmemi ştir. Ο** * Bu halde adaya 3 ay süre verilir. ** Bu halde adayın kaydı silinir. *** Bu halde sınav için yeni bir tarih belirlenir. Evet Tez burs, ödül veya te şvik programlarına (Tüba, Fulbright vb.) aday olabilir. Ο Tez mevcut hali ile basılabilir. Ο Tez gözden geçirildikten sonra basılabilir. Ο Tezin basımı gereklili ği yoktur. Ο JÜR İ ÜYELER İ İMZA …………………………… □ Ba şarılı □ Düzeltme □ Red ……………... ………………………………□ Ba şarılı □ Düzeltme □Red ……….......... …………………………...… □ Ba şarılı □ Düzeltme □ Red ……….…… II ÖZET Tezli Yüksek Lisans Shirley Jackson’ın The Bird’s Nest, The Haunting of Hill House ve We Have Always Lived in the Castle Romanlarında Di şi İkiz Kullanımı Esen Kara Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Batı Dilleri ve Edebiyatları Anabilim Dalı Amerikan Kültür ve Edebiyatı Programı Temeli romantik döneme uzanan yazınsal çift ki şilik kavramı, ço ğunlukla, bilinçdı şı arzu ve ihtiyaçlarımızın ikincil, ikiz ya da çoklu ki şilik yoluyla gerçekle ştirilmesi anlamında kullanılmaktadır. Klasik eserlerde ikiz ki şilik, insan do ğasının ikili ğini, özellikle iyi ve kötü arasındaki bölünmü şlü ğünü ortaya koyan bir sembol olarak kar şımıza çıkmaktadır. Daha genel bir çerçevede ise, bastırılmı ş bireysel istekler ve toplumsal kısıtlamalar arasındaki süregelen çatı şmayı ifade etmektedir. Egemen de ğerler sistemi tarafından tüm baskı altına alınanların ki şile ştirilmesi olan ikiz ki şilik figürü düzenin temeline yönelik tehdit olu şturmakta, ve yıkıcı i şleviyle, yazarın kurulu normlara ili şkin ho şnutsuzlu ğunu ifade etmesini mümkün kılmaktadır. Toplumsal normların kar şısında yer alan bireysel arzuların dı şavurumu amacıyla kullanılan ikiz ki şilik temasına Shirley Jackson’ın eserlerinde de raslanmaktadır. Ataerkil bir kültürde kadın yazar olmaktan mustarip pek çok ça ğda şı gibi, Shirley Jackson da bireysel özgürlükleri için mücadele eden kadınların kar şısında yer alan psikolojik ve toplumsal engelleri resmeder. Yazarın, The Bird’s Nest (1954), The Haunting of Hill House (1959), and We Have Always Lived in the Castle (1962) romanlarındaki di şi ikiz figürü bu tür bir mücadelenin sonucu olarak ortaya çıkar ve kadının bastırılmı ş arzu, istek ve ihtiyaçları için çıkı ş yolunu temsil eder. Jackson’un gotik kurmacasında, bilinçdı şına hapsolmu ş kadın benli ği kurtulu şu ço ğunlukla ikinci bir ki şilikte arar . Bu çalı şma, klasik psikanaliz, feminist ele ştiri, ve ikiz ki şilik kuramları ışığında, Shirley Jackson’ın eserlerinde di şi ikiz figürünü incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler : 1) Shirley Jackson 2) İkiz Ki şilik 3) Di şi İkiz 4) The Bird’s Nest 5) The Haunting of Hill House 6) We Have Always Lived in The Castle. III ABSTRACT The Use of the Female Doppelganger in Shirley Jackson’s The Bird’s Nest, The Haunting of Hill House and We Have Always Lived in the Castle Esen KARA Dokuz Eylül University Institute of Social Sciences Department of Western Language and Literatures American Culture and Literature Department The literary double, which dates back to the German romantic period, is mostly used for the materialization of our unconscious desires, needs, and wishes in the embodiment of a second, twin or multiple self. In classical works, the double shows itself as a symbol for the duality inherent in human nature, particularly the split between good and evil forces. On a broader level, it articulates the everlasting conflict between the repressed impulses of the individual and the social restrictions. Being the personification of all that is suppressed by the hegemonic value system, the double threatens the order at its foundation, and its subversive function allows the writer to show his/her discontent with the established norms. The use of the double figure as a manifestation of individual desires that stand in contradiction with social norms can also be detected in Shirley Jackson’s fiction. Like many of her contemporaries who suffered from being a woman writer in a patriarchal culture, Shirley Jackson illustrates the psychological and social barriers that are erected against women who are struggling for their individual freedom. The female doppelganger in Jackson’s three novels, The Bird’s Nest (1954), The Haunting of Hill House (1959), and We Have Always Lived in the Castle (1962), emerges as a result of such struggle and serves as an outlet for women’s repressed desires, yearnings and needs. Confined to the realm of the unconscious, the marginalized female self in Jackson’s gothic fiction seeks liberation through the persona of the double. In the light of classical psychoanalysis, feminist literary criticism, and the theories of the double, this study aims to explore the significance of the female double figure in Shirley Jackson’s works. Keywords : 1) Shirley Jackson 2) Double Figure 3) Female Doppelganger 4) The Bird’s Nest 5) The Haunting of Hill House 6) We Have Always Lived in the Castle. IV CONTENTS THE USE OF THE FEMALE DOPPELGANGER IN SHIRLEY JACKSON’S THE BIRD’S NEST , THE HAUNTING OF HILL HOUSE AND WE HAVE ALWAYS LIVED IN THE CASTLE YEM İN METN İ ii TUTANAK iii ÖZET iv ABSTRACT v CONTENTS vi INTRODUCTION 1-4 PART ONE THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 A Freudian Approach to the Duality of Human Nature 5 1.2 Double as the Return of the Repressed 10 1.3 The Female Doppelganger 15 PART TWO SHIRLEY JACKSON: A HOUSEWIFE WRITER IN THE 50s 2.1 A Brief Introduction to Shirley Jackson’s Life and Her Short Story Fiction 24 PART THREE THE FEMALE DOPPELGANGER IN SHIRLEY JACKSON’S NOVELS 3.1 The Bird’s Nest 35 3.2 The Haunting of Hill House 62 3.3 We Have Always Lived in The Castle 87 CONCLUSION 107 BIBLIOGRAPHY 115 V INTRODUCTION The dissertation at hand is a study of the female double figure in the three selected novels of Shirley Jackson, The Bird’s Nest , The Haunting of Hill House , and We Have Always Lived in the Castle . Composed of three main chapters, this study analyzes the emotional and social dissatisfaction and turbulence that woman protoganists undergo in a male-dominated repressive social order and their consequences on the individual psyche. By using psychoanalytic theory and the theory of the “double,” the study illustrates how the emergence of split or multiple selves can become a coping strategy for women who resist rather than embrace patriarchal authority. In place of being complicit and submissive, Jackson’s female protoganists violate the masculine symbolic order by creating alter egos or multiple personalities. Consequently, the “female doppelganger” is used in all three novels as a psychic mechanism that enables the female protoganists to fight against patriarchal suppression and fulfill the unconscious desires and wishes of the female self. The first chapter, which consists of three parts, aims to provide the theorotical basis of my dissertation. The first part of this chapter gives introductory information regarding the topographical (conscious/unconscious) and structural (id/ego/superego) models in Freudian theory. Sigmund Freud in his topographic theory analyzes the significant role of the unconscious processes on human psyche and in his structural theory describes a “Psychical apparatus” 1 which houses the struggle of the ego to negotiate between the unconscious wishes and the socially-determined principles. Because the struggle at issue is the main concern of many “double” stories as well as Jackson’s selected works, the above mentioned theories in classical psychoanalysis are included in this chapter. The second part of this chapter deals with the theories concerning the use of the double figure in literature. The anthropological origin of the conception of the double dates back to the archetypal dualities representing creation and destruction, life and death, and good and bad. Such dualities are portrayed through the use of such images as shadows, reflections, magical twins. 1 Freud, Sigmund. (2006). “An Outline of Psychoanalysis.” In A. Philips (Ed.) The Penguin Reader. London: Penguin Books. p. 1 1 When considered as a literary device, the double figure serves for the sisyphean struggle of the individual against the dominant cultural codes.
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